欧洲练习题
欧洲西部配套练习题
欧洲西部配套练习题一、选择题(每小题只有一个正确答案)1．对欧洲欧洲西部位置范围的叙述,正确的是( )A．欧洲西部大部分位于西半球B．欧洲西部只有西面濒临海洋C．欧洲西部主要位于北温带和亚热带D．欧洲西部面积约500万平方千米,包括30多个国家2．如图所示景观以欧洲西部哪个国家最为着名（）A．法国B．西班牙C．荷兰D．意大利3．既临大西洋又临地中海的国家有（）A．意大利和罗马B．西班牙和葡萄牙C．法国和西班牙D．法国和葡萄牙4．不属于欧洲西部的地形区是（）A．波德平原B．阿尔卑斯山脉C．西欧平原D．乌拉尔山脉5．欧洲西部没有的气候类型是（）A．温带季风气候B．温带海洋性气候C．地中海气候D．高山高原气候6．下列有关欧洲的叙述，错误的是（）A．欧洲的经济发展水平居世界各大洲之首B．欧洲西部的大多数国家都属于发达国爱C．欧洲西部是国际旅游业最发达的地区D．农业在欧洲西部经济中所占比重大，农牧业都发达7．欧洲西部农业发达，荷兰等国的农业类型（）A．种植业B．畜牧业为主C．林业为主D．渔业为主8．素有“欧洲的牧场和食品库”之称的国家是（）A．丹麦B．德国C．挪威D．瑞典9．欧洲西部适宜牧草生长的有利条件是（）A．热量充足B．地处高原C．光照条件好D．气候冷湿10．下列各国不属于三大旅游国的是（）A．英国B．法车C．意大利D．西班牙11．欧洲三大着名旅游国共同的旅游资源是（）A．都有峡湾海岸的文化古迹B．都有一望无垠的平原C．都有阳光灿烂的地中海海滨D．都有印刷精美的邮票12．下列欧洲国家，符合“工业大国”“农牧业大国”“着名旅游国”特征的是（）A．英国B．德国C．意大利D．法国13．下列国家与着名旅游城市的搭配，正确的是（）A．希腊--罗马B．瑞士-- 威尼期C．奥地利--维也纳D．意大利--雅典14．下列城市与其别称组合正确的是（）A．千年古都--巴黎B．音乐之都--维也纳C．水城--罗马D．艺术之都--威尼斯15．根据材料，下列说法正确的是（）欧洲西部面积约500万平方千米，占欧洲面积的一半左右，居民绝大多数为白种人，人口约5亿，人口密度约第平方千米70人，而世界平均人口密度约每平方千米40人，欧洲西部有36个国家，大约占世界国家总数的五分之一。
欧洲文化复习题答案
欧洲文化复习题答案一、选择题1. 欧洲文艺复兴起源于哪个国家？A. 法国B. 意大利C. 德国D. 英国答案：B2. 以下哪位作曲家不属于浪漫主义时期？A. 贝多芬B. 柴可夫斯基C. 莫扎特D. 肖邦答案：C3. 欧洲的哪个城市被誉为“艺术之都”？A. 巴黎B. 罗马C. 维也纳D. 阿姆斯特丹答案：A4. 以下哪个节日起源于欧洲？A. 圣诞节B. 中秋节C. 泼水节D. 感恩节答案：A5. 欧洲哪个国家以其独特的建筑风格“哥特式”著称？A. 法国B. 意大利C. 西班牙D. 英国答案：A二、填空题6. 欧洲的______时期是文化和艺术的黄金时代，许多著名的艺术家和作家在这一时期涌现。
答案：文艺复兴7. 欧洲的______被誉为现代科学之父，他的发现对科学革命有着深远的影响。
答案：伽利略8. 欧洲的______是中世纪欧洲最大的宗教建筑之一，也是哥特式建筑的代表。
答案：巴黎圣母院9. 欧洲的______是现代奥林匹克运动会的发源地，每四年举办一次。
答案：希腊10. 欧洲的______是世界著名的音乐之都，每年都会举办各种音乐节。
答案：维也纳三、简答题11. 简述欧洲中世纪的封建制度。
答案：欧洲中世纪的封建制度是一种基于土地的权力和义务关系。
领主拥有土地，而农民则在领主的土地上耕作，并向领主提供劳役和税收。
这种制度形成了一种等级分明的社会结构。
12. 描述欧洲文化中对个人主义的重视。
答案：欧洲文化强调个人自由、独立和创造力。
个人主义在欧洲文化中表现为尊重个人的权利和选择，鼓励个人发展和自我实现。
这种文化背景促进了艺术、科学和哲学的繁荣。
四、论述题13. 论述欧洲文化对世界文化的影响。
答案：欧洲文化对世界文化产生了深远的影响。
从文艺复兴时期的艺术和文学，到启蒙时代的哲学思想，再到现代科学的发展，欧洲文化在艺术、哲学、科学等多个领域都为世界文化的发展做出了重要贡献。
此外，欧洲的民主政治制度、法律体系和教育模式也对全球产生了广泛的影响。
七年级地理下册《欧洲西部》练习题及答案(人教版)
七年级地理下册《欧洲西部》练习题及答案（人教版）一、选择题1．读欧洲西部政区图，图中数字所代表的国家及其首都搭配正确的是（）A．①—英国—布鲁塞尔B．②—德国—柏林C．③—意大利——威尼斯D．④—挪威—奥斯陆2．下列关于欧洲西部地理位置的说法，正确的是（）A．地处亚欧大陆西部，非洲北部B．全部位于西半球、北半球C．地跨寒、温、热三带D．东临大西洋，北临北冰洋3．读“欧洲西部图”，关于该地区的叙述，正确的是（）A．①地是温带海洋性气候，适宜葡萄种植B．地形以平原、山地为主，②是阿尔卑斯山脉C．夏季可以到③意大利享受日光浴D．在④法国可以去比萨看斜塔，参观凯旋门4．下列食物是欧洲人主食的是：A．牛奶B．米饭C．馒头D．面条5．如图示意欧洲西部同经纬度地带5个城市冬季和夏季气温状况。
欧洲西部气温年较差自西向东变化的特点及影响因素分别是（）A．变小地形起伏B．变小人类活动C．变大纬度位置D．变大海陆位置2022年1～2月，中欧贸易额同比增长14．8%，达到1371．6亿美元，欧盟成为2022年前两个月中国第一大贸易伙伴。
结合欧洲西部大不列颠岛略图和伦敦气候资料图，完成下面6-7小题。
6．大不列颠岛南部地区（）A．1月白雪皑皑B．7月热浪滚滚C．全年温和湿润D．晴天多，光照强7．“一带一路”倡议的推进将进一步加强中国与欧盟国家之间的经济联系。
欧盟国家具备的优势条件是（）A．科学技术发达，工业水平高B．人口增长快，劳动力丰富C．工业发展历史短，发展潜力大D．煤、铁资源丰富，可供大量出口8．欧洲西部经济实力最强的国家是（）A．英国B．法国C．德国D．俄罗斯中欧班列已成为贯穿亚欧大陆的国际贸易大通道。
截至2021年10月底，中欧班列已铺设了73条运行线路，通达欧洲23个国家的170多个城市。
“一带一路”沿线国家已成为我国贸易往来的重要伙伴。
下图为中欧班列的其中一条“渝新欧”铁路线路图。
读图，完成下面9-10小题。
欧洲文化练习题
欧洲文化练习题欧洲大陆是一个历史悠久、文化多样的地区，拥有许多令人叹为观止的文化遗产。
为了更好地了解欧洲文化，我们来进行一系列的练习题，挑战你的知识和思维。
以下是一些欧洲文化相关的问题，希望能给你带来乐趣和启发。
1. 莎士比亚是英国最具影响力的戏剧作家之一，他的作品被广泛演出和翻译。
请问莎士比亚的出生地是哪个城市？2. 毫无疑问，文艺复兴是欧洲文化史上的一大里程碑。
请列举三位与文艺复兴运动密切相关的艺术家或学者。
3. 希腊神话和罗马神话都对欧洲文化发展产生了重大影响。
请简要介绍一位来自古希腊或古罗马神话中的神祗，并描述他们的主要特征或故事。
4. 意大利是许多文艺复兴艺术家和人文学者的故乡。
请问以下哪座城市是意大利著名的艺术中心？a) 威尼斯b) 伦敦c) 马德里5. 北欧国家以其特殊的文化和自然景观而闻名。
请问哪个国家以其出色的设计和家具而享誉全球？6. 此人是一位享誉世界的荷兰画家，他的作品《夜巡》是荷兰黄金时代最杰出的艺术作品之一。
请问他是谁？7. 音乐是欧洲文化的重要组成部分，欧洲有许多着名的古典音乐作曲家。
请列举至少三位著名的古典音乐作曲家，并简要介绍他们的代表作品。
8. 欧洲有许多著名的宗教建筑，其中最著名的之一是法国的巴黎圣母院。
请问巴黎圣母院是哪个宗教的重要场所？9. 欧洲有很多重要的历史事件和战争，其中一战是20世纪最具影响力的一场战争之一。
请问一战的时间跨度是从哪一年到哪一年？10. 文化遗产是欧洲各国的重要资产，为保护和保留这些遗产，许多重要建筑和地区被列为世界遗产。
请列举两个位于欧洲的世界遗产地并简要介绍它们。
这些练习题希望能够帮助你了解欧洲文化的一些方面，并激发你在这个领域的兴趣。
通过学习欧洲文化，我们可以更好地欣赏和理解这个多元而精彩的大陆。
继续探索，你会发现更多关于欧洲文化的精彩之处。
欧洲地理复习题集及答案
欧洲地理复习题集及答案一、选择题1.欧洲的最大河流是：a) 多瑙河b) 莱茵河c) 伏尔加河d) 塞纳河答案：a) 多瑙河2.以下哪个城市是法国的首都？a) 巴黎b) 柏林c) 马德里d) 罗马答案：a) 巴黎3.以下哪个国家是欧洲最小的？a) 法国b) 葡萄牙c) 荷兰d) 摩纳哥答案：d) 摩纳哥4.以下哪个国家不是欧洲联盟成员国？a) 英国b) 德国c) 瑞典d) 瑞士答案：d) 瑞士5.以下哪个岛屿是希腊的一部分？a) 斯巴达b) 克里特c) 意大利d) 马耳他答案：b) 克里特二、填空题1.欧洲最高峰是_________。
答案：勃朗峰2.欧洲最大的湖泊是_________。
答案：里海3.欧洲的地中海气候主要分布在_________地区。
答案：地中海沿岸4.欧洲最大的岛屿是_________。
答案：英国5.欧洲北部的国家主要以_________气候为主。
答案：寒带海洋性气候三、解答题1.简述欧洲地缘政治的特点。
答案：欧洲地缘政治的特点主要体现在以下几个方面：首先，欧洲地缘政治的国家较为集中，国家间相互关系复杂，影响力较大。
欧洲大陆上诞生了许多重要的大国和强国，如法国、德国、英国等，它们之间的地缘政治竞争和协作关系对整个欧洲地区的稳定与发展起着关键作用。
其次，欧洲地缘政治的地理形势复杂多样。
欧洲地区拥有丰富的河流、山脉、海洋等自然资源，这为欧洲国家的经济发展提供了便利条件，也对欧洲地缘政治的格局和势力范围产生了影响。
地理形势的多元性使得欧洲地缘政治具有多极化的特点，并在一定程度上造成了地区内的政治分化。
最后，欧洲地区的国家间密切合作，形成了许多国际组织，如欧盟、北约等，这些组织在欧洲地缘政治中起到了重要的推动和制约作用。
欧盟作为欧洲地区最具影响力的政治和经济组织，不仅加强了成员国之间的经济合作和政治协作，还对欧洲地区的国际关系产生了深远影响。
2.请列举欧洲地区的主要经济体。
答案：欧洲地区的主要经济体包括以下几个国家：- 德国：作为欧洲最大的经济体之一，德国以制造业和工程技术闻名于世。
欧洲专题复习练习题
欧洲（英法德）专题复习题一、选择题:1.纪录片《大国崛起》中有一句解说词：“它是第一个迈进现代社会的国家，在18世纪和19世纪的时候，它是世界发展的领头羊”，这只领头羊是指( )A. 英国B.法国C.美国D.德国2.2012年7月8日是法德和解50周年纪念日。
