专业英语1 - 副本
电气专业英语section 1-6中英
(1-28)
Fig.1-19 voltage-current relation for an inductor in the (a) time domain; (b) frequency domain
Section 6 Sinusoidal AC Circuit Analysis
Fig.1-20 shows the phasor diagram. For the capacitor C, assume the voltage across it is u =Umcos(ωt + ). The current through the capacitor is
For the inductor L, assume the current through it is i I m cos(t ) . The voltage across the inductor is
di u L LI m sin(t ) dt
(1-25)
The voltage is written to
Chapter 1
Fundamentals of Electric Circuits
Section 6 Sinusoidal AC Circuit Analysis and Three-Phase Circuit
Text New Words and Expressions Vocabulary Characteristic II
showing that the current and voltage are 90 out of phase. To be specific, the current leads the voltage by 90. Fig.1-21 shows the voltage-current relations for the capacitor, Fig.1-22 gives the phasor diagram.
摄影专业英语常用词汇
专业摄影词汇photo, photog raph照片，像片snapsh ot, snap 快照photog raphe r, camera man 摄影师backli ghtin g 逆光backli ghtin g photog raphy逆光照lumino sity亮度to load 装胶卷focus焦点to focus, focusi ng 调焦focallength焦距depthof field, depthof focus景深exposu re 曝光time of exposu re 曝光时间automa tic exposu re 自动曝光to frame--取景framin g 取景slide, transp arenc y幻灯片，透明片microf ilm 微型胶卷photoc opy 影印photoc opier影印机duplic ate, copy 拷贝，副本reprod uctio n 复制photog enic易上镜头的overex posur e 曝光过度undere xposu re 曝光不足projec tor 放映机stillcamera照相机cineca mera电影摄影机（美作：moviecamera）televi sioncamera电视摄像机box camera箱式照相机foldin g camera风箱式照相机lens 镜头apertu re 光圈wide-anglelens 广角镜头diaphr agm 光圈teleph oto lens 远摄镜头，长焦镜头zoom lens 变焦头，可变焦距的镜头eyepie ce 目镜filter滤光镜shutte r 快门shutte r releas e 快门线viewfi nder取景器teleme ter, rangefinder测距器photom eter, exposu re meter曝光表photoe lectr ic cell 光电管mask 遮光黑纸sunsha de 遮光罩tripod三角架flash, flashl ight闪光灯guidenumber闪光指数magazi ne （相机中的）软片盒cartri dge 一卷胶卷spool片轴film 胶片，胶卷plate感光片spotli ght, floodl ight聚光灯darkro om 暗室to develo p 显影develo per 显影剂bath 水洗to fix 定影emulsi on 感光剂drying烘干to enlarg e, enlarg ement放大enlarg er放大机image, pictur e 像，相oblong photog raphy横式照片blurre d image模糊的照片negati ve 负片positi ve 正片print印制format尺寸grain颗粒foregr ound近景Scale尺寸Colse-up特寫High-key shot高調攝影Low-key lighti ng低調採光Blackand white黑白攝影Camera相機Faces臉Contra sts對比Paper相紙Exposu re曝光Autofo cus自動對焦Manual手調TTL鏡頭測光Flash閃光燈Daylig ht自然光Soft柔和Basic基本High key高調Low key低調Locati on外景Make-up化粧Modles模特兒Pictur e照片Auto自動Soft image柔和影像Underexposu re曝光不足Depthof field景深Locati on work外景作業Exposu re latitu de曝光寬容度Imagesystem影像系統Film speed感光度Photostudio攝影棚Flashumbrel la 閃光傘Zoom lens變焦鏡頭High-speedfilm高感度軟片Abstra ct抽象Lights光線Lighti ng採光Overex posur e曝光過度IS(Japane se Indust rialStanda rds) 日本工业标准LLandsc ape 风景Latitu de 宽容度LCD data panelLCD数据面板LCD(Liquid Crysta l Displa y) 液晶显示LED(LightEmitti ng Diode)发光二极管Lens 镜头、透镜Lens cap 镜头盖Lens hood 镜头遮光罩Lens releas e 镜头释放钮Lithiu m batter y 锂电池Lock 闭锁、锁定Low key 低调Low light低亮度、低光LSI(LargeScaleIntegr ated)大规模集成MMacro微距、巨像Magnif icati on 放大倍率Main switch主开关Manual手动Manual exposu re 手动曝光Manual focusi ng 手动聚焦Matrix meteri ng 矩阵式测光Meteri ng Coupli ng，测光耦合Metere d manual测光手动Meteri ng 测光Microprism微棱Mirage倒影镜Mirror反光镜Mirror box 反光镜箱Mirror lens 折反射镜头Module模块Monito r 监视、监视器Monopo d 独脚架Motor电动机、马达Mount卡口MTF (Modula tionTransf er Functi on 调制传递函数Multibeam 多束Multi-layerCaotin g Multi-coated，多层镀膜Multicontro l 多重控制Multi-dimens ional多维Multi-exposu re 多重曝光Multi-image多重影Multi-mode 多模式Multi-patter n 多区、多分区、多模式Multi-progra m 多程序Multisensor多传感器、多感光元件Multispot meteri ng 多点测光Multitask 多任务Neutra l 中性Neutra l densit y filter中灰密度滤光镜Ni-Cd batter y 镍铬(可充电)电池Noctil ux，Leica消彗差镜头OOff camera离机Off center偏离中心OTF(Off The Film) 偏离胶卷平面One ring zoom 单环式变焦镜头One touch单环式Orange filter橙色滤光镜Over exposu re 曝光过度Pannin g 摇拍Panora ma 全景Parall el 平行Parall ax 平行视差Partia l meteri ng 局部测光Passiv e 被动的、无源的Pastel s filter水粉滤光镜PC(Perspe ctive Contro l) 透视控制Pearl，珠面相纸Pentap rism五棱镜Perspe ctive透视的Phasedetect ion 相位检测Photog raphy摄影Pincus hiondistor tion枕形畸变Planeof focus焦点平面Pointof view 视点polari satio n 偏振polari ser偏振镜Polari zing偏振、偏光Polari zer 偏振镜Portra it 人像、肖像Power电源、功率、电动Powerfocus电动聚焦Powerzoom 电动变焦Predic tive预测Predic tivefocuscontro l 预测焦点控制Prefla sh 预闪Profes siona l 专业的Progra m 程序Progra m back 程序机背Progra m flash程序闪光Progra m reset程序复位Progra m shift程序偏移Progra mmedImageContro l (PIC) 程序化影像控制QQuartz data back 石英数据机背RRainbo ws filter彩虹滤光镜Rangefinder测距取景器Releas e priori ty 释放优先ResinCoated，涂塑相纸Rear curtai n 后帘Recipr ocity failur e 倒易律失效Recipr ocity Law 倒易律Recomp ose 重新构图Red eye 红眼Red eye reduct ion 红眼减少Reflec tor 反射器、反光板Reflex反光Remote contro l termin al 快门线插孔Remote cord 遥控线、快门线Resolu tion分辨率Revers al films反转胶片Rewind退卷Ring flash环形闪光灯ROM(Read Only Memory) 只读存储器Rotati ng zoom 旋转式变焦镜头RTF(Retrac table TTL Flash)可收缩TTL闪光灯image, pictur e 像，相oblong photog raphy横式照片blurre d image模糊的照片negati ve 负片positi ve 正片print印制format尺寸grain颗粒foregr ound近景abaxia l 【光】离中心光轴ABBE number雅比数值，即相对色散倒数aberra tionchange析光差变化﹝因设计及应用光圈产生之光差变化﹞aberra tions【光】析光差abrasi on marks﹝底片﹞花痕abrasi ve reduce r 局部减薄剂absolu te temper ature绝对温度absorp tion吸收性能absorp tioncurve吸收曲线absorp tionfilter = freque ncy filter色谱滤片AC = altern ating curren t交流电AC couple r 交流电耦合器accele rator促进剂access ories配件access ory shoe 配件插座accumu lator储电器acetat e base 醋酸片基acetat e film 醋酸质胶片或菲林acetat e filter醋酸质滤光片acetic acid 【化】醋酸﹝用于停影、定影、漂白及过调药﹞，亦乙酸acetic acid, glacia l 【化】冰醋酸﹝即结晶如冰状的醋酸，用于急制及定影药﹞aceton e 【化】丙酮﹝有机溶剂，配用于不溶于水的化学物﹞achrom at = achrom aticlens消色差镜头achrom atic【光】消色差的achrom aticlens 消色差镜头acid 【化】酸acid fixer酸性定影药acid rinse酸漂acoust ic 音响学，音响学的actini c 光化的，由光产生的化学变化action grip 快速手柄Action Photog raphy动态摄影acutan ce 明锐度，常指底片结像adapte r 转接器adapte r cable转接导线adapte r ring 转接环additi ve colorprinti ng method加色法彩色放相技巧﹝参阅附表﹞additi ve synthe sis 【光】原色混合﹝原色包括红、绿、蓝色，三色相加产生白色，红绿产生黄色，红蓝产生洋红，绿蓝产生青靛色﹞adhesi ve tape 胶纸advanc e leveradvanc e leveraerial camera空中摄影机，或称遥感摄影机aerial film 空中摄影菲林，或称遥感摄影菲林aerial image空间凝象﹝指凝聚在焦点平面位置的影像﹞aerial oxidat ion 氧化﹝指与空气接触的氧化﹞aerial perspe ctive透视感﹝由气层产生远物模糊的透视现像﹞Aerial Photog raphy空中摄影，或称遥感摄影aerial survey lens 空中测量镜头，应用于在空中测量地面，取景角度达120度，光圈多数固定于f5.6afocal lens 改焦镜头ageing成熟过程1. 使感光物体成熟的过程2. 光学玻璃性能变为稳定所需的过程agitat e 搅动agitat ion 搅动过程air brush喷笔，执底或执相之用air lens 空气镜片﹝指镜片与镜片之空间，其作用如镜片﹞aircra ft camera航空摄影机album相簿albume n 蛋白albume n pager蛋白相纸，以蛋白作为乳化剂的相纸albume n print蛋白相片，以蛋白相纸放成的作品albumi n 蛋白质alcoho l 酒精alcoho l thermo meter酒精温度计alkali【化】碱alkali earth【化】碱土﹝例如钡bar ium，钙calci um﹞alkali metal【化】碱金属﹝例如锂lit hium，钠sodiu m﹞Alpine Photog raphy山景摄影altern ating curren t 交流电amateu r 业余amateu r photog raphe r 业余摄影师amber琥珀色Ambrot ype 火棉胶正摄影法﹝参阅附表﹞Americ an Nation al Standa rd Instit ute 美国国家标准学会，ANSI是感光度单位之一Americ an Standa rds Associ ation 1. 美国标准协会2. ASA是感光度单位之一amidol【化】二氨基酚，苯系化合物，俗称克美力，显影剂之一ammoni um bichro mate【化】重铬酸铵，感光剂之一ammoni um bifluo ride【化】氟化氢铵，用于使感光膜脱离玻璃片基ammoni um carbon ate 【化】碳酸铵，用于暖调显影药ammoni um cholor ide 【化】氯化铵，用于漂白，过调药及感光剂ammoni um persul phate【化】过硫酸铵，显影剂之一ammoni um sulpho cyana te 【化】= ammoni um thiocy anate硫氰酸铵，用于过金﹝色﹞药ammoni um thiocy anate【化】= ammoni um sulpho cyana te硫氰酸铵，用于过金﹝色﹞药Amphit ype 正负双性相片amplif ier 扩大器anamor phicproces s 变形拍摄方法anamor photi c lens 变形镜头，可将影像高度或阔度压缩或扩展anasti gmat消像散的anasti gmatlens 消像散镜头anglecovera ge ﹝镜头﹞取景角度anglefinder量角器angleof gaze 凝视角﹝人类视角通常是120度，当集中注意力时约为五分之一，即25度﹞angleof incide nce 【光】入射角angleof lens 镜头涵角angleof reflec tion【光】反射角angleof refrac tion【光】折射角angleof shooti ng 拍摄角度angleof view 观景角度Angstr om 〈埃〉长度单位=10-10公尺anhydr ous 无水的animat ion 动画Animat ion Photog raphy动画摄影animat ion stand动画台anneal ing 【光】热炼﹝制玻璃﹞法﹝这个方法是把玻璃在350至600度的电焗炉焗很长的时间，可减低制镜是时产生的扭曲﹞ANSI 1. Americ an Nation al Standa rd Instit ute﹝美国国家标准学会﹞2. 