国际商务英语汉译英翻译
国际商务中英互译等
1.Globalization 全球化refers to the shift toward a more integrated and interdependent world economy2.The globalization of production(生产全球化）refers to the sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production like land, labor, and capital Companies compete more effectively by lowering their overall cost structure or improving the quality or functionality of their product offering3.Free trade（自由贸易）refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to influence through quotas or duties what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can produce and sell to another country4.Mercantilism （重商主义）suggests that it is in a country’s best interest to maintaina trade surplus -- to export more than it imports5.zero-sum game（零博弈）- one in which a gain by one country results in a loss by another6.absolute advantage（绝对优势）7.factor endowments –the extent to which a country is endowed with resources like land, labor, and capital8.Economies of scale (规模经济）--unit cost reductions associated with a large scale of output)9.First mover advantages（先入者优势）the economic an strategic advantages that accrue(积聚) to early entrants into an industry)10.Tariffs （关税）are taxes levied on imports that effectively raise the cost of imported products relative to domestic products11.Subsidies（津贴）are government payments to domestic producers12.Import quotas（进口配额）directly restrict the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country13.Voluntary export restraints（资源出口限制）are quotas on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing country’s government 14.local content requirement demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically14.local content requirement demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically15.Administrative trade polices（行政贸易政策）are bureaucratic rules that are designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country16.Foreign direct investmen t (FDI外国直接投资) occurs when a firm invests directly in new facilities to produce and/or market in a foreign country17.G reenfield investments - the establishment of a wholly new operation in a foreigncountry18.acquisition(收购）19.The flow of FDI（外国直接投资流量）refers to the amount of FDI undertaken over a given time period20.The stock of FDI（外国直接投资存量）refers to the total accumulated value of foreign-owned assets at a given time21.Outflows of FDI（外国直接投资流出额）are the flows of FDI out of a country22.Inflows of FDI （外国直接投资流入额）are the flows of FDI into a country23.Extractive industries(耗费资源产业）24.eclectic paradigm（折中理论）25.location-specific advantages（区位优势）that arise from using resource endowments or assets that are tied to a particular location and that a firm finds valuable to combine with its own unique assets26.Externalities（外部性）27.free trade area(自由贸易区）28.customs union 关税联盟mon market共同市场30.economic union经济联盟31.political union政治联盟32.exchange rate 汇率is the rate at which one currency is converted into another33.foreign exchange risk外汇风险the adverse consequences of unpredictable changes in exchange rates34.spot exchange rate 即期汇率is the rate at which a foreign exchange dealer 35.35.forward exchange rate远期汇率i s the rate governing such future transactions36.currency swap货币掉期is the simultaneous purchase and sale of a given amount of foreign exchange for two different value dates37.arbitrage(套利、套汇)the process of buying a currency low and selling it highw of one price一价定律states that in competitive markets free of transportation costs and barriers to trade, identical products sold in different countries must sell for the same price when their price is expressed in terms of the same currency39.efficient market有效市场is one in which prices reflect all available information40.purchasing power parity购买力评价41.Fisher Effect 费舍尔效果42.bandwagon effect 波浪效应43.Transaction exposure 交易风险is the extent to which the income from individual transactions is affected by fluctuations in foreign exchange values44.Translation exposure转换风险is the impact of currency exchange rate changes on the reported financial statements of a company45.Economic exposure 经济风险is the extent to which a firm’s future international earning power is affected by changes in exchange rates46.bond market 债券市场47.eurobonds market欧洲债券市场48.determinants of enterprise value 企业价值的决定要素49.the value chain 价值链50.Pressures for Local Responsiveness 适销51.market segmentation营销refers to identifying distinct groups of consumees whose purchasing behavior differs from others in important ways.52.logistics物流is the activity that controls the transmission of physical material through the value chain ,from procurement through production and into distribution.53.outsoursing外包54.letter of credit信用证the bank will pay a specified sum of money to a beneficiary ,normally,the exporter,on presentation of particular ,specified documents.55.turkey project 交钥匙工程。
