微观经济学 全英教案
微观经济学教案(1)
微观经济学教案（1）经济学教研室安晓云第一章导言教学目的：本章讲授西方经济学的研究对象、方法、目的，总体概括西方经济学基本内容，了解什么是现代西方经济学，它企图解决什么问题，并明确为什么要学习西方经济学，应持怎样的态度去研究西方经济学。
使学生不仅对西方经济学有梗概了解，而且能够确立一个正确的指导思想贯穿于西方经济学整个学习过程中。
重点和难点：正确理解西方经济学的含义，研究对象的特性，分析方法的特性。
对稀缺、稀缺法则、比较分析法、西方经济学的双重性质的分析理解。
课堂教学设计：在与马克思主义经济学研究对象的比较分析中展开教学，特别针对学生把马克思主义经济学与西方经济学相对立的、认为政治经济学无现实意义等模糊认识，从社会经济活动具有社会性和自然性两方面属性入手，引申对西方经济学研究对象与方法的讲授分析。
提出问题引发学生边思考、边讨论、边讲授，例如：马克思主义经济学与西方经济学的研究对象有什么区别？由此导致两大理论体系间存在怎样的关系（对立或互补）？从西方经济学对象与方法的了解中如何体会认识和研究经济现象的思维方式应发生的变化？（我将在导言的讲授中，提出自己的观点，即通过西方经济学学习，对我们更有益的是培养认识问题、分析问题的全新思维方式：辨证思维、发散思维、求异思维、创新思维。
）教案内容：社会经济活动有两重性：社会属性——人与人经济关系；自然属性——人与物的关系。
这一章从整体上概括西方经济学研究对象、主要分析方法及为什么研究西方经济学？如何研究西方经济学等。
通过学习，要求了解什么是现代西方经济学？它研究经济活动的什么内容？企图解决什么问题？所运用的主要分析方法有什么特点？同时要明确为什么学习西方经济学？在学习和研究中应持怎样的态度（或者说应确立怎样的指导思想）。
第一节什么是现代西方经济学“经济学“一词在西方具有较广泛的含义，总结起来至少包括三种领域的文献：第一：企业、事业管理的经验、方法总结。
如企业质量管理分析。
平狄克 微观经济学 全英教案5
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Output can only be increased by increasing labor Must know how output changes as the amount of labor is changed (Table 6.1)
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Short Run
Period of time in which quantities of one or more production factors cannot be changed These inputs are called fixed inputs
Long Run
Amount of time needed to make all production inputs variable
Chapter 6
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2. Production: One Variable Input
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 6
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2.Production: One Variable Input
Average product of Labor - Output per unit of a particular product Measures the productivity of a firm’s labor in terms of how much, on average, each worker can produce
q = F(K,L)
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Chapter 6
微观经济学精华讲义英文版 (3)
ⅣProduction and Cost☻Production Theory ☻Cost TheoryThe Production Function…shows the relationship betweenquantity of inputs used to make a goodand the quantity of output of that good.Q=f (L，K，N，E)•Q=f (L，K ) Short-run•Q=f (L，K) Long-run•Total Product TP=f (L，K)•Average Product AP=TP/L or AP=TP/K •Marginal ProductIn the production process, marginalproduct of any input is the increase inoutput that arises from an additional unitof that input.MP = (dTP/dL ) or (dTP/ dK)a Production Function: Helen’s cookie factoryQuantity of(cookies per hour)150140130120110100908070605040302010Hungry Helen’s Production FunctionMPTP•The slope of TP curve measures the marginal product of an input.•When the marginal product declines, TP curve becomes flatter(decreasing).Diminishing Marginal Product•…is the property whereby the marginalproduct of an input declines as the quantityof the input increases.•As more and more workers are hired at a firm, each additional worker contributes less and less to production because the firm has a limited amount of equipment.•At the beginning of production process…typical production curve-106.2-5809.625211512.51014151520151512.51010627277777570604525101010910810710610510410310210110MP L AP L TP L L K Short-run<>=00TUMUXX•MU ＞0，TU ↑increasing •MU ＜0，TU ↓decreasing •MU ＝0，TU max00TPMP,APLLTP L & MP L•MP L ----the slope of TP L curve•MP L ＞0，TP L increasingMP L increasing & decreasing•MP L ＜0，TP L decreasing •MP L ＝0，TP L maxAP LMP LTP LAP L & MP L•MP L ＞AP L ，AP L increasing •MP L ＜AP L ，AP L decreasing •MP L ＝AP L ，AP L maxTP L & AP L•AP L ---the slope of segment whichlinks the original and any point on TP L curve•When the segment is just the tangent of TP L curve , MP L ＝AP L ，AP L maxL 2L 1L 3ⅠⅢⅡlong-run Q=f (L，K)•Isoquant curve•Isocost curve•OptimizationFour Properties of Isoquant Curves •Higher isoquant curves are preferred tolower ones.