回顾历史，法、德两国的历史及关系耐人寻味，也影响着欧洲乃至世界的进程。
一战期间法德之间一场被称为“绞肉机”的著名战役和20世纪60年代以法德为核心成立的欧洲一体化组织分别是( )A.普法战争；欧洲联盟B.凡尔登战役；欧共体C.诺曼底登陆、欧洲联盟D.南北战争；欧共体3.有学者这样评价近代英国“它在政治、经济、社会、文化方面的成就都为世界其他地方提供了范例，可以毫不夸张地说，英国开创了一个新的文明。
”以下能够说明这一观点的有（）①利用议会限制王权②最终确立了三权分立的共和政体③机器生产成为工业生产的主要方式④创立了经典力学体系和进化论学说A.①②③B.①②④C.①③④D.②③④二、非选择题:1.在世界资本主义发展史上，法国曾扮演了重要的角色。
阅读下列材料，回答问题材料一启蒙运动对欧洲政治革命的意义……“砸烂可耻的东西”、“自由放任”和“社会契约”这些口号破坏了传统的制度和习俗……它们不仅对法国的现状，而且对整个欧洲甚至海外地区的现状，也是一个挑战。
——《全球通史》材料二第一条：在权利方面，人们生来而且始终是自由平等的。
第三条：国家主权属于人民。
第六条：法律是公共意志的表现，在法律面前，所有的公民都是平等的。
第十七条：私人财产神圣不可侵犯。
材料三拿破仑个人的影响诚然是可贵的，但是只有顺应正在推进欧洲文明的那些潮流，他的影响才能起作用。
——《拿破仑时代》请回答：（1）启蒙运动为法国大革命做了充分的思想动员，请说出一位法国启蒙思想家的名字及主要思想。
（2分）（2）材料二出自哪一部法律文献？（2分）（3）结合所学知识说明拿破仑的哪些措施“顺应了欧洲文明潮流”？（4分）（4）根据以上材料说明思想解放与政治变革的关系。
四川省2023年中考备考历史一轮复习封建时代的欧洲 练习题(含解析)
四川省2023年中考备考历史一轮复习封建时代的欧洲练习题一、选择题1．（2022·四川内江·校考二模）西欧封建制度的纽带是（）A．庄园法庭B．服兵役C．土地的封赐D．特许状2．（2022秋·四川内江·九年级四川省内江市第六中学校考期中）在中世纪的欧洲，封君封臣制度的建立需要履行特定的仪式，在封臣的效忠誓词中除却强调封臣的职责与义务外，还提及如果得不到封君的善待，可以自行离开封君。
这表明封君与封臣的关系（）A．具有一定契约性B．以血缘关系为纽带C．按等级严格划分D．以封君为绝对核心3．（2022秋·四川内江·九年级校考期中）“封赐土地必须举行一定的仪式，受赐者必须对赐予者宣誓效忠的仪式被称为‘臣属宣誓’，这进一步确立和巩固了金字塔式的封建内部的等级关系。
”上文体现的制度是A．种姓制度B．君主专制制度C．封君封臣制度D．城市自治制度4．（2022秋·四川内江·九年级四川省内江市第六中学校考期中）下列材料最能体现西欧封建等级制度特征的是（）A．“封建亲戚，以藩屏周”B．“民只知其主，不知其王”C．“我的附庸的附庸，不是我的附庸。
”D．“普天之下，莫非王土；率土之滨，莫非王臣。
”5．（2022·四川资阳·模拟预测）宗教是对社会现实虚幻的反应，世界三大宗教的产生都与当时的历史背景分不开，下列属于基督教产生背景的是A．反对婆罗门统治社会思潮兴起B．阿育王统治时大力提倡C．罗马帝国的压迫和统治D．阿拉伯半岛的统一大业6．（2022秋·四川眉山·九年级坝达初级中学校考期中）今天全世界通用的公元纪年方法，与下面哪一种文化有关A．基督教文化B．佛教文化C．伊斯兰教文化D．儒家文化7．（2022秋·四川内江·九年级校考期中）“佃户取得份地的条件是义务耕种领主的“直领地”，一般每周要在直领地上劳动3天，刺下的时间才属于自己。
欧洲文化入门练习及参考答案
《欧洲文化入门》练习及参考答案(总21页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--欧洲文化入门各章练习及答案第一章填空题：1. The richness of European Culture was created by ________element and _________element. Greco-Roman Judeo-Christian2. The Homer’s epics consisted of_________. Iliad and Odyssey3. ________ is the first writer of “problem plays”. Euripides4. __________ is called “Father of History”. Herodotus5. ________is the greatest historian that ever lived. Thucydides6. The dividing range in the Roman history refers to ________. 27 .7. “I came, I saw, I conquered.” is a famous saying by _______. Julius Caesar8. The representation form of Greek Democracy is __________. citizen-assembly.判断题1. Euclid says “Give me a place to stand, and I will move the world”. (×) Archimedes2. Herodo tus’s historical writing is on the war between Anthens and Sparta. (×) Greeks and Persians名词解释：1. Pax Romana答：In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions, it was known as Pax Romana2. “Democracy” in ancient Greece答： 1）Democracy means “exercise of power by the whole people”, but in Greece by “the whole people” the Greeks meant only the adult male citizens.2） Women, children, foreigners and slaves were excluded from Democracy. 论述题：1. How did the Greek Culture originate and develop1) Probably around 1200 ., a war was fought between Greece and troy. This is the war that Homer refers to in his epics.2) Greek culture reached a high point of development in the 5th century .A. The successful repulse of the Persian invasion early in the 5th century.B. The establishment of democracy.C. The flourishing of science, philosophy, literature, art and historical writing in Athens.3)The 5th century closed with civil war between Athens and Sparta.4) In the second half of the 4th century ., Greece was conquered by Alexander, king of Macedon. Whenever he wentand conquered, whenever Greek culture was found.5) Melting between Greek culture and Roman culture in 146 ., the Romans conquered Greece.2. What is the great significance of Greek Culture on the later-on cultural development答： There has been an enduring excitement about classical Greekculture in Europe and elsewhere Rediscovery of Greek culture played avital part in the Renaissance in Italy and other European countries.1) Spirit of innovationThe Greek people invented mathematics and science and philosophy; They first wrote history as opposed to mere annals; They speculatedfreely about the nature of the world and the ends of life, without being bound in the fetters ofany inherited orthodoxy.2) Supreme AchievementThe Greeks achieved supreme achievements in nearly all fields of human endeavour: Philosophy, science, epic poetry, comedy, historical writing, architecture, etc.3) Lasting effectA. Countless writers have quoted, borrowed from and otherwise used Homer’s