英语专业语言学概论B卷参考答案
期末考试试卷
年级：15级专业(学科)：英语17 — 18 学年第二学期语言学概论B卷参考答案
I.Multiple Choice. (15%)
1-5：ACCCB 6—10：DBADC
II.True or False Questions. (15%)
1—5：TTFTT6—10：TFFTT
III.Define the following terms. (25%)
1.Displacement means that human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present (in time and space) at the moment of conversation.
2.According to the theory of the illocutionary act, illocutionary force refers to speaker’s meaning, contextua l meaning, or extra meaning.
3. Free morphemes refer to those which can occur alone, that is, those which may make up words by themselves. For example, dog, boy and close are all free morphemes.
4. Construal is the ability to conceive and portray the same situation in alternate ways through specificity, different mental scanning.
5.Morphology is one branch of linguistics and it studies the minimal units of meaning – morphemes and word-formation processes.
IV.Short answer questions. (20%)
1.To say that linguistics is a descriptive science is to say that the linguist tries to discover and record the rules to which the members of a language-community actually conform and does not seek to impose upon them other rules, or norms, of correctness. Prescriptive linguistics aims to lay down rules for the correct use of language and settle the disputes over usage once and for all. (6%)
2.Ogden and Richards presented the classic “Semantic Triangle” as manifested in the following diagram, in which the “symbol” refers to the linguist elements (word,
sentence, etc.), the “referent” refers to the object in the world of experience, and the “thought” or “reference” refers to concept or notion. Thus the symbol of a word signifies “things” by virtue of the “concept,” a ssociated with the form of the word in the mind of the speaker of the language. The concept thus considered is the meaning of the word. The connection (represented with a dotted line) between symbol and referent is made possible only through “concept.”(7%)
3.A synchronic study takes a fixed instant (usually at present) as its point of observation. Saussure’s diachronic description is the study of a language through the course of its history. E.g. a study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time would be synchronic, and a study of the changes English has undergone since then would be a diachronic study. In modern linguistics, synchronic study seems to enjoy priority over diachronic study. The reason is that unless the various state of a language are successfully studied it would be difficult to describe the changes that have taken place in its historical development..(7%)
V.Short Essay writing (25%)
1.Women register takes on the following features:
(1) women use more “fancy” color terms such as “mauve” and “beige”.
(2) Women use less powerful curse words.
(3) Women use more intensifiers such as “terrible” and “awful”.
(4)Women use more tag questions.
(5) women use more statement questions like “Dinner will be ready at seven o’clock?” (with a rising intonation at the end).
(6) Women’s linguistic behavior is more indirect and, hence, more polite than men’s. More importantly, it is argued that these differences in language use are brought about by nothing less than women’s place in society. More cogently, the linguistic differences between men and women are culturally and socially governed.(13%)
2.Semantics and pragmatics are both linguistic studies of meaning. What essentially
distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use is considered. If it is not considered, the study is restricted to the area of traditional semantics; if it is considered, the study is carried out in the area of pragmatics.
Semantics studies sentences as units of the abstract linguistic system while pragmatics studies utterances as instances of the system. The former stops at the sentence level; the latter looks at bigger chunks of conversation. The former regards sentences as stable products; the latter treats utterances as dynamic processes. The former analyses sentences in isolation; the latter analyses utterances in close connection with their contexts of situation.(12%)。
语言学概论考试B评分标准与答案
天津师范大学考试2010—2011 学年第二学期期末考试《语言学概论》试卷（ B 卷）答案及评分标准一、填空题: （每空0.5 分，本大题共10 分）1．表意文字表音文字2．发音时气流是否受阻3．历史稳定性（稳固性）全民常用性（全民性）构词的能产性（能产性）4、增添删除（删减）5．渐变性不平衡性6．清浊，舌位高舌位低7．时位调位重位8．舌位的高低、舌位的前后、唇形的圆展（圆与不圆）二、名词解释。
（每小题2 分，本大题共10 分）1．语音：2. 历史比较语言学：3. 条件变体：4. 性：5. 方言词：三、分析题: （本大题共30 分，每小题6 分）1. 分析下列句法结构中歧义出现的原因并加以分化（6 分）A 爱慕的是小王：分化：别人爱慕的人是小王；小王爱慕的是别人。
歧义出现的原因是“小王”的施受关系不明。
B 王熙凤也不知道哪儿去了分化：别人也不知道王熙凤哪儿去了，王熙凤也不知道别人哪儿去了。
歧义出现的原因是“王熙凤”的施受关系不明。
C 修了一条乡村公路分化：把一条（坏了的）乡村公路修好了；修出（成）了一条乡村公路。
歧义出现的原因是“路”到底是表示结果还是表示受事关系不明。
D 这个灯笼挂了一天了分化：这个灯笼已经挂上去了，挂上去的时间是一天。
这个灯笼挂了一天了还没有挂上去。
歧义出现的原因是动词“挂”既有“持续”的语义特征，又有“完成” 的语义特征。
2. 用严式国际音标给下列汉字注音（6 分）春眠不觉晓花落知多少答案略3. 分析下列各词的结构类型，并指出各语素的性质：（6 分）学员：附加式（派生词）；词根+后缀。
烟头儿：附加式（派生词）；词根+词根+后缀。
秋千：单纯词；双声词。
Returns：附加式；词干+词尾。
blackboard :复合词；词根+词根。
抗菌素：复合词；前缀+词根+词根。
4. 下列语言属于不同的语系，试将它们进行分类（6 分）印欧语系：西班牙语、波兰语、印地语、德语、意大利语；阿尔泰语系：哈萨克语、满语、蒙古语；南岛语系：高山语；南亚语系：佧瓦语；闪——含语系：阿拉伯语汉藏语系：苗语。
语言学概论练习题(有答案)
语言学概论练习题（有答案），很棒哦~~今天最新增加了北语历年真题2000-2009，还有语言学、文字学专业复试完整版（04-07年），还有北大的真题，也可以作为练习和参考。
但是我要声明：里面的北语真题很全，但是电子版的资料是我在网上四处找到的，不是北语的资料，不能代替北语的笔记，只作为参考。
我这里有夏大的语概的练习题，宝贵之处是他有答案，而且题目出的也不错。
可以作为复习的参考资料（但是不否认里面有一小部分题目和北语的笔记有点点出入，大家遇到这样的地方还要以北语笔记为准）,有些题目的设置和答案做的是很不错的，特别是思考题部分和北语的试题比较接近。
这里先把第一、二章的内容给大家。
第1-2章：思考题部分1、汉人说的就是汉语，英国人说的就是英语，对吗？为什么？注意!!!不正确。
语言不是说话，不管中国人还是英国人，他们说出来的话属于言语的一部分内容，是具体的、个别的言语活动；而他们在说话时所遵循的确定的规则才是语言。
人们所说的话是使用语言的产物，即运用语言才产生的言语活动。
因此，我们不能把人们所说的话与他们所使用的语言等同起来。
2、语言与言语的区别和联系是什么？为什么要把语言和言语区分开来？语言是词汇系统和语法系统的总和，是言语活动中同一社会群体共同掌握的、有规律可循而又成系统的那一部分；说话就是对规则系统的运用，相同的规则生成不同的句子。
语言和言语的主要区别：（1）从运用角度来说：言语是自由的；而语言是有规则的，不自由的。
（2）从语言学角度分析：言语包括张口说话的动作（言语动作）、说话代码（语言）以及说、写、想的话（言语作品）；而语言是言语中较为确定的部分。
（3）从表现形式看：言语是个人的，有个人特点；而语言是社会的。
（4）从哲学角度看：言语是具体的、个别的；而语言是抽象的、一般的。
语言和言语的联系：（1）语言存在于言语之中。
（2）语言存在以说话的需要为前提。
（3）言语是对语言的具体运用，是行为和结果。
语言学概论相关试题及答案
语言学概论相关试题及答案《语言学概论》相关试题及答案1、How to define language? What are the design features of language?Definition: Language is a system of arbitrary vocal and symbols used for human communication.The design features of language are Arbitrariness, Duality, Creativity and Displacement. The illustrations are as followed.Firstly, Arbitrariness’s meaning was discussed by Saussure. It refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationship to their meaning. For instance, we can’t explain why a book is called a /buk/ and a pen a /pen/. Instead of going to extreme, more would agree that there seems to be different levels of arbitrariness. There is arbitrary relationship between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. For example, dogs bark “bowwow” in English but “汪汪” in Chinese. And syntax is purely arbitrary to some people. Functionalists hold that the most strictly arbitrary level of language exists in the distinctive units of sounds by which we distinguish pairs of words like “pin” and “bin”, or “fish” and “dish”. So Arbitrariness is the first feature.Secondly, Duality refers to the property of having two levels of structures, units of the primary level being composed of elements of the secondary level and each level having its own principles of organization according to Lyons. Roughly speaking, the elements of the spoken language are sounds which do not convey meaning in themselves. The only function of sounds is to combine with one another to form units that have meaning, such as words. We call sounds here secondary units asopposed to such primary units as words. So Duality is the second feature.Thirdly, Language is creative in another sense, that is, its potential to create endless sentences according to Chomskian linguistics. For example, we can write a sentence like the following and go on endlessly: He bought a book which was written by a