美国文学 (2)
美国文学讲稿(新稿)2
The first lecture1. A general look at the American literaturePhases of the history of American literature:1)Colonial America ---- the 17th century from thesettlement of North America in the early seventeenth century through the end of it.2)Reason and revolution ---- the 18th century3)Romanticism ---- the first half of the nineteenth century,till the beginning of the Civil War ( 1861-1865)4)Realism ---- from the civil war till the early period of 19thcentury (1861—1919)5)20th century literature ---- the 1920s and 1930s.2.Historical introduction of the literature of Colonial America 1) Indians were migrants form eastern Siberia and might belong to the Mongoloid peoples. They traveled into the New World more than 20,000 years ago.2) About A.D. 1000, Norsemen from northern Europe happened on American, but their contact did not exert a tremendous influence in the world at that time. In 1492, the date of the discovery of America, Columbus sailed here. 3) The first permanent English settlement in North Americawas established at Jamestown, Virginia in May 14, 1607.4) In 1620, Mayflower with 102 passengers sailed toMassachusetts. They were the first group of puritans4) A large number of the settlers themselves left home in the first years of the 17th century in earnest quest of an ideal of their own. It is true that they wished to escape religious persecution ---- and the English government regarded its American colony as an ideal dumping ground for the undesirables, but they were also determined to find a place where they could worship in the way they thought true Christians should. When they arrived and saw the virgin forests, the virgin land, and the vast expanse of wildernessthat stretched miles around before them, they became aware that God must have sent them there for a definite purpose to reestablish a commonwealth based on the teachings of the Bible, restore the lost paradise, and build the wilderness intoa new Garden of Eden.3.Puritan thoughts1)American Puritanism was one of the most enduringshaping influences in American thought and American literatureIt has become so much a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the Americans breathe, that, without some understanding of Puritanism, there can be no real understanding of American culture and literature.2) They accepted the doctrine of predestination,original sin and total depravity, and limitedatonement through a special infusion of grace fromGod.2)the book3)the Puritans dreamed of living under a perfect order andworked with courage and confident hope toward buildinga new Garden of Eden in America, where man could atlong last live the way he should.Fired with such a sense of mission, the Puritans looked even the worst of life in the face with a tremendous amount of optimism. And this went to the making of American literature.4. The first American writer -- John Smith (1580-1631)1)lifeHe was England adventurer and one of the chief founders of the first permanent settlement in North America, the colony of Jamestown.In 1604, he came to know a group of people who were ready to go to north America to establish colonies thereafter returning to England from Russia. They landed on May 14, 1607, and soon he became the leader of the newly-established colony, and one year later he became the governor.He was once captured by Indians, whose chief was Powhatan (波瓦坦), but was rescued by the famous Indian princess, Pocahontas, the daughter of the chief.And this story becomes a legend.2)writingsA True Relation of Such Occurances and Accidents ofNote as Hath Happened in Virginia Since the First Planting of That Colony( in 1608) (<殖民地第一次在佛吉尼亚开拓以来发生的各种事件的真实介绍>A Map of Virginia: with a Description of the Country( in1612) (<佛吉尼亚地图: 一个乡村的描述>)General History of Virginia(1624) (<佛吉尼亚通史>)3)his writings about America became the source ofinformation about the New World for later settlers.And his narratives reveal the early settlers’ vision of the new land as something capable of being built into a new Garden of Eden.The second lecture1.Reason and RevolutionHistorical IntroductionPeople are industrious, natural resources are rich and economy developed. Fast developing economy will influence politics. Economy asked for political rights.English ruling class made huge profits out of American colonies. Laboring people suffered. Even the merchants and manufacturers did suffer because buying and selling were monopolized. South slave-owners were dissatisfied with theBritish as the price of tobacco and cotton they produced was fixed.1764, Sugar Act. 1765, Stamp Act. To levy tax on everything.Clashes were unavoidable. In April, 1775, some British troops were sent to Lexington and Concord, small towns 30 miles from Boston, to disarm the militiamen. The first shot.In 1783, colonies won independence.In 1787, the Constitution passed.2. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)1)lifeBorn in 1760 into a poor candle-maker’s family –―poor and obscure‖He had little education but he was a voracious reader.When still very young, he apprenticed to his older half-brother, a printer, and began at 16, to publish essays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood.At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune and set himself up as an independent printer and publisher.A s a scientist (the book)As a statesman (the book), he was the only American to sigh the four documents that created the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.2）writingsPoor Richard’s Almanac (<穷理查德的警句>)The Autobiography (<自传>)1)Poor Richard’s AlmanacHe kept writing it for almost a quarter of a century. Apart from poems and essays, he managed to put in a good many axioms and commonsense witticisms whichbecame, very quickly, household words and mottoes of the most practical kind.―Lost time is never found again.‖―A penny saved is a penny earned.‖―God help them that help themselves.‖―Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.‖Those and many other similar statements filled the almanac, and taught as much as amused.4) The Autobiography of Benjamin FranklinA fascinating record of a man rising to wealth andfame from a state of poverty into which he was born,a faithful account of the colorful career of America’sfirst self-made man.A Puritan document. It is Puritan because it is arecord of self-examination and self-improvement, anda convincing illustration of the Puritan ethic that, inorder to get on in the world one has to be industrious,frugal, and prudent.It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of eighteenth-century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Franklin told himself and his fellowmen that for that century moderation and temperance were among the best virtues of man.The third lectureThe Literature of Romanticism1.The Romantic period stretches from the end of the eighteenth century through the outbreak of the Civil War.2.Historical introduction1)Political reviewGeorge WashingtonThomas Jefferson (1800-1808)During the two administrations of Jefferson, the relations between U. S. and Britain were becoming worse.The British were not reconciled to the loss of their thirteen colonies.Jefferson had to take some actions, but he had to try to avoid war as he knew the U.S. was ill-prepared.MadisonIn1812, Madison asked Congress to declare war on Britain, and the war broke out. The war lasted forthree 3years and ended in another American victoryover the British.This war has one important result – the strengthening of national unity and patriotism. And it was only afterthis that the United States was able to effect thechange of a semi-colonial economy into a reallyindependent national economy.James Monroe (1816-1824)In 1823, President Monroe announced his foreign policy which has come to be known as the MonroeDoctrine. The main idea of the doctrine was thatEuropean nations should not establish new coloniesin the Western Hemisphere; European nationsshould not intervene in the affairs of independentnations of the New World; and the United Stateswould not interfere in the affairs of Europeannations.2)Territorial expansionIn 1780s, the American government passed some laws to encourage people to move to the frontier region betweenthe Mississippi and the Ohio rivers.May 2, 1803, the acquisition of Louisiana (New Orleans) 1845, annexed Texas1846, the Oregon territory settlement between Britain and the U.S.1846, war on Mexico. The states of California, New Mexico and Arizona became part of the UnitedStates.3) Economic changesIn the south, slavery was the foundation of the economic system. After 1812, cotton played acritical role in the developing market economy ofthe entire nation. Consequently, slaves, whoworked in the cotton field, became rooted in theSouth.In the North, commerce and industry were the main character for its economy. Some northernerexpected to get the blacks from the south.4) The Civil WarFebruary 4, 1861, representatives from the seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama. And theyorganized the Confederate States of America. Also aconstitution was passed.On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln took the oath of office.In April 1861, the Confederates took Fort Sumter in the South Carolina and the Civil War began. The War lasted for 4 years from 1861 to 1865.The outcome of the war placed the northern capitalists in solid control of the federal government. It sweptaway the last obstacle to the development of U.S.capitalism.5) In this period we see a rising America fast burgeoninginto a political, economic, and cultural independence ithad never known before.3.Romanticism: Romantics share certain general characteristic: moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.4.American romanticism1)Foreign influences added incentive to the growth ofromanticism in America. The Romantic Movement, which had flourished earlier in the century both in England and Europe, proved to be a decisive influence without which the upsurge of American romanticism would hardly have been possible. Sir Walter Scott, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Byron, Robert Burns and many other English and European masters of poetry and prose all made a stimulating impact on the different departments of the country’s literature.2)Although foreign influences were strong, AmericanRomanticism exhibited from the very outset distinct features of its own. It was different from its English and European counterpart because it originated from factors that were altogether American rather than anything else.American romanticism was in essence the expression of ―a real new experience‖ and contained ―an alien quality‖for the simple reason that ―the spirit of the place‖was radically new and alien.3)Then there is American Puritanism as cultural heritage toconsider. American moral values were essentially Puritan.Public opinion was overwhelmingly Puritan; the Puritan atmosphere of the nation predominantly conditioned social life and cultural taste. Puritan influence overAmerican Romanticism was conspicuously noticeable.American romantic authors tended more to moralize than their English and European brother. Many American writings intended to edify more than they entertained.Sex and love, for instance, were subjects American authors were particularly