美国文学2 Edgar Allan Poe..
allan poe 最著名的诗
《乌鸦》和《安娜贝尔·李》等是爱伦·坡最著名的诗。
1.爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe，1809年1月19日-xxx），美国文学家、诗人、小说家、文学评论家和编辑，被誉为恐怖文学和侦探小说之父，以其心理恐怖文学作品著称。
2.《乌鸦》是爱伦·坡最著名的诗之一，它被认为是美国文学史上最伟大的作品之一，直到今天它仍然具有深远的影响力。
3.这首诗以诗人孤独和悲伤的内心世界为主题，描述了一个孤独哀伤的男子，因失去了心爱的女人琳达而陷入绝望之中。
4.诗中的“乌鸦”代表了逝去的象征，它不断地重复“从未更”这句话，无情地嘲讽诗人，使他更加绝望和绝望。
5.《乌鸦》采用了复杂的韵律和押韵，诗歌节奏感极强，语言精练而深刻，给人以极强烈的震撼。
6.另一首著名的爱伦·坡的诗是《安娜贝尔·李》，它也是他的代表作之一，被认为是恐怖文学史上的经典之作。
7.《安娜贝尔·李》以其超凡的想象力和深刻的洞察力，揭示了诗人对已故恋人的思念之情，以及对逝去爱情的深深怀念。
8.这首诗以其独特的想象力和对逝去的恐惧感，将爱情和逝去结合在一起，表现出了爱伦·坡深沉的内心世界和对恐怖的探索。
9.《乌鸦》和《安娜贝尔·李》都具有极强的艺术价值和文学价值，它们对后世的文学创作产生了深远的影响，成为了后世文学作品的重要源泉。
10.爱伦·坡最著名的诗《乌鸦》和《安娜贝尔·李》不仅在诗歌创作上具有极高的艺术价值，而且在文学史上还产生了深远的影响，成为了美国文学史上的经典之作。
爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe）以其独特的文学风格和对人性黑暗面的深刻洞察而闻名。
在他那短暂而不幸的一生中，他留下了许多著名的作品，其中最著名的当属《乌鸦》和《安娜贝尔·李》这两首诗。
《乌鸦》中的主人公，原本是一个愉快的年轻人，然而他的丧偶给他带来了无尽的痛苦和绝望。
埃德加 爱伦 坡
埃德加·爱伦·坡埃德加·爱伦·坡简介埃德加·爱伦·坡（Edgar Allan Poe)（1809～1849）、，[爱伦·坡]，十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家，在世时长期担任报刊编辑工作。
其作品是在任何时代都是“独一无二”的风格。
语言和形式精致、优美，内容多样。
侦探小说(detective story)鼻祖、科幻小说(science fiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说(horror fiction)大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义(symbolism)先驱之一，唯美主义(aestheticism)者。
受到过爱伦·坡影响的主要人物有：柯南·道尔、波德莱尔、斯特芳·马拉美、儒勒·凡尔纳、罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森、希区柯克、蒂姆·伯顿、江户川乱步等。
爱伦·坡最著名的文艺理论是“效果论”。
坡力图在自己的作品中先确立某种效果，再为追求这种效果而思考创作。
他在《怪异故事集》序中称“自己的作品绝大部分都是深思熟虑的苦心经营”。
爱伦·坡安布鲁斯·布尔斯（1842～1914？）和H.P洛夫克拉夫特（1890～1937）并称为美国三大恐怖小说家年表1809 1月19日生于波士顿，三兄妹中的第二个孩子，父亲戴维·坡和母亲伊丽莎白·阿诺德·坡是同一个剧团的演员。
祖籍英国的伊丽莎白·坡是一位著名的主角演员，其母伊丽莎白·史密斯·阿诺德在早期美国戏剧界也很出名。
戴维·坡的父亲出生于爱尔兰，是独立战争时期的一名爱国者，戴维·坡不久之后离家出走。
1811 母亲于12月8日在弗吉尼亚州里士满去世。
三兄妹威廉·亨利、埃德加和罗莎莉分别由三家人收养监护。
埃德加的养父母是弗朗西丝和约翰·爱伦夫妇，约翰·爱伦生于苏格兰，当时是里士满一位富裕的烟草商。
Edgar Allan Poe
可以说，爱伦·坡的婚姻是文学史上最浪漫、最动人的爱 情故事他26岁时，爱上了只有13岁的表妹弗吉妮亚，并不 顾一切地和它结了婚。当时的他身无分文——事实上后来 的他也是如此，他的一生基本上是穷困的一生。按所有古 代格言的说法，这样的婚姻一定会很快就面临破灭。很多 人都劝他早点结束这迟早会发生的悲剧，但爱伦·坡不以 为然：人们都认为爱伦，坡也疯了——他唯一的妹妹有点 精神错乱。但是，后来的事实并不像人们所预想的那样， 事实上，他的婚姻是成功的，那是一种极为浪漫的生活。 爱伦·坡几乎是怀着崇拜的心情去爱他年轻的妻子．他们 之间的爱情因他的生花妙笔而不朽。爱伦·坡用这样的诗 篇极大地丰富了英语文学。 除了诗歌，爱伦·坡还写小说，这些作品足以位列世 界文学的最高殿堂。然而在当时．他却不能用这些不朽杰 作换来足够的面包。爱伦·坡一生留下了许多脍炙人口的 诗篇，如：
The angels, not half so happy in heaven, Went envying her and me Yes! that was the reason (as all men know, In this kingdom by the sea) That the wind came out of the cloud by night, Chilling and killing my Annabel Lee.
Then---in my childhood---in the dawn 在我童年的黎明里 Of a most stormy life---was drawn 是一个充满疲惫的风雨人生 From ev'ry depth of good and ill 每一个善良和邪恶的深处 The mystery which binds me still: 那一直萦缠着我的神秘 From the torrent, or the fountain, 或如急流匆匆，或似细泉涓涓 From the red cliff of the mountain, 又如高山微耸的红岩 From the sun that 'round me roll'd抑或像那让我晕眩的日光 In its autumn tint of gold--在那褪去的金黄色的秋天里 From the lightning in the sky 在那湛蓝明灭的天空中 As it pass'd me flying by--时光在我身边悄然飞逝 From the thunder and the storm, 在雷声和风暴中 And the cloud that took the form 云朵也幻化着形状 (When the rest of Heaven was blue)( 天堂里只剩下蓝色的忧郁) Of a demon in my view.我的心魔
(完整版)美国文学秋季学期练习题6 有答案
美国文学史及作品选读练习6I。
Blank filling。
(每小题2分，共20分)1.The Puritan philosophy known as ____________ was important in New England duringcolonial time， and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations。
2.The term “Puritan”was applied to those settlers who originally were devout membersof the Church of _________.3.___________ was considered as the “ Poet of the American Revolution", because hewrote impassioned verse in support of the American Revolution。
4.In American literature， the eighteenth century was an Age of _____________andRevolution。
5.In 1823 James Fenimore Cooper wrote The Pioneers, the first of the five novels thatmake up___________.6.In the early 19th century， Washington Irving wrote _________which became the firstwork by an American writer to win financial success on both sides of the Atlantic。
美国文学选读期末试卷
