2015考研英语完形填空十大逻辑关系词
完形填空常见五种逻辑关系

完形填空常见五种逻辑关系-CAL-FENGHAI-(2020YEAR-YICAI)_JINGBIAN从完型填空的命题形式来看,每个空都不是孤立存在的,而是处在一整篇文章的大背景之中的。
从这个角度来说,完型文章实际上是由已知信息和未知信息构成。
通过相关已知信息提供的线索进行分析总结,结合选项定位出答案,这就是完型解题的基本方法。
而相关已知信息一般在上下句之中,而上下句之间往往有明显的逻辑关系,因此熟练把握这种逻辑关系就成为解题的关键所在。
逻辑关系题是完型填空的重要考查点,且容易得分,故成为完型的重要得分点。
完型中主要考察的五大逻辑关系为:对立关系、因果关系、并列关系、总分关系和递进关系。
一、对立关系包括让步和转折关系,常见的标志词和短语:but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。
如2000年完型第41题:He must store a large quantity of grain ___ consuming all his grain immediately.[A]other than [B]as well as[C]instead of[D]more than答案:C解析:此处考查的是逻辑关系,需要根据空前和空后来判断。
空前“储存了大量粮食”与空后“消耗所有粮食”形成对立关系,选C instead of。
二、因果关系常用的标志词和短语有:because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, lest, as a result, for this reason等。
2015考研英语冲刺必看:写作13种逻辑关系

2015考研英语冲刺复习正在紧锣密鼓的进行着,在距离硕士研究生考试还有90天多的时间里,考研英语想拿高分,冲刺阶段对英语写作下辛苦才是正点,考研英语写作部分是否能提高分,主要是看同学们如何复习,整理了英语写作必知的13种逻辑关系,帮助同学们冲刺阶段复习更顺利。
因果关系:… and so…; another important factor/reason …; as a consequence; as a result; as; because; because of; being that; consequently; due to; for the reason that; for the same reason; for; hence; for this reason; in consequence; in that… ; in view of; owing to; since; so; … so that…; the reason seems obvious; there are about…; therefore; thus; obviously; evidently并列关系:and; also; as well as; both … and …; either… or …; neither… nor …; not only… but also…; in the same way; too序列关系: first…, second…, third…, and so forth; A…, B…, C…, and so forth; next; then; following this; at the same time; now; at this point; after; afterwards; subsequently; finally; previously; before this; simultaneously; concurrently; thus; therefore; hence; next; and then; soon递进关系:accordingly; as a popular saying goes…; as far as… is concerned; at the same time; besides; even; further; furthermore; in addition; in order to…; in other words; in the first place…, in the second place…; in this way; meanwhile; moreover; not only…, but also…; not… but…; lastly; for one thing…, for another…转折关系:yet; but; unless; despite that; in spite of; though; although; although this may be true; even so; even though; however; sometimes; once in a while; independent of; reckless of; regardless of时空关系:afterwards; as soon as; at least; before; eventually; every; first; first of all; first and foremost; for a start; meanwhile; in the meantime; while; now; next; not … until; later; formerly; previously; prior to; since then; since; subsequently; till; to begin with; to start with; when; then条件关系:as long as; even if; even though; if it necessary; if not all; if possible; if so; if; lest; once; provided that; unless重复关系:in brief; as I have said; as I have noted; as has been noted; as is mentioned above比较关系:apart from; by the same token; compared with; in comparison with; in the same vein; like; likewise; rather t han; similarly; similarly important; equally; when compared with; when in fact…对比关系:after all; as opposed to; balanced against; up against; vis a vis; where; conversely; on the one hand… on the other hand…; contrary to; conversely unlike; different from this; however; in contrast; nevertheless; on the contrary; oppose to; whereas; while举例关系:a good example would be; for example; for instance; in this case; in another case; on this occasion; in this situation; take the case of; to demonstrate; to illustrate; according