美国国家标准学会订出的感光度单位之一anti-foggin g agent防雾化剂anti-halati on backin g 防晕光底层anti-reflec tioncoatin g 防反光膜anti-static wettin g agent消静电湿润剂anti-vignet tingfilter消除黑角滤片apertu re 光圈apertu re displa y 光圈显示apertu re needle圈指针apertu re ring 光圈环apertu re scale光圈刻度apochr omati c 【光】复消色差Applie d Photog raphy应用摄影arabic gum 阿拉伯树胶arc lamp 弧光灯Archit ectur al Photog raphy建筑摄影area maskin g 局部加网area meteri ng 区域测光artifi ciallight人造光源ASA 1. Americ an Standa rds Associ ation﹝美国标准协会﹞2. 感光度单位之一ASA settin g device感光度调校器asphal t 沥青aspher icallens 非球面镜头astigm atism【光】像散，结像松散现像Astrop hotog raphy天文摄影attach ment附加器audio听觉性audiovisual视听auto = automa tic自动的简称automa tic 自动化automa tic loadin g loadin g> 自动上片automa tic bellow s 自动近摄皮腔，自动回校光圈的近摄皮腔automa tic camera自动化相机automa tic extens ion tube 自动延长管，自动回校光圈的延长管automa tic flash自动闪灯automa tic focusi ng 自动对焦automa tic rewind ing 自动回卷automa tic shooti ng range自动拍摄范围automa tic tray siphon自动虹吸器，用于冲盆automa tic windin g 自动卷片auxili ary lens 附加镜头availa ble light现场光averag e gradie nt 平均倾斜率，平均梯度averag e meteri ng 平均测光axial【光】光轴back focaldistan ce 【光】后焦距﹝指镜头与菲林间的距离﹞back projec tion后方投影backgr ound背景backli ghtin g 背光bag bellow袋型皮腔bar chart棒形测试图bar static线形静电纹﹝因拉开过度卷紧菲林时产生的现象﹞barn doors遮光掩门barrel distor tion【光】桶形变形﹝影像四边线条呈外弯线变形﹞bas-relief浮雕，黑房特技之一base 片基batchnumber分批编号batter y 电池batter y charge r 电池充电器batter y charge r 电池充电器batter y pack 电池箱bayone t mount刀环，镜头接环之一BCPS =beam candle power second光束烛光秒bead static珠形静电纹，亦称pear l static，在冲洗未完成前，用手拉擦过而产生的现象beam splitt er 分光器bellow s 皮腔bellow s extens ion 皮腔延长度，多指近摄benzen e 【化】苯benzot riazo le 【化】苯并三唑﹝用于防雾化剂﹞betwee n-the-lens-shutte r 镜间快门bi-convex【光】双凸镜片bi-prism双棱镜bi-prismfocusi ng 双棱镜对焦bichro mated albume n proces s 重铬酸盐蛋白蚀刻法﹝参阅附录﹞binocu lar vision视觉三维效果birefr ingen ce =double refrac tion双重折射，因镜片结构缺点产生重复折射现象bitume n 沥青bitume n grainproces s 沥青微粒蚀刻法﹝参阅附录﹞Black& WhitePhotog raphy黑白摄影blackfilter透紫外光滤片，只让紫外光透过的滤片blacklight紫外光灯的俗称blackopaque opagu e 黑丹，修饰底片颜料bladed shutte r 片闸式快门blank【光】粗模，制镜过程中，经rough shapin g粗铸而成的镜片=dummyfilter空白滤光片，作为对焦等操作的预备，使应用滤镜拍摄时不会产生误差bleach漂白药bleach-fix 漂定bleach-out proces s 漂移方法﹝参阅附录﹞bleach ing 漂白bleedi ng 无边﹝相片﹞blimp1. 闪烁2.保温隔音机套blocki ng 【光】粗磨，制造镜头过程之一，使blank粗模﹝镜片﹞磨成Blocki ng out 遮挡blotch static雀斑形静电纹，亦称mois turestatic，因在湿度高的环境下回卷菲林而产生的现象。
四川农业大学2021级大学英语专业模拟试题 - 副本 (13)
四川农业大学2021级大学英语专业模拟试题Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.[A] At some point, almost all of us will experience a period of radical professional change. Some of us will seek it out: for others it will feel like an unwelcome intrusion into otherwise stable careers. Either way, we have choices about how we respond to it when it comes.[B] We recently caught up with yoga entrepreneur Leah Zaccaria, who put herself through the fire of change to completely reinvent herself. In her search to live a life of purpose, Leah left her high-paying accounting job, her husband, and her home. In the process, she built a radically new life and career. Since then, she has founded two yoga studios, met a new life partner, and formed a new community of people. Even if your personal reinvention is less drastic, we think there are lessons from her experience that apply.[C] Where do the seeds of change come from? The Native American Indians have a saying: “Pay attention to the whispers so you won’t have to hear the screams.” Often the best ideas for big changes come from unexpected places —it’s just a matter of tuning in. Great leaders recognize the weak signals or slight signs that point to big changes to come. Leah reflects on a time she listened to the whispers: “About the time my daughter was five years old. I started having a sense that ‘this isn’t right’.” She then realized that her life no longer matched her vision for it.[D] Up until that point, Leah had followed traditional measures of success. After graduating with a degree in business and accounting, she joined a public accounting firm, married, bought a house, put lots of stuff in it, and had a baby. “I did what everybody else thought looked successful, she says. Leah easily could have fallen into a trap of feeling content, instead, her energy sparked a period of experimentation and renewal.[E] Feeling the need to change, Leah started playing with future possibilities by exploring her interests and developing new capabilities. First trying physical exercise and dieting. She lost some weight and discovered an inner strength. “ I felt powerful because I broke through my own limitations” , she recalls.[F] However, it was another interest that led Leah to radically reinvent herself. “ I remember sitting on a bench with my aunt at a yoga studio, ” she said, “ and having a moment of clarity right then and there. Yoga is saving my life. Yoga is waking me up.I’m not happy and I want to change and I’m done with this.” In that moment of clarity Leah made an important leap, conquering her inner resistance to change and making a firm commitment to take bigger steps.[G] Creating the future you want is a lot easier if you are ready to exploit the opportunities that come your way. When Leah made the commitment to change, she primed herself to new opportunities she may otherwise have overlooked. She recalls:[H] One day a man I worked with, Ryan, who had his office next to mine, said, “Leah, let’s go look at this space on Queen Anne.” He knew my love for yoga and had seen a space close to where he lived that he thought might be good to serve as a yoga studio. As soon as I saw the location, I knew this was it. Of course I was scared, yet I had this strong sense of “I have to do this.” Only a few months later Leah opened her first yoga studio, but success was not instant.[I] Creating the future takes time. That’s why leaders continue to manage the present while building toward the big nonlinear changes of the future. When it’s time to make the leap, they take action and decisively drop what’s no longer serving their purpose. Initially Leah stayed with her accounting job while starting up the yoga studio to make it all work. “I was working 60 hour s a week and running a studio, so I wasn’t getting very much sleep, but it was good for me,” she says. Soon after, she knew she had to make a bold move to fully commit to her new future. Within two years, Leah shed the safety of her accounting job and made the switch complete. Such drastic change is not easy.[J] “Be yourself”, Leah says. “Quit being the person people think you’re supposed to be. Find a way to dig deep into your courageous self to be who you are. Whatever that means as far as exploring your emotions, your identity, your profession, find one version of you that you are always and everywhere.” It was this sense of purpose that would carry Leah through the storms of change.