美国文学选读期末试卷美国文学选读期末试卷(A);PartⅠ:Choosetherelevantm;(10pointsinall,2pointfor;Group1;ColumnACol umnB;1.BenjaminFranklina.Mo;2.EdgarAllanPoeb.TheCa;3.RalphWaldoEmersonc. T;4.NathanielHawtho美国文学选读期末试卷 (A)Part Ⅰ: Choose the relevant match from Column B for each item in Column A.(10 points in all, 2 point for each)Group 1Column A Column B1. Benjamin Franklin a. Moby Dick2.Edgar Allan Poe b. The Cast of Amontillado3. Ralph Waldo Emerson c. The Scarlet letter4. Nathaniel Hawthorne d. Self-Reliance5. Herman Melville e. The AutobiographyPart ⅠⅠ: Gap filling (10 points in all, 1 point for each).1.2.3.4. ?The Old Man and the Sea? is written by _______ . Samuel Langhorne Clemens is better known by the pen name ______ _______ . ?the remains of my relations? means __________________ in Chinese. ?I must not only punish but punish with impunity? means___________________________in Chinese.5. _________ is regarded as the first person to write the detective novel in the west.6. Ralph Waldo Emerson is the supporter of _________.7. Herman Melville is the famous _________and poet of America.8. In 1836, a little book came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. It was entitled _________ by Emerson.9. The historical novel ?Scarlet Letter? describes the17th century?s life style of the___________________________ in North America.10. In Herman Melville?s Moby Dick?, as the opposite of the human being, the whale stands for __________________.Part ⅠⅠⅠ: Reading Comprehension (40 points in all, 2 points for each).AI travel a lot, and I find out different “styles” (风格) of directions every time 1 ask “How can I get to the post office?”Foreign tourists are often confused (困惑) in Japan because most streets there don?t have names; in Japan, people use landmarks (地标) in their directions instead of street names. For example, the Japanese will say to travelers, “Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the big hotel and go past a fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop.”In the countryside of the American Midwest, there are not usually many landmarks. There are no mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there are no towns or buildings within miles. Instead of landmarks, people will tell you directions and distances. In Kansas or Iowa, for example, people will say, “Go north two miles. Turn east, and then go another mile.”People in Los Angeles, California, have no idea of distance on the map; they measure distance in time, not miles. “How far away is the post offi ce?” you ask. “Oh,” they answer, “it?sabout five minutes from here.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it?” They don?t know. It?s true that a person doesn?t know the answer to your question sometimes. What happens in such a situation? A New Yorker might say, ?Sorry, I have no idea.” But in Yucatan, Mexico, no one answers “I don?t know.” People in Yucatan believe that “Idon?t know” is impolite, they usually give an answer, often a wrong one.A tourist can get very, very lost in Yucatan!1. When a tourist asks the Japanese the way to a certain place they usually _________A. describe the place carefullyB. show him a map of the placeC. tell him the names of the streetsD. refer to recognizable buildings and places2. What is the place where people measure distance in time?_________A. New York.B. Los Angeles.C. Kansas.D. Iowa.3. People in Yucatan may give a tourist a wrong answer ________A. in order to save timeB. as a testC. so as to be politeD. for fun4. What can we infer from the text? _________A. It?s important for travelers to understand cultural differences.B. It?s useful for travelers to know how to ask the way properly.C. People have similar understandings of politeness.D. New Yorkers are generally friendly to visitors.BHeroes of Our TimeA good heartDikembe Mutombo grew up in Africa among great poverty and disease. He came to Georgetown University on a scholarshipto study medicine ―but Coach John Thompson got a look at Dikembe and had a different idea. Dikembe