careful in approaching.The forth lectureWashington Irving (1783-1859)1.LifeGently born and well educated, the youngest of eleven children of a prosperous New York merchant, he began a genteel reading for the law at sixteen, but preferred a literary Bohemianism. At nineteen he published in his brother’s newspaper his ―Jonathan Oldstyle, a satire of New York life. By the age of twenty-three, when he as admitted to the New York bar, he had roamed the Hudson valley and been a literary vagabond in England, Holland, France, and Italy, reading and studying what pleased him.From 1826 to 1829 he was in Spain on diplomatic business. And he served as secretary of the American legation in London from 1829 to 1831. In 1832 he was on the way back to united States. In 1836, he made his home at Sunnyside, near Tarrytown. From 1842 to 1845 he served as minister to Spain, then settled at Sunnyside. He died in 1859.2.Two important phases of his writing career1)From the first book in 1809 to 1832.The first period was predominantly ―English,‖ in which he was drawn to the ruins and relics of Europe and writing, most of the time, about subjects either English or European.He seemed to be endowed with a love for the antique that amounted to an obsession. He found value in the past andin the tradition of the Old World. America, being young, didn’t have what Europe had to offer for a man of imagination.A History of New York from the Beginning of the World tothe End of the Dutch Dynasty (1809) (<纽约外史>)Sketch Book (1819-1820) (<见闻札记>)Bracebridge Hall (1820) (<布雷斯布里奇田庄>)Tales of a Traveler (1824) (<旅行者的故事>)Charles the Second, or The Merry Monarch(<查尔斯二世>, 或<快乐君主>)A History of the Life and Voyage of Christopher Columbus(1828) (<哥伦布生平及航海史>)A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada (1829) (<格林纳达征服史>)Voyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus (1831) (<哥伦布同伴的生平及航海>)Alhambra (1832) (<阿尔罕伯拉>)2)Stretching over the remaining years of his life from1832-1859.Back in America, Irving found a whole new spirit of nationalism in American feeling and art and letters and awoke to the fact that there was beauty in America.A Tour on the Prairies (1835) (<草原游记>)Astoria (1836) (<阿斯托里亚>)The Adventures of Captain Bonneville (1837) (<伯纳维尔船长历险记>)Life of Oliver Goldsmith (1840) (<奥利弗.戈尔德史密斯传>)Life of George Washington (published 1855-1859) (<华盛顿传>)3.Features of his writing1)Irving avoids moralizing as much as possible; he wroteto amuse and entertain.2)He is good at enveloping his stories in an atmosphere,the richness of which is often more than compensation for the slimness of plot.3)The finished and musical language has been the criticalattention for a long time.4.Irving’s contribution to American literature is unique in more ways than one.He was first great belletrist, writing always for pleasure, and to produce pleasure. In Sketch Book appeared the first modern short stories and the first great American juvenile literature.He was the first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame. Americans took this as a sign that American literature was emerging as an independent entity.To say that he was father of American literature is not much exaggeration. The short story genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book.5.Rip Van WinkleRip Van Winkle, ―one of those happy mortals, who take the world easy, eat white bread or brown, whichever can be got with least thought or trouble, and would rather starve on a penny than work for a pound. If left to himself, he would have whistled life away in perfect contentment.‖The story reveals, to some extent, the conservative attitude of its author. Rip goes to sleep before the War of Independence and wakes up after it. The change that has occurred in the twenty years he slept is to him not always for the better. The story might be taken as an illustration of Irving’s argument that change –revolution –upset the natural order of things, and of the fact that Irving never seemed to accept a modern democratic America.6.The Legend of Sleep HollowIchabod Crane, a memorable character with the mixture of shrewdness, credulity, self-assertiveness, and cowardice. Brom Bones, his rival in love, a Huck Fine –type of country bumpkin, rough, vigorous, boisterous but inwardly very good, a frontier type put out there to shift for himself, headless horseman throwing his head at his rival in love. KatrinaThe fifth lectureEdgar Allen Poe (1809-1849)1.Life (the book)Poe's parents, David Poe Jr. and Elizabeth Arnold Hopkins, were touring actors; both died before he was 3 years old, and he was taken into the home of John Allan, a prosperous merchant in Richmond, Va., and baptized Edgar Allan Poe. The remaining children were cared for by others. Poe's brother William died young and sister Rosalie become later insane. At the age of five Poe could recite passages of English poetry. Later one of his teachers in Richmond said: "While the other boys wrote mere mechanical verses, Poe wrote genuine poetry; the boy was a born poet." His childhood was uneventful, although he studied (1815-20) for 5 years in England. In 1826 he entered the University of Virginia but stayed for only a year. Although a good student, he ran up large gambling debts that Allan refused to pay. Allan prevented his return to the university and broke off Poe's engagement to Sarah Elmira Royster, his Richmond sweetheart. Lacking any means of support, Poe enlisted in the army. He had, however, already written and printed (at his own expense) his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems (1827), verses written in the manner of Byron.Temporarily reconciled, Allan secured Poe's release from the army and his appointment to West Point but refused to provide financial support. After 6 months Poe apparently contrived to be dismissed from West Point for disobedience of orders. His fellow cadets, however, contributed the funds for the publication of Poems by Edgar A. Poe ... Second Edition(1831), actually a third edition. This volume contained the famous To Helen and Israfel, poems that show the restraint and the calculated musical effects of language that were to characterize his poetry.Poe next took up residence in Baltimore with his widowed aunt, Maria Clemm, and her daughter, Virginia, and turned to fiction as a way to support himself. In 1832 the Philadelphia Saturday Courier published five of his stories -- all comic or satiric -- and in 1833, MS. Found in a Bottle won a $50 prize given by the Baltimore Saturday Visitor.Poe, his aunt, and Virginia moved to Richmond in 1835, and he became editor of the Southern Literary Messenger and in 1836, he married Virginia.Poe published fiction, notably his most horrifying tale, Berenice in the Messenger, but most of his contributions were serious, analytical, and critical reviews that earned him respect as a critic. His contributions undoubtedly increased the magazine's circulation, but they offended its owner, who also took exception to Poe's drinking. The January 1837 issue of the Messenger announced Poe's withdrawal as editor but also included the first installment of his long prose tale, The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, five of his reviews, and two of his poems. This was to be the paradoxical pattern for Poe's career: success as an artist and editor but failure to satisfy his employers and to secure a livelihood.First in New York City (1837), then in Philadelphia(1838-44), and again in New York (1844-49), Poe sought to establish himself as a force in literary journalism, but with only moderate success.In 1842, Virginia bust a blood vessel and remained a virtual invalid until her death from tuberculosis five years later. After the death of his wife, Poe began to lose his struggle with drinking and drugs. He had several romances, including an affair with the poet Sarah Helen Whitman, who said: "His proud reserve, his profound melancholy, his unworldliness - may we not say his unearthliness of nature - made his character one very difficult of comprehension to the casual observer." Though Virginia's death, Poe continued to write and lecture. In the summer of 1849 he revisited Richmond, lectured, and was accepted anew by the fiancee he had lost in 1826. After his return north he was found unconscious on a Baltimore street. In a brief obituary the Baltimore Clipper reported that Poe had died of "congestion of the brain."2.WritingsA dozen poems and seventy short stories.Poe’s literary output is small, but it is immensely interesting and influential as a literary inheritance.Tamerlane and Other Poems(1827) (《帖木尔》)Poems by Edgar A. Poe ... Second Edition(1831)Ms. Found in a bottle (in 1833) (<瓶中的房德小姐>)The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym (in 1838)Tales of Grotesque and Arabesque (in 1839) (<怪诞奇异故事集>)The Murders in the Rue Morgue(1841) (which is sometimes considered the first detective story.)3.Unfavorable criticism on PoeFor a long time after Poe’s death Poe remained probably the most controversial and most misunderstood literary figure in the history of American literature.As a critic Poe was perceptive, but the fact that he wrote some scathing criticisms on the works of such distinguished New England literary celebrities as Henry Wadsworth Longfellow incurred the wrath of quite a few of his contemporaries .And his executor, Rufus Griswold, spared no pains, after his death, to sully his reputation. He painted him as a Bohemian, depraved, and demonic, a villain with no virtue at all.Mark Twain declared his prose to be unreadable.Henry James made the ruthless statement that ―an enthusiasm for Poe is the mark of a decidedly primitive state of development.