epics, the tragedies of Aeschylus and Sophocles and Euripides, Aristophanes’s comedies, Plato’s Dialogues,ect.B. In the early part of the 19th century, in England alone, three young Romantic poets expressed their admiration of Greek culture in works which have themselves become classics: Byron’s Isles of Greece, Shelley’s Hellas and Prometheus Unbound and Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn.C. In the 20th century, there are Homeric parallels in the Irishman James Joyce’s modernist masterpiece Ulysses.3. What is the similarity and difference between Greek culture and Romanculture答：1) similarities:A. Both peoples had traditions rooted in the idea of the citizen-assembly.B. Their religions were alike enough for most of their deities to be readily identified, and their myths to be fused.C. Their languages worked in similar ways, both being members of the Indo-European language family.2) differences:A. The Romans built up a vast empire; the Greeks didn’t, except for the brief moment of Alexander’s conquests, which soon disintegrated.B. The Romans were confident in their own organizational power, their military and administrative capabilities.4. What is the Rome historical background答：1) The history of Rome divided into two periods: Before the year 27 ., Rome had been a republic; from the year 27 ., Octavius took supreme power as emperor with the title of Augustus and Roman Empire began.2) Two centuries later, the Roman Empire reached its climax, marked by land a rea’s extension: Encircling the Mediterranean.3) Strong military power: the famous Roman legions.4) In the Roman history ,there came two hundred years of peaceful time, which was guaranteed by the Roman legions,it was known as Pax Romana.5) Another important contribution made by the Romans to European culture was Roman Law.6) The empire began to decline in the 3rd century.A. In the 4th century the emperor Constantine moved the capital from Rome to it Constantinople (modern Istanbul).B. After 395, the empire was divided into East (The Byzantine Empire) and WestC. In 476 the last emperor of the West was deposed by Goths and this marked the end of the West Roman Empire.D. The East Roman Empire collapsed when Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453.第二章填空题：1. ___________is by far the most influential in the West. Christianity2. The Hebrews history was recorded in _________of the Bible. the Old Testament3. The New Testament is about _________. the doctrine of Jesus Christ4. The story about God’s f looding to the human being and only good-virtue being saved was recorded in Genesis,Pentateuch, the Old Testament, the Bible, which was known as _________. Noah’s Ark.5. The Birth of Jesus was recorded in ________. Matthew6. The story about Jesus being pinned in the cross to death was known as_________. The Last Supper.7. The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by handby the early group of reformers led by _________. John Wycliff.名词解释:1. The Old TestamentThe Bible was divided into two sections: the Old Testament and the New Testament. The Old Testament is about God and the Laws of God. The word “Testament” means “agreement”, the agreement between God and Man.2. PentateuchThe Old Testament consists of 39 books, the oldest and most important of which are the first five books, called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy.3. GenesisGenesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religious account of the origin of the Hebrews people, including the origin of the world and of man, the career of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.4. ExodusExodus is one of the five books in Pentateuch, it tells about a religioushistory of the Hebrews during their flight from Egypt, the period when they began to receive God’s Law. Joshua brought the people safely back toCanaan.5. The Book of DanielThe Book of Daniel belongs to The Old Testament of the Bible. Ittells about the Hebrews being carried away into Babylon.