[K] Steering through change and facing obstacles brings us face to face with our fears. Leah reflects on one incident that triggered her fears, when her investors threatened to shut her down: “I was probably up against the most fear I’ve ever had,” she says. “I had spent two years cultivating this community, and it had becom e successful very fast, but within six months I was facing the prospect of losing it all.”[L] She connected with her sense of purpose and dug deep, cultivating a tremendous sense of strength. “I was feeling so intentional and strong that I wasn’t going to let fear just take over. I was thinking, ‘OK, guys, if you want to try to shut me down, shut me down.’ And I knew it was a negotiation scheme, so I was able to say to myself, ‘This is not real.” By naming her fears.1. Readiness to take advantage of new opportunities will make it easier to create one’s desired future.2. By conventional standards, Leah was a typical successful woman before she changed her career.3. Leah gained confidence by laying out her fears and confronting them directly.4. In search of a meaningful life, Leah gave up what she had and set up her own yoga studios.5. Leah’s interest in yoga promoted her to make a firm decision to reshape her life.6. Small signs may indicate great changes to come and therefore merit attention.7. Leah’s first yoga studio was by no means an immediate success.8. Some people regard professional change as an unpleasant experience that disturbs their career.9. The worst fear that Leah ever had was the prospect of losing her yoga business.10. As she explored new interests and developed new potentials, Leah felt powerfulinternally.答案1. G2. D3. L4. B5. F6. C7. H8. A9. K 10. E。
专业英语-整理版
Chapter 1 Introduction: Why Project Management?True/False1) Projects have a process orientation. F2) Client interest in a project is highest during the termination and conceptual phases. T Multiple Choice1). A project typically has:A) A defined start and end date.B) A defined start date but no defined end date.C) No defined start but a defined end date.D) No defined start or end date.2) Which of the following statements about project success criteria is best?A) Project cost is an external performance measure.B) Completion time is an internal performance measure.C) Client acceptance is an internal performance measure.D) Client acceptance is often referred to as conducting a quality check.Short Answer1) What changes in the business environment have necessitated a greater use of projectmanagement skills?Chapter 2 The Organizational Context: Strategy, Structure, andCultureTrue/False1) The same project managed in the same fashion may succeed in one organization but failin another. T2) Organizational culture can be influenced in a variety of ways, including by rewardsystems and key organizational members. TMultiple Choice1) Which of the following is not an element of strategic management?A) formulating cross-functional decisionsB) implementing cross-functional decisionsC) evaluating cross-functional decisionsD) eliminating cross-functional decisions2) Companies that are structured by grouping people performing similar activities intodepartments are:A) project organizations.B) functional organizations.C) matrix organizationsD) departmental organizations.Chapter 3 Project SelectionTrue/False1) A simplified scoring model addresses all the weakness of a checklist model for projectscreening. T2) The present value of money is lower the further out in the future I expect to spend it. F Multiple Choice1) An internal operating issue in project screening and selection is:A) expected return on investment.B) change in physical environment.C) patent protection.D) chance that the firm’s goodwill will suffer due to the quality of the finished project.2) A project with the chance for a big payout may be funded if an important criterion is:A) cost.B) opportunity.C) top management pressure.D) risk.Short Answer1) What is the time value of money principle and how does it apply to project selection?P91, the front halfChapter 4 Leadership and the Project ManagerTrue/False1) The most important characteristic of a project leader is ability to inspire. F2) The new leader must make a conscious effort to distance himself from the people beingled. FMultiple Choice1) A project champion is:A) a project manager that always completes projects within the allotted time frame.B) a sponsor in top management that is keenly interested i n the project’s success.C) a project manager that always completes projects within the allotted budget.D) a project manager that always completes projects within the allotted time frame andunder budget.2) Which of the following is a traditional duty of a project champion?A) cheerleaderB) visionaryC) politicianD) technical understandingChapter 5 Scope ManagementTrue/False1) Scope management is the function controlling a project in terms of its goals andobjectives during the execution phase. F2) Scope reporting not only identifies the type of information that will be reported, but alsoto whom it will be reported and with what frequency. TMultiple Choice1) Which of these is not a typical element of a statement of work?A) introduction and backgroundB) a list of activities needed to complete the projectC) technical description of the projectD) timeline and milestones2) In the case of projects developed for external clients, work authorization typicallyaddresses:A) budget linkage.B) audit trail establishment.C) resource requirements.D) contractual obligations.Chapter 6 Project Team Building, Conflict, and Negotiation True/False1) The first step in assembling a project team is to talk to potential team members. F2) Cross-functional cooperation directly influences both the actual implementation of theproject and the team members’ assessment that the project experience was worthwhile. T Multiple Choice1) Project management people skills include:A) team building.B) scheduling.C) budgeting.D) project evaluation.2) Which of these factors does not influence cross-functional cooperation?A) accessibilityB) physical proximityC) rules and proceduresD) self-efficacy.Short Answer1)What are the steps in assembling a project team? Which is most critical? Why? P183Chapter 7 Risk ManagementTrue/False1) The risk is highest in the earliest phase of the project life cycle. T2) Contingency reserves require a construction company to hold back some funds in anaccount just in case something happens that increases the overall project cost. T Multiple Choice1) Risk management is a:A) three stage process.B) four stage process.C) five stage process.D) six stage process2) The probability that legal and managerial structures put together to develop and operatethe project will not perform well is:A) operating risk.B) political risk.C) organizational risk.D) integration risk.Chapter 8 Cost Estimation and BudgetingTrue/False1) Direct costs are