became a star in the NBA, and a citizen of the United States.But he never forgot the land of his birth, or the duty to share hisfortune with others. He built a new hospital in his old hometown in the Congo. A friend has said of this good-hearted man: “Mutombo believesthat God has given him this chance to do great things.”Success and kindnessAfter her daughter was born, Julie Aigner-Clark searched for ways to share her love of music and art with her child. So she borrowed some equipment, and began filming children?s videos in her own house. The Baby Einstein Company was born, and in just five years her business grew to more than $20 million in sales. And she is using her success to help others ― producing child safety videos with John Walsh of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Julie says of her new program: “I believe it?s the most important thing that I have ever done. I believe that children have the right to live in a world that is safe.”Bravery and courageA few weeks ago, Wesley Autrey was waiting at a Harlem subwaystation with his two little girls when he saw a man fall into the pathof a train. With seconds to act, Wesley jumped onto the tracks, pulled the man into the space between the rails, and held him as the train passed right above their heads. He insists he?s not a hero. He says: “We have got to show each other some love.”A. Being a star in the NBA.B. Being a student of medicine.C. His work in the church.D. His willingness to help the needy..A. helpful to his personal developmentB. something he should do for his homelandC. a chance for his friends to share his moneyD. a way of showing his respect to the NBAA. Produce safety equipment for children.B. Make videos to help protect children.C. Sell children?s music and artwork.D. Look for missing and exploited children.A. He helped a man get across the rails.B. He stopped a man from destroying the rails.C. He protected two little girls from getting hurt.D. He saved a person without considering his own safety.CTom was one of the brightest boys in the year, with supportive parents. But when he was 15 he suddenly stopped trying. He left school at 16 with only two scores for secondary school subjects. One of the reasons that made it cool for him not to care was the power of his peer group.The lack of right male role models in many of their lives ― at home and particularly in the school environment ― means that their peers are the only people they have to judge themselves against.They don?t see men succeeding in society so it doesn?t occur to them that they could make something of themselves. Without male teachers as a role model, the effect of peer actions and street culture is all powerful. Boys want to be part of a club. However, schools can provide the environment for change, and provide the right role models for them. Teachers need to be trained to stop that but not in front of a child?s peers. You have to do it one to one, because that is when you see the real child.It?s pointless sending a child home if he or she has done wrong. They see it as a welcome day off to watch television or play computer games. Instead, schools should have a special unit where a child who has done wrong goes for the day and gets advice about his problems ― somewhere he can work away from his peers and go home after the other children.A. He disliked his teachers.B. His parents no longer supported him.C. It?s cool for boys of his age not to care about studies.D. There were too many subjects in his secondary school..A. Peer groups.B. A special unit.C. The student judges.D. The home environment.A. Wait for their change patiently.B. Train leaders of their peer groups.C. Stop the development of street culture.D. Give them lessons in a separate area.12. A teacher?s work is most effective with a schoolboy when heA. is with the boy alone B. teaches the boy a lessonC. sends the boy home as punishmentD. works together with