teacher who taught in a school which was know for its graduates who…In other words, language is characterized by its creativity, as grammar enables us to produce infinite number of sentences.Lastly, Displacement means that human language enable their users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not present(in time and space) at the moment of communication. Thus, I can refer to Confucius, or the North Pole, even though the first has been dead for over 2500 years and the second is situated far away from us.All in all, these features are so important that makeshuman language more complicated and flexible.2、How do you understand the functions of language?Many categorizations of Functions of language have been made. Language is put to in our daily life (such as to chat, to think, to buy and sell, to read and write, to greet people) or perform in human communication. But the most basic and important theories are Jakobson’s classification and Halliday’s theory of metafunctions. For Jakobson and the Prague school structuralists, language is above all, as any sematic system, for commu nication. In Jakobson’s article, “Linguistics and Poetics” , he defined the six primary factors of any speech event, namely :SPEAKER, ADDRESSEE, CONTEXT, MESSAGE, CODE, and CONTACT.His well-know framework of language functions, namely:REFERENTIAL, POETIC, EMOTIVE, CONATIVE, PHATIC and METALINGUAL. Besides, Halliday proposed seven categories of language function, that is, instrumental, regulatory, representational, interactional, personal, heuristic and imaginative. Thus, the function of language can be summarized into seven categories: Referential Function, Interpersonal Function, Performative Function, Emotive Function, Phatic Communication, Recreational Function and Metalingual Function. The illustrations are as followed.Referential Function also can be called INFORMATIONAL, or REFERENTIAL, or IDEATIONAL. It means that function is associated with what objects and ideas are called and how events are described. For example, for the same event-someone broke the vase in his colleague’s hou se whil e the latter went to the other room to answer the phone, the following things can be said, “I broke the vase”，“The vase was broken by me”, “The vase broke” etc. And each represents a choice in the TRANSITIVITY system realizing the IDEATIONAL METAFUNCTION.Interpersonal Function is variational and negotiable aspects of language in contrast to conventional concerns with the more ideational, content-based and stable relations between forms and meaning. In short, it is interactional and attitudinal. For example, the ways in which people address others and refer to themselves(e.g. “Dear Sir”, “Dear Professor”, “Johnny”, “yours”, “your obedient servant”) indicate the various grades of interpersonal relations. What’s more, the interpersonal function is often discussed under various other terms as performative, emotive, expressive and phatic function of language. They emphasize different aspects of the interpersonal function.Performative Function originates from the philosophiscal study of language represented by Austin and Searle. It is primarily to change the social status of persons as in marriage ceremonies, the sentencing ceremony, and the cursing of enemies. The kind of language employed in performative verbal acts is usually quite formed and even ritualized. For example, in Chinese when someone breaks a bowl or a plate the host or the people present are likely to say “岁岁(碎碎)平安” as a means of controlling the forces which the believers feel might affect their lives.Emotive Function is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something. It is also a means of getting rid of our nervous energy when we under stress. For example, swear words, obscenities, involuntary verbal reactions to beautiful art or scenery; conventional words/phrases, like “God”, “My”, “Dame it”, “What a sight”, “Wow”, “Ugh”, “Ow” etc. It is also discussed under the term EXPRESSIVE function.P hatic Communication originates from Mal inowski’s study of the functions of language used on Trobriand Islands. It refers to the social interaction of language. For example, Mrs. P sneezes violently. Mrs. Q: Bless you. Mrs. P: Thank you. We all use such small seemingly meaningless expressions to maintain a comfortable relationship between people without involving any factual content. Ritual exchanges about health or weather such as “Good morning!”,“God bless you!”, “Nice day!” often state the obvious. Some typical expressions of phatic communicat ion in Chinese ar e: “好久不见”, “祝你一路顺风”，and “过年好”etc.The Recreational Function is use for the sheer joy, such as ababy’s babbling or a chanter’s chanting. In China, there widespread use of verbal dueling. When we observe a children’s play, we can find nonsensical lyrics performing a recreational function in the game. Adults also have their way to appreciate language for its own sake. For instance, poetry writing gives them the pleasure of using language for its sheer joy.Metalingual Function means that our language can be used to talk about itself. For example, I can use the word “book” to refer to a book or talk about the concept “book” ,and I can also use the expression “the word ‘book’” to talk about the sign “book” itself. To organize any written text i nto a coherent whole, writers employ certain expressions to keep their readers informed about where they are and where they are going. For instance, instead of saying “The lion beat the unicorn all round the town.”, They say “All around the town the lion b eat the unicorn,” The change in linear order chang es our perspective about the concerns of clause.This is the METALINGUAL function of language, or in Halliday’s term, the TEXTUAL FUNCTION.3、How many speech organs are involved in speaking? How can we study phonetics?There are 23 speech organs are involves in speaking. They are the LUNGS, the TRACHEA(or wind-pipe), the THROAT, the NOSE, and the MOUTH. What’s more, they are the TONGUE, the PALATE, the PHARYNX, the LARYNX, the VOCAL FOLDS(or VOCAL CARDS), the VOCAL TRACT, the ORAL CAVITY and the NASAL CA VITY. Besides, they are also BRONCHIOLES, the BRONCHI, the VENTRICULAR FOLDS, the LIP, the TEETH, the ALVEOLAR RIDGE, the HARD PALATE, the SOFT PALATE, the UVULA and the MANDIBLE.PHONETICS is a matter of anatomy and physiology, referring to speech organs and their functions, speech sounds, waves carrying speech sounds, analysis and processing of the sounds by the listener. It can be further divided into anatomy and physiology of speech, articulatory phonetics, acoustic phonetics, and auditory or perceptual phonetics. We can study phonetics from aspects as followed.First, we should use the notation system of the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ALPHABET(IPA). In 1886, the INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC ASSOCIATION was inaugurated by a small group of language teachers in France who had found the practice of phonetics useful in their teaching and wished to popularize their method. Its main principles were that there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears. The IPA has been revised and corrected several times and is now widely used in dictionaries and textbooks through the world. So we should learn IPA well if we want to learn PHONETICS.Secondly, we can study PHONETICS by learning Consonants and V owels well. Theoretically, as far as phoneticians are concerned, any segment must be either a vowel or a consonants. We can learn Consonants from these aspects: Manners of Articulation, Places of Articulation and the Consonants of English. Then we can study V owels from the Criteria of V owel Description, the Theory of Cardinal V owels。
英语语言学概论考试参考答案B卷.