国际商务英语名词解释
Visible trade 有形贸易: The form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. (including cash transaction-by means of money and market, and counter trade)Invisible trade 无形贸易: The form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. is called invisible trade or service industries.FDI 外国直接投资: Foreign direct investments. Returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in a host country. / P.256. One country acquires assets in a foreign country for the purpose of controlling and managing them.Portfolio investment 证券投资: Purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling.Stocks 股票：Capital stocks or bonds.Bonds债券:The papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest.Licensing许可经营:In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. They choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to stat business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyFranchising 特许经营: Under franchising, franchisee is allowed to operate in the name of another, franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchiser 特许方: A firm who provides the franchisee with trademarks, brand names, logos and operating techniques for royalty.Franchisee被特许方:A firm is allowed to operate in the name of another.Management contract 管理合同: Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume.Turnkey project “ 交钥匙” 工程: For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing,contracting and facility equipping before handing it over tothe latter upon completion.International investment 国际投资: Supplying capital by residents of one country to another.International business 国际商务: Transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export.GNP 国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP 国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.GNP 国民生产总值: Gross national Product. The market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.GDP 国内生产总值: Gross Domestic Product. The market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy.Free trade area 自由贸易区:The members remove barriers to trade among themselves while still adopts each own external policy.Customs union 关税同盟: The members remove barriers to trade among themselves and adopt the same external policy./ 除Common market 共同市场: The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production and adopt the same external policy.Economic Union (EU)经济同盟:The members remove barriers not only to trade but also to factors of production, adopt the same external policy and harmonize their taxation, government expenditure, industry policies and use the same currency.Host country东道国：The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates.…东道国：The country where an affiliate MNC locates.MNE 跨国企业: Multinational enterprise: A typical multinational enterprise shall be defined as abusiness organization which owns (whether wholly or partly), controls and manages assets, often including productive resources, in more than one country, through its member companies incorporated separately in each of these countries. Each member company is known as a multinational corporation.International trade 国际贸易：The exchange of goods and services produced in one country with those produced in another sufficient.Tariff 关税:A tax levied on a commodity when it crosses the boundary of a custom area.Quota 酉己额:A quota limits the imports or exports of a commodity during a given period of time. It is the most common form of non-tariff barriers.Import duties 进口关税:Tariffs levied on goods entering an areaExport duties 出口关税:Taxes levied on goods©Drawback退税:Duties paid on imported goods that are refunded if the goods are reexported.aving an area 对离境Most-favored-nation (MFN) treatment 最惠国待遇：A tariff treatment under which a country is required to extend to all siTariff barriers 关税壁垒:The traditional protectionism measuregnatories any tariff concessionsgranted to any Inquiry / enquiry 