another teacherDFar from the land of Antarctica, a huge shelf of ice meets the ocean. At the underside of the shelf there lives a small fish, the Antarctic cod.For forty years scientists have been curious about that fish. How does it live where most fish would freeze to death? It must have some secret. The Antarctic is not a comfortable place to work and researchhas been slow. Now it seems we have an answer.Research was begun by cutting holes in the ice and catching the fish. Scientists studied the fish?s blood and measured its freezing point.The fish were taken from seawater that had a temperature of-1.88°C and many tiny pieces of ice floating in it. The blood of the fish didnot begin to freeze until its temperature was lowered to -2.05°C. That small difference is enough for the fish to live at the freezing temperature of the ice-salt mixture.The scientists? next research job was clear: Find out what in the fish?s blood kept it from freezing. Their search led to some really strange thing made up of a protein never before seen in put back, the blood again had its antifreeze quality and a lowered freezing point.Study showed that it is an unusual kind of protein. It has many small sugar molecules(分子)held in special positions within each big protein molecule. Because of its sugar content, it is called a glycoprotein. So it has come to be called the antifreeze fish glycoprotein, or AFGP..A. The terrible conditions in the Antarctic.B. A special fish living in freezing waters.C. The ice shelf around Antarctica.D. Protection of the Antarctic cod..A. The seawater has a temperature of -1.88°C.B. it loves to live in the ice-salt mixtureC. A special protein keeps it from freezing.D. Its blood has a temperature lower than -2.05°C.15. What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 5 refer to?A.A type of ice-salt mixture. B. A newly found protein.C. Fish blood.D. Sugar molecule.16. What does “glyco-” in the underlined word “glycoprotein” in the last paragraphA. sugarB. iceC. bloodD. moleculeEIf your boss asks you to work in Moscow this year, he?d better offer you more money to doso ― or even double that depending on where you live now. That?s because Moscow has just been found to be the world?s most expensive city for the second year in a row by Mercer Human Resources Consulting.Using the cost of living in New York as a base, Mercer determined Moscow is 34.4 percent more expensive including the cost of housing, transportation, food, clothing, household goods and entertainment.A two-bedroom flat in Moscow now costs $4,000 a month; a CD $24.83, and an international newspaper $6.30, according to Mercer. By comparison, a fast food meal with a hamburger is London takes the No. 2 place, up from No. 5 a year ago, thanks to higher cost of housing and a stronger British pound relative to the dollar. Mercer estimates London is 26 percent more expensive than New York these days. Following Londonclosely are Seoul and Tokyo, both of which are 22 percent more expensive than New York, while No. 5 Hong Kong is 19 percent more costly.Among North American cities, New York and Los Angeles are the most expensive and are the only two listed in the top 50 of the world?s most expensive cities. But both have fallen since last year?s study ― New York came in 15th, down from 10th place, while Los Angeles fell to 42nd from 29th place a year ago. San Francisco came in a distant third at No. 54, down 20 places from a year earlier.Toronto, meanwhile, is Canada?s most expensive city but fell 35 places to take 82nd place worldwide. In Australia, Sydney is thepriciest place to live in and No. 21 worldwide.17. What do the underlined words “a steal” in Paragraph 3 mean?