生物学专业英语作业PPT
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生物工程专业英语ppt课件
近年来，这些生产过程更依赖于先进的技 术，其与世界经济的贡献也与日俱增，远 远大于初期阶段的作用。
acetic 【 ə‘sitɪk 】酸的，醋酸的
acetic acid 乙酸
butanol 【 ‘bjutə,nol 】丁醇
acetone【 ‘æsə,ton 】丙酮 contaminate【 kən‘tæmə,net 】污染、毒害
我们无法确定这些微生物生产过程的出现是源于 偶然还是主观实验，但其进一步不断发展的早期 实例证明了人类能够利用微生物的生命活动来满 足自己的需要。
reliant 【 rɪ‘laɪənt 】依赖、依靠 proportion 【 prə‘porʃən 】比例、比率
humble 【‘hʌmb! 】低下的、卑微的 origin【‘ɔrədʒɪn】起源
其他的微生物过程，如奶酪和酸奶等发酵 乳制品的生产，以及酱油和豆豉等各种东 方食品的生产，都同样有悠久的历史。
Of more rencent introduction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii-ta-ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.
formulate 【‘fɔ:mjuleit 】确切地阐述，
用公式表示
Anton van Leeuwenhoek安东尼·列文虎
克，荷兰博物学家，显微镜创造者
The recognition that these processes were being affected by living organisms, yeasts, was not formulated until the 17th century, by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
acetic 【 ə‘sitɪk 】酸的，醋酸的
acetic acid 乙酸
butanol 【 ‘bjutə,nol 】丁醇
acetone【 ‘æsə,ton 】丙酮 contaminate【 kən‘tæmə,net 】污染、毒害
我们无法确定这些微生物生产过程的出现是源于 偶然还是主观实验，但其进一步不断发展的早期 实例证明了人类能够利用微生物的生命活动来满 足自己的需要。
reliant 【 rɪ‘laɪənt 】依赖、依靠 proportion 【 prə‘porʃən 】比例、比率
humble 【‘hʌmb! 】低下的、卑微的 origin【‘ɔrədʒɪn】起源
其他的微生物过程，如奶酪和酸奶等发酵 乳制品的生产，以及酱油和豆豉等各种东 方食品的生产，都同样有悠久的历史。
Of more rencent introduction is mushroom cultivation which probably dates back many hundreds of years for Japanese shii-ta-ke cultivation and about 300 years for the Agaricus mushroom now widely cultivated throughout the temperate world.
formulate 【‘fɔ:mjuleit 】确切地阐述，
用公式表示
Anton van Leeuwenhoek安东尼·列文虎
克，荷兰博物学家，显微镜创造者
The recognition that these processes were being affected by living organisms, yeasts, was not formulated until the 17th century, by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
生物专业英语(共62张PPT)
energy from nutrients into ATP, and then release waste products.
光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第一步，称光反应，水分子裂解 (被氧化)，释放氧气，并形成ATP和 NADPH（还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸）。
此反应必须在存在光能的条件下进行。
2022/9/25
9
Introduction
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞、藻类、某些原生生 物和细菌之中。
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能的过程，其能量以分子 键形式贮存。
从化学和能量学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的逆反应。
但是细胞呼吸作用是高度放能，释放能量的过程，而光合作用需 要能量, 并且是高度吸能的过程。
在光合作用的光反应中，当捕光分子回到基态时，额外的激发能 被转移到其它分子中并且以化学能的形式贮存。
•All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of
chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis.
captured by biological molecules to do constructive work.
生物分子能捕获可见光谱中光子的能量。
The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrum—a statement of the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths.
光合作用以二氧化碳和水为原材料并经历两步化学反应。
第一步，称光反应，水分子裂解 (被氧化)，释放氧气，并形成ATP和 NADPH（还原型烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸磷酸）。
此反应必须在存在光能的条件下进行。
2022/9/25
9
Introduction
光合作用只发生在含有叶绿素的绿色植物细胞、藻类、某些原生生 物和细菌之中。
总体来说，这是一个将光能转化成化学能的过程，其能量以分子 键形式贮存。
从化学和能量学角度来看，它是细胞呼吸作用的逆反应。
但是细胞呼吸作用是高度放能，释放能量的过程，而光合作用需 要能量, 并且是高度吸能的过程。
在光合作用的光反应中，当捕光分子回到基态时，额外的激发能 被转移到其它分子中并且以化学能的形式贮存。
•All photosynthetic organisms contain various classes of
chlorophylls and one or more carotenoid pigments that also contribute to photosynthesis.
captured by biological molecules to do constructive work.