询盘、询价:It is made by the buyers to get information about the goods to be ordered such as quantity, specifications, prices, time of shipment and other terms.Quotation 扌报盘:Estimate of how much something will costCounter offer 还盘:New offer made by the original offeree to the original offererparticipating country./A first enquiry 首次询价:An enquiry sent to an exporter whom the importer has never dealt withA contract一个合同：An agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant partiesA firm offer 实盘:is a promise to sell goods at a staBarter 易货贸易:The direct exchange of goods and services, which is completed in a short period of time.Counter purchase反向购买、互购贸易：The assumption by an exporter of a transferable obligation through separate but linked contract to accept as full or partial payment goods and services from the importer or importing country.Buyback 回购贸易: An agreement by an exporter of plant and equipment to take back in the future part of the output produced by these goods as full or partial payment.ted price.Draft 汇票:=Bill of exchange. It is an unconditional order to a bank or a customer to pay a sum of money to someone on demand or at a fixed time in the future.Drawer 出票人:The person who draws the draft (usually the exporter)Drawee 受票人:The person to whom the draft is drawn.Payee 收款人、领款人:The person receiving the payment.Sight draft 即期汇票：The draft calls for immediate payment on presentation to the drawee.Usance draft 远期汇票=Term draft = Tenor draft: The draft is payable at a later date on presentation to the drawee.Clean draft 光票:The draft without documentsDocumentary draft 跟单汇票:The draft is accompanied by the relevant documents.Documentary collection跟单托收:It is means of ensuring that the goods are only handed over to the buyer when the amount shown on a bill of exchange is paid or when the customer accepts the bill as a contract to pay by a specified date.Remittance 7匚付:This method is always employed by the parties who are familiar with and trust each other Applicant (Opener or Principal)申请人:The person who instructs his bank to issue an L/C. (the importer) Opening bank (Issuing bank, Establishingbank) 开证行:The bank that issues the creditBeneficiary受益人:The exporter in whose favor the credit is openedCorrespondent ban 往来行、关系行:The bank in the exporter 'country, which the opening bank sends the credit to itAdvising bank通知行:The bank in the exporter s country, which advises the exporter the L/C, is received.Confirming bank 保兑行:The bank adds its confirmation to the credit.The letter of Credit (L/C L/C)信用证:The credit is a letter issued by a bank at the request of the importer in which the bank promises to pay upon presentation of the relevant documents.Paying bank 付款行:The bank accepts or negotiates the bill of exchange.Negotiating bank 议付行:The bank buys the exporter 'draft submitted to it under a credit.Revocable credit可撤消信用证：The credits can be altered or even canceled without consulting with the beneficiary.Irrevocable credit 不可撤消信用证：The credits can not be amended or revoked without the consent of all the parties concerned.Confirmed credit 保兑信用证:The credit is confirmed by a bank other than the issuing bank Sight credit 即期信用证:The credit by which payment can be made upon presentation of the draft and impeccable documents by the beneficiary to the bank.Usance credit (Term credit, Time credit)远期信用证:The credit by which payment cannot be made until a specific date or a specific time after the date ofafte Transferable credit可转让信用证:The credit can be transferred by the original beneficiary to one or more parties.Non-transferable credit 不可转让Non-draft credit 无汇票信用证:The credit that payment of to be made by presentation (提示/ 陈述) of the documents without the formality of drawing and presenting a draft.Revolving credit 循环信用证:The credit stipulated (规定/ 保证) that its amount can be renewed or reinstated without specific amendment to the credit being made.The documentary credit跟单信用证:The credits that require shipping documents to be presented together with the draft.