论述简答题：1. What are the beliefs of Christianity答： Christianity based itself on two forceful beliefs which separate it fromall other religions.1）One is that Jesus Christ is the Son of God, and that God sent him to earth to live as humans live, suffer as humans suffer, and die to redeem mankind.2）The other is that God gave his only begotten son , so that whosoeverbelieves in him should not perish, but have everlasting life.2. What are the different translation editions of the Bible答：1)The oldest extant Greek translation of the Old Testament is known as the Septuagint. And it is still in use in the Greek Church today. But it only translated the Old Testament.2) The most ancient extant Latin version of the whole Bible is the Vulgate edition, which was done in 385-405 . By St. Jerome in common people’s language. It became the official Bible of the Roman Catholic Church throughout the world.3) The first English version of whole Bible was translated from the LatinVulgate in 1382 and was copied out by hand by the early group of reformers ledby John Wycliff.4) After John Wycliff’s version, appeared William Tyndale’s version. I t was based on the original Hebrew and Greek sources.5) The Great Bible ordered by Henry Ⅷ in 1539 to be placed in all the English churches was in part founded on Tyndale’s work.6) The most important and influential of English B ible is the “Authorized” or “King James” version, first published in 1611. It was produced by 54 biblical scholars at the command of King James. With its simple, majestic Anglo-Saxon tongue, it is known as the greatest book in the English languages.7) The Revised Version appeared in 1885, and the standard American edition ofthe Revised Version in 1901.8) The Good News Bible and the New English Bible.3. What is the great significance of the translations of the bible答：1) It is generally accepted that the English Bible and Shakespeare are two great reservoirs of Modern English.2) Miltion’s Paradise Lost, Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Byron’s Cain, up to the contemporary Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises, and Steinbeck’s East of Eden. They are not influenced without the effect of the Bible.第三章填空题：1. In _______ a Germanic (日耳曼) general killed the last Roman emperor and took control of the government. 4762. After 1054, the church was divided into _________ and _______. the Roman Catholic Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church.3. _______ is the one who translated into Latin both Old and New Testament from the Hebrew and Greek originals. St. Jerome4. ______introduced French and Italy writing the English native alliterative verse.5. Both ___________are the best representative of the middle English. Chaucerand The Canterbury Tales6. _________ paved the way for the development of what is the present-day European culture. the Middel Ages名词解释1. the Middle agesIn European history, the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages. The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific, from the 5th century to 15th century.2. FeudalismFeudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding— a system of holding land in exchange for military service. The word “feudalism” was derived from the Latin “feudum”, a grant of land.3. The ManorThe centre of medieval life under feudalism was the manor. Manorswere founded on the fiefs of the lords. By the twelfth century manor houses were made of stone and designed as fortresses. They came to be called castles.4. Carolingian RenaissanceCarolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.5. Gothic1) The Gothic style started in France and quickly spread through all parts of Western Europe.2) It lasted from the mid-12th to the end of 15th century and, in some areas,into the 16th. More churches were built in this manner than in any other stylein history.3) The Gothic was an outgrowth of the Romanesque.论述简答题：1. Why is the middle ages is called Age of Faith答：1) During the Medieval times there was no central government to keep the order. The only organization that seemed to unite Europe was the Christian church.2) The Christian church continued to gain widespread power and influence.3) In the Late middle ages, almost everyone in western Europe wasa Christian and a member of the Christian Church. Christianity took the lead in politics, law, art, and learningfor hundreds of years.4) It shaped people’s lives. That is why the middle ages is also called the “Age of Faith”.2. What is the great significance of the Crusades答：1) The crusades brought the East into closer contact with the West. And they greatly influenced the history of Europe.2) During the wars while many of the feudal lords went to fight in Palestine, kings at home found opportunities to strengthen themselves. Thus among other things, Crusades