_________A. an act of stealingB. something deliciousC. something very cheapD. an act of buying18. London has become the second most expensive city because of_________A. the high cost of clothingB. the stronger pound against thedollarC. its expensive transportationD. the high prices of fast food meals19. Which city is the third most expensive on the list? _________A. Tokyo.B. Hong Kong.C. Moscow.D. Sydney.20. Which city has dropped most on the list in North America?A. New York.B. Los Angeles.C. San Francisco.D. Toronto.Part IV: Translation (40 points in all, 20 points for each).1. When he found I would leave him, he took care to prevent me getting employment in anyother printing house of the town by going round and speaking to every master, who accordingly refused to give me work. I then thought of going to New York as the nearest place where there was a printer; and I was the rather inclined to leave Boston when I reflected that I had already made myself a little obnoxious to the governing party; and from the arbitrary proceeding of the Assembly in my brother?s case, it was likely I might if I stayed soon bring myself into scrapes, and further that my indiscreet disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel or atheist. I determined on the point, but my father now siding with my brother, I was sensible that if I attempted to go openly means would be used to prevent me.2. He had a weak point--this Fortunato--although in other regards he was a man to be[美国文学选读期末试卷]。
Edgar Allan Poe 研究综述
埃德加•爱伦•坡研究综述埃德加•爱伦•坡（Edgar Allan Poe)（1809～1849），十九世纪美国诗人、小说家和文学评论家，在世时长期担任报刊编辑工作。
其作品是在任何时代都是“独一无二”的风格。
语言和形式精致、优美，内容多样。
爱伦•坡是侦探小说(detective story)鼻祖、科幻小说(science fiction)先驱之一、恐怖小说(horror fiction)大师、短篇哥特小说巅峰、象征主义(symbolism)先驱之一，唯美主义(aestheticism)者。
爱伦•坡最著名的文艺理论是“效果论”。
爱伦•坡是一位有争议的作家。
人们对他的评价褒贬不一。
不同时期的不少伟大作家都给予他截然不同的评价, 如: 萧伯纳(Bernard Shaw)认为: “美国出了两个伟大的作家——埃德加•爱伦•坡和马克•吐温”。
丁尼生( Tennyson) 说坡是“美国最具独创性的天才”。
( the most original American genius) 叶芝(Yeats) 说他是“美国最伟大的诗人, 而且永远是全世界伟大的抒情诗人”。
( a great lyric poet of the world)。
(Belgion: 1951: 51) J•S•戴也说: “坡在小说中,对环境造成的极度痛苦的恐怖,能给读者留下最深刻的印象”。
(Russell Blankenship,1973: 215)爱默生(Emerson)称他为“打油诗人”。
( a jingle man)惠特曼(Whitman)说他“在想象文学的电光之中明亮、旋目, 但没有热”。
(among the electric lights of imaginative literature, brilliant and dazzling, but with no heat) 还有人则无视爱伦•坡的才华, 认为他的艺术是: “不道德的或没有道德意识的”。
美国文学课后习题
Unit2 Edgar Allan Poe1) Who is the narrator? What wrong does he want to redress?It is Montresor. Fortunato has given Montresor thousands of injuries that he has to bear before he has this opportunity of taking revenge.2) What is the pretext Montresor uses to lure Fortunado to his wine cellar?He claims that he has just got a cask of Amontilado and stores it in the wine cellar before he may find a connoisseur to testify to its authenticity.3) What happens to Fortunado in the end?The deceived Fortunado is killed because of his inability of getting out of the catacomb.4) Describe briefly how Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as contrasts. Poe characterizes Mortresor and Fortunado as seemingly contrasting characters chiefly by presenting their identical habit in wine and their different manners towards each other, but actually he intends to show some similarly defective aspects in their nature. The similarity in their nature is also suggested by their names as synonyms in Italian: Mortresor means “fortune” while Fortunado “treasure”. Their defective nature is highlighted when the revenger Mortresor, who is fully prepared on psychological and operating levels, throws the hardly prepared but totally deceived wrong-doer Fortunado into the deep and damp catacomb and blocks up its entrance with huge rocks.Unit 7 19th Century American Poets1.Henry Wadsworth Longfellow(1)I Shot an Arrow…1. Why did the speaker lose sight of his arrow and song?The arrow flies too swiftly and too far away to be seen by the speaker; whereas the song is naturally invisible.2. In what circumstances did he find them again?He finds them unexpectedly years later from the trunk of a tree and the heart of a friend.3. What do arrow and song stand for in this poem?The images of arrow and song here may stand for friendship.