those clearly assigned to the aspect of the project that generated the cost.T2) Material is an example of a cost that is recurring, variable and direct. TMultiple Choice1) Which of the following is a direct cost?A) laborB) rentC) depreciation on equipmentD) health benefits2) Workers paid $15.00 per hour with an overhead charge of 1.45 and a personal timeallowance of 1.15, have what total direct labor cost for an 8-hour work day?A) $151.30B) $174.00C) $200.10D) $236.80Chapter 9 Project Scheduling: Networks, Duration Estimation, and Critical Path True/False1) Preceding activities are those that must occur before others can be done. T2) A backward pass is performed when it is necessary to undo some work that has beenperformed in order to complete it properly. FMultiple Choice1) The least amount of float is found:A) in a resource-limited schedule.B) after a burst activity.C) on the critical path.D) after a merge activity.2) An activity has an optimistic time estimate of 15 days, a most likely estimate of 24 days,and a pessimistic estimate of 40 days. What is the expected duration of the activity?A) less than 27 days but greater than or equal to 26 daysB) less than 26 days but greater than or equal to 25 daysC) less than 25 days but greater than or equal to 24 daysD) less than 24 daysChapter 10 Project Scheduling: Lagging, Crashing, and Activity Networks True/False1) Finish to start lags are the same as additional activity slack. F2) The critical path may not contain a dummy activity. TMultiple Choice1) The most common type of logical sequencing between tasks is referred to as the:A) finish to start relationshipB) finish to finish relationship.C) start to start relationship.D) start to finish relationship.2) An activity performed by a subcontractor is scheduled for 20 weeks at an anticipated costof $100,000. Due to slippage on the critical path you need to reduce this activity by three weeks. If the subcontractor informs you that the activity can be completed in 15 weeks for $200,000, what is the slope for the activity?A) $20,000 per weekB) $33,333 per weekC) $5,000 per weekD) $13,333 per weekShort Answer1) What are the strengths and weaknesses of AOA and AON techniques?Chapter 11 Critical Chain Project SchedulingTrue/False1) If people believe that they built extra time into their initial estimates, they are usuallymore likely to begin project work right away. T2) The critical chain is usually the same as the critical path. FMultiple Choice1) The first step in TOC methodology is to:A) identify the constraint.B) exploit the constraint.C) subordinate the system to the constraint.D) elevate the constraint.2) In order to estimate completion of a Gaussian, or lognormal, distributed activity time witha 90% or higher degree of confidence, the time may be overestimated by as much as:A) 20%.B) 80%.C) 160%.D) 200%.Chapter 12 Resource ManagementTrue/False1) All that is needed to create a resource loading calendar is the Work Breakdown Structureand the activity network. T2) In-process inventory represents the amount of work waiting to be completed but delayeddue to unavailable resources. TMultiple Choice1) A project that must be finished by December 31st is:A) time constrained. P381B) resource constrained.C) mix-constrained.D) capacity constrained.2) The amounts of individual resources that a schedule requires during a specific timeperiods is referred to as the resource’s:A) loading.B) capacity.C) constraint.D) drag.Chapter 13 Project Evaluation and ControlTrue/False1) Gap analysis refers to any measurement process that first determines the goals and thenthe degree to which the actual performance lives up to those goals. F2) The project implementation profile assesses the performance of the project team withrespect to 10 critical success factors and can be used on an ongoing project. TMultiple Choice1) The first step in the control cycle is:A) setting a goal.B) measuring progress.C) comparing actual with planned performance.D) taking action.2) The project baseline is established by combining data from the:A) work breakdown structure and the project budget.B) time-phased project budget and the PERT chart.C) S-curve and the project budget.D) time-phased project budget and the work breakdown structure.Chapter 14 Project Close-Out and Termination True or false1) A project that is terminated by extinction is not completed successfully. T2) Closeout activities are typically among the highest priority activities in a project. F Multiple Choice1) The termination of Boeing’s Sonic Cruiser project is an example of:A) termination by extinction.B) termination by addition.C) termination by integration.D) termination by starvation.。
英语--1-副本---副本
英语--1-副本---副本1、关于旅游的对话Do you like travelling?Do you need travel companions or prefer to travel alone?Discuss these with your partner.yes,i do.I like to travel with a companionI prefer to travel alone because I can spend my time for myself. When you travel alone, you meet new people, have new experiences, and learn more about yourself.You have a time to read books and review your life deeply.I meet other tourists or local people at every trip.When I went to Bari for surfing, I met local surfers and Japanese tourists. All of them are friendly and fun. I had a lunch with them, took a picture in front of the beach and enjoyed surfing together.要是喜欢和朋友一起出去旅游，可以用英文说些什么理由呢？回答However, I have an opposite opinion. I think it is better to travel with a companion for the following reasons, they can give us information about the place, we won’t feel boring if we travel together, and we can have opportunities to meet more people through a companion.People travel around some places to get information about the specific areas. To get the information about the place, we need a guide. If we hire a guide, we should pay money and we will somewhat not be free to go anywhere. Despite that, if we travel with friends, they could tell us about it as a guide. We can save money and get some information about the place that we visit. In addition, we could be free to go anywhere we want.As to the second point, if we travel withfriends, we wouldn’t fell tedious while traveling. We can talk to each other and get chances to know each other more. On the other hand, traveling alone could make us feel down because it is quite boring to hang around by themselves. Thus, I would prefer traveling with a companion to alone.Besides, the second point, if we travel with a companion, we can get more opportunities to meet other people through my friends. For example, when I was 10 years old, I went to china. I have met a lot of people through my friend there and I’m still keeping in touch with them. If I didn’t go to china with my friend, I could have not met them in my life. This is the final reason why I think it is better to travel with friends rather alone.To conclude, some people might say it is better to travel alone because it mightinterrupt us if we travel with a companion. Nevertheless, I think it would be better to travel with a companion for the previous reasons, they can tell us some information about the place, we can enjoy more because it’s not boring, and we could get opportunities to meet many people through friends.3、关于兴趣爱好的对话Interviewer：What kind of person do you think you are?你觉得你自己的个性如何？Applicant：Well, I am always energetic and enthusiastic. That's my strongest personality.嗯，我觉得自己精力很充沛，做事很有热情。