生物分子能捕获可见光谱中光子的能量。
The pigment chlorophyll in plant cells absorbs photons within a particular absorption spectrum—a statement of the amount of light absorbed by chlorophyll at different wavelengths.
生物专业英语上传PPT精选文档
4
Professional Words and Phrases
(Continued)
classification [klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类，类别
biochemistry ['baiəu'kemistri] n. 生物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
molecular level 分子水平
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
microorganism [maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm] n. 微生物
well-being ['wel'bi:iŋ] n. 健康，福利
agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n. 农业
livestock ['laivstɔk] n. 家畜，牲畜
ecology [i:‘kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s wellbeing in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.
Professional Words and Phrases
(Continued)
classification [klæsifi'keiʃən] n. 分类，类别
biochemistry ['baiəu'kemistri] n. 生物化学
molecular biology 分子生物学
molecular level 分子水平
Chapter 1 Biology
1.1 What is Biology? 1.2 The Origin of Life 1.3 The Significance of Biology in Your Life 1.4 The History of Biology– Additional Reading
microorganism [maikrəu'ɔ:gənizəm] n. 微生物
well-being ['wel'bi:iŋ] n. 健康，福利
agriculture ['ægrikʌltʃə] n. 农业
livestock ['laivstɔk] n. 家畜，牲畜
ecology [i:‘kɔlədʒi] n. 生态学
1
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
1.1 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of life. Alongside physics and chemistry, biology is one of the largest and most important branches of science. At the highest level, biology is broken down based on the type of organism being studied: zoology, the study of animals; botany, of plants; and microbiology, of microorganisms. Each field has contributed to mankind or the Earth’s wellbeing in numerous ways. Most prominently: botany, to agriculture; zoology, to livestock and protection of ecologies; and microbiology, to the study of disease and ecosystems in general.
生物专业英语PPT
The genomic formula of the alien chromosomes in TE253 was 2 St + 8 J S + 2 J + 2 J-St.
The problem which haven't solved
We are presently developing chromosome addition and substitution(替换) lines to identify(确认) the chromosome location of the powdery mildew and stripe rust resistance(抗性) genes.
The problem need to be solve
In this study, we determined the genomic composition of a partial amphiploid TE253 by GISH probed with St genomic DNA from Ps. strigosa and evaluated its resistance to both powdery mildew and stripe rust as well. 我们通过基因组原位杂交探测从Ps. Strigosa到St基 因组确定了局部TE253基因的组成，并且还评估了 对白粉病和条锈病的抗性。
The method of the study
Cytogenetic Analyses(细胞遗传学分析）
其基本原理是用不同荧光物质分别标记病变细胞DNA 和正常细胞然后与正常中期细胞染色体杂交。 荧光原位杂交技术 用荧光物质标记特异性DNA探针，与中期细胞染色体 或间期细胞核杂交，鉴别和确定出生缺陷、肿瘤细胞 染色体异常，分辨率可达50~500kb。
生物-专业英语作业纯英文献ppt
Result
A CRISPR–Cas9 mutagenesis construct was designed to simultaneously generate knockout mutants in both AtDMP8 and AtDMP9 (Fig. a).
Homozygous dmp8, dmp9 and dmp8dmp9 mutants were selfpollinated and seed sets were examined. The seed set was reduced slightly in dmp8 (95.6%; average: 45.3 seeds per silique), even more so in dmp9 (70.9%; average: 32.2 seeds per silique) and even further in dmp8dmp9 (48.4%; average: 21.4 seeds per silique) (Fig. c,d)
These data confirm previously reported defects in the seed set and during development, and the proposed roles for AtDMP8 and AtDMP9 in fertilization.
Content
1 Summary 2 Background 3 Results 4 Discussion
Summary
Summary
➢ ZmPLA1/MTL/NLD is conserved in monocots and has been used to extend the system from maize to other monocots, but no functional orthologue has been identified in dicots, while ZmDMP-like genes exist in both monocots and dicots.