•Isoquant curves do not cross.•Isoquant curves are downward sloping.•Isoquant curves are bowed inward.KQ1Q2CBAD⊿K⊿K⊿L⊿LLLaw of Diminishing Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution•RTSLK =－⊿K/⊿L•It is the rate at which a firm is willing to trade one factor for another.RTS•If ⊿L→0, RTSLK=－dK / dL•C = w·L ＋r·K •K = C/ r －(w/ r)·LWhat the firm can affordThe slope (absolute value)of the isocost lineequals the relative price of the two factors.K LC/wC/ rProducer OptimumBest Combination of Factors•Given quantity, minimize cost •Given cost, maximize quantityKQ1 ABOptimumECLKQ1Q2Q3ABOptimumE CLProducer Optimum occurs…… at the point where the highest isoquant curve and the isocost curve are tangent.•C = w· L＋r· K ; Q=f (L, K)•RTS=w/ rLK•MP/ MP K =w/ rL/ w = MP K / rLAccording to the Law of Supply:•Firms are willing to produce and sell a greater quantity of a good when the price of the good is high.The economic goal of the firmis to maximize profits.Total Revenue, Total Cost, and Profit•Total RevenueThe amount a firm receives forthe sale of its output.•Total CostThe market value of the inputsa firm uses in production.•Profit…is the firm’s TR minus its TC.Costs as Opportunity CostsA firm’s cost of production includes all theopportunity costs of making its output ofgoods and services.Explicit and Implicit Costs •Explicit costs are input costs that require a direct outlay of money by the firm.•Implicit costs are input costs that do not require an outlay of money by the firm.Economic Profit & Accounting Profit π=TR（Q）－TC（Q）•Economists measure a firm’s economic profit as TR minus TC, including both explicit and implicit costs.•Accountants measure the accounting profit as the firm’s TR minus only the firm’s explicit costs.✶When TR exceeds both explicit and implicit costs, the firm earns economic profit.✶Economic profit is smaller than.accounting profit.✶Normal profitTypical Cost Curves•The relationship between the quantity a firm can produce and its costs determines pricing decisions.For many firms, the division of TC between fixed and variable costs depends on the time horizon being considered.•In the short run,some costs are fixed.•In the long run,fixed costs become variable costs.The Various Measures of Cost•Costs of production (TC)may be dividedinto fixed costs and variable costs.costs in the short-runFixed and Variable Costs•Fixed costs are those costs that do not varywith the quantity of output produced.•Variable costs are those costs that do varywith the quantity of output produced.Total Costs•Total Fixed Costs (TFC)•Total Variable Costs (TVC)•STC= TFC+ TVC= r· K ＋w· L (Q)Average Costs•AC can be determined by dividing the firm’s costs by the quantity of output it produces.•AC is the cost of each typical unit of product. ✓Average Total Costs SAC=STC/Q=AFC+ AVC ✓Average Fixed Costs AFC=TFC/Q✓Average Variable Costs AVC =TVC/QMarginal Cost•MC measures the increase in TC that arises from an extra unit of production.SMC = ⊿STC/⊿Q= ⊿TVC/⊿QIf ⊿Q→0, MC = d TC/ d Q= d TVC/ d QCost Curves and Their Shapes •SMC、STC、TVCSMC=⊿STC/⊿Q=⊿TVC/⊿Q=⊿w· L/⊿Q=w/(⊿Q/⊿L)=w/MP L•MC rises with the amount of output producedwhich reflects the property of diminishing MP L .•MP L ---reciprocal “U”-Shaped•MC ---“U”-ShapedTVC 、TFC 、STC●TFC---straight line●SMC----the slope of STC or TVC curveMC ---“U”-ShapedMC＞0，STC and TVC increasing✓MC increasing, STC and TVC increasing at increasing speed ✓MC decreasing, STC and TVC increasing at decreasing speed•AFC 、A VC 、SACA VC=TVC/Q=(w· L)/Q=w/ (Q/L)=w/AP L•AP---reciprocal “U”-ShapedL•AVC and SAC ---“U”-ShapedThe SAC curve is U-shaped.