‖And Whitman, who was the only famous literary figure present at the Poe Memorial Ceremony in Baltimore in 1875, had mixed feelings about him: he did admit Poe’s genius, but it was ―its narrow range and unhealthy, lurid quality‖ that most impressed him.4.Poe’s poemsHis poetic theories are remarkable in their clarity.The poems, he says, should be short, readable at one sitting. Its chief aim is beauty, namely, to produce a feeling of beauty in the reader.The RavenIn this poem, one of the most famous American poems ever, Poe uses several symbols to take the poem to a higher level.The most obvious symbol is, of course, the raven itself.When Poe had decided to use a refrain that repeated the word "nevermore," he found that it would be most effective if he used a non-reasoning creature to utter the word. It would make little sense to use a human, since the human could reason to answer the questions (Poe, 1850). In "The Raven" it is important that the answers to the questions arealready known, to illustrate the self-torture to which the narrator exposes himself. This way of interpreting signs that do not bear a real meaning, is "one of the most profound impulses of human nature" (Quinn, 1998:441). Poe also considered a parrot as the bird instead of the raven; however, because of the melancholy tone, and the symbolism of ravens as birds of ill-omen, he found the raven more suitable for the mood in the poem (Poe, 1850). Quoth the Parrot, "Nevermore?"Another obvious symbol is the bust of Pallas. Why did the raven decide to perch on the goddessof wisdom? One reason could be, because it would lead the narrator to believe that the raven spoke from wisdom, and was not just repeating its only "stock and store," and to signify the scholarship of the narrator. Another reason for using "Pallas" in the poem was, according to Poe himself, simply because of the "sonorousness of the word, Pallas, itself" (Poe, 1850).A less obvious symbol, might be the use of "midnight" in the first verse, and "December" in thesecond verse. Both midnight and December, symbolize an end of something, and also the anticipation of something new, a change, to happen. The midnight in December, might very well be New Year’s eve, a date most of us connect with change. This also seems to be the last night of the year had arrived. Kenneth Silverman connected the use of December with the death of Edgar’s mother (Silverman, 1992:241), who died in that month; whether this is true or not is, however, not significant to its meaning in the poem.The chamber in which the narrator is positioned, is used to signify the loneliness of the man, andthe sorrow he feels for the loss of Lenore. The room is richly furnished, and reminds the narrator of his lost love,which helps to create an effect of beauty in the poem. The tempest outside, is used to even more signify the isolation of this man, to show a sharp contrast between the calmness in the chamber and the tempestuous night.The phrase "from out my heart," Poe claims, is used, in combination with the answer"Nevermore," to let the narrator realize that he should not try to seek a moral in what has been previously narratedTo Helen5.Poe’s short storiesThe Fall of the House of UsherRoderick Usher, the brotherThe sister, MadelineRoderick’s school friend, the narratorThe narrator is a boyhood friend of Roderick Usher. He has not seen Roderick since they were children; however, because of an urgent letter that he received from Roderick which requested his aid, the nameless narrator decides to make the long journey.Roderick and Madeline Usher are the sole, remainingmembers of the long, time-honored Usherrace. When Madeline supposedly "dies" and is placed in her coffin, the narrator notices "a striking similitude between brother and sister...." It is at this point that Roderick informs his friend that he and the Lady Madeline had been twins, and that "sympathies of a scarcely intelligible nature had always existed between them." Due to limited medical knowledge or to suit his purposes here, Poe treats Madeline and Roderick as if they were identical twins (two parts of one personality) instead of fraternal twins. He implies that Roderick and Madeline are so close that they can sense what is happening to each other. This becomes an important aspect in the unity of effect of this particular story.The sixth lectureNathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864)1.Life (the book)Nathaniel Hawthorne was born in Salem, Massachusetts, in 1804.Some of his ancestors were men of prominence in the Puritan theocracy in seventeenth-century New England. One of them was a colonial magistrate notorious for his part in the persecution of the Quakers, and another, John Hathorne, Hawthorne’s grandfather, was a judge at the Salem Witchcraft Trial in 1692. Young Hawthorne was intensely aware of the misdeeds of his Puritan ancestors, and this awareness led to his understanding of evil being at the core of human life.His father, Nathaniel Hathorne, was a sea captain. He died when the young Nathaniel was four year old. Elizabeth Clarke Manning Hathorne, his mother, withdrew to a life of seclusion, which she maintained till her death. From Salem the family moved to Maine, where Hawthorne was educated at the Bowdoin College (1821-24). In the school among his friends were Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Franklin Pierce, who became the 14th president of the U.S. Between the years 1825 and 1836, Hawthorne worked as a writer and contributor to periodicals. (the book)In 1842 Hawthorne became friends with the Transcendentalists in Concord, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, who also drew on the Puritan legacy. However, generally he did not have much confidence in intellectuals and artists, and eventually he had to admit, that "the treasure of intellectual gold" did not provide food for his family. (the book) In 1842 Hawthorne married Sophia。
美国文学史及作品选读习题集（2）
2 The Literature of Colonial AmericaⅠ. Fill in the blanks1. Among the members of the small band of Jamestown settlers was ________, an English soldier of fortune, whose reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been described as the first distinct American literature written in English.2. The term “Puritan” was applied to those settlers who originally were devout members of the Church of ______.3. _______College was established in 1636, with a printing press set up nearly in 1639.4. The first permanent English settlement in North American was established at _____, Virginia.5. ______ was a famous explorer and colonist. He established Jamestown.6. John Smith published _____ books in all.7. In the book _____ John Smith wrote that “here nature and liberty afford us that freely which in English we want, or it costs us dearly.”8. The General History of Virginia contains Smith’s most famous tale of how the Indian princess named ______ saved him from the wrath of her father.9. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety, these were the _____values that dominated much of the early American writing.10. The American poets who emerged in the seventeenth century adapted the style of established European poets to the subject matter confronted in a strange, new environment. _______Bradstreet was one such poet.11. Bradford used a word “_______” to describe the community of believers who sailed from Southampton England, on the Mayflower and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.12. In 1620, ______was elected Governor of Plymouth, Massachusetts.13. From 1621 until his death, ______probably possessed more power than any other colonial governor.14. Bradford’s work consists of two books. The first book deals with the persecutions of the Separatists in Scrooby, England, the second book describes the singing of the “______Compact”.15. The History of New England is a priceless gift _____left us.16. The writer who best expressed the Puritan faith in the colonial period was _______.17. The Puritan philosophy known as ______ was important in New England during colonial time, and had a profound influence on the early American mind for several generations.18. Many Puritan wrote verse, but the work of two writers, Anne Bradstreet and Edward ______, rose to the level of real poetry.19. Before his death, Jonathan ______had gained a position as America’s firstsystematic philosopher.Ⅱ. Match the names of the writers with their works.1. Jonathan Edwards a. The Day of Doom2. Increase Mather b. The magnolia Christi America3. John Smith c. The History of the Dividing Line4. William Byrd d. The General History of Virginia5. Olaudah Equiano e. A True Sight of Sin6. William Bradford f. Freedom of the Will7. Cotton Mather g. Cases of Conscience concerning Evil Spirits8. Thomas Hooker h. The Interesting Narrative9. Anne Bradstreet i. Preparatory Meditations10. Edward Taylor j. The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America11. Michael Wigglesworth k. The History of Plymouth Plantation12. Roger Williams l. A Key into the Language of AmericaⅢ. Multiple Choice.1．Early in the seventeenth century, the English settlements in ________began the main stream of what we recognize as the American national history.A. Virginia and PennsylvaniaB. Massachusetts and New YorkC. Virginia and MassachusettsD. New York and Pennsylvania2. The first writings that we call American were the narratives and _______of the early settlements.A. journalsB. poetryC. dramaD. folklores3. Among the earliest settlers in North America were Frenchmen who settled in the Northern colonies and along the _____River.A. St. LouisB. St. LawrenceC. MississippiD. Hudson4. In 1620 a number of Puritans came to settle in ________.A. VirginiaB. GeorgiaC. MarylandD. Massachusetts5. Whose reports of exploration, published in the early 1600s, have been regarded as the first distinct American literature written in English?A. John Winthrop’sB. John Smith’sC. William Bradford’sD. Christopher Columbus’s6. In 1612, John Smith published in England a book called ________.A. A Map of Virginia with a Description of the CountryB. The General History of MassachusettsC. A Description of New EnglandD. The Early History of Plymouth Colony7. What style did the seventeenth century American poets adapt to the subject matter confronted in a strangely new environment?A. The style of their own.B. The style mixed with England and American elements.C. The style mixed with native-American and British tradition.D. The style of established European poets.8. ______ was a civil covenant designed to allow the temporal state to serve the godly citizen.A. The early history of Plymouth colonyB. The magnolia Christi AmericaC. Mayflower CompactD. Freedom of the Will9. How many books did Cotton Mather, an inexhaustible writer, produced?A. About 400.B. About 500C. About 600D. About 30010. Somewhere in the middle of the Atlantic Ocean ______delivered his sermon A Model of Christian Charity. It became his important work.A. John WinthropB. Michael WigglesworthC. William BradfordD. Thomas Hooker11. ______ was regarded as the most eminent and admired minister in the first generation of New England Puritans.A. Cotton MatherB. John CottonC. John EliotD. Edward Taylor12. Who among the following translated the Bible into the Indian tongue?A. Roger WilliamsB. John EliotC. Cotton MatherD. John Smith13. The best of Puritan poets was ______, whose complete edition of poems appeared in 1960, more than two hundred years after his death.A. Anne BradstreetB. Michael WigglesworthC. Thomas HookerD. Edward Taylor14. English literature in America is only about more than ________years old.A. 500B. 600C. 200D. 10015. The early history of ________ Colony was the history of Bradford’s leadership.A. PlymouthB. JamestownC. New EnglandD. mayflower16. Which statement about Cotton Mather is not true?A. He was a great Puritan historian.B. He was an inexhaustible writer.C. He was a skillful preacher and an eminent theologian.D. He was a graduate of Oxford College.17. Jonathan Edwards’ best and most representative sermon was _________.A. A True Sight of SinB. Sinners in the Hands of an Angry GodC. A Model of Christian CharityD. God’s Determinations18. Which writer is not a poet?A. Michael WigglesworthB. Anne BradstreetC. Edward TaylorD. Thomas Hooker19. The common thread throughout American literature has been the emphasis on the ________.A. revolutionismB. reasonC. individualismD. rationalism20. Anne Bradstreet was a puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she become known as the “_______” who appeared in America.A. Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse21. The ship “_______” carried about one hundred Pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A. SunflowerB. ArmadaC. MayflowerD. Titanic22. Which writer best expressed the Puritan sense of the self?A. Jonathan Edwards.B. Increase Mather.C. John Smith.D. Thomas Hooker.23. Before ______ the American newspapers were cultural and literary in nature, but after this time, they become more political.A. 1620B. 1700C. 1775D. 1750Ⅳ. Literary Terms1. Separatists2. Pilgrims and Puritans3. Olaudah Equiano (1745~1797)4. Literary Journals5. Slave Narratives6. John Smith (1580~1631)7. William Bradford (1590~1657)8. Jonathan Edwards (1703~1758)9. John Winthrop (1588~1649)10. The Mathers11. Michael Wigglesworth (1631~1705)Ⅴ. Identification.1. Identify the author and briefly introduce the following works.(1) Leah and Rachel(2) The Magnalia Christi Americana(3) The Freedom of the Will2. Identify the poem.I heard the merry grasshopper then sing,The black-clad cricket bear a second part,They kept one tune, and played on the same string,Seeming to glory in their little art.Shall creatures abject thus their voice raise?And in their kind resound their maker’s praise,Whilst I, as mite, can warble forth no higher lays?“Under the cooling shadow of a stately Elm,Close state I by a goodly River’s side,Where gliding streams the Rocks did overwhelm;A lonely place with pleasures dignifi’d.I once that lov’d the shady woods so well,Now thought the rivers did the trees excel,And if the sun would ever shine there would I dwell.“While musing thus with contemplation fed,And thousand fancies buzzing in my brain,The sweet tongu’d Philomel percht o’er my head,And chanted forth a most melodious strain,Which rapt me so with wonder and delight,I judg’d my hearing better than my sight,And wisht me wings with her awhile to my flight.”Questions:(1) This is taken from the Contemplations written by an early American woman writer. What is her name?(2) Make a brief comment on this short poem.3. Identify the except. Make a brief comment on this except.“The clouds gathering thick upon us, and the winds singing and whistling most unusually, . . . a dreadful storm and hideous began to blow from out the Northeast, which swelling and roaring as it were by fits, some hours with more violence than others, at length did beat all light from heaven, which like an hell of darkness, turned black upon us…“Prayers might well be in the heart and lips, but drowned in the outcries of the Officers, —nothing heard that could give comfort, nothing seen that might encourage hope…“The sea swelled above the Clouds and gave battle unto heaven.“Sir George Summers being upon the watch, had an apparition of a little round light, like a faint star, trembling and streaming along with a sparking blaze, half the height from the mainmast, and shooting sometimes from shrouds, and for three or four hours together, or rather more, half the night it kept with us, running sometimes along the mainyard to the very end, and then returning…“It being now Friday, the fourth morning, it wanted little but that there had been a general determination to have shut up hatches and commending our sinful souls toGod, committed the ship to the mercy of the sea.”4. Identify the poem.“The kingly Lion and the strong-armed Bear,The large-limbed Mooses, with the tripping Deer;Quill-darting Porcupines and Raccoons beCastled in the hollow of an aged tree;The skipping Squired, Rabbit, purblind Hare,Immured in the self=same castle are.“Concerning lions I will not say that I ever saw any myself, but some affirm that they have seen a lion at Cape Ann, which is not above six leagues from Boston; some likewise being lost in woods have heard such terrible roarings as have made them much aghast: which must either be devils or lions; there being no other creatures which use to roar saving bears, which have not such a terrible kind of roaring.”Questions:(1) The name of the poem is ________.(2) Briefly introduce the writer.5. Identify the poem.Some hide themselves in Caves and DelvesIn places underground.Some rashly leap into the Deep,To scape by being drowned:Some to the Rocks (O senseless blocks!)And woody mountains runThat there they might this fearful sight,And dreaded Presence shun…Not we, but he ate of the Tree,Whose fruit was interdicted:Yet on us all of his sad Fall,The punishment’s inflicted.How could we sin that had not been,Or how is his sin ourWithout consent, which to prevent,We never had a power…Yet to compare your sin with theirWho lived a longer time,I do confess yours is much less,Though every sin’s a crime.…A crime it is, therefore in blissYou may not hope to dwell;But unto you I shall allowThe easiest room in hell.The glorious King thus answering,They cease and plead no longer:Their consciences must needs confessHis reasons are the stronger.Questions:What is the name of the poem? Make a brief comment on it.Ⅵ. Questions and AnswersWho was Anne Bradstreet? What were her literary achievements?Ⅶ. Essay Questions.Do you agree that in colonial America there was no poetry at all? Give your reason. KeysⅠ. Fill in the blanks1. Captain John Smith2. England3. Harvard4. Jamestown5. Captain John Smith6. 87. A Description of New England8. Pocahontas9. Puritan 10. Anne11. Pilgrims 12. William Bradford13. Bradford 14. Mayflower15. John Winthrop 16. John Winthrop17. Puritanism 18. Taylor19. EdwardsⅡ. Matching.1-f ; 2-g; 3-d; 4-c; 5-h; 6-k; 7-b; 8-e; 9-j; 10-i; 11-a; 12-l Ⅲ．Multiple Choice.1-5 CABDB 6-10 ADCBA 11-15 AADCA16-20 DBDCB 21-23 CDDⅣ. Literary Terms.1.Separatists:In the colonial period, the Puritans who had gone to extreme were known as “separatists”. Unlike the majority of Puritans, they saw no hope of reforming the Church of England from within. They felt that the influences of politics and the court had led to corruptions within the church. They wished to break free from the Church of England. Among them was the Plymouth plantation group. They wished to follow Calvin’s model, and to set up “particular” churches.2. Pilgrims and Puritans: A small group of Europeans sailed from England on the Mayflower in 1620. The passengers were religious reformers—Puritans who were critical of the Church of England. Having given up hope of “purifying” the Church from within, they chose instead to withdraw from the Church. This action earned them the name separatists. We know them as the Pilgrims. They landed in North America and established a settlement at what is now Plymouth, Massachusetts. The colony never grew very large, however. Eventually, it was engulfed by the Massachusetts Bay Colony, the much larger settlement to the north.Like the Plymouth Colony, the Massachusetts Bay Colony was also founded by religious reformers. These reformers, however, did not withdraw from the Church of England. Unlike the separatists, they were Puritans who intended instead to reform the Church from within, in America, the Puritans hopes to establish what John Winthrop, governor of the Colony, called a “city upon a hill,” a model community guided in all aspects by the Bible.Their form of government would be a theocracy, a state under the immediate guidance of God.Among the Puritans’ central beliefs were the ideas that human beings exist for the glory of God and that the Bible is the sole expression of God’s will. They also believed in predestination-- John Calvin’s doctrine that God has already decided who will achieve salvation and who will not. The elect, or saints, who are to be saved cannot take election for granted, however. Because of that, all devout Puritans searched their souls with great rigor and frequency for signs of grace. The Puritans felt that they could accomplish good only through continual hard work and self-discipline. When people today speak of the “Puritan ethic”, that is what they mean.Puritan ideas of hard work, frugality, self-improvement, and self-reliance are still regarded as basic American virtues.3. Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797): When published in 1789, the autobiography of Olaudah Equiano created a sensation.The Interesting Narrative made society face the cruelties of slavery and contributed to the banning of the slave in both the United States and England.The son of a tribal elder in the powerful kingdom of Benin, Equiano might have followed in his father’s footsteps had he not been sold into slavery. When Equiano was eleven years old, he and his sister were kidnapped from their home in West Africa and sold to British slave traders. Separated from his sister, Equiano was taken first to the West Indies, then to Virginia, where he was purchased by a British captain and employed at sea.Renamed Guatavus Vassa, Equiano was enslaved for nearly ten years. After managing his Philadelphia master’s finances and making his own money in the process, Equiano amassed enough to buy his freedom. In later years, he settled in England and devoted himself to the abolition of slavery. To publicize the plight of slaves, he wrote his tow-volume autobiography, The Interesting Narrative. Although Equiano’s writing raised concern about the less than human conditions inherent ill slavery, the slave trade in the United States was not abolished by lawuntil 1808, nearly 20 years after its publication.4. Literary Journals:a journal is an individual’s day-by-day account of events. It provides valuable details that can be supplied only by a participant or an eyewitness. As a record of personal relations, a journal reveals much about the writer.While offering insights into the life of the writer, a journal is not necessarily a reliable record of facts. The writer’s impressions may color the telling of events, particularly a reliable record of facts. The writer’s impressions may color the telling of events, particularly when he or she is a participant. Journals written for publication rather than private use are even less likely to be objective. The European encounters with and conquest of the Americas are recorded in the journals of the explores.5. Slave Narratives: A uniquely American literary genre, a slave narrative is an autobiographical account of life as a slave. Often written to expose the horrors of human bondage, it documents a slave’s experiences from his or her own point view.Encouraged by abolitionists, many freed or escaped slaves published narratives in the year before the Civil War.6. John Smith (1580-1631): adventurer, poet, mapmaker, and egotist are just a few of the labels that apply to Smith, who earned a reputation as one of England’s most famous explorers by helping to lead the first successful English colony in America. Stories of his adventures, often embellished by his own pen, fascinated readers of his day and continue to provide details about early exploration of the Americas.Following a ten-year career as a soldier, Smith led a group of colonists to his continent, where they landed in Virginia in 1607 and founded Jamestown. As president of the colony from 1608 to 1609, Smith helped to obtain food, enforce discipline, and deal with the local Native Americans. Though Smith returned to England in 1609, he made two more voyages to America to explore the New England coast. He published several works in the course of his life, including The General History of Virginia, New England, and The Summer Isles (1624).7. William Bradford (1590-1657): Survival in North America was a matter of endurance, intelligence, and courage. William Bradford had all three. Thirteen years after the founding of Jamestown, Bradford helped lead the Pilgrim to what is now Massachusetts.Bradford, who was born in Yorkshire, England, joined a group