《生物专业英语》PPT课件
gene [dʒi:n] 基因
A unit of heredity located on a chromosome and composed a sequence of DNA nucleotides.
heredity [hə‘redɪti:] 遗传 nucleotide ['nu:kli:ə,taɪd] 核苷酸
dihybrid cross [dai‘haibrid]双因子杂种杂交
A cross between individuals that differ with respect to two specified gene pairs.
differ with 与...不一致 specified 指定的 respect 关系
particular 特殊的, 特别的 allelic 等位基因的
homozygous [,hɔmə'zaiɡəus] 纯合的
A diploid organism that has two identical alleles for particular characteristic.
identical 同一的, 同样的
incomplete dominance [, inkəm'pli:t 'dɔmənəns] 不完全显性
The condition in which two allelic genes have a different effect when
they are together as a heterozygote in a diploid cell than either of
germ plasm theory 种质学说
A substance thought to be transmitted in the gametes (germ cells) in an unchanged form from generation to generation. The germ plasm was believed to be unaffected by the environment and to give rise to the body cells.
生物专业英语 lesson 1 inside the living cell(课堂PPT)
Lesson One
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts
Contents
Warming–up Words and phrases Text Analysis Simple exercises Additional Information
6. cytoplasm n.胞质
7. centriole
n. 中心粒
An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.
参考翻译
1.细胞质：动力工厂 与生命相关的大部分特性都来自于胞质中。
绝大多数细胞都由这种质膜包被的半流体胞质组 成。在胞质中悬浮着各种细胞器，并由丝状的细 胞骨架所支撑。营养物质、金属离子、可溶性蛋 白以及维持细胞生理需求的其他物质溶于胞质流 体中。
2. The Nucleus: Information Central
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. The SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and Function of Internal Cell Parts
Contents
Warming–up Words and phrases Text Analysis Simple exercises Additional Information
6. cytoplasm n.胞质
7. centriole
n. 中心粒
An organelle located close to the nucleus in most animal and lower plant cells but absent from prokaryotes and higher plants.
参考翻译
1.细胞质：动力工厂 与生命相关的大部分特性都来自于胞质中。
绝大多数细胞都由这种质膜包被的半流体胞质组 成。在胞质中悬浮着各种细胞器，并由丝状的细 胞骨架所支撑。营养物质、金属离子、可溶性蛋 白以及维持细胞生理需求的其他物质溶于胞质流 体中。
2. The Nucleus: Information Central
The endoplasmic reticulum, a lacy array of membranous sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough (RER) or smooth (SER). Both types play roles in the synthesis and transport of proteins. The RER, which is studded with polysomes, also seems to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell divides. The SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the synthesis of fats and steroids and in the oxidation of toxic substances in the cell. Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as compartments within the cell where specific products can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular areas in or outside the cell.
生物专业英语 (8)ppt课件
转基因动物的概念：
将特定的目的基因从某一生物体分离出来，进行体上，在动物的发育过程中表达，并通过生殖细胞传给 后代。这种在基因组中稳定整合有人工导入外源基因的动物称 为转基因动物（transgenetic animal）。
Cf. transgender animal
克隆动物存在的问题 1） 技术尚不成熟
得到的克隆动物具有极大的偶然性和随机性。迄 今为止，克隆试验的成功率始终很低。例如，在 培育多莉的过程中，科学家共克隆出 277 个绵羊 胚胎，最终成功使母羊受孕并生产的只有多莉一 个。 目前，多莉羊的制备还不能重复，更不能肯定克 隆多莉羊的方法也适用于其它动物或其它不同组 织器官的细胞。
第九章
转基因动物与生物反应器
Gene
A modern working definition of a gene is "a locatable region of genomic sequence, corresponding to a unit of inheritance, which is associated with regulatory regions, transcribed regions, and or other functional sequence regions ". 是指携带有遗传信息的DNA（或RNA）序列， 是控制性状的基本遗传单位。
转基因动物的一般过程：
外源目的基因的制备 外源目的基因有效导入生殖细胞或胚胎干细胞 选择获得携有目的基因的细胞 选择合适的体外培养系统和宿主动物 转基因细胞胚胎发育及鉴定 筛选所得的转基因动物品系
目的基因的制备
PCR扩增法获得目的基因
常用RNA模板
细胞总RNA
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硫酸盐
碱性的
硫酸铜（蓝色溶液） 在碱性条件下被还 原为氧化铜，在相 同条件下产生砖红 色沉淀。
Cu2+ Blue
+
e-
Cu+ Red
半定量的
The test is semi-quantitative – the greater the concentration of reducing sugar,the darker and heavier the precipitate.
任何必要的加热应在固定的时间内水浴加热
A control
blank (a volume of water equal to the volume of text solution)should be run alongside the tests;any colour change in the blank would suggest contamination or unreliable technique.不可靠的，不可信任的
向样品中加入5ml乙醇混合 后，加5ml水，振荡。
Ⅲ
• Positive result (milky-white suspension =emulsion)=fat or oil present
阳性结果：形成乳浊液， 说明脂肪或油脂存在。
充满油的
Principle:the fat or oil dissolves in the ethanol,which is miscible with water.When the oil-laden ethanol is added to the water the oil is left as minute drops suspended in the water – these drops scatter light rays in many directions and give the suspension a milky-white v.悬浮 appearance.