专业英语
⏹message:讯息⏹graphic communication：印刷⏹publisher：出版社，出版物⏹communication：信息，通讯社定⏹compositor：排字机，排版员⏹artist：艺术家⏹textile：纺织品，织物染料⏹wallpaper：壁纸，墙纸⏹wrapper ：包装纸，封面纸⏹author：著作，作者⏹editor ：编辑⏹printer：色版，打印机，印刷机印刷工人⏹binder：装订机，活页封面，粘合剂⏹catalog：目录，型录⏹poster：招贴画，广告画⏹brochure：简装本⏹business form：商业单据⏹symbol：符号，记号，象征⏹drawing：绘图，素描⏹photograph：照相术，摄影术⏹editorial ：社论⏹type：活字，铅字，字体⏹type composition：活字排版⏹artwork：画稿，正稿⏹fold：折页，转行⏹sew：锁线订，线装⏹trim：切光，切齐⏹bindery：装订厂，装订所⏹relief printing：凸版印刷⏹wood block printing：木刻印⏹movable type：活字⏹assemble：配页，装订⏹disassemble：拆卸⏹cast ：浇铸，铅字⏹soot：炭黑⏹varnish:调墨油，亮油⏹linotype：整行铸排机⏹typesetting：排版，排字⏹binding：封面，结合，装订，装桢⏹copy：原稿，副本，稿件⏹issue：版次，出版，发行额，期次⏹parchment：羊皮纸，上等纸⏹vellum：上等皮纸⏹papyrus：纸草，草制成之纸[ pə'paiərəs ]⏹drier:干燥器，干燥剂⏹pigment：颜料，色料⏹Letterpress printing：凸版印刷⏹Letterpress printing:凸版印刷⏹Planograhic printing:平版印刷⏹Xerographic printing:静电复印⏹Impression cylinder:压印辊筒⏹Dampening system:润湿系统⏹Gravure printing:凹版印刷⏹Linoleum block:亚麻油毡板⏹Linotype:莱诺整行铸字机⏹Stencil:孔版⏹Monotype:字型单版画，莫诺单字铸字机⏹Lithography:平版画，平版印刷品⏹Wood cut:木刻版（顺纹）⏹Wood engraving：木刻版（横纹）⏹Photoengraving:照相蚀刻版⏹Intaglio printing：凹版印刷⏹Foundry type：铸造活字⏹Plate cylinder：印版滚筒⏹Relief printing：凸版印刷⏹Image reversal:反转图像⏹Rubber stamp: 橡皮印章⏹Limestone:石灰石⏹Stone lithographic:石版印刷⏹Stencil:蜡纸，模板⏹woven:机织物⏹Dacron：的确良，涤纶织物⏹Rubber squeegee:橡皮刮板⏹Decoration：装饰品⏹Pottery：陶器⏹Pressing iron：烫熨烙铁⏹Film coated paper：涂膜纸⏹Ground wood clay coated paper：高岭土涂层的木桨纸⏹Thermo printing paper：耐热印刷纸⏹Electronic publishing⏹Publication printing⏹Short run⏹Advertising printing⏹Phototypesetter⏹Achromatic colors⏹Achromatic Color Reduction ⏹Additive primary colors⏹Running up ink⏹Finishing service⏹Perfecting binding⏹Blanket cylinder⏹Brayer⏹Burning⏹Brightness⏹graphic communication⏹Poster⏹business form⏹Photograph⏹Artwork⏹relief printing⏹Assemble⏹Varnish⏹Typesetting⏹pigment•Electronic publishing •Publication printing •Phototypesetter •Distribute•Achromatic colors •Additive primary colors •Aperture•Running up ink•Blanket•Collating•Film setter•Real time information supply •Media market•Digital communication •Digital printing •Demographic print run •Achromatic Color Reduction •Activator•Base line•Aesthetics•Aquamatic system •Autoscreen film•Diagonal-line method •Balance•Optical center •True center •Contrast •Proportion •Rhythm •Equilibrium •Formal•Informal •Monotony •Billboard•设计•对角线法则•平衡•视觉中心•实际中心•对比•比例•节奏•均衡，沉着•外观平衡•非外观平衡•单调性•广告牌，揭示栏•Calendering •Continuous tone •Linework •Carbon tissue •Proofreading •Case•Case bound •Cathode ray tube •Charge coupled device •Cell size•Chain dot •Chalking•Ink mist•压光•连续调•线条稿•碳素纸•校对•精装•阴极射线管•电荷耦合器件•网穴尺寸•椭圆形网点•粉化•墨雾•Organic solvents•Chemicals•Chip•Chromatic colors•Coated paper•Coating•Cold composition •Photocomposition•Processor•Collating•Color correction•Proofing•Color temperature•有机溶剂•化学药品•芯片•彩色•涂料纸•上光•冷排•照相排版•显影机•配页•色彩校正•打样•色温•Color wheel•Color reproduction•Gray balance•Color separation•Scanner environment•Scanner principles•Screen angle•Combination dampening and inking system •Complimentary color•Composition•Contact screen •Light sources •Contamination•色轮•色彩复制•灰平衡•分色•扫描仪环境（分色机）•扫描仪原理（分色机）•加网角度•组合式润湿及输墨系统•补色•排字，印版合成•接触网屏•光源•污染•Continuous tone •Contrast •Conventional dot •Copy•Desktop publishing •Copyright laws •Creasing •Cropping•Cutters•Cutting•Cylinder packing •Cylinder press•连续调•对比•常规网点•原稿•桌面出版•版权法•压痕•剪裁•裁切机•裁切•滚筒包衬•平台型印刷机Electronic publishing•Publication printing •Short run•Advertising printing •Phototypesetter •Achromatic colors •Achromatic Color Reduction •Additive primary colors •Gray balance •Calendering •Proofreading•Chain dot•Chromatic colors •Proofing•Color separation•Screen angle•Lens•Latent image •Developer•Stop bath•Fixer•Negative•Focusing•Film speed•Emulsion•Aperture•镜头•潜影•显影剂•停显液•定影剂•阴图片•聚焦•胶片感光速度•感光乳剂•孔径•Test strip•Changing bag •Developing tank •Contact printing •Continuous tone copy •Film processing •Projection printing•Enlarger•Easel•bellows•测试条•暗袋•显影罐•接触印相•连续调原稿•胶片显影处理•投影印相•放大机•相纸夹•照相机暗箱•Line copy•Safelight•Halftone•Silver bromide •Shutter•Diaphragm•Latitude•Subdue•Pictorial•Light meter•线条稿•安全光•半色调•溴化银•快门•光圈•宽容度•压制，减弱•画稿•曝光表，照度计•Dampener •Darkroom•Desktop color separation •Dead copy•Delivery board •Delivery system •Densitometer •Densitometry •Density•Density capacity•暗室•台式分色系统•定稿•收纸台板•收纸系统•密度计•密度测量•密度•密度范围•Mass•Texture•Die cutting•Digital imposition•Direct screen color separations •Doctor blade•Dot gain•Dot geometry•Dot matrix•Double-sheet detector•实地•质地，结构•模切•数字化折手•直接加网分色•刮墨刀•网点扩大•网点形状•点阵•双张检测器•Drum•Drying system•Ductor roller•Duotones•Duplicate plates •Duplicator paper•E-book•Edition bound•Electronic layout page •Elctrostatic copying•滚筒式扫描仪•干燥系统•传墨辊，传水辊•双色版•速印纸•电子图书•精装•电子拼版•静电复印•Embossing •Encapsulated PostScript •Eye span•压凸印刷•内嵌Ps•视场范围•Latent image •Developer•Fixer•Negative•Process•Light intensity•Mass•Digital imposition•Dot gain•Aperture•Continuous tone copy •Safelight•Easel•Development center •Pictorial•Contact printing •Exposure•Embossing•Diaphragm•Delivery system•Lead and fire•Facsimile transmission •Workflow control technology •Web-based paper press •Digital imposition•Galley proofing•Outline descriptionof font •Paper mould•Web server•铅与火•传真发送•工作流程控制技术•基于网络的印刷出版•数字化折手•毛条校样•字体轮廓描述•纸型•网络服务器•High-end desktopcolor-publishing system •Lead type composition •HINT technology•Web-based media publishing •Fabric tension•Fabrics•Feedboard•Fiber optics•File formats•Filter•Finishing•高端桌面彩色出版系统•铅字排版•附加提示信息技术•基于网络的电子媒体出版•丝网张力•丝网织物•输纸板•光纤•文档格式•滤色片•印后加工•Creasing•Folding•Stamping•Varnishing •Flexography•Floppy disk•Focal length•Form roller•Fountain additives•Fountain roller•Fountain solution•压痕•折页•烫金•上光•柔性版印刷工艺•软盘•焦距•着墨辊•水斗添加剂•水斗辊，墨斗辊•水斗溶液•Gage pin•Gamma•Graphic Arts Technical Foundation •Gathering•Ghosting•Graphic images•Gravure•Cylinder engraving•Handwritten•Hard disk•Highlight•Hue error•定位规矩•伽玛值•印刷技术基金会•配页•重影•图象•凹版•滚筒蚀刻•手写稿•硬盘•高光•色调误差•Optical mechanical phototypesetter 光机式照排机•Obstacle 障碍•Stroke 笔画•Pagination system 排版系统•Synchronize 同时发生•Dissermination 传播宣传•Lead and fire •Lead type compostion •Digital imposition •Galley proofing •Hue error •Highlight•Hard lisk •Handwritten •Graphic •Gravure•Gray balance •Gage pin •Gathering •Ghosting •Goldstamping •Halftone•File formats •Fiber obtics •Negative•filter •Lithography •Planographic printing •Image carriers •Direct-image plate •Presentisized plate •Diffusion-transfer •Goldenrod •Burning •Stripping•Flat•Light table•平版印刷术•平版印刷术•图文载体•直接描绘印版•PS版，预制感光版•扩散转印•拼版遮盖膜•晒版•排版•晒版台纸，拼版台纸•光台•Gray scale •Opaquing •Platemaker •Illumination •Color temperature •Illustrations•Ink body •Impurity •Ingredient •Setoff•灰梯尺•涂盖•制版工，晒版机•色温•照明•粘稠度•杂质•成分•透印•Viscosity•Ink jet printing •Scanner •Inspection method •Italic•Lakes•Laser printer •Layout•Text type•Line