helped to break down feudalism, which, in turn led to the rise of the monarchies.3) Besides, through their contact with the more cultured Byzantinesand Moslems, the western Europeans changed many of their old ideas. Their desire for wealth or power began to overshadow their religious ideals.4) The Crusades also resulted in renewing people’s interest in le arning and invention. By the 13th century, universities had spread all over Europe. Such knowledge as Arabic numerals, algebra , and Arab medicine were introduced to the West.5) As trade increased, village and towns began to grow into cities. And the rise of towns and trade in western Europe paved the way of the growth of strong national governments.3. How did learning and science develop in the Middle Ages答：1) Charlemagne and Carolingian Renaissance:A. He was crowned “Emperor of the Romans” by the pope in 800.B. Carolingian Renaissance is derived from Charlemagne’s name in Latin, Carolus. The most interesting facet of this rather minor renaissance is the spectacle of Frankish or Germanic state reaching out to assimilate the riches of the Roman Classical and the Christianized Hebraic culture.2) Alfred the Great and Wessex Centre of Learning:A. He promoted translations into the vernacular from Latin works.B. He also inspired the compilation of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles.3) St. Thomas Aquinas and Scholasticism:4) Roger Bacon and Experimental Science:A. Roger Bacon, a monk, was one of the earliest advocates of scientific research.B. He called for careful observation and experimentation. His main work was the Opus maius.4. How did literature develop in the middle ages答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in verna cular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages. Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) Dante Alighieri and The Divine Comedy:A. His masterpiece, The Divine Comedy, is one of the landmarks of world literature.B. The poem expresses humanistic ideas which foreshadowed the spirit of Renaissance.C. Dante wrote his masterpiece in Italian rather than in Latin.3) Geoffery Chaucer and The Canterbury Tales:A. The Canterbury Tales were his most popular work.B. Most of the tales are written in verse which reflects Chaucer’s innovationby introducing into the native alliterativeverse the French and Italian styles.C. Chaucer is thus to be , regarded as the first short story teller and thefirst modern poet in English literature.D. Chaucer and the Canterbury Tales were representative of the Middle ages.5. What is the difference between the vernacular language used in the National epics and the vernacular language used by Mark twain答：1) The epic was the product of the Heroic Age. It was an important and mostly used form in ancient literature.“National epic” refers to the epic written in vernacular languages—that is, the languages of various national states that came into being in the Middle Ages.Literary works were no longer all written in Latin. It was the starting pointof a gradual transition of European literature from Latin culture to a culture that was the combination of a variety of national characteristics. Both Beowulf and song of Roland were the representative works of the National Epics.2) The vernacular language used by Mark twain refers to both local and colloq language used in the Mississippi area, with a strong characteristic of that region. Mark twain used vernacular language not only in dialogue, but also in narration.3) His representative works Life on the Mississippi.6. What were the power and influence of the Roman Catholic church in theMedieval times1) With a highly centralized and disciplined international organization from priests to Pope, the Roman Catholic Church seemed to be the only unity across the western Europe of the Medieval times. It developed a civilization based on Christianity and helped to preserve and pass on the heritage of the classical cultures by the official language of Latin.2) with the Pope as the supreme head of all the Christian Churchesof the western Europe, the Catholic (meaning universal) church received heavy taxes from lay people and various supports from nobles and kings. Church could remove any opponents political rights or even emperors,with the powerful symbol of the Inquisition, the Church court to punish heresy.3) The Medieval Church was the center of the Europeans’ daily life and almost everyone became a member of theChurch. People turned to the Church for comfort and spiritual guidance; the Church also was the center of holy communion, recreation, trade and communal activity.4) Clergy then was the only literate class, so kings and nobles used them to implement important secular governmental duties.5) The Church took the lead in politics, law, art, and learning throughout the “Age of Faith”. For example, Romanesque and Gothic arts were predominantly religious; in learning, it influenced greatly the western thinking with the monks’ work on copying and translating ancient books, the ChurchFathers’ philosop hy, Monasticism, Scholasticism and Experimental science.6) originally for regaining the holy city of Jerusalem, the Church launched 200-year Crusades, which helped to bread down feudalism and enhanced the cultural contact between the West and the East.第四章填空题：1. Renaissance started in ________ and ________ with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture. Florence and Venice.2. In Renaissance literature of Italy, _______ was the representative poet. Petrarch3. At the heart of the Renaissance philosophy was the assertion of _________. the greatness of man.4. The idea of the greatness of man is reflected in __________ literature. Shakespeare’s5. The national religion established after reformation in England was called _______. The church of England or The Anglican Church.6. It was under the reign of _______ that reformation was successful in England. Henry Ⅷ.7. Montaigne was a French humanist known for his _______. “Essais”(Essays).8. The representative novelist of Renaissance in Spain was __________ with his famous work_______, which marked European culture entry into a new stage. Cervantes Don Quixote9. The Venus of Urbino is ___________ works. Titian10. _______ translated the whole Bible with the vernacular language. Martin Luther名词解释:1. RenaissanceGenerally speaking, Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th century. The word “Renaissance” means revival, specifically in this period of history, revival of interest in ancient Greek and Roman culture. Renaissance, in essence, was a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of conservatism in feudalist Europe and introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, to lift the restrictions in all areas placed by the Roman church authorities.2. ReformationThe Reformation was a 16th century religious movement as well as a socio-political movement. It began as Martin Luther posted on the door of the castle church at the University of Wittenberg his 95 thesis. This movement which swept over the whole of Europe was aimed atopposing the absolute authority of the Roman Catholic Church and replacing it with the absolute authority of the Bible. The reformists engaged themselves in translating the Bible into their mother tongues.3. Counter-ReformationBy late 1520 the Roman Catholic Church had lost its control overthe church in Germany. The Roman Catholic Church did not stay idle. They mustered their forces, the dedicated Catholic groups, to examine the Church institutions and introduce reforms and improvements, to bring back its vitality. This recovery of power is often called by historiansthe Counter-Reformation.论述简答题：1. What are the Geographical Discoveries in the Renaissance答：The Renaissance was the golden age of geographical discoveries: by the year of 1600 the surface of the known earth was doubled.1)Columbus: Columbus discovered the land of America. On his fourth voyage he explored the coast of Central America.2)Dias: Dias was a Portuguese navigator who discovered the Cape of Good Hope in 1487.3)Da Gama: Gama was a Portuguese navigator, who discovered the route to India round the Cape of Good Hope between the years of 1497 and 1498.4)Amerig：Amerigo was the Italian navigator on whose honour America was named. His discovered and explored the mouth of the Amazon and accepted South Americaas a new continent.2. What positive influence does the reformation exert on world culture答:1)The Roman Catholic Church was never the international court to which all rulers and states were to be morally responsible for.2)Economically, peasants all over Europe had no need to pay a good amount oftheir gains to the Pope.3)In educational and cultural matters, the monopoly of the church was broken.4)In religion, Protestantism brought into being different forms of Christianity to challenge the absolute rule of the Roman Catholic Church.5)In language, the dominant position of Latin had to give way to the national languages as a result of various translations of the Bible into the vernacular.6)In spirit, absolute obedience became out-moded and the spirit of quest,debate , was ushered in by the reformists.3. What contribution did the Renaissance make to the world culture答：1、The Renaissance created a culture which freed man to discover and enjoy the world in a way not possible under the medieval Church’s dispensation.2、The Reformation dealt the feudal theocracy a fatal blow.