(2)A Psalm of Life1. What kind of person is the speaker of this poem?The speaker is a man of action, always optimistic and cheerful, trying to achieve as much as possible in the short span of life.2. According to the poem, how should our lives be led to overcome the fact that each day brings us nearer to death?We should work harder and live happier.3. Interpret the metaphor of "Footprints on the sand of time" (line 28).The metaphor refers to human deeds in real life.2. Walt Whitman(1)One's Self I Sing1. What is the significance of singing about one's self?It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2. What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings, whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3. What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.(3)O Captain! My Captain!1. Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain” specially refers to Ab raham Lincoln, president of the United States.2. What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?Life is a journey.3. Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains sosad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.3.Emily Dickinson(1)To Make a Prairie …1. What things are needed to "make" a prairie? In what sense can one really do it? Some grass and insects and small animals. People can make a prairie with their imagination.2. How can "revery alone" create a prairie?The prairie stays in one's mind.(2) Success Is Counted Sweetest1. Why is success "counted sweetest by those who ne'er succeed"?Those who have tasted the bitterness of failure would have a keener desire for success.2. Who are "the purple host"?The so-called successful people in the world.3. Who is "he" in the last stanza?Anyone who is pursuing his success.(3) I'm Nobody!1. Who are the "pair of us" and "they" in this poem?The "pair of us" refers to the speaker in the poem and the reader, and "they" refers to the public, especially those in power.2. What does "an admiring bog" really mean?" (line 28).It Implies the vain and empty common people, who are always admiring and pursuing the celebrities.3. What is the theme of this poem?The real admirable life is a secluded and common one.4. Do you want to be "nobody" or "somebody"? Explain your reasons.Different persons would have different answers to this question. Personally, I prefer to be nobody.Unit 17 20th-Century American Poets1.Ezra PoundIn A Station of the Metro1. Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.2. What do "petals" and "bough" stand for?Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.2. Wallace StevensAnecdote of the Jar1. What does the jar in poem symbolize? Why does the speaker place it on top of a hill?The jar here symbolizes a certain perspective on looking at this world. If the perspective of the viewing is creative and unique, it will change the conventional order of the old world. When a new perspective comes out, it will certainly hold attention from the rest.2. The jar is "round" and "of a port in air," meaning that it has a stately importance. What effect does it have on surroundings when placed on the ground?Maybe the round jar assumes the air of a domineering figure, which helps to form a certain order out of the disordered surrounding.3. How did the wilderness of Tennessee characterized? What words or phrases does the poet use to describe it?Tennessee seems to a place full of life and energy. “Slovenly,” “sprawl” and “wild” are some of the words used to describe the place. (See Anecdote of the Jar )3. William Carlos WilliamsWilliam Carlos Williams1. How does the first two lines differ from the other pairs of lines?Each of the last three couplets creates a visual image (“a red wheelbarrow,” “glaz ed with rainwater,” and “the white chickens”), whereas the first one does not.2. What is the most visually compelling word in each of the last three pairs of lines? They are “red, glazed and