河南农业大学2014—2015学年第 1学期《英语语言学概论》(专科参考答案(B 卷Ⅰ. Please define the following terms. (2 point x 51.Sense may be defined as the semantic relations between one word and another, ormore generally between one linguistic unit and another.2.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the same position in the strings, the two sound combinations are said to form a minimal pair.nguage is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels—thelower level is sounds which are meaningless and the higher level of meaning. And the higher level are formed with the help of lower level.4. A morpheme which can be a word by itself is called free morpheme.5.Polysemy refers to the phenomenon that one same word may have more than onemeaning.Ⅱ. Please make your judgment on the following statements and decide whether each of them is True or False. (1 point x 101-10T T F T F T F T T FⅢ. Please fill in the blanks with the right word or words. (1 point x 101. contribution2. purpose3. adequate4. exchange5. obscurity6. ambiguity7. competence8. performance9. S-structure 10. D-structureⅣ. Please choose the correct answer from the optional choices. (1 point x 101-10 B C B A B B A C B CⅤ. Please briefly answer the following questions. (30 points, 5 x 6ngue ---- the abstract linguistic system shared by all members of the speech community. And parole ---- the realization of langue in actual use.2. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and provides methods for their description, classification and transcription while phonology studies the patterning of speech sounds, that is, the ways in which speech sounds form systems and patterns in human languages.Both are concerned with the same aspect of language----the speech sounds. But they differ in their approach and focus.Phonetics is of general nature; it is interested in all the speech sounds used in allhuman languages; it aims to answer questions like: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they have, how they can be classified, etc.Phonology aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.3. Exhaustiveness/adequacyConsistencyEconomyObjectivity4. A root is that part of the word left when all the affixes (inflectional & derivational are removed, e.g. “desire”in “desirable”, “care” in “caref ully”, “nation” in “internationalism”, “believe” in “unbeliev(eable”…A base is any form to which affixes of any kind can be added. This means any stem and root can be termed as a base.5.(OmittedⅥ. Please answer the following questions (30 points, 15 x 21. Saussure was the first to notice the complexities of lanuage. He believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, signs must be part of a system of signs, called conventions. He held that the sign is the union of a form (signifier and an idea (signified, and it is the central fact of language.By providing answers to questions concerning many aspects of language, Saussure made clear th eobject of study for linguistics as ascience. His ideas on th earbitrary nature of sign, on the relational nature of linguistic units, on the distinction of langue and parole and of sychronic and diachronic linguistics, etc. Pushed linguistics into a new stage.2. Accroding to John Austin, a speaker might be performing 3 acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, and clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaing by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker’s intention. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting form saying something, it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance.The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the sentence consisting of all these wo rds “you”, “have”, “left”, “door”, “open”, etc. in correct, understandable English pronunciation, thus expressing what the words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.And the perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker’s message, i.e. he understands that the speaker means t o tell him to close the door, and thus closes the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.。
《英语语言学》答案完整版(可打印修改)
12. Morpheme 词素 It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes tour, -ist, and -s. 13. Immediate Constituent 直接成份 It is an approach to describe the regular structures of the language. It is designed to show constituents immediately, directly, below the level of a construction. 14. Syntax 句法；语法 The study of structure and ordering of components within a sentence. 15.semantics 语义学 The study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentence in particular. 16. Hyponymy 下义关系，上下位关系 When the meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another, the relationship is described as hyponymy. 17. Homonymy 同音异义 It is used when one word is written and spoken are the same while possessing different meanings. For example, the bank can be referred to a river and financial institution as well. 18.synonymy 同义 It refers to the case that two or more forms have very closely related meanings, which are often, but not always, intersubstitutable in sentence,such as broad and wide. 19. Pragmatics 语用学 The study of what the writer or speaker of those words intended to convey. 20. Synchronic 共时性，历时性 It is the case that we concentrate on variation in language in terms of differences within one language in different places and among different groups at the same time. 第一章 语言的起源 概念辨析 The “bow-wow” theory The “yo-heave-ho” theory 思考 “bow-wow”理论和“哟哦呵”理论的差异何在？ The former theory means that primitive words could have been imitations of the natural sounds which early men and women heard around them while‘yo-he-ho’ theory means a set of grunts, groans and curses involved in physical effort 自然声音模仿假说有什么不足之处？
语言学概论试题(卷)(与部分答案解析)
语言学概论试题（及部分答案）2004年10月15日A语言学概论试题及答案一、填空题、（每空1分，共15分）1、（）的建立，使语言学摆脱了过去的附庸地位，成为一门独立发展的科学。
2、语言符号的形式是（），语言符号的内容是（）3、一个音节可以没有起音和（），但决不可缺少（）。
5、附加在词根上，一般表示附加性词汇意义的语素叫（）。
6、交际的基本单位是（）。
7、语法手段可以分力两大类型：（）和（）。
8、语言发展有两个特点：（）和（）。
9、根据语言的亲属关系对语言的分类叫做（），也叫做（）。
10、文字起源于（）。
二、单选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，只有一个答案是正确的，请把你认确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
多选不给分。
每题1分，共15分）1、社会语言学属于（）①理论语言学②广义应用语言学③普通语言学④狭义应用语言学2、元音［］的名称是（）①舌尖后高圆唇元音②舌尖前高圆唇元音③舌尖后高不圆唇元音④舌尖前高不圆唇元音3、下列汉字的读音中，包含有三合元音的是（）①邮②欧③玩④农4、汉语普通话音节结构（）①最长由三个音素组成②最长由四个音素组成③最长由五个音素组成④最短由两个音素组成5、下列词中，属于单纯词的是（）①玻璃②黑扳③语言④红旗6、下列词中，属于复台词的是（）①傻子②席子③天子④椅子7、下列词组中，属于多义的是（）①两只学生送的花瓶②两位学生送的花瓶③两只学生送的花篮。