第五章填空题：1. The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in ________. the 17th century2. _________ formed the basis of all modern planetary astronomy and led to Newton’s discovery of the laws of gravitation. Kepler’s Laws3. “Knowledge is power.” By _____. Francis Bacon4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. By _____. Francis Bacon5. Leviathan is written by ________. Tomas Hobbes6. The English Revolution is also called __________. Bourgeoisie Revolution.7. In _______, the Bill of Rights was enacted by the English Parliament. 16898. There are two leaders in the English Revolution. _______ was the man of action and ________ the man of thought. Cromwell, Milton.9. The best representative of French neoclassicism is ________. Molière名词解释：1. the laws of gravitation: the sun, the moon, the earth, the planets, and all the other bodies in the universe move in accordance with the same basic force, which is call gravitation.2. ClassicismClassicism implies the revival of the forms and traditions of the ancient world, a return to works of old Greek literature from Homer to Plato and Aristotle. But French classicism of the 17th century was not conscious of being a classical revival. It intended to produce a literature, French to the core, which was worthy of Greek and classical ideals.This neoclassicism reached its climax in France in the 17th century.3. Baroque ArtBaroque Art, flourished first in Italy, and then spread to Spain, Portugal, France in south Europe and to Flander and the Netherlands in the North. It was characterized by dramatic intensity and sentimental appeal with a lot of emphasis on light and colour.论述简答1. Why do we say the 17th century is a transitional period from middle ages to the modern times答：1) This advance began in science, in astronomy, physics and pure mathematics, owing to the work of Galileo, Kepler, Newton and Descartes. 2) The outlook of educated men was transformed. There was a profound change in the conception of men’s place in the universe.3) The new science and philosophy gave a great push to the political struggle waged by the newly emerged class, the bourgeoisie, and other chasses.4) The modern world, so far as mental outlook is concerned, begins in the 17th century.2. What are the merits shared by the Great Scientists of 17th century答：During the 17th century, the modern Scientific method began totake shape. It emphasized observation and experimentation beforeformulating a final explanation or generalization. Copernicus、Kepler、Galileo、Newton and other scientists of the time shared two merits which favoured the advance of science.1) First, they showed boldness in framing hypotheses.2) Second, they all had immense patience in observation.3) The combination of the two merits brought about fundamental changes in man’s scientific and philosophical thinking.3. What is Baconian Philosophical system答：1) The whole basis of his philosophy was practical: to give mankind mastery over the forces of nature by means of scientific discoveries and inventions.2) He held that philosophy should be kept separate from theology, not intimately be blended with it as in Scholasticism.3) Bacon established the inductive method. Induction means reasoning from particular facts or individual cases to a general conclusion.. Deductive method emphasized reasoning from a known principle to the unknown and from thegeneral to the specific.4) In a word, to break with the past, and to restore man to his lost mastery of the natural world. This was what Bacon called the Great Instauration.4. What is the difference between Hobbes and Locke in terms of nature Law答：For Locke, Nature Law, therefore, means a universally obligatory moral law promulgated by the human reason. Whereas for Hobbes it means