copy •Linework•粘度•喷墨印刷•扫描仪•检测方法•斜体•色淀，沉淀染料•激光打印机•拼版•文字•线条稿•线条画•Maintenance•Makeready•Manuscript•Metal mesh•Metameric•Metric system•Middletone•Misregister on web press •Monitor•维护•印前准备•手写稿•金属丝网•条件配色的•公制•中间调•卷筒纸印刷机套印不准•显示器•Gum arabic•Desensitize•Lacquer•Lid•Pinhole•Razor•Detach•Evacuate•Finishing stage•阿拉伯树胶•减感光性，使不敏感•涂漆•盖子•针孔，小孔•剃刀•分离，脱离•疏散，撤出，排泄•后处理阶段•T-square: T型尺•Triangle：三角尺•Crayon：蜡笔画•Preprint guidline：预打印参考规矩线•Reproduing pen：复写笔•Lithography •Planographic printing •Image carriers •Xeography•Gray scale •Diffusion-transfer •Stripping•Burning•Crayon•Middle tone •Misregister on web press•Latent image•Line copy •Makeready •Manuscript •Desensitize•Flexible printing plate •Light table •Presensitized plates •developer•Imagesetter•Cross-platform •Digital proofing•Ps plate•Multi-media record•直接图像显影装置•跨平台•数字打样•Ps版•多媒体记录••Promote•Turnover •Consumable materials •Remote proofing •Nanometer•Neutral density filter •Newsprint paper•Off color•Offset•Offset duplicator•促进提升•成交量•耗材•远程打样•纳米•自然密度虑色片•新闻纸•色差•胶印•小胶印机•Offset paper •Offset press •Organic solvents •Orthochromatic film •Ink vibrator •Overlay •Oxidation drying ink •Papermaking •Sizing and filler •watermarking•胶印纸•胶印机•有机溶剂•正色感光片•串墨辊•叠印•氧化干燥油墨•造纸•施胶及填料•水印•Perfect binding •Perfect press •Periodical printing •Photocomposing •Photo-density range •Photoengraving plate •Pigment•Pixel•Plastic type•Plate cylinder•无线胶订•双面印刷机•期刊印刷•照排•光密度范围•照相蚀刻版•颜料，色料•像素•柔性版•印版滚筒•Prepress•Prescreened film •Primary additive colors •Primary subtractive colors •Printer font•Printing system •Printing unit•Proof press •Proofreader mark•印前，预印•预加网胶片•加色三原色•减色三原色•印刷字体•印刷装置•印刷色组•打样机•校对符号•Cross-platform•Digital proofing •Polarization •Consumable materials •Remote proofing•Off color•Offset duplicator •Orthochromatic film •Overlay•Oxidation dry ink •Watermarking•Perfect binding •Photocomposing •Pigment•Plate cylinder •Brightness•Calendering•Chromatic color•Color reproduction☐Color separation☐Filter☐Flat-color printing☐Subtractive primary colors ☐Additive primary colors☐Halftone screen☐Color correction☐Radiation heating☐Radio waves☐Raster image processor☐分色☐滤色片☐实地套色印刷☐减色法三原色☐加色法三原色☐半色调加网☐色彩校正☐辐射加热☐无线电波☐光栅图像处理器☐Ream☐Reflection copy☐Transparent copy☐Resistant ink☐Resolution☐Register☐Screen printing☐Script type☐纸令☐反射稿☐透射稿☐高强度油墨☐分辨率☐套准☐丝网印刷☐异体字，美术字体☐Sensitometry☐Setoff☐Sheet-fed delivery system☐Sheets-per-hour☐Short inks☐Signature☐Silk☐Silverless light sensitive materials☐感光度,感光学☐透印☐暗调☐单张纸收纸系统☐每小时印数☐短丝墨☐书帖☐丝线☐非银盐感光材料☐Spine☐Spirit duplicating☐Spray powder☐Squeegee☐Tape☐Texture☐Tint screen☐Tone material☐Toners☐书脊☐酒精复印☐喷粉☐刮板☐胶带☐质地，纹理，结构☐淡色加网☐连续调稿☐着色剂☐Saddle-wire binding☐Typesetter☐Typography☐Under color removal☐UV curable ink☐Vacuum system☐Varnishing☐Vehicle☐Vibrating roller☐骑马订☐排字工☐版面设计，排版工艺☐底色去除☐UV干燥油墨☐真空系统☐上光☐载体，连结料☐串墨辊，串水辊☐Flat-color printing ☐Color separation☐Process-color☐Megenta☐Absorption dying ink ☐Achromatic color☐Activator☐Additive color☐Aesthetics☐Aperture☐Artwork☐Gray balance☐Binary code☐Blanket cylinder☐Brayer☐Brightness☐Burning☐Byte☐Blue filter☐CalenderingInk jet printingAcronymCharge plateElectrostatic fieldReservoirUltrasonic vibration SimultaneouslyParticleAlphanumericPressurize喷墨印刷字头语，缩写字充电电极静电场蓄水池超声波震动同时地粒子，点，极小量字母数字的增压NozzleCharging tunnelDeflection plateWaterless plateWaterless printingWater-soluble stencilWeb-pressWork flowXerographyviscosity喷嘴充电通道偏转电极无水印版无水印刷水溶性孔版卷筒纸印刷机工艺流程静电复印粘度TapeTemplateTextureThermal printingThermographyThree-knife paper cutter Tint screenTone materialTransmission densitometer Transparent copy胶带模板质地，结构热熔印刷热熔凸印三面切纸机淡色加网连续调稿透射密度计透射稿TypographyTypesetterUnder color removal Trim markVacuum systemVarnishingVehicleVibrating rollerStampingstreak版面设计，排版工艺 排字工底色去除裁切标记真空系统上光载体，连结料串墨辊，串水辊烫金墨杠Ink jet printingWaterless printingViscosityXeographyThermal printingTone materialStreakVibrating rollerV ehicleUnder color removal Base lineBond paperBrayerBrightnessCalenderingProofreadingDeveloperChipChromatic colorsCoating•Paper •Mimeograph duplicating •Basic size •Fourdrinier•Basis weight•Ream•Letterhead•Invoice •Parchment•V ellum•纸张•油印•基本尺寸•造纸机的金属丝长网•基本重量•纸令•信纸•请柬•羊皮纸•上等皮纸，犊皮•Papyrus•Dip•V at•Mat•Rag•Deckle•Egg beater•Rolling pin•Blotting paper •Instant laundry starch •纸草，草制成的纸•浸渍•大桶•粗糙的，使……无光泽•破布，碎布•定纸框•擀面杖•吸水纸•速溶浆洗淀粉●Mimeograph duplicating ●Fourdrinier●Basis weight●Basic size●Ream●Pigment●Vehicle●Modifier●Radiation heating●Register●Purchasing●Processor●Resolution●Resistant ink●Prepress●Prescreened films●Papermaking●Watermarking●Uncoated paper●Pixel●Finishing●Finishing cut●Finishing roll●Finishing ink●Scoring●Scoring test●Scoring rule●Scoring blade●Perforating●Perforating blade●Perforating combs●Perforating rule●完成加工，整版，装订整饰●精加工●压光辊●修版保护墨●压折痕，压折机●摺痕尺，轧折痕钢条，●折痕片●穿孔，打孔●排针片●打孔梳●打孔用的铅字●Embossing●Embossing die●Embossing printing●Embossing paper●Die●Die cut●Die stainper●Die stamp●Bind●Bind margin●Bind into book form●凹凸印刷，压凸●压凸阴模●压凸印刷●压纹原纸●印模，铸模，硬印●打孔，模切●钢印●模印●粘合，装订●印品装订边●装订成册的。
摄影专业英语词汇
摄影专业英语词汇 Revised by Jack on December 14,2020photo, photograph 照片，像片snapshot, snap 快照photographer, cameraman 摄影师backlighting 逆光backlighting photography逆光照luminosity 亮度to load 装胶卷focus 焦点to focus, focusing 调焦focal length 焦距depth of field, depth of focus 景深exposure 曝光time of exposure 曝光时间automatic exposure 自动曝光to frame 取景framing 取景slide, transparency 幻灯片，透明片microfilm 微型胶卷photocopy 影印photocopier 影印机duplicate, copy 拷贝，副本reproduction复制photogenic 易上镜头的overexposure曝光过度underexposure 曝光不足projector放映机still camera 照相机cinecamera 电影摄影机（美作：movie camera）television camera 电视摄像机box camera 箱式照相机folding camera 风箱式照相机lens 镜头aperture 光圈wide-angle lens 广角镜头diaphragm光圈telephoto lens 远摄镜头，长焦镜头zoom lens 变焦头，可变焦距的镜头eyepiece 目镜filter 滤光镜shutter 快门shutter release 快门线viewfinder 取景器telemeter, range finder 测距器photometer, exposure meter曝光表photoelectric cell 光电管mask 遮光黑纸sunshade 遮光罩 tripod 三角架flash, flashlight 闪光灯guide number 闪光指数magazine （相机中的）软片盒cartridge 一卷胶卷spool 片轴film 胶片，胶卷plate 感光片spotlight, floodlight聚光灯darkroom 暗室to develop 显影developer 显影剂bath 水洗to fix 定影emulsion感光剂drying 烘干to enlarge, enlargement放大enlarger放大机image, picture 像，相oblong photography 横式照片blurred image 模糊的照片negative 负片positive 正片print 印制format 尺寸grain 颗粒foreground 近景Scale尺寸Colse-up特写High-key shot高调摄影Low-key lighting低调采光Black and white黑白摄影Camera 相机Faces脸Contrasts对比Paper相纸Exposure曝光Autofocus自动对焦Manual手调TTL镜头测光Flash闪光灯Daylight自然光Soft柔和Basic基本High key高调Low key低调Location外景Make-up化粧Modles模特儿Picture照片Auto自动Soft image柔和影像Under exposure曝光不足Depth of field景深Location work外景作业Exposure latitude曝光宽容度Image system影像系统Film speed感光度Photo studio摄影棚Flash umbrella 闪光伞Zoom lens变焦镜头High-speed film高感度软片Abstract抽象Lights光线Lighting采光Overexposure曝光过度IS(Japanese Industrial Standards) 日本工业标准 L Landscape 风景 Latitude 宽容度LCD data panel LCD数据面板 LCD(Liquid Crystal Display) 液晶显示 LED(Light Emitting Diode) 发光二极管 Lens 镜头、透镜 Lens cap 镜头盖 Lens hood 镜头遮光罩Lens release 镜头释放钮 Lithium battery 锂电池 Lock 闭锁、锁定 Low key 低调 Low light 低亮度、低光 LSI(Large Scale Integrated) 大规模集成 M Macro 微距、巨像 Magnification 放大倍率 Main switch 主开关 Manual 手动 Manual exposure 手动曝光 Manual focusing 手动聚焦 Matrix metering 矩阵式测光 Metering Coupling，测光耦合 Metered