④两个学生送的花篮8、下列词中粗体的成分，属于同音关系的是（）①杜鲁门——杜绝②负荆一负担③忽然－－突然④花朵——浪花9、英语的‘foot”（脚，单数）变为“feet”（脚，复数）运用的语法手段是（）①附加②异根③内部屈折④重叠10、汉语普通话中的：“卡通片”中的“卡”是一个（）①语素②音节③前缀④词11、汉语中的：“了、着、过”在古代具有实实在在的词汇意义，到现代变成只表语义的助词，这属于（）①异化②类化③新语法范畴的形成④实词虚化12、下列语言中属于粘着语的是（）①苗语②越南语③俄语④日语13、在一种语言内部划脑言时，最主要的依据是（）①语法②语义③语音④词汇14、下列词的词义，属于词义缩小的是（）①“皮”原指兽皮②“涕”原指眼泪③“瓦”原指一切烧好的上器④“江”原捐“长江”15、人类几种古老文字的原始字形，都是（）①象形的②会意的③表音的④形声的三、多选题（在本题的每一小题的备选答案中，正确答案有三个或三个以上多请把为正确答案的题号，填入题干的括号内。
语言学概论题目及答案
语言学概论题目及答案Language n Exam (Part 1)I。
Fill in the blanks (1 point per blank。
15 points in total):1.Root words are the simplest。
most commonly used。
primitive。
___.nguage is the most ___。
and writing is the most ___.3.The Chinese language study。
consisting of exegesis。
calligraphy。
and phonology。
was established by ___。
___ "Xiaoxue."4.English belongs to the West Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.5.ics ___ for its n。
from a physical perspective for ___。
and from a social nal perspective for its role.6.___ ___.7.Most modern countries' ___.8.The three most basic grammatical units with different ___。
words。
and ___.9.The main characteristics of the development of language are gradualness and imbalance.10.Article 19 of the 1982 ___ "promoting the ___ Mandarin."II。
Multiple-choice ns (1 point per n。
《语言学概论》练习测试题库及参考答案
《英语语言学》练习测试题及参考答案本科I. Tick off the correct or the best possible answers:1.One of the properties of language is that a language user can understand and produce sentences he/shehas never heard before. This property of language is called ________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: B2.The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be used for establishing a favorable atmosphereor maintaining social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A3.From a functional approach, the _______ meaning of a language use consists of what is communicatedof the feelings and attitudes of the speaker/writer.A. affectiveB. associativeC. stylisticD. collocativeKey: A4.When –ing in ‘gangling’is removed to get a verb ‘gangle’, we call this way of creating words________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey: B5.______ refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.A. DegradationB. SpecializationC. ElevationD. ExtensionKey: C6.As we know, every speaker has his own pet words and expressions and special way of expressing hisideas in language. This language variety of individual users is called ______.A. idiolectB. regional dialectC. temporal dialectD. social dialectKey: A7.When pitch, stress and length variations are tied to the sentence rather than to the word, they arecollectively known as ________.A. intonationB. toneC. phonemeD. sentence stressKey: A8._______ refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.A. Addition of soundB. Loss of soundC. MetathesisD. AssimilationKey: D9.Basically, all the languages in the world can be classified in terms of language family. Vietnamese andKorean are two languages in the ______ family.A. Indo-EuropeanB. Sino-TibetanC. Hamito-SemiticD. Malayo-Polynesian Key: B10. A _______ is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.A. morphemeB. phonemeC. graphemeD. letterKey: C11.All mono-morphemic words are constituted by free morphemes, and those poly-morphemic wordswhich consist wholly of free morphemes are called_________.A. hyponymsB. compoundsC. blendsD. allomorphsKey: Bsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called _______.A. concordB. governmentC. recursivenessD. cohesionKey: A13. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called_____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A14. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by _______.A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. J. AustinKey: C15. The word meaning given in the dictionary is called _____ meaning.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. collectiveD. stylisticKey: A16. When we consider the variation relating to what a user is trying to do with language, we are dealing withaddressee relationship—continually categori zed as “______”.A. tenor of discourseB. mode of discourseC. field of discourseD. idiolectKey: A17. According to words’ structures, Turkish is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: D18. ______ refer to the fact that one type of utterance is typically followed by a special type of utterance.A. Minimal pairsB. Illocutionary actsC. Social dialectsD. Adjacency pairs Key: D19. The relation between “dead” and “alive” is labele d as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: B20. The words “encore” and “au pair” are loanwords from _______.A. FrenchB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A21. The distinction of langue and parole is proposed by______.a. N. Chomskyb. F. de Saussurec. M. A. Hallidayd. J. AustinKey: b22.Which of the following is the exception to the feature of arbitrariness of language?a. native English wordsb. borrowed wordsc. echoic wordsd. one-syllable wordsKey: c23.Which of the following feature cannot be used to describe the phone [s]?a. voicelessb. oralc. alveolard. lateralKey: d24.In terms of place of articulation, the two consonants [f], [v] are ________.a. dentalb. alveolarc. palatald. labiodentalKey: d25.In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are ________.a. affricatesb. fricativesc. bilabiald. oral stopsKey: d26.Which of the following statements about allophone is NOT correct?a. Allophones are different forms of the same phonemeb. Allophones of the same phoneme are in complementary distribution.c. Allophones distinguish meaning.d. Allophones are language specific.Key: c27.Which of the following words is not a free morpheme?a. ableb. petc. changed. dustyKey: d28.How many morphemes are there in the word discharged?a. 2b. 3c. 4d. 5Key: b29.Which of the following words is made up of bound morphemes only?a. happinessb. televisionc. ecologyd. teacherKey: c30. Language is passed on from one generation to the next by teaching and learning rather than by instinct.This property of language is called_____.a. interchangeabilityb. productivityc. cultural transmissiond. arbitrarinessKey: c31.The famous quotation from Shakespeare’s play Romeo and Juliet‘A rose by any other name would smellas sweet’ well illustrates _______.A. the conventional nature of languageB. the creative nature of languageC. the universality of languageD. the big difference between human language and animal communicationKey: A32.Of the following sound combinations, only _______ is permissible according to the sequential rules inEnglish.A. kiblB. bkilC. ilkbD. ilbkKey: A33.The sentence that has a NP and a VP can be shown in a _______ formula “S→NP VP”.A. hierarchicalB. linearC. tree diagramD. verticalKey: B34.It is the _______ on Case assignment that states that a Case assignor and a Case recipient should stayadjacent to each other.A. Case ConditionB. Case ParameterC. Adjacent ConditionD. Adjacent Parameter Key: C35. Predication analysis is a way to analyze _______ meaning.A. phonemeB. wordC. phraseD. sentenceKey: D36. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called _______.A. commisivesB. directivesC. expressivesD. declarativesKey: Alanguage change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B38. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, _______, and kin term.A. title+first nameB. title+titleC. title aloneD. first name+last name+titleKey: C39. Language and thought may be viewed as two independent circles overlapping in some parts. When language and thought are identical or closely parallel to each other, we may regard thought as “subvocal speech,” and speech as “_______”.A. vocal thoughtB. subvocal thoughtC. covert thoughtD. overt thoughtKey: D40.Whcih of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation.B. Language acquisition is the species-specific property of human beings.C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language.D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.Key: A41. The words “kowtow” and “tea ” are loanwords from _______.A. ChineseB. GermanC. ItalianD. SpanishKey: A42. The term _______ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.A. synchronicB. diachronicC. comparativeD. historical comparative Key: B43. The formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another is called _____.A. blendingB. clippingC. acronymyD. compoundingKey: A44. According to words’ structures, Latin is a typical ______ language.A. isolatingB. fusionalC. analyticD. agglutinativeKey: B45. The relation between “animal” and “lamb” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C46. One of the property of language is that there is no logical connection between meaning and sounds. This property of language is called________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: D47. The________ function refers to the use of language to create certain feelings in the hearer.A. phaticB. directiveC. evocativeD. performativeKey: A48. The _______ meaning of a word consists of the associations it acquires on account of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its environment.Key: D49. When –or in editor is removed to get a verb edit, we call this way of creating words ________.A. suffixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. acronymyKey:50. The relation between “rose” and “flower” is labeled as ________.A. gradabilityB. complementarityC. hyponymyD. homonymyKey: C51. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This iswhat we mean by __________.A. dualityB. productivityC. displacementD. arbitrarinessKey: C52. When language is used to get the hearer to do something, then it serves a _______ function.A. directiveB. informativeC. interrogativeD. expressive53. The description of a language at some point in time is a ________ study.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveKey: B54. The distinction between “competence” and “performance” was made by______ .A. N. ChomskyB. F. de SaussureC. M. A. HallidayD. L. BloomfieldKey: A55. According to the places of articulation, sounds in English such as [t], [l], and[z] can be labeled as_______ ones.A. dentalB. bilabialC. velarD. alveolarKey: D56. According to the morp hological analysis, the underlined part in the word “inter nation alism” should beregarded as a ___________ .A. rootB. stemC. prefixD. suffixKey: B57. Words such as “telex” and “workfare” are created through ___________.A. affixationB. compoundingC. conversionD. blendingKey: D58. According to the syntactic construction analysis, simple sentence such as “John is a student.” belongs to__________construction.A. endocentricB. exocentricC. coordinateD. subordinateKey: B59. The sense relationship between “male” and “female” is _________.A. complementarityB. gradabilityC. relational oppositesD. hyponymyKey: A60. Componential analysis is a method of analyzing________ meaning.A. sentenceB. lexicalC. grammaticalD. utteranceKey: BII. Are the following statements true (T) or false (F)?1. A sentence cannot be a word or a fragment in strict sense, but an utterance can be a word or a fragment ofa sentence. T/FKey: T2.It doesn’t make sense to ask what language a sentence belongs to. T/F3. A stem first of all refers to any morpheme or combination of morphemes, but an affix can be added to it.T/FKey: T4.Every word in a language can find at least one referent in the objective world. T/FKey: F5.In most cases, lexicon means vocabulary and is related to the analysis and creation of words, idioms andcollocations. T/FKey: T6.The use of the term ‘implicature’ is different from ‘implication’ in that it usually indicates a rathernarrowly defined logical relationship between two propositions. T/FKey: F7. A phrase means two or more words in sequence, intended to have meaning, that form a syntactic unit thatis less than a complete sentence. It is actually synonymous with word group. T/FKey: F8.Collocation is a term in lexicology used by some linguists to refer to the habitual co-occurrences ofindividual lexical items, or collocates. This relation of co-occurrence usually cannot be accounted for. T/F Key: T9.In order to understand how conversational principles work, we may consider how each maxim actuallyworks and how people observe these maxims in daily communication. T/FKey: T10.Syntax studies the rules which govern the ways words, word groups and phrases are combined to makegrammatical sentences in a language, i.e. it deals with the relationships between elements in sentence structures. T/FKey: T11.Even in modern society, the primary medium is sound for all languages, and the fact that childrenacquire spoken language first before they can read or write also indicates that language is primarily vocal. Key: T12.The defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication are termed design features.Key: T13.There are other channels, besides language, for communicating our thoughts, so language is only oneaspect of semiotics.Key: T14.Modern linguistics regards the spoken language as primary, written language as secondary.Key: T15.Descriptive linguisti cs aims to lay down rules for ‘correct’ language use, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what should not say.Key: F16.Phonology is the branch of linguistics which studies the characteristics of speech sounds and theirpatterns.Key: F17.The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identify the syntactic relationship betweenwords in a sentence.Key: Tnguage is genetically transmitted.19.The grammar taught today to language learners is still basically descriptive.Key: F20.All the sounds produced by human are speech sounds.Key: F21.Generally speaking, pragmatics can be understood as a branch of linguistic study that deals with thefactors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Key: T22.[f], [v], [s], [z], [︒] and [±] are all fricative in English, but [︒] and [±] are alveolar while [f] and [v] aredental.Key: F23.In most cases, sentence is synonymous with utterance.Key: F24.Syntax exclusively deals with the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structure,and it has nothing to do with exploring the syntactic relation beyond sentence boundary.Key: F25.The London School proposed a functional approach towards the concept of phoneme, and N.Trubetzkoy made the greatest contribution to the related study.Key: F26.A phoneme in a language is a distinctive sound which is capable of distinguishing one word or oneshape of a word from another.Key: T27.Every language is part of a culture, and it cannot but serve and reflect cultural needs.Key: T28.Sentence can be extended either by conjoining or embedding, and a construction where constituentshave been linked through the use of conjunction indicates a paratactic relation.Key: F29.Both Chinese and English are tone languages.Key: F30.Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.Key: F31.Derivation changes always result in change of the word class of the original words.Key: T32.Pitch variations may be distinctive like phonemes, and in this function they are called tones. Languagesusing tones, like Chinese, are called tone language.Key: T33.The notion of inflection just indicates the manifestation of grammatical relationships, rather than lexicalones, through the addition of inflectional affixes.Key: T34.The same morpheme always takes different forms in different contexts.Key: T35. According to P. Grice, whether a speaker follows or violates the Maxims of the Cooperative Principle, he produces some implicature, i.e. a kind of extra meaning that is not contained in the utterance.Key: T36.In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.T/F37.In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as/i:/, the larynx is in a state of tension. T/FKey: T38.A compound is the combination of only two words. T/FKey: F39.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category. T/FKey: T40.Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense. T/FKey: F41.An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true. T/FKey: T42.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is non-conventional and not arbitrary. T/FKey: Fnguage reflects sexism in society. Language itself is not sexist, just as it is not obscene; but it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism. T/FKey: T44.If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later on. T/FKey: T45.When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them. T/F Key: F46. Leonard Bloomfield maintained that linguistics should describe instead of prescribe what people actually say and should take a deductive approach in analyzing data.Key: F47. Chomsky believes that linguistic study and research can help explain what happens in the mind, and linguistics should be regarded as a branch of psychology.Key: F48. Halliday claims that if we are given an adequate specification of the semantic properties of the context in terms of field, tenor and mode, we should be able to predict the syntactic properties of texts.Key: F49. Onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning.Key: F50. Traffic light system has the feature of duality.Key: F51. The distinction of ‘linguistic potential’ and ‘actual linguistic behavior’ is proposed by N. Chomsky. Key: F52. In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and [l].Key: T53. A morpheme is the minimal contrastive unit in the writing system of a language.54. According to the functions of affixes, we can put them into groups: inflectional affixes and derivational affixes.Key: T55. Compounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.Key: T56. Metathesis refers to the change of a sound as a result of the influence of an adjacent sound.Key: F57. The requirement that the forms of two or more words of specific word classes which stand in specificsyntactic relationship with one another shall also be characterized by the same paradigmatically marked category or categories is called concord.Key: T58. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of action are called directivesKey: F59. The term synchronic linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change over various periods of time and at various historical stages.Key: F60. In terms of manner of articulation, the sounds [p], [b], [t], [d], [k], [g] are affricatesKey: FIII.Fill in the blanks:1.It is generally believed that J. Austin and _______ made the greatest contribution to the proposition ofSpeech Act Theory, an important theory in pragmatic study.Key: J. Searle2.According to the positions affixes occupy in words, __________ falls into prefixation and suffixation.Key: affixation3.The signs “&”, “@”, “%” and “$” widely used today are examples of ______ wri ting.Key: word4.Two methods can be used to reconstruct an older form of a language: internal reconstruction and the_______ reconstruction.Key: external5.The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis has two major thrusts: linguistic determinism and linguistic _______ .Key: relativity6.In the course of communication, a speaker may change from the standard language to the non-standardlanguage, may shift his subject matter, or may move from one point on the formality scale to another point. This linguistic behavior is referred to as ______.Key: code switch7.The different types of a language as different forms to realize a mere generalization of the language arecalled “sub-languages” or _______.Key: (language) varieties8._________ construction refers to a construction in which the distribution of words is functionallyequivalent to that of one or more of its constituents.Key: Endocentric_Key: human communication10.The degree to which a test measures what it is meant to measure is termed _________ in languagetesting, and that is an important index used to evaluate the quality of a test.Key: validity11.By _______ is meant that language can refer to contexts removed from the immediate situation of thespeaker.Key: displacementnguage is a system of two sets of structures, the structure of sound and the structure of ___________. Key: meaning13.The three branches of phonetics are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics, and _________phonetics.Key: acoustic14.There are two kinds of stress in English. They are word stress and ________ stress.Key: sentence15.In English there are three nasal sounds. They are [m], [n], and ________.Key: [ ];16.Morphology is divided in two branches: __________ morphology and derivational morphology. Key: .inflectional17.According to H. Paul Grice’s Cooperative Principle, that one should avoid obscurity and ambiguityaccords with the ________ Maxim.Key: Manner18.The speech sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point ofthe vocal tract are called_______.Key: consonants19.A linguistic study is ______ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: prescriptive20.The sentence “H e married a blonde heiress.” ______ the sentence “He married a blonde.”Key: entaills21.In the course of time, the study of language has come to establish close links with other branchesof ________ studies, such as sociology and psychology.Key: social22. Clear［1］and dark［1］are allophones of the same one phoneme /1/.They never take the same position in sound combinations, thus they are said to be in ________ distribution.Key: complementary23.A ________ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.Key: root24.A ________ sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated in the other.Key: complex25.That the denial of one member of two words implies the assertion of the other is the characteristic of ________ antonyms.Key: complementary26.While the meaning of a sentence is abstract and decontextualized, that of an ________ is concrete and context-dependent.Key: utteranceEnglish verb ask was Old English askian, with the /k/ preceding the/s/. Sound change as a result of sound movement is known as ________.Key: metathesis28.In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. Asa characteristic of societies, ________ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures and different languages.Key: bilingualism29.The brain’s neurological specialization for language is called linguistic ________, which is specific to human beings.Key: lateralization30.In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language ________.Key: transfer31. _______ phonetics studies the physical properties of speech sounds when they are transmitted between mouth and ear.Key: Acoustic32. The function of establishing a set of vowels is to facilitate the_______ of vowels of languages.Key: description33. If two sounds occurring in the same environment do not contrast, that is, the substitution of one for the other does not produce a different word form, but merely a different pronunciation of the same word, then the two sounds are in ________variation.Key: free34. The principal _________features are stress, length, pitch and intonation, as all of them can be used to distinguish meaning.Key: suprasegmental35.________is the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Key: Back-formation36. Pronouns and prepositions are two kinds of ________ words to which new members are not regularly added.Key: closed-class37. The sentence “I promise to come here earlier tomorrow morning.” can be used as an example to indicate the ________ function of language.Key: performative38. A linguistic study is ________ if it tries to lay down rules for the correct use of language.Key: perspective39. The sounds in the production of which no articulators come very close together and the air-stream passes through the vocal tract without _________are called vowels.Key: obstruction40. The word “gentlemanly” consists of 4 syllables and ________morphemes.Key: 341. Positional ______, or word order, refers to the sequential arrangement of words in a language.Key: relation42. English gender contrast can only be observed in pronouns and a small number of nouns, and they are mainly of the _________gender type.Key: natural43. Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of _______ components.44. ________refers to the process of construction where one clause is included in the sentence (main clause) in syntactic subordination.Key: subordination45. ________ construction refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole.Key: exocentric46. The _______function is the use of language to reveal something about the emotions and attitudes of the speaker.Key: expressive47. As language is a product and capacity of the human brain, many psychologists and linguists have tried to examine the relation between language and the brain, developing a new branch of science called________.Key: psycholinguistics48. The production of any speech sound involves the movement of an airstream. The majority of sounds used in languages of the world are produced by ______ egressive airstream mechanism.Key: oral49. Some speech sounds involves the simultaneous use of two places of articulation. For example, the English [w] has both an approximation of the two lips and that of the back of the tongue and the soft palate, and may be