•At very low levels of output SAC is high because FC is spread over only a few units.•SAC declines as output increases.•SAC starts rising because AVC rises substantially.•The bottom of the U-shaped SAC curve occurs at the quantity that minimizes SAC. •This quantity is sometimes called the efficient scale of the firm.Relationship between MC and SAC(AVC)✓Whenever MC is less than SAC, SAC is falling.✓Whenever MC is greater than SAC, SAC is rising. MC crosses SAC at the efficient scale which is the quantity that minimizes SAC.Three Important Properties of Cost Curves•MC eventually rises with the quantity of output.•SAC,A VC curve are U-shaped.•MC curve crosses the A VC and SAC curve at the minimum of A VC and SAC successively .•Because many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run, a firm’s long-run cost curves differ from its short-run cost curves.•LTC = r· K(Q)＋w· L (Q)•LAC = LTC/Q•LMC= dLTC / dQLTC Q 0LMC LTCLMCLAC2013-7-2347STC 1STC 2STC 3TC Q0Q 1Q 2Q 3LTCSAC 1SAC 2SAC 3C 1C 2C 3Q 1Q 2Q 3Q’ 2Q’1O CQEconomies and Diseconomies of Scale •Economies of scale refer to the property whereby LAC falls as the quantity of output increases.•Diseconomies of scale refer to the property whereby LAC rises as the quantity of output increases.•Constant returns of scale refers to the property whereby LAC stays the same as the quantity of output increases.•f（λL，λk）＞λf（L，k）•f（λL，λk）= λf（L，k）•f（λL，λk）＜λf（L，k）。
平狄克微观经济学课件英文01精品文档19页
Chapter 1: Preliminaries
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall • Microeconomics • Pindyck/Rubinfeld, 7e.
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1.1 THE THEMES OF MICROECONOMICS
Theories and Models
In economics, explanation and prediction are based on theories. Theories are developed to explain observed phenomena in terms of a set of basic rules and assumptions.
Workers Workers also face constraints and make trade-offs. First, people must decide whether and when to enter the workforce. Second, workers face trade-offs in their choice of employment. Finally, workers must sometimes decide how many hours per week they wish to work, thereby trading off labor for leisure.
In a market economy, prices are determined by the interactions of consumers, workers, and firms. These interactions occur in markets—collections of buyers and sellers that together determine the price of a good.
微观经济学英文课件
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
Microeconomics is also used for evaluating broad question in regards to government policy (although this is more to macroeconomics).
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 6 units of apple and 12 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 13th unit. It has to forgo 2 units of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 2.
Edited by Yong, E.L.
Continuously,
If the firm produces 10 units of apple and 6 units of apple pie wants to increase the production of apple pie by one unit to the 7th unit. It has to forgo 1 unit of apple so that resources can be shifted to produce the additional apple pie; Opportunity Cost is thus 1.
微观经济学课件英文版 En-micro01
Relationship Between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Different e.g.object of study ,method of analysis Contact Microeconomics is the foundation of macroeconomics Complementary Both of them can research the same economy phenomenon from different visual angle .
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An object of study
In short, Economics studies optimal allocation and full use of resources. In detail ：
Microeconomics What ,how,for whom Macroeconomics Resources are used fully or idly? How does inflation affect purchasing power? Can economy grow?