white”. (See EXPLANA TION: “The Red Wheelbarrow” below)3. What is the meaning of "depends upon" in the first pair of lines?The opening lines set the tone for the rest of the poem. Since the poem is composed of one sentence broken up at various intervals, it is truthful to say that 'so much depends upon' each line of the poem. This is so because the form of the poem is also its meaning. This may seem confusing, but by the end of the poem the image of the wheelbarrow is seen as the actual poem, as in a painting when one sees an image of an apple, the apple represents an actual object in reality, but since it is part of a painting the apple also becomes the actual piece of art. These lines are also important because they introduce the idea that 'so much depends upon' the wheelbarrow.SEE answer 1.4.Robert Frost(1)Fire and Ice1. What are the symbolic meanings of fire in this poem?Fire symbolizes natural disaster, human passion, as well as war.2. Why does the speaker say that ice is also great for destruction? Explain what ice stands for here.Ice, oppose to fire, is also a dreadful natural disaster in this world, and ice is always related to indifference, coldness, hatred, and the other negative sentiments of human beings.3. What is your opinion about fire and ice? Which one is more destructive?Both fire and ice can destroy this beautiful world if they are beyond control of human beings. Therefore we should be open-minded and reduce our prejudice and pride so as to keep this world in peace.(2)Stopping By Woods On a Snowy Evening1. In your opinion, what was the reason that made the speaker stop by the woods on a snowy evening?The poet was deeply attracted by the natural beauty of the scene at that very moment.2. Why did the horse give the harness bell a shake?The horse grew impatient by stopping in the middle of the dark, cold woods at midnight. It was eager to go home.3. Why couldn't the speaker stay longer by the woods to appreciate its mysterious beauty?He realized that it was late at night and he would have to hurry home to get some food and sleep,because the next morning he would have a lot of work to do.4. What is the effect of repetition in the last two lines?The refrain-like repetition in the last two lines reminds the reader a simple fact of life: whatever happens, one must go forward in the journey of his or her life.(3) The Road Not Taken1. What is the speaker's initial response to the divergence of the two roads?The speaker is at a loss which road he should choose, and he feels sorry that he cannot explore both roads at the same time.2. Describe the similarities and differences of these two roads. Which one does the speaker take?Two roads are similar except one of them is more “grassy,” which implies that it is less traveled by people. The speaker prefers the less traveled one, because he likes adventure.3. What might the two roads stand for in the speaker's mind?One road stands for the traditional one and the other is unconventional one and full of challenges and difficulties. To follow other people's footsteps or to open a new road for himself is really not an easy decision for us to make in our lives.5. Langston Hughes(1)Dreams1. Why must we stick to our dreams?If God is not the first move in our life, surely our dreams are the same.2. What images does the poet employ to describe the life once we lose our dreams? Without dreams our life will be a broken bird and a barren field. I think without dream our life will be a grand ship drifting on the vast ocean, never knowing its destination.(2)Me And The Mule1. Why does the speaker identify himself with the mule?They share a lot in their life: hard-working and full of strength, submissiveness and kindness and honesty.2. What figure of speech does the poet employ in describing the mule? Personification.。
美国文学欣赏Edgar_Allan_Poe(课堂PPT)
13
In America
• Emerson: “the jingle man” (noisy)
• Mark Twain: His prose is unreadable.