信用证:The credit can not be transferredr sight Commercial invoice 商业发票:The document is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goodsand the unit and total price. The contents: Invoice number and the date; name and address of the buyer and the seller; contract number and credit number; description of the goods including name of the commodity, quantity, specifications, etc.; unit price, total price, price terms, and commission and discount if any; terms of delivery and terms of payment; packing, shipping marks, etc.; and sealor signature of the exporter.Packing list 装箱单:The documents gives information such as the number, date, name and description of the goods, shipping marks, packing, number of packages, specific contents of each package and its net with and gross weight etc.Straight bill of lading记名提单:It is made out so that only the named consignee is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.Common carrier 公共承运人:It is privately or publicly owned companies committed to performing a movement service of the same quality for all shippers on an equal basis and without discrimination.Contract carrier契约承运人:Individual contracts may be arranged between transportation users and carriers (the transportation company).Transportation and freight transportation 运输和货物运输:In broad sense, transportation is defined as movement of freight and passengers from one location (place) to another. In a formal sense, freight transportation is defined as the economic movement of commodities and products and the effects of such movement on the development and advancement of business.Cargo insurance货物保险:It is an activity aimed at moving the burden of risk from the shoulders of the exports and importers, and placing it upon the shoulders of specialist risk-bearing underwriters.Marine insurance海上保险:The insurance of ships and their cargoes.Insurance保险:It is a social device in which a group of individuals transfer risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.Indemnity 赔偿原贝U : It holds that a contract ofinsurance is one, which restores a person who suffered a loss into the same position as he was before the loss occurred.Insurable interest可保利益:It holds that no one may insure anything unless he has and interest in it.Principle of utmost good faith 最大诚信原则：The people who decide what premium is fair for a particular cover do so on the basis of written statements made in a proposal form.Contribution 分摊原贝U : It holds that a person cannot be allowed to insure twice for the same risk, and claim compensation from both insurers.Proximate cause of the los近因原则（导致损失的直接原因）：It means that when an insurance policy is made out to cover a certain risk, a claim becomes payable only if that risk occurred as the proximate （closest） cause of the loss suffered.Force majeure不可抗力:Social or Direct quote / quotation （汇率）直接标价:A direct exchange rate is the price of a foreign currency in terms of the home currency.Indirect quote / quotation （汇率）间接标价:An indirect exchange rate is the price of home currency in terms of a foreign currency.Buying rate买入价:It refers to the rate by which a commercial bank buys a currency.Selling rate卖出价:It is the rate by which a bank sells a currency.natural calamities that take place beyond Quota of IMF 份额:The deposit paid by each member to the IMF.SDR 特别提款权:Special Drawing Right. It is sometimes called paper gold and used to settle official transaction at the IMF.t he control of a contraction partyGreenfield strategy绿地战略:The firm builds new facilities on land bought or leased in a foreign country before starting its new operation.Most-favored nation treatment 最惠国：A treatment under which a country is required to extend to all signatories any tariff concessions granted to any participating country.GSP普惠制Generalized System of Preferences: Under the system, developed countries grant developing countries favorable lower tariffs without granting them to developed members. And the developing countries do not have to reciprocate such favorable treatment to the developed countries. So the GSP is an important exception to the non-discrimination principle of MFN.。
国际商务英语等级考试 汉译英.doc
I 国际商务英语等级考试（初转）汉译英要求对中文词组或句子进行翻译。
要求应试者有相关词汇的积累，表达能力的体现及习惯用语的熟练程度。
单词拼写要求准确，句子要求通顺无误。
共io题，15分。
2.百分之二的佣金3.商品目录4.出口单证5 .目的港6.原产地证书7.包装要求8.供我方参考9.即期信用证10 .品质超群11.工艺精湛12.在中国议付有效13•警告性标志14.装箱单15.业务（贸易）伙伴16.国有公司仃.商品检验18.预约保险单备考单词句子19.剪样20.中国产地证1.现金折扣2•短装3•单价4•续订单5•即期装运6.中国保险条款7.商会8.零售网点9•实盘10.—式三份行•保险代理人12•销售包装13.发货人14.保险凭证15.贴身包装16.出口订货仃.承兑18 .欧洲主要港口19.行名录20.带插图的商品目录21.收货人22.平安险23.账户24.预约保险•26.（资信）证明人27.做工；工艺28.可供数冒29.轻工业产品30.单证31 •小保单32.首次询盘33.数最折扣34.交货条件35.保险费36.拼箱货37.海运38彳亍业杂志39.保兑的、不可撤销的信用证40.现金折扣41.佣金42.发票金额43.运输标志44.分批装运45.装运单据46.已装船通知47.租船48.商业信用49.资信证明人50.战争险1 .我方相信这些预防措施可防止货物再次出现损坏。