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Theory System of Economics
Two branches：Microeconomics and Macroeconomics
Microeconomics Another name Theory base Basic assumptions Founder Subject Key theory Major aim Individual Economics Macroeconomics Overall Economics
平狄克微观经济学课件(英文)06全
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6.1 THE TECHNOLOGY OF PRODUCTION
The Short Run versus the Long Run
●short run Period of time in which quantities of one or more production factors cannot be changed.
As we move from point A on curve O1 to B on curve O2 to C on curve O3 over time, labor productivity increases.
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Chapter 6: Production
6.2 PRODUCTION WITH ONE VARIABLE INPUT (LABOR)
The Slopes of the Product Curve
Figure 6.1
Production with One Variable Input
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微观经济学英文版PPT课件
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2.2 the definition of microeconomics
The starting point of economics searching The definition of Microeconomics People how to make decision Why need to bargain Why need to build market economics
Economics is a study, learning selection of scarce resources with different uses; The goal is effective allocation of scarce resources to produce goods and services, and in the present or future, let them reasonable allocated to social members or group for consumption.
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Production possibilities curve
PPC is a graph that shows the combinations of output that the economy can possibly produce given the available factors of production and the available production technology.
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Food (units per month)
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Effect of a Price Change
Clothing
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The PriceConsumption Curve traces out the utility maximizing market basket for each price of food
The
quantity demanded increases with income The income elasticity of demand is positive The good is a normal good
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Chapter 4
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 4
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1. Individual Demand
Price Changes
Using
the figures developed in the previous chapter, the impact of a change in the price of food can be illustrated using indifference curves For each price change, we can determine how much of the good the individual would purchase given their budget lines and indifference curves
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An Inferior Good
Steak (units per month) 10
U3 …but hamburger becomes an inferior good when the income consumption curve bends backward between B and C. U2 U1
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Income-Consumption Curve C
Both hamburger and steak behave as a normal good, between A and B...
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Chapter 4
Individual and Market Demand
Topics to be Discussed
Individual Demand
Income and Substitution Effects
Market Demand
Consumer Surplus
Network Externalities
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Individual Demand
Income Changes
The income-consumption curve traces out the utility-maximizing combinations of food and clothing associated with every income level An increase in income shifts the budget line to the right, increasing consumption along the income-consumption curve Simultaneously, the increase in income shifts the demand curve to the right
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Engel Curves
Income 30 ($ per month)
Inferior
Engel curves are backward bending for inferior goods.
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Engel Curves
Income 30 ($ per month)
Engel curves slope upward for normal goods.
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Effects of Income Changes
Clothing (units per month) The Income Consumption Curve traces out the utility maximizing market basket for each income level
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Individual Demand
Engel Curves
Engel
curves relate the quantity of good consumed to income If the good is a normal good, the Engel curve is upward sloping If the good is an inferior good, the Engel curve is downward sloping
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Chapter 4
Effect of a Price Change
By changing prices and showing what the consumer will purchase, we can create a demand schedule and demand curve for the individual From the previous example:
©2005 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Effect of a Price Change
Price of Food
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When the price falls, Pf /Pc & MRS also fall
• E: Pf /Pc = 2/2 = 1 = MRS • G: Pf /Pc = 1/2 = .5 = MRS • H:Pf /Pc = .5/2 = .25 = MRS
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Income Consumption Curve
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Effects of Income Changes
Price of food
An increase in income, from $10 to $20 to $30, with the prices fixed, shifts the consumer’s demand curve to the right as well.
G $1.00 Demand Curve $.50 H
Food (units per month)
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Chapter 4
Demand Curves – Important Properties
The level of utility that can be attained changes as we move along the curve At every point on the demand curve, the consumer is maximizing utility by satisfying the condition that the MRS of food for clothing equals the ratio of the prices of food and clothing
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Food (units per month)
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Effect of a Price Change
Clothing
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Assume: • I = $20 • PC = $2 • PF = $2, $1, $0.50
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