of Puritan extremists who believed the Church of England was corrupt and wished to separate from it. In the face of stiff persecution, they eventually fled to Holland and from there sailed to North America.After the death of the colony’s first leader, the Pilgrims elected William Bradford governor. He was reelected thirty times. During his tenure, he organized the repayment of debts to financial backers, encouraged new immigration, and established good relations with the Native Americans, without whose help the colony never would have survived.In 1630, Bradford began writing Of Plymouth Plantation, a firsthand account of the Pilgrims’ struggle to endure, sustained only by courage and unbending faith. The work, written in the simple language known as Puritan Plain Style, was notpublished until 1853.8. Jonathan Edwards (1703-1758): Jonathan Edwards is so synonymous with “fire and brimstone”—a phrase symbolizing the torments of hell endured by sinners—that his name alone was enough to make many eighteenth-century Puritans shake in their shoes.This great American theologian and powerful Puritan preacher was born in east Windsor, Connecticut, where he grew up in an atmosphere of devout discipline.A brilliant academic, he learned Latin, Greek, and Hebrew by the age of twelve, entered Yale at thirteen, and graduated four years later as class valedictorian. He went on to earn his master’s degree in theology.Edwards began his preaching career in 1727 as assistant to his grandfather, Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the church at Northampton, Massachusetts, one of the largest and wealthiest congregations in the Puritan worlds. Edwards also preached as a visiting minister throughout New England. Strongly desiring a return to the orthodoxy and fervent faith of the puritan past, he become a leader of the Great Awakening, a religious revival that swept the colonies in the 1730’s and 1740’s.The great Awakening did not last, however, and in 1750 Edwards was dismissed from his position after his extreme conservatism alienated much of the congregation. He continued to preach and write until his death in 1758, shortly after becoming president of the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). Edward’s highly emotional sermon “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God” is by far his most famous work. It was delivered to congregation in Enfield, Connecticut, in 1741, and it is said to have caused listeners to rise from their seats in a state of hysteria.9. John Winthrop (1588-1649): Among the company of English Puritans who, in 1630, settled on the shore of Massachusetts Bay, the foremost figure was that of John Winthrop, already appointed Governor of the colony. His family was well known in his home shire of Suffolk, a family of property and position. Winthrop himself was a man of noble character, a conscientious Puritan, yet catholic in spirit beyond some of his associates, possessing the tastes and accomplishments of culture. During his voyage to America, he had busied himself in the composition of a little treatise which was characteristic of this broad-minded man. A Model of Christian Charity is the title of his essay; and in it he presents a plea for the exercise of an unselfish spirit on the part of all the members of this devoted band, now standing on the threshold of an experience which could not but be trying in the extreme on the nerves and temper of the of all. “We must be knit together in this work as one man!” was his cry.10. The Mathers: through three generations Mathers—in grandfather, son and grandson—appear as brilliant intellectual leaders of the Massachusetts clergy.Richard Mather, 1596-1669, an Oxford graduate, who arrived in Boston in 1635, was one of that conscientious Puritan brotherhood that of necessity sought a refuge and a field for spiritual conquest in the New World. He became the minister at Dorchester. “My brother Mather is a mighty man,” Thomas Hooker said of him. Although he was a prolific writer, it is sufficient to the preface of the old BayPsalm Book.Increase Mather, 1639-1723. Among the 4 sons who became ministers, it was through Increase Mather that the chief inheritance of scholarly gifts was transmitted. The father’s eloquence was more than equaled by the son’s; his Puritan zeal, his love of learning, his industry in the production of pamphlets and books, brought the name of Increase Mather into greater prominence than Richard Mather’s vigorous quill had won. For fifty-nine years, he served as minister of the North Church in Boston. He added some ninety titles to the list of colonial publications--the majority representing discourses prepared for his congregation. Perhaps the only one of his books sufficiently vitalized by human interest to be noted today is An Essay for the Recording of Illustrious Providences(1684), in which the piety, pedantry, and superstition characteristic of the religious scholar in that age are curiously mingled. This collection of strange visitations and marvelous deliverances was designed for the pious entertainment and spiritual comfort of its readers. It is one of the most interesting of these early American classics; and, like so many of the works previously cited, affords a vivid glimpse into the Puritan mind. For sixteen years, Increase Mather served as President of Harvard College.Cotton Mather, 1663-1728. His paternal relationship was not the only source of hereditary influence. The famous John Cotton was his grandfather on his mother’s side. All the accumulated piety and learning of his distinguished ancestry seemed to reside in this extraordinary man. He has been not inappropriately termed “tin literary behemoth of New England.” He had read Homer at ten years of age, and at eleven was admitted to Harvard College. He took his first degree at fifteen; at seventeen he began to preach, and soon afterward became associate with his father in the pastorate of the North Church in Boston, a connection which lasted for forty years. In his religious life, he became abnormal also; at times he lay for hours on the floor of his study in spiritual agony. He fortified himself for the conflict with error by fasts and vigils. His speech was full of pious ejaculations. Unhappily, Cotton Mather is most often remembered as a leader in the pitiful persecution of the unfortunate people accused of witchcraft at Salem in the last decade of the century. His Memorable Providence Relating to Witchcrafts (1691) and Wonders of the Invisible World (1693) contain curious records and much interesting matter relative to satanic possession; ideas which were firmly believed at that time, not only in New England, but very generally throughout Europe also.The most remarkable thing about Cotton Mather’s literary career is the number of his writings; four hundred or more titles are included in the catalogue of his works. The great work, the magnum opus of Cotton Mather’s prolific industry, was the famous Magnalia Christi Americana.11. Michael Wigglesworth (1631-1705): He is Puritan versifier whose inspiration appealed strongly to contemporary minds. This most popular of early American poets was Rev. Michael Wigglesworth, minister at Malden, Massachusetts, author of a tremendous and dismal epic, surcharged with the extreme Calvinism of the time. His masterpiece of Puritan theological belief is entitled The Day of Doom; it was published in 1662, and for a hundred years remained—as Lowell expressesit— “the solace of every fireside” in the northern colonies.Ⅴ. Identification.1. (1) Leah and RachelIt was written by John Hammond. John Hammond, a resident in the newer colony of Maryland, visiting his old home in 1656, became homesick for the one he had left so America. “It is not long since I came from thence,” he said, “nor do I intend, by God’s assistance, to be long out of is again...It is that country in which I desire to spend the remnant of my days, in which I covet to make my grave,” His little work, entitled Leach and Rachel(“the two fruitful sisters, Virginia and Maryland”), was written with a purpose to show what boundless opportunity was afforded in these two colonies to those who in England had on opportunity at all. (2) The Magnalia Christi MatherIt was written by Cotton Mather.The book, completed in December, 1697, was published at London in 1702. It stands fitly enough is the last important literary effort of seventeenth-century colonial Puritanism. Something over a thousand pages of closely printed matter is included in the seven parts or volumes of this monumental work. The planting of New England and its growth, the lives of its governors and its famous divines, a history of Harvard College, the organization of the churches, “a faithful record of many wonderful Providences,” and an “account of the Wars of the Lord --being an history of the manifold afflictions and disturbances of the churches in New England “--such is the scope of the Magnalia Christi Americana, or The Great Acts of Christ in America.The style is pedantic and artificial, but the spirit of the writer is perfectly sincere. Now and them the narrative grows simple and strong. There is a frequent use of Old Testament phraseology which indicates a clear perception of its poetical value. Cotton Mather lived throughout the first quarter of the eighteenth century; but in all essential respects, in personality and in utterance, he belongs wholly to the seventeenth. The consummate product of the old Puritan theology, he stands as the last important representative of the type in American literature.(3) The Freedom of the WillIt is, however, as the author of an extraordinary book entitled An Inquiry into the Freedom of the Will, that Jonathan Edwards holds his position in American letters. This work is a defense of the Calvinistic doctrines of foreordination, original sin, and eternal punishment. It is a masterpiece of philosophical reasoning, and although in the broadening of men’s minds the old theological ideas have been greatly modified, The Freedom of the Will is still recognized as a profound work, and has a definite place in the literature of theological discussion; it has been called “the one large contribution which America has made to the deeper philosophic thought of the world.”2. (1) Anne Bradstreet.(2) These stanzas, written by Anne Bradstreet, taken from her best known and most attractive poem, Contemplations, was written late in her life, at her home in。
美国文学2
Washington Irving《柑掌录》（即《见闻札记》[The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon,Gent.1819-1820]）其中收录奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
其中的散文《威斯敏斯特教堂》、短篇小说《瑞普·凡·温克尔》和《睡谷的传说》等，都是脍炙人口至今不衰之作。