termed______.Key: labial-velar50. ________ is used to mean sameness or close similarity of meaning.Key: synonymy51. The ________family includes most of the European languages and marry languages spoken in North India and in the two Americas and Australia.Key: Indo-European52. _________or analytic languages refer to those which depend on invariable roots or stems and word order to indicate their grammatical relations.Key: Isolating53. When we consider the variation relating to what the user is trying to do with language, whether teaching, persuading, advertising or instructing, we are dealing with addressee relationship, contextually categorized as __________.Key: tenor of discourse54. ________means that any human being can be both a producer and a receiver of messages, but the communication systems of certain animals do not have this feature. For instance, some male birds posses calls which female birds do not have.Key: Interchangeability55. ________ refers to the influence exercised by one sound segment upon the articulation of another sound, so that the sounds become less alike.Key: dissimilation56. The __________ is the smallest unit in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit which cannot be divided without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.Key: morpheme57. In English, prepositions and verbs determine particular forms of pronouns according to their syntactic relation with them. This requirement is called _______ in linguistics.。
语言学概论期末试卷AB答案
级本、级专升本语言学概论期末考试试卷（卷）答案一、选择填空本题包括个小题，每小题分，错选、多选均不得分.答案：１Ａ２Ｂ３Ｃ４Ｄ５Ｂ６Ｂ７Ａ８Ｂ９Ａ１０Ｂ１１Ｂ１２Ｂ１３Ｃ１４Ｃ１５Ｄ二、分析应用题（分）.说明下面各组音素地区别特征（每小题分，共分）：①[] 不送气，[‘]送气.②[]浊音，[]是清音. ③[]是双唇鼻音，[]是舌尖前鼻音.④[]是双唇音，[]是舌面后音. ⑤[]是清（檫）音，[]是浊（檫）音. ⑥[]是高元音，[]是半高元音. ⑦[]是不送气音，[‘]是送气音. ⑧[]是圆唇元音，[]是不圆唇元音.[]是低元音，[]是半高元音[]是清音，[]是浊音文档来自于网络搜索．分析下面地短语地结构层次（每一步骤分析分，共分）三、简答题（每小题分，共分）.什么是语流音变？举例说明.语流音变是指音位和音位组合时，由于相互影响或说话时快慢、高低、强弱地不同而发生地变化（分），语流音变主要有同化、异化、弱化、脱落四种情况（分）.例如汉语普通话中地轻声，就是一种典型地语流音变，如“花”是阴平调，在棉花中变成了一种轻而短地调子，这是弱化；无论是同化、异化还是弱化、脱落，都是因为前后音位地影响造成地，这就是语流音变（分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 举例说明词汇地发展主要体现在那些方面？第一，新词地产生和旧词地消亡；第二，词语地替换；第三，词义地演变.（每个要点各分，举例每种情况各分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 举例说明词义引申地两种主要途径.词义地引申大体上可以分成隐喻和换喻两种方式（分）.（）隐喻：例如，汉语“入门”地原义是“进门”（而未登堂入室），从这个意义引申出“学习地初步阶段”（还不是深造阶段）地意义，这是因为“读书学习”可以分为若干阶段，这和进入家居地行进阶段有相似地地方.（分）文档来自于网络搜索（）换喻：如用“华盛顿”代替“美政府”或用“剑”代替“军事力量”.（分）.目前汉字能否改为拼音文字？汉字目前还不能改革成为拼音文字，这是因为：（）汉字地语素音节文字体系基本上符合汉语地结构特点（分）；（）汉语语素数量比音节数要多，汉字能区别同音语素（分）；（）目前普通话还不普及，汉字能起到沟通各方言地区交际地重要作用（分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 什么是语言地语法类型分类，按照这种分类方法，世界上地语言主要分哪几类？根据语言地语法结构特点对语言进行分类，就是语法类型分类（分）.按照这种分类方法，可以把世界上地语言分成孤立语、粘着语、屈折语和复综语四类（分）.文档来自于网络搜索四、论述题（分）试论语言发展地原因和特点.（一）社会地发展是语言发展地基本条件语言是人类地最重要地交际工具，语言地这种属性决定了语言人类社会地发展变化必然会促进语言地发展变化（分）.文档来自于网络搜索首先，随着社会地发展，新事物、新概念不断出现，这就要求要有新地词汇来反映这些新出现地事物和概念，这就促进了词汇地发展.（分）文档来自于网络搜索其次，随着人类思维地不断细致复杂，人们对事物地认识也不断深化，从而，语法格式也不断丰富，语言结构日趋严密.例如，在甲骨文中，人称代词还不完备；数词还没有基数词和序数词之分，介词和连词非常少，句子一般是单句，复句很少，且一般都是并列复句，主从复句很少.（分）文档来自于网络搜索第三，随着社会地发展，不同社会、不同民族之间地联系、交往和接触不断增加，语言必定会受到种种影响（分）.文档来自于网络搜索（二）语言系统中各种因素地相互影响与语言地发展社会地发展是促进语言发展地外部条件，但是，语言如何发展，那是由语言系统内部诸要素地相互关系决定地.（分）文档来自于网络搜索（三）语言发展地特点语言地发展呈现出渐变性和不平衡性地特点，这也是语言发展地一般规律.（分）．语言发展地渐变性什么是语言发展地渐变性：语言地发展不是突变地、革命式地，而是一个逐渐变化、潜移默化地过程.（分）．语言发展地不平衡性语言发展地不平衡性表现在三个主要方面，一是语言系统内地各个组成部分地变化速度不同；（分）二是各个组成部分地诸要素之间地变化速度也不同（分）；三是，同一语言现象，在不同地区也表现出不同地发展特点. （分）文档来自于网络搜索总之，语言发展具有渐变性和不平衡性地两个特点，它们都是由语言作为人类社会最重要地交际工具这一功能所决定地. 文档来自于网络搜索级本、级专升本语言学概论期末考试试卷（卷）答案一、选择题本题共小题，每小题分，共分.每小题只选一项，错选、多选不得分.⒈Ａ⒉Ｂ⒊Ｄ⒋Ｃ⒌Ｃ⒍Ｂ⒎Ａ⒏Ｄ⒐⒑Ｃ１１Ｂ１２Ｄ１３Ｃ１４Ｂ１５Ｂ二、分析应用题（分）.①舌面后浊塞音②唇齿浊檫音③舌面后清檫音④双唇送气清塞音⑤双唇清檫音⑥舌尖前送气清塞檫音⑦双唇浊鼻音⑧双唇浊塞音舌尖前边音舌面后送气清塞音文档来自于网络搜索. 分析下面地短语地结构层次（每一步骤分析分，共分）职代会已经批准了改进装配线的方案主谓偏正述宾偏正述宾三、简答题（每小题分，共分）.什么是音素？什么是音位？二者有怎样地关系？音素是从音质角度划分出来地最小语音单位，音位是具体语言中具有区别词地语音形式地作用地最小语音单位（分）.一般地说，音位是在音素地基础上归纳出来地，没有音素，也就谈不上音位了（分）.音位是一般地，音素是个别地，一般总是通过个别来表现.一个音位，在具体地音节中总是表现为具体地一个音素（分）.文档来自于网络搜索. 简述词根、词缀、词尾地区别.词根是词义地核心部分，词地意义主要是又它体现出来，它可以单独构成词，也可以彼此组合成词（分）.词缀是只能粘附在词根上构成新词语素，它本身不能单独成词.粘附在词根前面地词缀叫前缀，粘附在词根后面地词缀叫后缀，插入词根中间地词缀叫中缀（分）.词尾是加在词地末尾，只改变一个词地形式，不构成新词地语素（分）.文档来自于网络搜索.什么是语言地谱系分类，按照这种方法，可以把世界上地语言大致上分为哪些语系？语言地谱系分类就是根据语言地亲属关系对语言所作地分类（分）.按照亲属关系，一般把世界上地语言分分为九大语系：汉藏语系、印欧语系、乌拉尔语系、阿尔泰语系、闪―含语系、高加索语系、达罗毗（）荼语系、马来―玻里尼西亚语系和南亚语系（分，每错两个扣分）.文档来自于网络搜索.什么是文字，其主要作用是什么？文字是记录语言地书写符号系统，是在语言地基础上产生地，书面上代表语言地书写符号.（分）文字最主要地作用是突破了有声语言地时间和空间局限，扩大了有声语言地使用范围（分.在文字产生以前，由于有声语言出口即逝，不能传于异地，更不能留于异时，人类地交际只能面对面地进行，局限在一个很小地时空范围内，这样就限制了人类地认识范围地发展，而文字把有声语言凝固于书面，不受时空限制，彻底克服了语言地局限性，把语言地使用范围扩展到一个非常广阔地范围.（分）文档来自于网络搜索.为什么说社会地发展是语言发展地基本条件？这是由语言作为交际工具这一本质特征决定地（分）.运用中地活地语言是人类组成社会地条件之一，是社会成员之间最重要地联系纽带（分）.第一，社会由低级到高级，由简单到复杂，由落后到先进地发展，自然都会推动语言地发展.随着社会地发展，新事物、新概念层出不穷，人们地思维也愈来愈细致缜密，这些都会向交际提出新地要求，推动语言不断丰富词汇，改进语法，以适应社会交际地需要（分）.第二，社会地分化、统一、互相接触也会相应地引起语言地分化、统一和接触，这也必然要推动语言地进一步发展.（分）文档来自于网络搜索四、论述题（分）试说明语言地层级体系和运转原理语言符号系统是分层级地体系（分）.这个体系地底层是一套音位（分）.语言层级体系地上层是音义结合地符号和符号地序列（分）.这一层又分为三级：第一级是语素，意义和声音在这里结合为最小地语言符号；第二级是语素构成地词.第三级是由词构成地句子.词和句子都是符号地序列（分）.音位>语素→词→句子这就是语言地层级体系.（分）在这个层级体系里，低一层级地单位比高一层级地单位要少得多.高一层级地单位都是低一层级单位按照一定地规则组合而成地（分）.从音位到语素，这是语言分层装置里最关键地接合部，因为音位只能构成符号地形式，语素才是形式和意义结合地符号，因而我们说，从音位到语素有性质上地飞跃（分）.语言里地音位只有几十个，语素地数目则有几千.语素还不能直接用来交际，需要把它们组合成词，结果是产生了数以万计地词，一个词可以有几个意义，这无形中又把符号地数目扩大了几倍.（分）词仅是说话地材料，把词和词组合成句子才能进行交际，句子是根据表达地需要临时组织起来地，语言提供了成万个词和多种灵活地造句规则，自然可以让人们造出无限地句子来.（分）几十>成千→成万→无穷，这就是这个层级装置所提供地效能.这个效能是通过组合与替换而获得地，语言中每个符号或语言单位都处在既可以和别地符号组合，又可以被别地符号替换这样两种关系当中，而替换地材料又是由聚合关系提供地，正是由于语言符号中存在着组合和聚合这两种根本地关系，语言这个层级体系才能以少数有规则地组成多数，一级级翻番增量，从几十扩大到无穷，使说话地人可以纵意驰聘，放手造出符合表达需要地句子来.（分）文档来自于网络搜索。
语言学概论期末B卷答案
语言学概论期末B卷答案Company number【1089WT-1898YT-1W8CB-9UUT-92108】丽水学院—学年第一学期期终考试试卷答案（B卷）课程语言学概论使用班级班级：学号：姓名：一、填空题（本大题共14空格，每空格1分，共14分）1．在中国，早期的语言研究主要是围绕着汉字的字义、字音、字形进行的，产生了训诂学、音韵学、文字学三个分支，统称为“小学”。
2．被尊称为“19世纪的亚里土多德”的德国哲学家和数学家弗雷格于1892年提出预设的概念，他的理论被公认为人工智能的理论基础。
3．每个元音的音质是由舌位前后、舌位高低、圆唇与否3个方面的因素决定的。
4.语言的变异可以分为地域变异、社会变异和功能变异等3类。
5．言语行为理论的创始人是英国道德哲学家奥斯汀，他认为，语句有命题意义和施为意义两层意义。
二、判断是非题：对的写“√”，错的写“×”（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）（√）1．语言是一种符号系统。
（√）2．肺是人类发音的动力站，声带是发音体。
（×）3．元音发音时，声带不一定振动，辅音发音时，声带一定要振动。
（√）4．超音质音位又叫“超音段音位”或“非音质音位”。
（×）5．在现代汉语普通话中，[b]和[p]是两个音位。
（√）6．福建“沙县县”简称为“沙县”体现了语言的经济机制。
（×）7．词序和虚词是俄语最重要的语法手段。
（√）8．语法手段中的“零形式”也表示语法意义。
（√）9．就其实质而言，语法规则表现的就是组合关系或聚合关系。
（×）10．湖南江永的“女书”体现了语言的性别变异。
三、选择题（本大题共10小题，每小题1分，共10分）（②）1．语言符号的符号是：①声音②文字③它所代表的事物④发音器官（④）2．我国青海五屯话是一种：①皮钦语②洋泾浜③新美拉尼西亚语④克里奥尔语（③）3．合作原则理论的最早提出者是：①奥斯汀②利奇③格赖斯④莫里斯（④）4．英语的man→men采用的语法手段是：①异根式②重音③词缀④内部屈折（③）5．关于元音和辅音的区别，正确的描述是：①元音发音时间短暂，辅音发音时间较长。