to; as an illustration; as for; as regards; as to; in particular; including; namely; notably; such as; like; take… as an example; you may say总结关系:accordingly; altogether; as a result; consequently; hence; in one word; in brief; in short; in other words; in summary; on the whole; in conclusion; overall; the conclusion can be safely drawn that…; therefore; to conclude; to sum up; summing up; as I have shown; as I have said; hence; all in all强调关系:definitely; extremely; obviously; absolutely; positively; naturally; surprisingly; always; forever; perennially; eternally; emphatically; never; unquestionably; without a doubt; certainly; surely; undeniably; without reservation; believe it or not; especially; particularly; in particular; specifically; in fact; as a matter of fact; actually; in deed; moreover; not to mention…; what is more important; notably; that is;以上是为同学们整理的13种英语写作必知逻辑关系,希望同学们能谨记于心。
2015年考研英语(一)深度解析:完型

2015年考研英语(一)深度解析:完型1. [A] what【解析】此题考查疑问代词辨析:题干中过去分词短语published from the University of California and Yale University…作后置定语,修饰study,而真正的句子主干是That is 1 a study has 2 .简化后的句子可以让我们清晰地看出第一题要说的是研究study的具体内容是what,不是方式how,也不是原因why,更不是时间when。
2. [B] concluded【解析】此题考查动词辨析:同第一题一样,根据简化的句子That is what a study has 2 来解题。
题目选择的动词是说明study怎样才有了上面what表示的内容。
所以此题选择concluded“推断;得出结论”。
其他的动词据不符合要求。
3. [D] on【解析】此题考查介词辨析:根据题干The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects的要求,所选择的介词能用在conduct“实施;进行”之后,又得和subject 搭配,所以这个题目应该选择on,构成on some subjects“关于某类主题”。
4. [C] compared【解析】此题考查动词辨析:通过观察题干,我们发现第4题位于which引导的定语从句之内,作从句的谓语动词。
Which修饰主句的主语study“研究”,如此补全定语从句就是:The study 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers…所以正确答案选择C。
该项研究是对比所选择的两个样本。
其他选项都不符合题意。
5. [C] samples【解析】此题考查名词辨析:The same people were used in both 5 .通过观察题干,我们发现第5题空前的单词是both,表示“两者都…”。
解答完形填空需考虑的十种逻辑关系

解答完形填空需考虑的十种逻辑关系1因果关系文中前后句之间是因果关系时,两句之间往往有表示原因和结果的关联词,如:because, so, as a result等;但是,有时两句之间却没有表示因果的信号词,这时前后句之间存在着一种隐性的因果关系。
[例1] He might not have done this particularly well, 46 the teacher told Gabriel that he had a good ear and suggested that Gabriel go into the music store-room to see if any of the instruments there appealed to him. (2017年江苏卷)46. A. because B. butC. thoughD. so解析:本题考查表示前后句之间逻辑关系的连接词。
句意:他也许弹(钢琴)得并不特别好,因为老师说他对音乐的领悟能力不错,并建议他去乐器贮藏室看看是否有令他喜欢的乐器。
他弹得不够好,也许是因为钢琴不太适合他,是因果关系,故选A。
[例2] They saw a man 36 out of a garbage can. She asked her mother why he did that and her mother said that the man was homeless and hungry. (2017年北京卷)36. A. jumping B. eatingC. cryingD. waving解析:后一句中的“the man was homeless and hungry(这个男人无家可归且饥肠辘辘)”表示原因,本句表示结果,即前果后因。
由因推果,可知“他们看见一个男人正在捡垃圾桶里的食物吃”,故选B。
2条件关系条件关系就是指从句提出一种条件,主句说明在这种条件下产生的结果。
考研英语完形填句常考的逻辑关系词

indeed, in fact, in any event / case, at no time, to tell the truth
做完型填空,需要把握各段落、句子之间的逻辑关系,这样才能加深对文章的全面理解,因此,应熟记表达各种不同逻辑关系的连词,这些逻辑关系词主要包括:
③下定义时所伴随的过度词:namely, in other words, that is to say, or rather
完形填空中要注意的连接词与连接语
一般把连接词与连接语分为以下三类:
1.表明事件发生的时间顺序:
then, first, at once, next, after that, previously, while, when, the following day, etc.
词要用虚拟语气,其形式为动词过去式。
例如:I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad
weather.
③ 与“would rather”类似的句型还有
3)Effect:
as a result, hence, therefore, consequently, thus, so, etc.
4)Contrasting:
in / by contrast, on the contrary, on the other hand, nevertheless, whereas, while, yet, however, but, etc.