We believe that these precautions will be able to prevent a recurrence of damage.2 •我方已通知银行将该笔款项记入你公司账户的贷方。
We have instructed the bank to credit the amount into your account.3.整套清洁已装船提单。
a full set of clean shipped /shipped on board bills of lading4•该商品的报价为每打上海港船上交货价18美元。
自考国际商务英语_句子翻译
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
国际商务英语(修正版)课后翻译
4. B: thank you. We are always doing our best to abide by contracts and honour our word.
5. B: I’m very glad to be of any help. We specialize in exporting chemical fertilizer.
10. Your letter expressing the hope of establishing business connections with us has been received with thanks.
2021/6/18
3
4. Complete the following dialogues
3. The enclosed price lists and catalogues will give you details of the models in which you are especially interested.
4. If you are interested in establishing business relations with us in this line, please let us know your specific requirements. We’ll be pleased to forward samples, catalogues as well as detailed information.
1.
1. 现具函自我介绍.本公司是美国各种电子产品的主要出口商.
2. 感谢贵方3月2号的来信，我们很乐意同贵公司建立业务关系。
3. 来函收悉，得知贵方愿与我方建立业务关系，特表谢意。
商务英语英汉互译(修订版)
occupationalculture
职业文化
pragmaticview实用观点
holisticview整体观点
generalterms一般条款
generalpractice一般惯
例
verbaloffer口头报价
salesconfirmation销售
确认
unconditionalassent无
伴
sizeoftheorders订货
规模
luxuryitems高档商品
priceelastic价格弹性
生产日程
促销活动sales
promotionactivity
产品开发product
development
销售人员marketing
personnel
市场营销marketing
销售调研marketing
价格及金银
price-species
economicandfinancial
transactions经济与金融
交易
doubleentry
bookkeeping复式簿记
creditanddebit贷方和
借方
surplusordeficit盈余
与赤字
errorsandomissions错
漏
equityinterests股本息
条件同意
elaboratestipulation
详细规定
timeofvalidity有效期
接受报价acceptance
商务谈判business
negotiation
可撤销的revocable
书面发盘writtenoffer
发盘驳回offerrejected
商务英语英汉译
absolute advantage 绝对利益acquisition 并购addition 增加的部分affiliate corporation 子公司airway bill 空运提单amendment 修改amendment 修正案/修正条款anti—dumping 反倾销be traced back to 追溯到bill of exchange 汇票bill of lading 提单binding obligations 约束性责任biotetechnology 生物工艺学board of directors 董事会borrowing power 借款权breach 违反business line 业务范围capital turnover 资金周转capital infrastructure 基础设施capital,land,labor 生产的三要素centrally planned economies中央计划经济国家CIF 成本、保险费加运费claim 索赔clean credit 光票信用证clearing system 清算系统colony 殖民地commit to 承担义务、做出保证common market 共同市场comparative advantage 比较利益compensation trade 补偿贸易competitive devaluation 竞争性贬值comply with 符合compound duties 复合税confirming bank 保兑行consignment contract 寄售合同consular invoice 领事发票contracting parties 缔约双方contribution 分摊Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development经济合作和发展组织correspondent bank 往来行cost economies 节约成本cotract proper 合同正文counter-offer 还盘counter-veiling-measures 反补贴措施creditworthiness 信誉cross—border contract 跨国界合同customer mobility 客户流动customs area 关税区customs clearance 结关customs invoice 海关发票customs union 关税联盟David Ricardo 大卫。
最新整理国际商务中的常用英语汉译.docx
最新整理国际商务中的常用英语汉译国际商务中的常用英语汉译一、英汉互译：Unit 1Domestic business：国内商务Economic globalization:经济全球化Host country:东道国Intellectual property:知识产权Non-tariff barriers：非关税壁垒国际商务：international business无形贸易：invisible trade国内生产总值：gross domestic products证券投资：portfolio investment“交钥匙”工程：turnkey projectUnit 2National product:国民产值Per capita GDP:人均国内生产总值Durable equipment:耐用设备Staple goods:大路货Creditor country:债权国国民生产总值:Gross National Product（GNP）收入分配：in e distribution经济合作与发展组织：the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development(OECD) 基础设施：infrastructure外汇储备：forEign currency reservesUnit 3Customs union:关税同盟Dual-Ministerial Meeting:双部长会议European mission:欧盟委员会Organization of petroleum exporting(OPEC) north: 石油输出国组织American Free Trade Agreement(NAFTA):区域经济一体化：regional economic integration自由贸易区：free trade area欧盟：European Union亚太经合组织：Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation(APEC)部长理事会：Council of MinistersUnit 4Board of directors：董事会Day to day running:日常管理The parent MNE:多国公司母公司National economic welfare:国家经济利益The legal jurisdiction:法律管理范围经济全球化：Economic Globalization跨国企业：multinational enterprises股东：shareholder国际经济环境：international economic environment生产设施：manufacturing facilitiesUnit 5self-sufficient:自给自足的farm produce:农产品the endowments of nature:自然禀赋perfect petition:完全竞争output per many-year of labor:人均年产量自然资源分配：the distribution of natural resources 初级产品:the primary modities比较利益论：the theory of parative advantage互利贸易：the mutual beneficial trade资源储备：the reserves of natural resourcesUnit 