《睡谷的传说》（The legend of the Sleepy Hollow）Ichabod Crane 和Katrina V an Tassel《瑞普．凡．温克尔》（Rip V an Winkle）等32篇《纽约外史》(A History of New Y ork,1809)第一部重要作品美国第一部诙谐文学杰作《布雷斯布里奇田庄》（Brace bridge Hall,1822）《旅人述异》（即《旅客谈》[Tales of a Traveller,1824]）《哥伦布的生平和航行》即《哥伦布传》[The Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus,1828] 《哥伦布同伴航海及发现》（V oyages and Discoveries of the Companions of Columbus,1831）《攻克格拉纳达》（The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829）《大食故宫余载》（即《阿尔罕伯拉》[Tales of the Alhambra,1832]）《阿斯托里亚》（Astoria,1836）《哥尔德斯密斯传》（The Life of Oliver Goldsmith,1840[revised1849]）《穆罕默德及其继承者》（Mahomet and His Successors,1850）《华盛顿传》（The Life of George Washington[5volumes],1855-1859）●James Fenimore CooperPrimary WorksFiction:Precaution,1820;The Spy,1821;The Pioneers, 1823;The Pilot, 1824;Lionel Lincoln,1824;The Last of the Mohicans, 1826;The Prairie, 1827;The Red Rover, 1828;The Wept of Wish-Ton-Wish,1829;The Water Witch,1830;The Bravo,1831;The Heidenmauer,1832 ;The Headsman,1833;The Monikins,1835;Homeward Bound,1838;Home as Found,1838;Mercedes of Castile,1840;The Pathfinder, 1840;The Deerslayer, 1841;The Two Admirals,1842;The Wing-and-Wing,1842;Romance,1843;Ned Myers, 1843;Wyandotte, 1843;Afloat and Ashore,1844;Miles Wallingford: A Sequel to Afloat and Ashore,1844;Satanstoe,1845;The Chain Bearer,1845;The Redskins,1846;The Crater,1847;Jack Tier,1848;Oak Openings, 1849;The Sea Lions,1849;The Ways of the Hour,1850.Non-Fiction:Notions of the Americans: Picked Up by a Travelling Bachelor, 1828;Sketches of Switzerland,1836;Gleanings in Europe,1837;The American Democrat,1838;The History of the Navy of the United States of America,1839.New England T ranscendentalism and Emerson超验主义& 爱默生Transcendentalism was a group of new ideas in literature, religion, culture, and philosophy that emerged in New England in the early to middle 19th century. It is sometimes called American Transcendentalism.超验主义的特色First, the Transcendentalists placed emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe.Oversoul is a unitary power of goodness，omnipresent and omnipotent，from which all things came and of which everyone was a part.Second, the Transcendentalists stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society.Third, the Transcendentalists offered a fresh perception of Nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, not purely matter. It was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Weakness1. The transcendentalist movement had a small membership and only lasted for a few years.2. The transcendentalism was never a systematic philosophy. It borrowed from many sources.3. The failure of transcendentalism as a moral force in American life was its denial of its real spiritual origin.EmersonNature 《论自然》Laying out the problem that he will attempt to solve in the essay, Emerson states that our energy and excitement in creating something new has been lost because we try to understand the world around us by using only theories and histories about nature rather than personally observing it. One solution to this problem involves our casting off impersonal theories or descriptions that distance us from nature and ourselves; afterwards, we can reexamine theactual thing that we are a part of —namely, nature. Direct experience with nature is best because it provides better insight into the contemporary world than does the historian's teachings or the scientist's theories.Emerson's discarding traditional ways of viewing the world indicates the importance that progress will play in the essay. Note that the worm/man relationship in the 1849 epigraphic poem contains verbs — " striving" and "mounts" — that connote the idea of progress. But Emerson also draws attention to the backward steps we too readily think of as progressive. He characterizes these steps as groping "among the dry bones of the past," and he quickly moves from this notion of a stagnant death to one of a revitalized future in which original thoughts reign.In order to help us focus more clearly on nature, Emerson distinguishes nature from art. Art, he says, is natural objects or materials that we alter for our own purposes —for example, a statue or a picture. That said, however, this distinction is relatively inconsequential to Emerson.The introduction ends by defining nature as all that is external to ourselves — all that is "not me," including our own bodies.Theme :The search for truth and beauty and how theses two qualities are relatedThe Poet 《论诗人》The American Scholar 《美国学者》---America’s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceRepresentative Men 《代表性人物》English Traits 《英国人的特性》The Conduct of Life 《论为人处事》Essays 《散文选》the art of the life 《生活的艺术》《论自助》(Self-Relianc e)、《论超灵》(The Over-Soul)、《论补偿》(Compensation)、《论爱》(Love)、《论友谊》(friendship) 《五月节及其他诗歌》May Day and Other Poems，1867●Nathaniel Hawthorne＊1828: Fanshawe 《范肖》＊1835:Y oung Goodman Brown 《小伙子布朗》＊1836:The Minister's Black V eil 《教长的黑纱》＊1837: Twice-Told Tales 《重讲一遍的故事》＊1844:Rappaccini's Daughter ）《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》＊1846: Mosses from an Old Manse《古宅青苔》＊1850: The Scarlet Letter 《红字》Content ：Noisy crowd→they thougt Hester should be punished for she broke the law of puritanism→she was thought as a baggage→Hester stood exposed on the public scaffold with a baby in her arms →there is a scarlet “A”on her breast.本书写的是一段婚外恋情中三个主要人物的命运。
美国文学第二章浪漫主义PPT课件
2) Vivid and true characters 3) Finished and musical language 4) Strong sense of humor 5) Never shocking but a bit sentimental at
27
>> Irving’s Writing style:
Vivid, memorable characters,
Detailed, insightful description of American scenery, traditions and cultures,
NEW
15
To sum up:
As a logical result of the foreign and native factors at work, American romanticism was both imitative and independent. However, it was in essence the expression of “ a real new experience” and contained “an alien quality” for the simple reason that “ the spirit of the place” was radically new and alien.
>>At mid-century a cultural reawakening brought a “flowering of New England”.
NEW
14
美国文学2
Henry James’s Major Works
Daisy Miller (1878) The Portrait of a Lady (1881) The Wings of the Dove (1902) The Ambassadors (1903) The Golden Bowl (1904)
Characteristics of Mark Twain’s Works
•
•
His works sum up the tradition of Western humor and frontier realism.
He writes about his people and his own life.
Am. Realism vs. Romanticism
objective view of human experience Idealized and poetic view of the world subjects taken from daily life abstract and ideal characters
3. Representative Writers: Howells, Twain, and James
1. Origin and Definition
• Originated in Europe in 1850s and entered American literature after the Civil War • Definition: ―Nothing more and nothing less than the truthful treatment of material.‖( W.D. Howells) • Realism VS. Romanticism: a reaction against Romanticism
美国文学试题(2)
美国文学（本科）试题5I. Complete each of the following statements with proper words or phrases andput your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%, 1 point for each)1. The first permanent English settlement in North America was established atJamestown, Virginia in .2. became the first American writer.3. Hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety were the values that dominated muchof the early American writing.4. In American literature, the 18th century was an age of and Revolution.5. Franklin’s best writing is found in his masterpiece .6. On January 10, 1776, Thomas Paine’s famous pamphlet appeared.7. The signing of symbolized the birth of an independent American nation.8. The most outstanding poet in America of the 18th century was .9. Washington Irving’s became the first work by an American writer to win international fame.10. is the summit of American Romanticism.11. With the publication of Emerson’s in 1836,American Romanticism reached its summit.12. Hester Prynne is the heroine in Hawthorne’s novel .13.Henry James’ major fictional theme is .14. brought the Romantic period to an end. So the age of Realism came into existence.15. The Poetic style invented by Whitman is now called .16. “Because I could not stop for Death---” is written by .17. The term The Gilded Age is given by to describe the post-civil war years.18. Theodore Dreiser’s first novel is .19. The leader of the literary movement Imagism is .20. is the spokesman for Lost Generation.II. Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answersor completions. Choose the one that is the best in each case and put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30%, 1 point for each)1. The first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity was .A. Bret HarteB. Mark TwainC. Henry JamesD. William Dean Howells2. Which of the following is the masterpiece of Mark Twain?A. The Gilded AgeB. The Adventures of Tom SawyerC. The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnD. Jumping Frog3. Which writer has no naturalist tendency?A. Mark TwainB. Jack LondonC. Theodore DreiserD. Frank Norris4. Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in andThoreau.A. JeffersonB. EmersonC. FreneauD. Oversoul5. Which of the following doesn’t belong to Dreiser’s “Trilogy of Desire”?A. The FinancierB. The TitanC. The StoicD. An American Tragedy6. Which is the character who appears in the novel Moby Dick?A. Hester PrynneB. Mr. HooperC. AhabD. Pearl7. written by Henry James brought him first international fame.A. The Golden BowlB. The AmericanC. The Tragic MuseD. Daisy Miller8. “”was a term created by the French novelist, Emile Zola.A. realismB. naturalismC. transcendentalismD. veritism9. Jack London was at his height of his powers when he wrote , which is deeply influenced by Darwinism.A. The Sea WolfB. To Build a FireC. The Call of the WildD. Martin Eden10. The Cop and the Anthem is written by .A. O. HenryB. Henry JamesC. Jack LondonD. Mark Twain11. “Two small people, without dislike or suspicion.” is a line in the poem The River-Merchant’sWife: A Letter written by .A. T. S. EliotB.Robert FrostC.Ezra PoundD. Carl Sandburg12. The imagist poets followed three principles, they are , direct treatment and economy ofexpression.A. blank verseB. rhythmC. free verseD. common speech13. Of the following American writers, who has NOT been an expatriate in Paris?A. Ernest HemingwayB. Ezra PoundC. F. S. FitzgeraldD. Emily Dickinson14. Who was the foremost novelist of the American Depression of the 1930s?A. Ernest HemingwayB. Ezra PoundC. John SteinbeckD. F. S. Fitzgerald15. The first writings that we call American were the narratives and of the early settlements.A. journalsB. poetryC. dramaD. folklores16. An American Dictionary of the English Language was published in 1828 by .A. Samuel JohnsonB. Noah WebsterC. Daniel WebsterD. Daniel Defoe17. Walden is written by .A. EmersonB. ThoreauC. PoeD. Hawthorne18. is famous for psychological realism.A. Mark TwainB. William Dean HowellsC. Henry JamesD. Walt Whitman19. Which is generally regarded as the Bible of New England Transcendentalism?A. NatureB. WaldenC. On BeautyD. Self-Reliance20. Which is regarded as the “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”?A. The American ScholarB. English TraitsC. The Conduct of LifeD. Nature21. Santiago is the character in Hemingway’s novel .A. In Our TimeB. The Old Man and the SeaC. For Whom the Bell TollsD. The Sun Also Rises22. Which of the following is a much harsher realism?A. local colorismB. naturalismC. romanticismD. imagism23. Who is the arbiter of 19th century literary realism in America?A. Mark TwainB. Bret HarteC. William Dean HowellsD. Henry James24. F. S. Fitzgerald is NOT the author of .A. The Great GatsbyB. Tender is the NightC. A Farewell to the ArmsD. This Side of Paradise25. The pessimism and deterministic ideas of naturalism pervaded the works of such Americanwriters as .A. Mark TwainB. F. S. FitzgeraldC. Walt WhitmanD. Stephen Crane26. Charles Drouet is a character in the novel of______.A. The AmericanB. The Portrait of a LadyC. Sister CarrieD. The Gift of the Magi27. American literature produced only one female poet during the 19th century. She was .A. Anne BradstreetB. Jane AustenC. Emily DickinsonD. Harriet Beecher28. read his poetry at the inauguration of President John F. Kennedy.A. Robert FrostB. T. S. EliotC. Carl SandburgD. Ezra Pound29. With Howells, James and Mark Twain active on the scene, became the major trend in the 70sand 80s of the 19th century.A. sentimentalismB. romanticismC. realismD. naturalism30. “The apparition of these faces in the crowd; Petals on a wet, black bough”. This is the shortestpoem written by .A. T. S. EliotB. Robert FrostC.Ezra PoundD. Wallace StevensIII. Comment on the following poems. Put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%, 10 points for each)1.Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Eveningby: Robert FrostWhose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though;He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.My little horse must think it queerTo stop without a farmhouse nearBetween the woods and frozen lakeThe darkest evening of the year.He gives his harness bells a shakeTo ask if there is some mistake.The only other sound’s the sweepOf easy wind and downy flake.The woods are lovely, dark and deep.But I have promises to keep,And miles to go before I sleep,And miles to go before I sleep.1. I Heard a Fly Buzz—When I Died—by: Emily DickinsonI heard a Fly buzz —when I died —The Stillness in the RoomWas like the Stillness in the Air —Between the Heaves of Storm —The Eyes around — had wrung them dry —And Breaths were gathering firmFor that last Onset —when the King Be witnessed —in the Room —I willed my Keepsakes —Signed away What portion of me beAssignable —and then it was There interposed a Fly —With Blue —uncertain stumbling Buzz —Between the light —and me —And then the Windows failed — and thenI could not see to see —IV. Give brief answers to the following and write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30%, 15 points for each)1. Being a period of the great flowering of American literature, the Romantic Period is called “the American Renaissance”. Briefly discuss what the features of American literature in this period are.2. How does Sister Carrie embody Dreiser’I. Complete each of the following statements with proper words or phrases andput your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%, 1 point for each)1. 16072. John Smith3. Puritan4. Reason5. The Autobiography6. Common Sense7. The Declaration of Independence8. Philip Freneau 9. Sketch Book 10. Transcendentalism11. Nature 12. The Scarlet Letter 13. international theme 14. The civil war15. free verse 16. Emily Dickinson 17. Mark Twain18. Sister Carrie 19. Ezra Pound 20. Ernest HemingwayII. Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers or completions. Choose the one that is the best in each case and put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30%, 1 point for each)1 --- 5: A C A B D 6 --- 10: C D B C A11 ---15:C B D C A 16 --- 20: B B C A A21 ---25: B B C C D 26 --- 30: C C A C CIII. Comment on the following poems. Put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (20%, 10 points for each)1. "Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening" was Frost's favorite of his own poems and Frost ina letter to Louis Untermeyer called it "my best bid for remembrance."This poem illustrates many of the qualities most characteristic of Frost, including the attention to natural detail, the relationship between humans and nature, and the strong theme suggested by individual lines. The speaker in the poem, a traveler by horse on the darkest night of the year, stops to watch a woods filling up with snow. He thinks the owner of the woods is someone who lives in the village and will not see him stopping there. While he is attracted by the beauty of the woods and nature, he is reminded by his little horse and realizes that he has obligations which pull him away from the lure of nature. The speaker describes the beauty and temptation of the woods as “lovely, dark and deep,” but reminds himself that he must not remain there, because he has “promises to keep,” and a long journey ahead of him. He has to complete his obligations and then make his aspirations to be realized. Through the symbolic woods and horse, we also get to know that the speaker has strong self-awareness and self-discipline.In another way, the poem can be analyzed from the perspective of aspiration and realization. Aspiration is something to be worked at. We enjoy the fruit of our realization only when we reach our destination. But from the spiritual point of view, we notice something else that is the transformation of aspiration and realization. Today's aspiration transforms itself into tomorrow's realization. Again, tomorrow's realization is the pathfinder of a higher and deeper goal. There is no end to our realization, and there is no end of our aspiration as long as you are alive. Our journey is eternal, and the road that we are taking on is also eternal. All aspirations become realization till the end of one’s life.The poem is written in iambic tetrameter in the Rubaiyat stanza created by Edward Fitzgerald. Each verse (save the last) follows an a-a-b-a rhyming scheme, with the following verse's a's rhyming with that verse's b, which is a chain rhyme. Overall, the rhyme scheme is AABA-BBCB-CCDC-DDDD.2. The poetess is watching her own death and recording the process. Instead of seeing God and hearing the songs of angels yearned for by Puritans upon death she heard a fly buzz, which is really ironic.Fly: sets off the stillness in the room;blocks off the light (from heaven);suggests a coming decadence→ the speaker loses the opportunity of gaining immortality after deathThe fly plays an important role in the speaker’s experience of death. The poem is, in part, about “the conflict between preconception and perception.” The person on his or her deathbed shifts perspective from “the ritual of dying” to “the fact of death.” The fly, by interrupting the dying speaker with its “Blue — uncertain stumbling Buzz —” obliterates his or her false notions of death. The sound of the fly represents “the last conscious link with reality.” The poem lacks any hint of a life after death.IV. Give brief answers to the following and write your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30%, 15 points for each)1.(1) The whole nation had a strong sense of optimism and the mood of “feeling good”, giving birthto the spectacular outburst of romantic feeling.(2) The English counterpart exerted a stimulating impact on the writers of the young nation.(3) Taking foreign influence in consideration, the great works of American writers still carriedtypically American romantic color.(4) The young nation had brought forth its own philosophy. Transcendentalism stresses man’scapacity of knowing truth intuitively, and of attaining knowledge transcending the reach of the senses.2.(1) In this novel, Dreiser expressed his naturalistic pursuit by expounding the purposelessness oflife and attacking the conventional moral standards.(2) The novel best embodies his naturalistic belief that while men are controlled by heredity,instinct and chance, a few extraordinary and unsophisticated human beings refuse to accept their fate wordlessly and instead strive, unsuccessfully, to find meaning and purpose for their existence.(3) To Sister Carrie, the world is cold and harsh. Alone, helpless, she moves along like amechanism driven by desire and catches blindly at any opportunities for a better existence, opportunities first offered by Drouet, and then by Hurstwood. A feather in the wind, she was totally at the mercy of forces she cannot comprehend, still less to say control. The famous picture of Carrie sitting in a rocking chair in her room in the evening, rocking back and forth, is a picture of Carrie’s drifting with the tide. She has no control, no freedom of will. 2007—2008学年度第二期《美国文学史及作品选读》考试A卷参考答案命题人：王琪、丁华良I: Complete each of the following statements with proper words or phrases. (20%, 1 point for each)1.Bryant2. frontier saga3. transcendentalist4. Moby Dick5. Sketch Book6.Walden7. Longfellow8. Civil War9. Howells 10. free verse11.Henry James 12. Martin Eden 13. The Gift of Magi14. Pound 15. The Great Gatsby 16. A Farewell to Arms17. Steinbeck 18. Mark Twain19. Environment 20. American CrisisII: Each of the following statements below is followed by four alternative answers or completions. Choose the one that is the best in each case. (30%, 1 point for each)1 --- 5: B B D A B 6 --- 10: D D A C D11 ---15: A D B C D 16 --- 20: B D B D C21 --- 25: C B B A C 26 --- 30: C B B D AIII. Read the poems and answer the questions that follow. (20%)Poem 11.1 Who wrote this poem? (1%)Emily Dickinson.1.2 What is the poet or the speaker in the poem watching and recording? (1%)Apparently the woman tells the story of how she is busily going about her day when a polite gentleman by the name of Death arrives in his carriage to take her out for a ride, but, in reality, the speaker is watching and recording her own funeral.1.3 What is death compared to in the poem? (1%)Death is compared to a polite gentleman or polite wooer.1.4 What is depicted in the 3rd stanza? How is it related to the whole poem? (2%)Death takes the woman on a leisurely ride to the grave and beyond, passing playing children, wheat fields, and the setting sun, which indicate the three periods of a day, morning, noon and evening and symbolize the three stages of human life — childhood, middle age and old age.1.5 What is depicted in the 4th stanza? (1%)In this stanza, the speaker describes her dead body and what is wearing. She feels cold because it is evening now and dew drops are forming and she is not wearing much, but more probably it is because she is dead and blood circulation in her body has stopped.1.6 What does the poet or the speaker in the poem think of eternity? (2%)The speaker is not quite sure whether there will be eternity after death since she just surmises that “the Horses’ Heads / wer e toward Eternity —”.1.7 What is the attitude of the poet or the speaker in the poem towards death? (2%)The woman describes their journey with the casual ease one might use to recount a typical Sunday drive. She treats death light-heartedly for she believes that death is a necessary step towards eternity or immortality. Poem 22.1 Who wrote this poem? (1%)Edgar Allan Poe.2.2 What is the theme of the poem? (2%)In the poem, Poe examines a theme which he examines in many of his works: the death of a beautiful woman. It is a poem written in memory of his deceased young wife Virginia Clemm.2.3 What is the mood of the poem? (1%)The poem is permeated with melancholy.2.4 How does the poem coincide with Poe’s poetics or theory of poetry writing? (3%)The poem coincides with Poe’s poetics. It is readable at one sitting. In the poem, Poe examines a theme which he examines in many of his works: the death of a beautiful woman, which, according to him, is “unquestionably, the most poetical topic in the world.” The poem is permeated with melancholy as he believes “melancholy is the most legitimate of all the poetic tones.” And it is rhythmic.2.5What makes you think the poem reads like a fairy tale? (3%)The poem has got the