考研英语完形填句常考的逻辑关系词
完形填空逻辑关系整理

完形填空逻辑关系整理一、逻辑关系题1.对立关系【前后内容的含义相互对立】●表示对立关系的标志词汇:while,whereas,unlike,contrary to,in contrast (to),rather than,on the contrary,by contrast, of,not...but...,against,ignore,conversely,opposite等2.转折关系【对立关系的一种】●与对立关系的区别:对立关系的两方完全相反,转折关系只要前后意思不一致即可●表示转折关系的标志词汇:but,however,yet,nevertheless,while,otherwise等●说明:由于转折关系以及让步关系都可以属于对立关系,所以表示这三种关系的部分标志词汇有时可以通用3.让步关系【对立关系的一种;让步即为退一步说,即使条件变了也不影响结果】●比转折关系的程度要浅一些●表示让步关系的标志词汇:although,though,while,even,even though,evenif,in spite of,anyway,despite,regardless of等4.一致性关系【前后内容表意一致,如并列关系】●并列关系●与对立、转折、让步关系相反,只要文章前后句语义一致,便是并列关系。
或者,只要看到表示并列关系的标志词汇,就可以判断出文章前后句的语义一致●表示并列关系的标志词汇:also,besides,along with,indeed,and,likewise,or,not only...but also...,(n)either...(n)or...,that is to say,similarly,in the same way,the same as,as well as,like,meanwhile等●其他一致性关系【没有表示并列关系的词汇,也没有表示对立、转折、让步等关系的标志词汇时,基本可以判定上下文之间存在一致性】●上下文语义一致【没有对立、转折、让步等逻辑关系时,可以默认上下文之间为并列或顺承关系,即上下文语义一致】●前后词类一致【在某一特定场景下用到同一类词】●感情色彩一致●同义复现【上下文中出现过与空格里所需选择的词相一致的词语或者与空格所在句子相一致的句型】5.递进关系【并列关系的一种,程度更深】●表示递进关系的标志词汇:indeed,above all,furthermore,what's more,moreover,still(与比较级连用时),instead,even,in particular等6.因果关系【包括因和果两个部分】●表原因:because,in that,now that,since,as,for,after all,as a result of,considering that,seeing that等●表结果:so(...) that(...),such that,as a result,lead to,consequently,therefore,hence,thus,so等7.总分关系/举例关系#非常重要●前后讲的是同一件事情,前面总述(通常有复数名词),后面分述(通常有单数名词),或者前后是同一个范畴内的事物,前总后分;或前面提到了一个较为抽象的事物或概念,后面将其具体化,实现从抽象到具体的过程●表示总分关系的标志词汇:for example,for instance,such as,to illustrate,like(比如),to take an example,let’s imagine,more specifically speaking,according to,in particular(放在例子后)等8.条件关系【一部分提到了某个条件或假设,其他部分则说明在这种条件或假设下会产生何种结果】●表示条件关系的标志词汇:if,so long as,only if,unless,as long as,supposethat,supposing,provided that,in case,when,with等9.列举关系●表示列举关系的标志词汇:first,second,last,to begin with/to continue,next,first/then,on one hand/on the other hand,for one thing/for another,one/another,some/others/still others等10.解题方法●同义相斥原则(看选项)●while,whereas都表示对立关系,但同时出现时,因为while比whereas更正式,故选择while●indeed和其他表示递进关系的标志词汇相比,更加注重强调,因此当逻辑关系是递进逻辑时,选择indeed●not题:在空格(题目)前后出现“not”单词●选择表示对立/转折/让步关系的标志词汇●除第一段以外的段首如果让填逻辑关系词,则选择对立关系词;若无对立关系词选项,则选择递进关系词●如果逻辑关系词前后内容有包容性,即总分关系,则选择举例关系词二、动词题1.根据主语和宾语的逻辑关系做题2.看主语—是人还是物●主语必须是人的动词:doubt,intend,require,regard,be impressed by,believe,notice等●主语必须是物的动词:manifest等●主语可以是人或物的动词:show等3.看宾语—是人还是物●只能跟人作宾语的谓语动词:assure,impress,side with(赞同),share with等●可跟人跟物的动词:ensure,agree with等●说明:在确定选项范围缩小至assure与ensure时,选择ensure;同理,在确定选项范围缩小至side with与agree with时,选择agree with4.看宾语—是抽象名词还是具体名词●抽象名词作宾语:enhance(quality)等●具体名词作宾语:fasten(系紧),label(贴标签),feed等●宾语既可以是抽象名词也可以是具体名词:tighten等●说明:在确定范围缩小至fasten与tighten时,选择tighten5.根据动词后的介词及介词后的宾语三、形容词题1.形容词作定语时,形容词修饰的名词是解题线索2.形容词作表语时,主语就是解题线索3.形容词修饰名词时,并且名词后有定语或同位语,则形容词修饰的名词、名词后的定语或同位语同时作为解题线索4.副词修饰形容词时,副词就是解题线索四、名词题1.名词作主语时,谓语和宾语就是解题线索2.名词作宾语时,主语和谓语就是解题线索3.名词作表语时,主语就是解题线索4.名词被定语修饰时,定语就是解题线索5.介词后填名词时,通常考察固定搭配五、副词题1.根据副词所修饰的对象来做题2.根据副词所在语境来做题3.根据文章中心来做题。