6Production capability：生产能力Consumption preference：消费偏好Cost advantage：成本优势Large-scale production：大规模生产Tariff barrier：关税壁垒技术创新：technology innovation贸易方式：patterns of trade关税区：customs area自动出口限制：voluntary export restraint名胜古迹：places of historical interestUnit 7International chamber of merce:国际商会Customs clearance:结关EDI:电子数据交换Incoterms:国际贸易属于解释通则Destination port:目的港兼付运费保险费货价：CIF贸易条款：trade terms修改信用证：amendment to the letter of credit 集装箱运输：container transport运费付至：CPTUnit 8Binding obligation:有约束力的义务Trade fair:交易会International trunk call:国际长途The business line:业务范围Force majeure:不可抗力报价：quotation发盘：to make an offer有效期：the validity period付款方式：mode of payment仲裁：arbitrationUnit 9Cross-border contract:进出口合同Clearing system:清算系统；清算制度Leverage: 杠杆作用Trade credit account: 贸易信贷往来账户Centrally planned economy:中央计划经济对销贸易：counter trade实际头寸：net positions双边贸易:bilateral agreement易货贸易： barter垂直合并，纵向组合：vertical bination Unit 10Financial status：财务状况To open account:开立账户Consignment transaction:寄售交易A usance draft:远期汇票Documentary collection:跟单托收汇率浮动变化：exchange rate fluctuation 资信状况：credit status分期付款:periodic payment即期汇票：sight draft付款交单：document against payment(D/P) Unit 11Impassable documents:正确无误单据Correspondent bank:往来行Advising bank：通知行Confirming bank:保兑行Transportation clause:运输条款商业信用证： mercial letter of credit 开证行：the opening bank受益人：the beneficiary转船：transshipment统一惯例：the uniform and practice Unit 12Clean credit：光票信用证Irrevocable credit：不可撤销信用证Sight credit：即期信用证Deferred payment credit：推迟付款信用证Non-transferable credit:不可转让信用证循环信用证：revolving credit保兑信用证：confirmed credit远期信用证：usance credit票面价值：face value资金周转：capital turnoverUnit 13FrEight prepaid:运费预付Prepare documents:缮制单据Consignor:托运人Consular invoice:领事发票Notify party:被通知人收货人：consignee空运提单：airway bill产地证书：certificate of origin运输标记;shipping marks装运港：port of shipmentUnit 14Contract carriers:契约承运人Intermediate product:半成品Inventory :库存Ultimate consumers:最终消费者Natural product province:产品自然领域原始的生产方式：primitive mode of production竞争机制： petition system运输体系：transportation system货物、资本、人员的自由流动：the free movement of goods, capital, and personnel公共承运人： mon carriersUnit 15Time lag:时差Claim on goods:对货物的索赔All risks:一切险，Premium: 保险费Insurer：承保人保证金：margin股票投资：investment in stocks货物保险：cargo insurance外汇储备：foreign exchange services共同基金:the mon poolUnit 16Insurable interest:可保利益Settlement of a claim:理赔Freight forwarder:货运代理行Utmost good faith: 最大诚信原则Valued policies：有价保单代位追偿：subrogation近因原则：the doctrine of proximate cause预约保单：open policy平安险：free from particular average (F.P.A.) 水渍险：with particular average (W.A.)Unit 17Exchange rate:汇率Balance of payment:收支平衡Direct quote:直接标价Buying rate:买入价Financial policies:金融政策金本位制：gold standard平价：par value布雷顿森林会议：the Bretton Woods Conference 间接标价：indirect quote储备货币：reserve currencyUnit 18Financial resources：资金Retained capital:预留资金Grace period:宽限期A specialized mandate:优惠期Direct investment:特殊使命世界资本市场：World capital market借贷成本:the cost of borrowing净收入：net earning产权（股票）投资：equity investment经济结构调整：economic restructuringUnit 19Tax holiday:免税期Greenfield strategy:绿地战略Customer mobility:客户留动Investment returns:投资回报Start from scratch:白手起家合资公司：joint venture并购：acquisition生物遗传学：biogeneties自动出口限制：Voluntary Export Restriction(VER)存货：inventoryUnit 20Secondary capital market:二级资本市场Government stock:政府债券Market maker:股票经营商Standing mittee:常务委员会Underlying securities:基础证券证券交易所：the Stock Exchange(Market)普通股：ordinary share补偿基金： pensation fund金边债券：gilt期权：optionUnit 21Global trade rules:世界贸易规则The reciprocal tariff concession list:互惠关税减让表A uniform tariff system:统一关税体系The optimal use of the resources:资源的最佳利用A provisional treaty:临时条款协商机制：a consultative mechanism双边谈判：bilateral negotiation签约国：the signatory countries充分就业：full employment多边贸易体系：multilateral trade system Unit 22The non-discrimination principle:非歧视原则Escape clause:豁免条款A new economic order:新经济秩序Trade concessions:贸易减让Special drawing rights:特别提款权国际组织：international organizations技术转让：technology transfer商品协议： modity agreement国际货币体系：international monetary system 优惠关税：preferential(customs) tariff。
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制其投资在他国的企业和资产获得回报。
past decade, especially in China since
15、最惠国待遇并不是什么特殊待遇，而只
Foreign direct investments of FDI for the country is playing an active role it. 是正常的贸易地位。受惠国只是享有被征收
即各国生产相比较而言效率更高的那种特殊
overseeing 23deaprtments in charge of 产品。更理想的是，各国集中专门生产它的
19、 2000 年对国际贸易术语解释通则的修改 考虑了无关税区的发展，商务活动中电子通
different affairs.
