语言学Categorization宋

Vehicle: car , bus Plant: tree , flower
Characteristics of superordinate level
1.Superordinate categories are less good categories than basic level, because although members are relatively distinct from members of neighboring categories, within-category resemblance is relatively low. （上位范畴没有基本层次范畴好，尽管它的成员可以区别于临近的范畴， 但是范畴内的相似性比较低）
Categorization
Definition:
Categorization is the process of classifying our experiences into different categories based on commonalities and differences. Categorization is a major ingredient in the creation of human knowledge, and it allows us to relate present experiences to past one. 范畴化是基于人类经验的异同将我们的经验 划分为不同的类型
4.Linguistically, names for superordinate categories are often mass nouns when basic level terms are count nouns. (从语言的角度说，上位 范畴的名词大多是物质名词，而基本层次范畴的名词是可数名词）
Subordinate level (附属层次范畴)
They have clearly identifiable gestalts and lots of individual specific features. At this level we perceive the differences between the numbers of the basic level categories. Often the names for subordinate level categories are morphologically complex. They are typically composite forms. One such example is that of compound nouns.(rain coat, apple juice, and wheel chair)
4.The level used for everyday reference.(为日常参 考所提供的层次）
Superordinate level（上位层次范畴）
Superordinate categories are the most general ones. The member of a superordinate category do not have enough features in common to conjure up a common gestalt at this level.
Characteristics of subordinate level
1.Subordinate categories are less good categories than basic categories, because although their members have high mutual resemblance, they have low distinctiveness from members of neighboring categories.(附属范畴比基本 范畴层次尽管它们低，因为尽管它们成员之间有很高的相似 度，但是临近范畴成员的区别性很低)
2.The most inclusive level for which a clear visual image can be formed.(构成清晰图像的最具包容性 的层次）
3.The most inclusive level at which part-whole information is represented.(代表部分—整体信息的 最具包容性的层次）
2.Superoedinate categories have fever defining features than basic level categories.(上位范畴比基本层次范畴的定义特征是少）
3.Immediate superordinates of basic level categories often have a single-attribution relation to a higher superordinate category.(基本层次 范畴的中间层次上位范畴之间有单一的修饰关系）
There are three levels in categories:
1. Basic level 2. Superordinate level 3. Sic level（基本层次范畴）
The categories at the basic level are those that are most culturally salient and are required to fulfill our cognitive needs the best. This is the level where we perceive the most differences between “objects” in the word.
2.They are much less informative relative to their immediate superior category.(它们的信息相对比他们的中间 层次上位范畴少）
3.They are frequently polymorphemic, the most common pattern being modifier-head.(它们是多词素性的，而最普遍 的格式是修饰—中心语结构)
Dogs
Dogs are different, but they still share enough to be distinguished from cats, birds, snakes, primates, etc..
Characteristics of Basic level:
1.The most inclusive level at which there are characteristic patterns of behavioral interaction.(由 行为相互作用产生典型范式的最具包容性的层次）