manual 测光手动Metering 测光 Micro prism 微棱Mirage 倒影镜 Mirror 反光镜 Mirrorbox 反光镜箱 Mirror lens 折反射镜头Module 模块 Monitor 监视、监视器Monopod 独脚架 Motor 电动机、马达Mount 卡口 MTF (Modulation Transfer Function 调制传递函数 Multi beam 多束Multi-layer Caoting Multi-coated，多层镀膜 Multi control 多重控制 Multi-dimensional 多维 Multi-exposure 多重曝光 Multi-image 多重影 Multi-mode 多模式 Multi-pattern 多区、多分区、多模式Multi-program 多程序 Multi sensor 多传感器、多感光元件 Multi spot metering 多点测光 Multi task 多任务 Neutral 中性Neutral density filter 中灰密度滤光镜 Ni-Cd battery 镍铬(可充电)电池 Noctilux，Leica消彗差镜头 O Off camera 离机 Off center 偏离中心 OTF(Off The Film) 偏离胶卷平面 One ring zoom 单环式变焦镜头One touch 单环式 Orange filter 橙色滤光镜Over exposure 曝光过度 Panning 摇拍Panorama 全景 Parallel 平行 Parallax 平行视差 Partial metering 局部测光 Passive 被动的、无源的 Pastels filter 水粉滤光镜PC(Perspective Control) 透视控制 Pearl，珠面相纸 Pentaprism 五棱镜 Perspective 透视的 Phase detection 相位检测 Photography 摄影 Pincushion distortion 枕形畸变 Plane of focus 焦点平面 Point of view 视点polarisation 偏振 polariser偏振镜Polarizing 偏振、偏光 Polarizer 偏振镜Portrait 人像、肖像 Power 电源、功率、电动 Power focus 电动聚焦 Power zoom 电动变焦 Predictive 预测 Predictive focus control 预测焦点控制 Preflash 预闪Professional 专业的 Program 程序 Program back 程序机背 Program flash 程序闪光Program reset 程序复位 Program shift 程序偏移 Programmed Image Control (PIC) 程序化影像控制 Q Quartz data back 石英数据机背 R Rainbows filter 彩虹滤光镜 Range finder 测距取景器 Release priority 释放优先 Resin Coated，涂塑相纸 Rear curtain 后帘 Reciprocity failure 倒易律失效Reciprocity Law 倒易律 Recompose 重新构图 Red eye 红眼 Red eye reduction 红眼减少 Reflector 反射器、反光板 Reflex 反光Remote control terminal 快门线插孔Remote cord 遥控线、快门线 Resolution 分辨率 Reversal films 反转胶片 Rewind 退卷Ring flash 环形闪光灯 ROM(Read Only Memory) 只读存储器 Rotating zoom 旋转式变焦镜头 RTF(Retractable TTL Flash) 可收缩TTL闪光灯image, picture 像，相oblong photography 横式照片blurred image模糊的照片negative 负片positive正片print 印制format 尺寸grain 颗粒foreground 近景abaxial 【光】离中心光轴ABBE number 雅比数值，即相对色散倒数aberration change 析光差变化﹝因设计及应用光圈产生之光差变化﹞aberrations 【光】析光差abrasion marks ﹝底片﹞花痕abrasive reducer 局部减薄剂absolute temperature 绝对温度absorption 吸收性能absorption curve 吸收曲线absorption filter = frequency filter色谱滤片AC = alternating current交流电AC coupler 交流电耦合器accelerator 促进剂accessories 配件accessory shoe 配件插座accumulator 储电器acetate base 醋酸片基acetate film 醋酸质胶片或菲林acetate filter 醋酸质滤光片acetic acid 【化】醋酸﹝用于停影、定影、漂白及过调药﹞，亦乙酸acetic acid, glacial 【化】冰醋酸﹝即结晶如冰状的醋酸，用于急制及定影药﹞acetone 【化】丙酮﹝有机溶剂，配用于不溶于水的化学物﹞achromat = achromatic lens消色差镜头achromatic 【光】消色差的achromatic lens 消色差镜头acid 【化】酸acid fixer 酸性定影药acid rinse 酸漂acoustic 音响学，音响学的actinic 光化的，由光产生的化学变化action grip 快速手柄Action Photography 动态摄影acutance 明锐度，常指底片结像adapter 转接器adapter cable 转接导线adapter ring 转接环additive color printing method 加色法彩色放相技巧﹝参阅附表﹞additive synthesis 【光】原色混合﹝原色包括红、绿、蓝色，三色相加产生白色，红绿产生黄色，红蓝产生洋红，绿蓝产生青靛色﹞adhesive tape 胶纸advance lever advance leveraerial camera 空中摄影机，或称遥感摄影机aerial film 空中摄影菲林，或称遥感摄影菲林aerial image 空间凝象﹝指凝聚在焦点平面位置的影像﹞aerial oxidation 氧化﹝指与空气接触的氧化﹞aerial perspective 透视感﹝由气层产生远物模糊的透视现像﹞Aerial Photography 空中摄影，或称遥感摄影aerial survey lens 空中测量镜头，应用于在空中测量地面，取景角度达120度，光圈多数固定于afocal lens 改焦镜头ageing 成熟过程 1. 使感光物体成熟的过程2. 光学玻璃性能变为稳定所需的过程agitate 搅动agitation 搅动过程air brush 喷笔，执底或执相之用air lens 空气镜片﹝指镜片与镜片之空间，其作用如镜片﹞aircraft camera 航空摄影机album 相簿albumen 蛋白albumen pager 蛋白相纸，以蛋白作为乳化剂的相纸albumen print 蛋白相片，以蛋白相纸放成的作品albumin 蛋白质alcohol 酒精alcohol thermometer 酒精温度计alkali 【化】碱alkali earth 【化】碱土﹝例如钡barium，钙calcium﹞alkali metal 【化】碱金属﹝例如锂lithium，钠sodium﹞Alpine Photography 山景摄影alternating current 交流电amateur 业余amateur photographer 业余摄影师amber 琥珀色Ambrotype 火棉胶正摄影法﹝参阅附表﹞American National Standard Institute 美国国家标准学会，ANSI是感光度单位之一American Standards Association 1. 美国标准协会 2. ASA是感光度单位之一amidol 【化】二氨基酚，苯系化合物，俗称克美力，显影剂之一ammonium bichromate 【化】重铬酸铵，感光剂之一ammonium bifluoride 【化】氟化氢铵，用于使感光膜脱离玻璃片基ammonium carbonate 【化】碳酸铵，用于暖调显影药ammonium choloride 【化】氯化铵，用于漂白，过调药及感光剂ammonium persulphate 【化】过硫酸铵，显影剂之一ammonium sulphocyanate 【化】= ammonium thiocyanate硫氰酸铵，用于过金﹝色﹞药ammonium thiocyanate 【化】= ammonium sulphocyanate硫氰酸铵，用于过金﹝色﹞药Amphitype 正负双性相片amplifier 扩大器anamorphic process 变形拍摄方法anamorphotic lens 变形镜头，可将影像高度或阔度压缩或扩展anastigmat 消像散的anastigmat lens 消像散镜头angle coverage ﹝镜头﹞取景角度angle finder 量角器angle of gaze 凝视角﹝人类视角通常是120度，当集中注意力时约为五分之一，即25度﹞angle of incidence 【光】入射角angle of lens 镜头涵角angle of reflection 【光】反射角angle of refraction 【光】折射角angle of shooting 拍摄角度angle of view 观景角度Angstrom 〈埃〉长度单位=10-10公尺anhydrous 无水的animation 动画Animation Photography 动画摄影animation stand 动画台annealing 【光】热炼﹝制玻璃﹞法﹝这个方法是把玻璃在350至600度的电焗炉焗很长的时间，可减低制镜是时产生的扭曲﹞ANSI 1. American National Standard Institute﹝美国国家标准学会﹞ 2. 美国国家标准学会订出的感光度单位之一anti-fogging agent 防雾化剂anti-halation backing 防晕光底层anti-reflection coating 防反光膜anti-static wetting agent 消静电湿润剂anti-vignetting filter 消除黑角滤片aperture 光圈aperture display 光圈显示aperture needle 圈指针aperture ring 光圈环aperture scale 光圈刻度apochromatic 【光】复消色差Applied Photography 应用摄影arabic gum 阿拉伯树胶arc lamp 弧光灯Architectural Photography 建筑摄影area masking 局部加网area metering 区域测光artificial light 人造光源ASA 1. American Standards Association ﹝美国标准协会﹞ 2. 感光度单位之一ASA setting device 感光度调校器asphalt 沥青aspherical lens 非球面镜头astigmatism 【光】像散，结像松散现像Astrophotography 天文摄影attachment 附加器audio 听觉性audio visual 视听auto = automatic自动的简称automatic 自动化automatic loading loading> 自动上片automatic bellows 自动近摄皮腔，自动回校光圈的近摄皮腔automatic camera 自动化相机automatic extension tube 自动延长管，自动回校光圈的延长管automatic flash 自动闪灯automatic focusing 自动对焦automatic rewinding 自动回卷automatic shooting range 自动拍摄范围automatic tray siphon 自动虹吸器，用于冲盆automatic winding 自动卷片auxiliary lens 附加镜头available light 现场光average gradient 平均倾斜率，平均梯度average metering 平均测光axial 【光】光轴back focal distance 【光】后焦距﹝指镜头与菲林间的距离﹞back projection 后方投影background 背景backlighting 背光bag bellow 袋型皮腔bar chart 棒形测试图bar static 线形静电纹﹝因拉开过度卷紧菲林时产生的现象﹞barn doors 遮光掩门barrel distortion 【光】桶形变形﹝影像四边线条呈外弯线变形﹞bas-relief 浮雕，黑房特技之一base 片基batch number 分批编号battery 电池battery charger 电池充电器battery charger 电池充电器battery pack 电池箱bayonet mount 刀环，镜头接环之一BCPS =beam candlepower second光束烛光秒bead static 珠形静电纹，亦称pearl static，在冲洗未完成前，用手拉擦过而产生的现象beam splitter 分光器bellows 皮腔bellows extension 皮腔延长度，多指近摄benzene 【化】苯benzotriazole 【化】苯并三唑﹝用于防雾化剂﹞between-the-lens-shutter 镜间快门bi-convex 【光】双凸镜片bi-prism 双棱镜bi-prism focusing 双棱镜对焦bichromated albumen process 重铬酸盐蛋白蚀刻法﹝参阅附录﹞binocular vision 视觉三维效果birefringence =double refraction双重折射，因镜片结构缺点产生重复折射现象bitumen 沥青bitumen grain process 沥青微粒蚀刻法﹝参阅附录﹞Black & White Photography 黑白摄影black filter 透紫外光滤片，只让紫外光透过的滤片black light 紫外光灯的俗称black opaqueopague 黑丹，修饰底片颜料bladed shutter 片闸式快门blank 【光】粗模，制镜过程中，经rough shaping粗铸而成的镜片=dummy filter空白滤光片，作为对焦等操作的预备，使应用滤镜拍摄时不会产生误差bleach 漂白药bleach-fix 漂定bleach-out process 漂移方法﹝参阅附录﹞bleaching 漂白bleeding 无边﹝相片﹞blimp 1. 闪烁 2.保温隔音机套blocking 【光】粗磨，制造镜头过程之一，使blank粗模﹝镜片﹞磨成Blocking out 遮挡blotch static 雀斑形静电纹，亦称moisture static，因在湿度高的环境下回卷菲林而产生的现象。
北京城市学院大学英语一Book 1-Unit 1-In-depth Reading
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Unit 1 Into the Ivory Tower
In-depth Reading
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Unit 1 Into the Ivory Tower
Activating
Step 2: Work in pairs and discuss with your partner the following questions. Keep a record of what he/she says in the space provided below.