特殊产品，然后再进行相互间的贸易。
zones, the increased use of electronic
出口商所开出的汇票后，便可得到单据，而
conformity with those in the L/C.
communication, and the transport practices.
change in
付款则要晚于这个时间。 In the case of documents against
是促进世界和各国经济发展的最有效的工 具。
17、《买卖双方在制定合同时，如果有理解一 致的具体规则可供参照，他们就肯定简单、
neighbours separated only by a strip of
Technology, capital and ready markets are 可靠地确定各自的责任》 。
in an-other.
Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation(APEC)
what goods, with what trade patterns
3、外国直接投资，简称 FDI。投资者通过控 has caught more and more attention for the among them.
员会，管理 23 个负责不同事务的部门。
product.
of selling the goods while they are being
Its executive body is the European 13、贸易的比较优势是基于比较优势理论，
carried.
Commission composed of 20 commissioners
To summarize, the theory of international
specialization
seeks to answer the
in one country for consumption or resale
的作用，中国人尤其关注这个组织。
question which countries will produce
labor owned by the residents of an economy. pricing. They are also more able to take
生产总值的相当份额。
5、日本和中国是重要贸易伙伴，两国经济互
advantage of changes in the international
14、总的来说，国际专门化理论寻求回答的
2、有形贸易是指将在一国生产或制造的商
oil production is something the world 是哪些国家将生产什么产品，以及采用什么
品，出口或进口到另一国消费或转售。
cannot afford to neglect.
样的贸易结构。
Visible trade refers to exporting and 9、过去十年中，亚太经济合作组织越来越受 importing goods produced or manufactured 到人们的关注。由于中国在其中发挥了积极
vehicle for the promoting of global and
be sure of defining their respective
部分加拿大居民居住在边境地区。加美两佃 以其富有的市场， 拥有世界最大的双边贸易。
national economic welfare. 12、按照比较学说的观点，一国只要出口相
responsibilities simply and safely. 18、当卖方不得不提示可转让的运输单据，
Sharing a very long common border along
对有优势的产品， 而不是有绝对优势的产品， 尤其是出售货物所常用的提单时，就会产生
which most of the Canadian people live, Canade and the United States, with their
countries.
They are and seller have some commonly understood
countries.
considered to be the most effective
rules to specifically refer to, they can
6、加拿大和美国有很长的共同边境，而且大
讯使用的增加，以及运输方式的变化。
The 2000revision of Incoterms took account of the spread of customs-free
goods are sold. 26、在付款交单的情况下，进口商在承兑了
documents such as the nameof commodities, quantity, amount must be in strict
就可以从中受益。 According to the comparative advantage,
特殊麻烦。 Particular problems arise when the seller
respective rich market, enjoy the largest a country can benefit from trade if only
invested in a host country.
择范围，也使它能更方便地利用世界经济的
really a special treatment but a normal
4、国民生产总值指一个经济体凭借其居民拥 有的资产和劳动力所生产的货物和服务的市
变化。 Wide
geographical
spread
1、国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的 交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而此国内贸易
8、尽管内部存在矛盾，外部有来自非欧佩克 产油国的竞争，但欧佩克这个占世界产油量
The advantage of trade are based on the theory of comparative advantage, where
short is made for returns through 10、广阔的地域分布是跨国企业的一个特点，
关税表中最低关税的待遇。
controlling the enterprises or assets 这使得它在资源和定价的决策上有很大的选
The most-favored nation treatment is not
to have a wide range of options in terms
and services produced by the property and of decision-makings on sourcing
16、无形贸易也被称作服务贸易。在一些发 and 达国家，无形贸易已经占据这些国家的国内
water. Sino-Japanese relations
are sort of benefits MNEs bring to If, when drawing up their contract, buyer
therefore of great importance to both less-developed
33、商业发票是所要求的最常见的单证之一。 它是缮制其他单证的基础。
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
20、书面谈判往往以买方询盘开始，发生询
acceptance, the importer will get the Commercial invoice is one of the required
盘是为了了解预购货物的有关信息，包括各 种贸易条件。
factors and thus is more complicated than, countries, the influence on oil prices by trades with one an-other.
domestic business.
OPEC that accounts for 40% of the global
documents once the bill of exchange drawn and most commonly found documents. It
by the ex-porter is accepted, while the
constitutes the basis on which other
Written negotiations often begin with payment will not be made until a later
Invisible trade is also called service
补，又是一衣带水的近邻。中日贸易关系对 两国都有重要的意义。
economic environment. 11、技术、资本和现成的市场是跨国企业组