干货分享:考研英语八大逻辑关系词汇

干货分享:考研英语八大逻辑关系词汇考研英语阅读重在素材的积累,而词汇和短语更是素材积累的基础,考研英语大纲也不能全面的覆盖词汇和短语。
下面凯程张老师整理总结了英语常见的八种逻辑关系词汇,方便大家记忆!常见的八种逻辑关系不论是阅读、完型还是作文,逻辑关系词的用法都无比重要。
一、并列关系and,and also,or,neither…nor,either…or,likewise,similarly,equally,in the same way,that is to say,as well as,same…as;二、递进关系then,also,besides,additionally,furthermore,moreover,in addition,what is more, indeed,even;三、因果关系because,for,since,as,thus,hence,therefore,so,so(such)…that,so that, consequently,accordingly,according to,due to,thanks to,as a result,because of,in that,in response to/with,for this reason,lead to,too…to,with;四、转折关系but,however,yet,on the contrary,in fact,by contrast,on the other hand, unfortunately,while,whereas,unlike,rather than,instead of,contrary to;五、让步关系although,though,even though,even if,nevertheless,despite,in spite of;六、列举关系first-second-last of all,first-then,to begin with-to continue/next,on one hand-on the other hand,for one thing-for another thing,one-another,some-others-still others;七、举例关系such as,for example,for instance,of these/those/them,say,among these/those/them,to illustrate,as an illustration,to take an example,more specifically speaking,namely;八、总结关系in all,in brief,in short,in a word,in general,in conclusion,altogether,to sum up,to summarize,to conclude,to generalize,to put it in one word,above all.感谢凯程对本文的贡献!。
归纳总结:考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词

归纳总结:考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词归纳总结:考研英语中常见的逻辑关系词句子结构在英语知识运用中主要体现在句子间的逻辑关系上,考生需要熟知各种常见的逻辑关系词。
这些逻辑关系主要体现在一些连词、副词以及某些介词词组上。
具体可以分为以下几类:表示转折/让步关系:but, however, nevertheless, whereas, although, despite, in spite of, still表示比较或对比关系:similarly, in the same way, likewise, whereas, in contrast to, rather than表示因果关系:because, since, now that, on account of, due to, on the ground of, accordingly, consequently, therefore, thus, hence表示并列关系:and, or表示举例与例证关系:for example, for instance, specially, such as, as follows表示强调关系:in fact, in particular, particularly, above all, undoubtedly, certainly表示顺承关系:in addition, furthermore, besides, likewise此外,逻辑关系不仅可以成为直接的考查对象,而且还可以利用这些逻辑关系寻找其他题目的解题线索。
让步关系考查举例:例:2006年英语知识运用真题的第7题__7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is…7. [A] Now that [B] Although [C] Provided [D] Except that答案为[B] Although分析:根据选项可以得知本题是一道逻辑关系题,解此题需要判断空格所在句中主从句的逻辑关系。
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根据对总结历年真题的总结发现,完型填空中的逻辑关系词总共有十大类。
第一:并列关系。
并列关系是比较简单的一种逻辑关系词。
常考的标志词:and, and or so, not only…but also, neither nor, that is to say. 我们看一个真题:
1996(41):They do not provide energy, ___do they construct or build and part of the body.