Unit 1 Into the Ivory Tower
Activating
Step 2: Work in pairs and discuss with your partner the following questions. Keep a record of what he/she says in the space provided below.
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Car Body 车身Chassis 底盘Engine 发动机Electronics system 汽车电器internal combustion engin内燃/发动机diesel engine 柴油发动机four-stroke cycle四行程循环power train 动力传动系fuel economy 燃油经济性intake Strokecompression Strokepower Strokeexhaust Strokecarburetor 化油器potential 潜能critical 严重的pollution 污染benefit 利益好处energy density 能量密度cruising speed 巡航速度valve train 配气机构rocker arm 摇臂valve lifter 挺柱valve face 气门锥面timing belt 正时带transmission 变速器clutch 离合器differential gear 差速器final drive 主减速器alignment 对准,校直,调整tune up 调整(发)suspension system 悬架系coil spring 螺旋弹簧leaf spring 钢板弹簧torsion bar spring 扭杆弹簧air spring 空气弹簧axle housing alignment桥壳定位rack-and-pinion steering齿轮齿条转向recirculating-ball steering 循环球转向coolant 冷却剂radiator 散热器thermostat 节温器airbag 安全气囊compressor 压缩机condenser 冷凝器evaporator 蒸发器receiver-drier 液-干燥器expansion valve 膨胀阀Steering shaft 转向轴Spark ignition engine火花点火发动机Compression ignition engine压燃点火发动机Drive train system 传动系Valve spring 气门弹簧Valve seat 气门座Low-voltage current低压直流Ignition system 点火系统Ignition switch点火开关Ignition coil 点火线圈Distributor-type system无分电器点火系统Cranking speed启动转速Gear reduction ratio 齿轮减速比Automatic transmissionManual transmissionRear-wheel-drive后轮驱动Suspension system悬架系统Steering system 转向系Steering wheel转向盘Steering gear 转向机Mechanical advantage机械效益Drum break 鼓式①Wheel cylinder 制动轮缸④Drum 鼓②Shoes 制动蹄③Lining 摩擦衬片Drum brakes consist of a backing plate,brake shoes,brake drum,wheel cylinder,return springs and an automatic or self-adjusting system.When you apply the brakes,brake fluid isforced,under pressure,into the wheel cylinder which,in turn,pushes the brake shoes into contact with the machined surface on the inside of the drum.When the pressure isreleased,retune springs pull the shoes back to their rest position.As the brake linings wear,the shoes must travel a greater distance to reach the drum.When the distance reaches a certain point,a self-adjusting mechanism automatically reacts by adjusting the rest position of the shoes so that they are closer to the drum.鼓式制动器包括一个底板，刹车蹄，刹车鼓，制动轮缸，回位弹簧和自动或自动调节系统。
当你申请刹车，刹车流体是被迫，压力下，进入轮缸，反过来，推动制动蹄接触的加工表面在里面的鼓。
当压力被释放，重新调整弹簧拉鞋回到休息的位置。
因为制动衬片的磨损，鞋必须传播更大的距离达到鼓。
当距离达到一定点，自我调节的机制自动反应调整其余位置的鞋，使它们更接近鼓。
Disk break 盘式Disc brake, as the name suggests is to take its shape. It is controlled by the hydraulic main parts, brake disc, brake pads, caliper, piston seal ,dust boot and so on. Brake disc with alloy steel and is fixed on a wheel, rotating withwheels. Pump is fixed on the brake bottom plateis fixed, brake caliper two brake pads arerespectively arranged on both sides of the brakedisk, divided by the piston pump tubing conveyedto the hydraulic action, drive brake padspressure to the brake disc friction brake, actlike tongs clamped rotary in the plate, forcingit to stop.盘式制动器，顾名思义是取其形状。
它是由液压主要零件，刹车盘，刹车片，卡尺，活塞密封，防尘套等。
刹车盘用合金钢和固定在车轮上，随车轮转动。
泵固定在制动底板固定制动卡钳制动盘，分别安装在制动盘的两侧，除以活塞泵油管输送到液压动作，驱动制动片压到制动盘摩擦制动，像钳子夹紧旋转的板，迫使它停止。
1.The power is then carried from the enginethrough the power train to the car so that thewheels turn and the car moves.通过传动系从发动机传递到车轮2.If your car transmission needs repairs orreplacement,you’ve come to the right place.如果汽车变速器需要修理和更换3.If you wanted a top speed of 80km/h,then thegear ratio would be similar to third gear in mostmanual thansmission cars.速比相近于3挡4.The torque converter doesn't require anyregular maintained or adjustments,but it may bepossible to change the transmission fluid. 不要求定期维护或调整5.The drive shaft can be either open orenclosed,Depending on the type of driveused 取决于所使用的驱动类型6.The location of the driving axle determineswhether the vehicle is classified as rear-wheeldrive,front-wheel drive,four-wheel drive orall-wheel drive.驱动桥的位置决定驱动方式的类型：后驱、前驱、四轮驱动和全轮驱动1. The lighting system changes electron flowinto light and the horn into sound(把电流变成光，而喇叭将电流变成声音)2.We know that every vehicle has its ownignition system and is started by it(每辆汽车都有自己的点火系，而点火系用以启动汽车)3.The ignition system usually consists of theseparts like spark plugs, wiring, distributor,ignition coil, and source of electricalcurrent(由火花塞、导线、分电器、点火线圈和电源等部件组成)4.If the battery were the only supply ofelectrons necessary to operate all of theautomotive electrical equipment, it would soonbecome discharged(那么蓄电池不久就会把电放完)5.The mixture comes to exploding burning whenignited.(混合气会产生爆燃)发动机油发动机机油有几个作用。
第一，油液在发动机部件之间循环防止金属与金属的接触。
没有油液，金属与金属接触产生磨损。
移动部件之间的油液可使其自由移动，且摩擦较小。
发动机的摩擦越小，产生的动力就越大。
循环的油液把发动机部件内的热量带走从而冷却发动机，并清洁冲走沉淀脏物。
最后，汽缸壁上循环的油液密封活塞环，提高了发动机的压缩性。
Engine oil has a number of functions. First, theoil in the engine components betweencirculating prevent metal-to-metal contact. Nooil, metal to metal contact wear. Moving partsbetween the oil liquid can make its move freely,and smaller friction. Engine friction is small,the power is bigger.Circulating oil to enginecomponents within the heat away from the engineand cooling, and clean the dirt washedprecipitate. Finally, the walls of the cylindercirculating oil seal piston ring, improves theengine compression.1.The power is then carried from the enginethrough the power train to the car so that thewheels turn and the car moves.通过传动系从发动机传递到车轮2.If your car transmission needs repairs orreplacement,you’ve come to the right place.如果汽车变速器需要修理和更换3.If you wanted a top speed of 80km/h,then thegear ratio would be similar to third gear in mostmanual thansmission cars.速比相近于3挡4.The torque converter doesn't require anyregular maintained or adjustments,but it may bepossible to change the transmission fluid. 不要求定期维护或调整5.The drive shaft can be either open orenclosed,Depending on the type of driveused 取决于所使用的驱动类型7. The lighting system changes electron flowinto light and the horn into sound(把电流变成光，而喇叭将电流变成声音)8.We know that every vehicle has its ownignition system and is started by it(每辆汽车都有自己的点火系，而点火系用以启动汽车)9.The ignition system usually consists of theseparts like spark plugs, wiring, distributor,ignition coil, and source of electricalcurrent(由火花塞、导线、分电器、点火线圈和电源等部件组成)10.If the battery were the only supply ofelectrons necessary to operate all of theautomotive electrical equipment, it would soonbecome discharged(那么蓄电池不久就会把电放完)11.The mixture comes to exploding burning whenignited.(混合气会产生爆燃)12. Steering system mainly includes Steeringwheel，steering gears，linkages，and othercomponents(转向盘、转向机、杠杆机构和其他零部件)13.In the pitman arm system,the movement insidethe steering box Causes the pitman shaft and armto rotate(使转向摇臂轴及转向摇臂旋转)14.The steering linkage is so designed as toPrevent side-slip of all automobile wheels incornering(防止汽车转弯时车轮侧滑)15.For the personal safety of the driver andpassengers of the car,Steering gear plays animportant role(转向机起着重要的作用)16.Two types of steering system are usually usedon cars: Manual steering system and powersteering system(手动转向系统和动力转向系统)The movement of the coolant and the removalof heat from the coolant require a system calledthe cooling system. The only purpose of theengine’s cooling system is to remove excessheat from the engine, to keep the engineoperating temperature at its most efficientlevel, and to get the engine up to the correcttemperature as soon as possible after starting.A cooling system is also required to prevent theinternal engine parts from melting from the heatof the burning fuel.该运动的冷却和散热的冷却系统冷却系统的要求。