musical effect of words themselves) • Negligence of so-called truth and social, political and
moral suggestions • “Pure poetry” or “pure art” • Unity of effect and atmosphere; content in service of
• Most controversial and misunderstood in America • Well received in Europe, England, Spain, esp. in France • Literary output:
some seventy short stories and a dozen poems • A: Poems • B: Short stories • C: literary theory • D: one full-length novel:
Edgar Allan Poe 坡
(1809—1849)
1
E.A. Poe (1809—1849)
Poe’s mother
2
Edgar Allan Poe
（1809—1849）埃德加.爱伦.坡
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Masculine rhyme: the recurrence of soundressed syllable eg. cold — bold
On the basis of the number of syllables Feminine rhyme: the stressed rhyming syllables are followed by identical unstressed syllables eg. spiteful— delightful
• 1.4.1. emotional, passionate, • Expressing and arousing strong feeling such as love, pity, fear, sadness, joy, etc from the author or from the reader
Triple rhyme: the rhyming stressed syllable is followed by two identical unstressed syllables eg. tenderly —slenderly
On the basis of the position in a line
• c. meter[格律]: poetic metre with a given number of feet, or fixed arrangement of accented and unaccented syllables. • Rising feet/meter: iamb (iambic), anapest (anapestic) • Falling feet/meter: trochee (trochaic), dactyl (dactylic)
1.2.2. Lyric poetry
• a. Epigram[诙谐诗]: short poem expressing an idea in clear and amusing way • b. Elegy: a lament for the dead. • c. Ode: a long stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form. • d. Sonnet: 14 lines, the Italian (or Petrarchan: 8-line octave + 6-line sestet; typical rhyming: abbaabba+cdcdcd/cdecde) and the English (or Shakespearean: three 4line quatrains + a concluding 2-line couplet)
1.3.7. Sound Rhyme: two or more words or phrases
contain an identical or similar vowel-sound, usually stressed, and the consonant sounds that follow the vowel-sound are identical and preceded by different consonants. eg. bright and night heaven and seven see and thee
• 1.4.2. Symbolic • A symbol is something that stands for something else. In literature, it refers to any word, object, action, or character that embodies and evokes a range of additional meaning and significance. • Imagery is the use of figurative language to produce a picture in the minds of readers or hearers.
• Number of feet per line • Monometer • Dimeter • Trimeter • Tetrameter • Pentameter • Hexameter • Heptameter • Octameter
1.4. Some features of poetry
Assonance is the repetition of similar vowel sounds within a noticeable range. Eg. All day the wind breathes low with mellower tone Thro’ every hollow cave and alley lone.
Edgar Allan Poe
(1809-1849)
I.
Introduction to poetry 1.1. What is poetry
• a. Emily Dickinson: “when I read something I feel so cold that no fire can warm me, I know it’s poetry; when I read something I feel my head is chopped off, I know it’s poetry.”
Alliteration is the repetition of consonants, especially at the beginning of words or stressed syllables.
Eg. The willows waved violently in the wind.
1.3. Elements of poetry
• 1.3.1. Voice: speaker and tone • 1.3.2. Diction: the best words in the best order (Samuel Taylor Coleridge) • 1.3.3. Imagery: a concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea. • Images: visual, aural, tactile, olfactory (something smelled), gustatory (sth tasted) • 1.3.4. Figures of speech: simile and metaphor
1.2.Types of poetry
• 1.2.1. Narrative poetry • a. Epic: long narrative poems that record the adventures of a hero whose exploits [brave or adventurous deeds or action] are important to the history of a nation. As Homeric epics (a blind bard): The Iliad and The Odyssey • b. Ballad: a simple poem(less ambitious than epics) that tells a story. • c. Romance: another type of narrative poem, in which adventure is a central feature.
• 1.3.5. Symbolism: a symbol is any object or action that means more than itself, any object or action that represents sth beyond itself. • 1.3.6. Syntax: the grammatical structure of words in sentences and the development of sentences in longer units throughout the poem.
• e. The traditional American dictionary defines poetry as : A verbal composition designed to convey experiences, ideas, or emotions in a vivid and imaginative way, characterized by the use of condensed languages chosen for its sound and suggestive power and by the use of literary techniques such as meter, metaphor, and rhyme.
• b. The poet has found the emotion, the emotion has found the word. • c. Wordsworth: “All good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings”. • d.“A good poem is the crystalization of word and emotions.”
Consonance is the repetition of identical consonant sounds before and after different vowels.
Eg. tit and tat creak and crack
• 1.3.8. Rhythm and meter • a. rhythm: beat we feel in a phrase of music or a line of poetry, the regular recurrence of the accent or stress in poem. • b. foot[音步]: unit of rhythm in a line of poetry containing one stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllables, as in the four division of “four man/may come/and men /may go”