elements of a fairy tale.1)It has the beginning of a fairy tale (1st stanza).2)The couple's love originated from their childhood.3)Annabel Lee died because "the angels" envied the couple's great love and, with a cold wind, they killedAnnabel Lee, who was then carried away and buried in a sepulchre in the kingdom by the sea.4)However, unlike The Raven, in which the narrator believes he will "nevermore" be reunited with his love,Annabel Lee says the two will be together again.And neither the angels in heaven above，Nor the demons down under the sea，Can ever dissever my soul from the soulOf the beautiful Annabel Lee.5)On moonlit nights, the speaker will go and lie down by the side of his deceased young wifeIn the sepulchre there by the sea，In her tomb by the side of the sea.The poem reads like a fairy tale.IV. Answer the following questions, and put your answers on the Answer Sheet. (30%, 15 points for each)1. What is local color fiction? List at least 5 of the best known writers of local color.Realism first appeared in the United States in the literature of local color, an amalgam of romantic plots and realistic descriptions of things was immediately observable; the dialects, customs, sights, and sounds of regional America. Bret Harte was the first American writer of local color to achieve wide popularity, presenting stories of western mining towns with colorful gamblers, outlaws, and scandalous women. Harte, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Kate Chopin, Joel Chandler Harris, and Mark Twain provided regional stories and tales of the life of America’s Westerners, Southerners, and Easterners. Local color fiction reached its peak of popularity in the 1880s, but by the turn of the century it had begun to decline.2. Instead of having her punished for her life of sin, Dreiser let Caroline Meeber in Sister Carrier become successful. Can you tell why?This is due to a number of reasons:1) Theodore Dreiser based the novel on the life of his sister Emma. In 1883 she ran away to Toronto, Canada with a married man who had stolen money from his employer. Another sister of his was a prostitute.2) Like Sister Carrie who went to Chicago at the age of 18, Dreiser himself left home at age 15 for Chicago and started to support himself, doing menial jobs. He understood perfectly well how hard life was for a girl like Sister Carrie in a big city.3) His sympathy for Sister Carrie is related to his naturalistic beliefs. The naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the envir onment, that religious “truth” were illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death. As a pioneer of naturalism in American literature, Dreiser wrote novels reflecting his mechanistic view of life, a concept that held humanity as the victim of such ungovernable forces as economics, biology, society, and even chance. In his works, conventional morality is unimportant, consciously virtuous behavior having little to do with material success and happiness. So Sister Carrie is not to be blamed for her sin of life.4) His sympathy for Sister Carrie also shows the influence of the teachings of Charles Darwin----natural selection and the survival of the fittest and that of the teachings of Herbert Spencer----social Darwinism. In this novel, Sister Carrie is portrayed as an example of the survival of the fittest in an indifferent world.。
美国文学第二讲
Lecture Two Colonial America & Benjamin FranklinOutline•Historical Background and Ideology•Literature in Colonial Period•Representative Writers and Their Works•Benjamin FranklinBackground: Big Events of This period•1492, Christopher Columbus discovered the American continent.•1617, the first British colony was established in Jamestown, Virginia.•1620, Mayflower dropped anchor at Plymouth harbor.•1629, the puritans established the Massachusetts By Colony.•1776-1783, Independent War; the formation of a Federative bourgeois democratic republic---the United States of America.The earliest settlers of AmericaThe earliest settlers, included Dutch, Swedes, Germans, French, Spaniards, Italians, and Portuguese.All contributed to the forming of the American civilization, but the colonies that became the first United Stated were for the most part English sustained by English traditions, ruled by English laws, supported by English commerce, and named after English monarchs(君主) and English lands: Georgia, Crolina, Virginia, Maryland, New Y ork, New Hampshire, New England.American PuritanismThe puritansPuritans was the name given in the 16th century to the more extreme Protestants within the Church of England who thought the English Reformation had not gone far enough in reforming the doctrines and structure of the church; they wanted to purify their national church by eliminating every shred of Catholic influence.In the 17th century many Puritans emigrated to the New World, where they sought to found a holy Commonwealth in New England. Puritanism remained the dominant cultural force in that area into the 19th century.Calvinism•Calvinism is the doctrine of John Calvin, the great French theologian(神学者) who lived in Geneva. It’s a doctrine of predestination, original sin and total depravity, and limited atonement (or the salvation of a selected few) through a special infusion of grace from God.•Unconditional election: the idea that God had decreed who was damned and who was saved from before the beginning of the world.•无条件拣选：神没有任凭人在罪中灭亡，而是在创世以前就拣选了一群人施行拯救•Limited atonement: the idea that Christ died for the elect only.•有限救赎：基督的死只是为特定数目的选民而死•T otal depravity: humanity’s utter corruption since th e Fall•完全堕落：总从亚当偷吃善恶果后，整个人类都堕落了•Irresistible grace: regeneration as entirely a work of God, which cannot be resisted and to which the sinner contributes nothing.•不可抗拒的恩典：圣灵的能力在罪人心里运行，一直到他认罪悔改方休•The perseverance of the saints: the elect, despite their backsliding and faintness of heart, cannot fall away from grace.•圣徒的坚守：圣徒既是神所拣选的，无论他们如何退步，始终在神的感召下。
美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记2
History And Anthology of American Literature（2）Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”;托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。
5．文学上独立的代表作：1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by BartramⅠ. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Nathaniel Hawthorne:The Scarlet LetterThe House of the Seven GablesMosses from an Old ManseThe Blithedale RomanceThe Marble Faun: Or, The Romance of Monte Beni Twice-ToldTalesYoung Goodman BrownEarth HolocaustThe BirthmarkRappaccini's Daughter The Custom HouseThe Maypole of Merry MountEndicott and the Red CrossAdultryAbleAngleHowe’s MasqueradeDr. Heidegger's ExperimentThe Bosom SerpentThe Artist of the BeautifulMain article: Edgar Allan Poe bibliographyEdgar Allan PoeMs.Found in the bottleThe Tales of the Grotesque and ArabesqueThe Murders in the Rue MorgueThe Narrative of Arthur Gordon PymThe RavenTo HelenIarafelThe bellsSonnet-To scienceThe City in the SeaThe Doomed CityThe Fall of the House of UsherThe Cask of AmontilladoThe Purloined LetterLigeiaThe Tell-Tale HeartWilliam WilsonThe Imp of the PerverseThe Black CatStephen CraneMain article: Stephen Crane bibliography Maggie: A Girl of the Streets (1893)The Red Badge of Courage (1895)The Black Riders and Other Lines (1895)George's Mother (1896)The Open Boat and Other Tales of Adventure (1898) War is Kind (1899)Active Service (1899)The Monster and Other Stories (1899)Wounds in the Rain (1900)The O'Ruddy (1903)T. S. EliotThe love song of J.Alfred PrufrockThe Waste LandGerontionHollow ManThe EgoistFour QuartetsAsh WednesdaySweeney AgonistesMurder n the CathedalThe Cocktail PartyThe Sacred WoodEssays on style and orderThe Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (1933) After Strange Gods (1934)Elizabethan Essays (1934)Essays Ancient and ModernWallace StevensHarmoniumAnecdote of the JarThe Man With the Blue GuitarNotes Toward a Supreme FictionPeter Quince at the ClavierSunday MorningThe Auroras of AutumnCollected Poem Robert FrostThe Road Not TakenMending WallMowingBirchesStopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The Wood PileDesignDesert PlacesHome BurialNorth of BostonCarl SandburgGeneral William Booth Enters Heaven Spoon River AnthologyChicagoSlabs of the Sunburnt WestGoodmorning AmericaCollected PoemsFogLostMonotoneThe HarborNocturne in a Deserted BrickyardAlways the Young StrangersReckless EcstasyThe Prairie YearsThe War YearsThe American SongbagThe People,YesHoney and SaltCorn-huskersSmoke and SteelTo a Contemporary BunkshooterI am the People, the MobThe PrairieComplete PoemsErnest Hemingway 1920sIn Our TimeThe Torrents of SpringThe Sun Also RisesFarewell to ArmsFor Whom the Bell TollsMen Without WomenThe Winners Take NotheingThe Fifth Column and First Forty-nine Stories To Have and Have NotA Moveable FeastWilliam Faulkner 南方文学The Marble FaunSoldiers’ PayDry SeptemberThe Sound and the FuryAs I lay dyingLight in AugustAbsalom,AbsolamJohn Steinbeck 1930sCup of GoldThe Pastures of HeavenTo a God UnknownIn Dubious BattleOf Mice and MenThe Grapes of WrathThe Moon Is DownEudora WeltyDeath of a Travelling,SalesmanA Curtain of Green and Other StoriesThe Wide Net and Other StoriesThe Golden ApplesThe Bridge of InnifallenThe Robber BridgeroomDetta WeddingThe Ponder HeartThe Losing BattlesThe Optismist’s DaughterRobert LowellLord Weary’s CastleLife StudiesFor Sale;Walking in the Blue;For the Union DeadSkunkCarl SandburgFogAlways the Young Strangers;In Reckless EcstasyThe Prairie YearsThe War YearsThe American SongbagThe People,YesHoney and SaltCorn-huskersSmoke and SteelElizabeth StevensFishEugene OneilBound East to CardiffThe Long V oyage HomeThe Moon of the CarribbeansBeyond the HorizonAnna ChristieThe Emperor JonesThe Hairy ApeAll the God’s Children Got WingsThe Great God BrownThe Strange InterludeMourning Becomes Electra;The Iceman ComethThe Long Days Journey Into NightArthur MillerSituation NormalThe Man Who Had All the LuckAll My SonsDeath of a SalesmanThe CrucibleA View from the BridgeA Memory of Two MondaysAfter the FallIncident at VichyThe PriceThe Creation of the World and Other Business The Archbishop’s CeilingThe American ClockSylvia PlathThe ColossusArielDaddy;Lady LazarusThe Uncollected Poems Crossing the WaterWinter TreesThe Bell JarDeath & CoJ D SalingerThe Young FolksNine StoriesFrannyZooeyRaise High the Roof Beam,Carpenters Seymour:An IntroductionThe Cather in the RyeJohn BarthThe Floating OperaThe End of the RoadThe Sot-weed FactorLettersGiles Goat-boyLost in the FunhouseChimeraSabbaticalThe Friday BookLangston HughesThe Negro Speakers of RiversThe Weary BluesDear Lovely DeathShakespear in HarlemI Wonder as I WanderThe Best of SimpleRalph EllisonInvisible ManShadow and ActGoing to the TerritoryWilla CatherNeighbor RosickyAllen GinsburgHowlKaddishPlannet NewsThe Fall of AmericaToni MorrisonSong of SolomonF Scott FitzgeraldThe Side of ParadiseThe Beautiful and the DamnedThe Great GatsbyTender in the NightThe Last TycoonFlappers and PhilosophersTales of the Jazz Taps at Reveille The Ice PalaceMay DaysThe Diamond as Big as the Ritz Winter DreamsThe Rich BoyBabylon RevistedThe Crack-upEzra PoundIn a Stuation of the MetroThe Spirit of RomanceThe Anthology Des Imagistes Literary EssaysHugh Swlwyn MauberleyA Few Don’ts by Imagiste PersonagePolite EssaysThe Cantos of Ezra Pound。