[A]either [B]so [C]nor [D]never
观察一下这句话,有一个显著的特点是在横线后面的语序采用的是倒装语序,那么回忆一下语法中哪些情况可以引起句子倒装呢?肯定有否定词前置引起句子倒装。
同时,在本句中,逗号之前的句子有否定词,因此,横线上选择的词汇必然要满足两个条件,第一可以前面的否定呼应,第二,可以引起句子倒装。
所以,纵观四个选项,只有nor 满足两个条件,为正确答案。
第二:因果关系。
因果关系词是比较容易判断的一种逻辑关系,前面叙述原因,后面叙述结果,反之亦然。
但是,在历年考研完型填空中,经常出现广大考生不熟悉的词组,为了帮助考生辨认,我将这些短语列出如下:because, for, so that, such… that , in order that, due to, thanks to, in response to , considering that. 考生看到这样的短语就要想到是因果关系,反过来,判断出上下句逻辑关系是因果,要能够从选项中选出这些短语。
第三:转折关系。
常用逻辑连接词有but, yet, however, on the contrary, on the other hand.下面我们看一道真题。
看看这样的问题我们应该怎样解决。
1996(50)Many people ,___,believe in being on the “safe side” and thus take extra vitamins.
[A]nevertheless [B]therefore [C]moreover [D]meanwhile
我们看这道题的四个选项,就是让我们选择逻辑关系词,所以,我们首先要判断前后两句的逻辑关系。
上文说“尽管获取过量的维生素对身体没有营养价值,但获得足够的维生素对人的生命是至关重要的”而这句表达的大概意思为很多人——为了安全起见,服用额外的维生素。
从这两句话,我们可以感觉出来是转折关系。
因此,纵观四个选项,只有A表示转折,为正确答案。
第四:让步关系。
常用逻辑连接词有although, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of, regardless of, anyway, anyhow.
第五:递进关系。
常用逻辑连接词有aslo, then, besides, in addition, furthermore, what’s more. 我们来看一道考研真题。
1994 The words used by the speaker may _44__ unfavorable reactions in the listener __45__ interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.
__46___, inaccurate or indefinite words may make _47____ difficult for the listener to understand the __48___ which is being transmitted to him.
46 [A]Moreover [B]However [C]Preliminarily [D]Unexpectedly
我们看这道题,第一段文字是在说词汇可能会导致听话人错误的理解。
而46空格后面继续说用词不准确会怎么样。
由此,我们可以看出,这两段之间的关系应该是递进,即进一步说明用词不当会带来的后果。
A选项刚好是递进关系比较常见的逻辑关系词。
A为正确选项。
第六:列举顺序关系。
常用逻辑词有first, then, on one hand, some…others…still others. 最后一个短语如果出现,各位考生需要能够辨认出这种形式。
第七:对比关系。
常用逻辑词有while, whereas, as, rather…than, instead of. 在对比关系的句子中,前后两部分应该有明显的对比成分。
例如:2007年(12)____most leaders sought to maintain Catholicism ____ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the _____ of other faiths.
46 [A]Since [B]If [C]Unless [D]While
我们仔细看一下这道题,不难发现在逗号前后的两个句子形成明显的对比,同时,有很明确的对比成分“sought to” .所以认真分析四个选项,只有D选项while 可以表示对比关系,即为正确选项。
第八:时间关系。
常用逻辑词有when, since, as, meanwhile, at the same time等。
这种关系比较好理解。
我们在这里不做过多说明。
第九:举例关系。
常用逻辑词有 of(these), among.
第十:条件关系。
这种关系是考生判断的难点。
常用逻辑词有if, only if, if only, unless, otherwise, as soon as, in case, suppose that 等。
判断这种逻辑关系的重点在于仔细阅读前后两句话是不是一方以另外一方为条件。
例如:2000(2) He can continue to support himself and his family____ he produces a surplus.
[A]only if [B]much as [C]long before [D]ever since
在这道题中,原文的主线是在讨论农民储存余粮的必要性问题。
而这句话他能继续养活自己和家庭,只有在他有生产剩余的时候。
根据这样对主线的分析以及前后句的了解,可以很确定前后句的关系为:后句是前句的条件。
四个选项中只有A表示条件关系,即为正确答案。