阳性结果：溶液呈深紫 色，说明有蛋白质存在。
n.碱；adj碱性的
氢氧化钠
Principle:the
alkali (sodium hydroxide)hydrolyses the protein into fragments containing the peptide linkage –CO-NH– which then forms coloured complexes with copper (II) from the copper sulphate. 碱将蛋白质水解成包含肽键的碎 片，然后肽键与硫酸铜中的2价铜 离子反应生成颜色复合物。
实验是半定量的，还原糖含量越多， 沉淀越深、越多。
CONCENTRATION OF REDUCING SUGAR
还原糖含量
COLOUR OF SOLUTION AND PREቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱIPITATE
BLUE GREEN YELLOW
0
溶液及沉淀颜色
INCREASING PALE BROWN 浅褐色
ORANGE RED
将脂肪或油脂溶于乙醇，并与水混溶。当含油乙醇加入到 水中后，油脂会分散成小油滴悬浮在水中，这些油滴折射 出许多光路，令悬浮液呈乳白色。
Ⅰ
双缩脲 试剂
• Test with Biuret reagent
Ⅱ
• Positive result (mauve-purple coloration)=protein present
Positive result (green to orange-red precipitate)=nonreducing sugar present
阳性结果：产生红黄色沉淀， 说明非还原糖存在
More intensely-coloured precipitate=both reducing and non-reducing sugars present
污染
空白对照（等体积的水与待测溶液）应在实验时同 时进行；在对照组中任何颜色的改变都表明实验被 污染或者技术不可靠。
REMEMBER SAFETY PROCEDURES
程序，步骤
1.
2.
Wear eye protection when heating solutions. Use a safety移液管 pipette – no 移液 pipetting by mouth.
为了使这些检测结果具有比较性，我们可以去 比较几种不同待测溶液中蛋白质的含量，而且必须 要使尽可能多的因素保持不变。
― ― ―
Equal volumes of reagents should be used in each test; 每组实验使用等量的试剂 Results should be compared after equal time 间隔，间距 intervals; 相同时间间隔后比较实验结果 Any necessary heating should be carried out in a water bath for a fixed period of time; 进行，完成
阳性结果：溶液 变成蓝黑色，说 明淀粉存在
结合到……
Principle:iodine binds to the centre of the starch helix,forming a starch-iodine complex which is intense blue-black in colour.
本尼迪特试剂
阴性结果：溶液仍 然为蓝色，说明不 存在还原糖
Heat with 2 cm3 Benedict’s reagent
阳性结果：产生红黄 色沉淀，说明存在还 原糖
Negative result (solution remains clear blue)=absence of reducing sugar
1.加热溶液时戴上护目镜。 2.使用安全的移液器，不要用嘴移液。
姓名： 学号：
碘结合到淀粉螺旋的中心，形成一种 强烈的蓝黑色 淀粉-碘 复合物。
Ⅰ
• Remove a 2 cm3 sample
乳液，乳化剂
Ⅱ
• Perform emulsion test (add 5cm3 of ethanol to sample – mix –add to 5cm3 water - shake)
peptide linkage肽键
N.B.
In order to make these tests comparative,e.g.to compare the amount of protein present in several different test solutions,it is essential that as many factors as possible are maintained constant. 基本的， 必要的 不变的 For example,
产生颜色更深的沉淀，说明还 原糖与非还原糖同时存在
•Principle:Copper (II) sulphate,which forms a blue solution under alkaline conditions,is reduced to copper (I) oxide,which forms a brick-red precipitate under the same conditions.
TESTING FOR BIOCHEMICALS
Aqueous solution,suspension or extract of test substance.
aqueous adj.水的，水般的 suspension n.悬浮，悬浮液
待测物质的水溶液或悬浮液。
Remove a 2 cm3 sample
Remove a 2 cm3 sample 碘 add a drop of Iodine solution (iodine in potassium iodide solution) 钾 Positive result (blue-black coloration)=starch present
加入一滴 碘溶液
Positive result (green to orange-red precipitate)=reducing sugar present
水解 中和
Hydrolyse with dil.HCl and neutralize with NaHCO3
浓盐酸
浅蓝色 溶液
Heat with 2 cm3 Benedict’s reagent