the law of power, force and fraud.5. What is the different between Tomas Hobbes and John Locke in terms of Social Contract1) John Lock’s Social Contract consists of :A. Society is out of necessity, convenience and man’s own interest, and therefore, society is natural to man.B. The institution of political society and government must proceed from the consent of those who are incorporated into political society and subject themselves to government.C. Locke emphasized that the social contract must be understood as involving the individual’s consent to submit to the will of the majority and that the will of the majority must prevail.D. Locke also believed that the ruler of government is one partner of the social contract. If he violates the social contract, then government is effectively dissolved. This idea was welcomed by the Americans during the AmericanRevolution and the bourgeoisie revolution in England.2 Tomas Hobbes’ Social Contract consists of:A. It is necessary that there should be a common power or government backed by force and able to punish.B. Commonwealth, in Latin, Civitas.C. To escape anarchy, men enter into a social contract, by which they submit to the sovereign. In return for conferring all their powers and strength to the sovereign, men attain peace and security.D. The powers of the sovereign must be absolute, and it is only be the centralization of authority in one person that the evil can be avoided.E. As to the form of government, Hobbes preferred monarchy.F. Government was not created by God, but by men themselves.3) Although both Tomas Hob bes and John Locke used the term “social contract”, they differed fundamentally.A. Firstly, Hobbes argued men enter a social contract to escape the state of war, for, in his view, men are enemies and at war with each other. Locke argued men are equal and that they enter a social contract by reason.。
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欧洲练习题一．选择题读下图，回答1~2题。
1.某人从莫斯科（东三区）乘飞机，经过3小时飞行，于当地时间2005年1月17日2时到达某国甲城（如图所示）飞机起飞时莫斯科时间是A.16日23时B.17时2时C.17日5时D.17日8时2.图中反映出该国海岸非常曲折，有众多的岛屿和深入内陆的狭长海湾。
形成这种海岸特点的最主要原因是A.流水侵蚀B.板块挤压C.冰川侵蚀D.地壳下陷2001年10月16日至11月2日，中国科学院组团对某群岛进行了科学考察。
下图是该群岛白昼长短的年变化示意图。
据此完成3—6题。
3．该群岛的经纬度位置大致是（）A．66．5°N，150°W B．70°N，30°EC．80°N，30°E D．85°S，150°E4．该群岛属于（）A．亚洲B．欧洲C．北美洲D．南极洲5．该群岛所处的自然带是（）A．冰原带B．苔原带C．亚寒带针叶林带D．温带落叶阔叶林带6．据科考队员考察，该群岛的人类活动自始至今均与采煤有关，这说明历史上该群岛（）A．第四纪以来寒冷交替B．曾经处于较低的纬度C．曾经处于板块的边界，岩浆活动频繁D．受北大西洋暖流影响，林木繁茂2007年8月24日希腊发生特大森林大火，被列为近15年来世界最严重森林火灾之一。
读图3，回答7～8题。
7．读图分析造成希腊这次森林大火的主要气候原因是A.夏季风→干热B．西风→大风C．信风→大风D．高气压→干旱8．8月25日一架救火飞机从（112°E,0°)日出时刻起飞到A地降落，飞行员始终看见太阳在地平线上，若此日北京（40°N)昼长为13小时，则飞机的飞行时间为A. 5小时B.5.5小时C. 6小时D.6.5小时下图表示某地年降水量和年最低气温、最高气温数据，根据资料判断9．该地的气候类型是（）A．季风性湿润气候 B．亚热带雨林气候C．温带海洋气候 D．地中海气候10．该地的地理位置为（51°N，7°E），日出当地时间8：08=北京时间15：08，你猜猜它在哪个国家A．日本B．法国C．英国D．德国11．对该地以下说法正确的是（）A．受副极地低气压带的影响，反气旋活动频繁B．常年受从东欧吹来湿润西风带的影响C．冬季冰岛低压影响产生气旋锋面，冬雨较多D．副热带高气压带和西风带交替控制影响降水据报道：都灵（7°40′E，45°03′N）时间2月10日晚上8点，2006年第二十届冬季奥林匹克运动会开幕式在都灵奥林匹克体育场举行，从而拉开了冬奥会的序幕。
回答12-13题。
12. 家住上海的李华同学要收看16天后同一时间的闭幕式，收看的时间应选择在当地时间（区时）的A. 2月26日8∶00B. 2月26日20∶00C. 2月27日3∶00D. 2月27日15∶0013. 图1为冬奥会所在地阿尔卑斯山地自然带垂直分布示意图，影响图中阿尔卑斯山南、北坡雪线高度不同的主要因素是①热量因素②降水因素③相对高度④海陆位置A. ①③B. ①②C. ②④D. ③④左图是世界地图沿10°E经线上的一段，MP、QN为陆地，PQ为海洋。
据此完成14～16题。
14．M、N之间的水平距离大约是A．2000km B．2500kmC．2750km D．3000km15．从M到P地地势变化趋势是A．变化不大B．先降低，后升高C．逐渐升高D．先升高，后降低16．当Q地为雨季时，下列城市同为雨季的是A．悉尼B．孟买C．开普敦D．纽约读图，完成17—20题：17．关于①湖泊的叙述中，正确的是（）A．①湖泊是由于内力作用形成的B．①湖泊周围为茂密的热带雨林C．7月，①湖泊周围水草丰美D．①湖泊西侧的河流为世界第一长河18．②湖泊与③湖泊比较（）A．两个湖泊都位于降水较少的地区，且影响降水的主要因素也相似B．两个湖泊都位于降水较少的地区，但影响降水的主要因素不同C．②湖泊的水位高于③湖泊的水位D．②湖泊位于欧洲，③湖泊位于亚洲19．④湖泊所在地理区域的地理特征有（）A．湖泊附近高大山脉南坡的雪线比北坡高B．自然带的分布具有明显的纬度地带性，但无明显的经度地带性C．人口密度由沿海向内陆逐渐递减D．是世界上经济发展速度最快的地区20．四个湖泊周围的地区中，为世界上棉花主要产区的是（）A．①B．②C．③D．④读世界某地区图（图5）。
回答21一23题。
21．图示海峡A．沟通了地中海与大西洋B．沟通了大西洋与太平洋C．沟通了红海与印度洋D．沟通了太平洋与印度洋22．下列关于图中A河水文特征的叙述，正确的是A．冬季有结冰现象B．含沙量大，水能丰富C．有冬汛D．夏季水量大，水位高23．甲乙两地的自然植被主要是A．甲为硬叶林B．乙为落叶阔叶林C．甲为荒漠D．乙为阔叶林24．俄罗斯以重工业和军事工业为主的工业区是A．乌拉尔工业区 B．新西伯利亚工业区C．以莫斯科为中心的工业区 D．以圣彼得堡为中心的工业区25．俄罗斯与北美洲之间的海峡是A．白令海峡 B．英吉利海峡 C．土耳其海峡 D．直布罗陀海峡26．关于俄罗斯的叙述，正确的是A．轻重工业都很发达且分布均匀 B．是世界上针叶林分布最广的国家C．粮食基本可以满足本国需求 D．乌拉尔山以西为平原，乌拉尔山以东为山地读两岛屿图，完成27～28题。
27．甲乙两岛按成因属于A．大陆岛火山岛 B．大陆岛珊瑚岛C．火山岛火山岛 D．火山岛珊瑚岛28．有关两岛屿说法正确的是A．附近海域渔业资源丰富 B．旅游业都很发达C．均位于板块的消亡边界D．降水都是西多东少读“欧洲一月等温线图”，回答29-30题。
29．从等温线分布规律看，莫斯科与巴黎一月平均气温最大温差（T）可能是A ．T=10℃ B．T=20℃C．10℃<T<11℃ D．19℃<T<20℃30．欧洲一月等温线总体走向及影响的主导因素是A．等温线大致与纬线平行．太阳辐射与海陆位置B．等温线大致与海岸线平行．大气环流与洋流分布C．等温线大致与山脉平行．山脉走向与海拔高度D．等温线大致与经线平行．海陆分布与地形地貌图2示意的甲、乙两国分别为传统、新兴的鲜切花生产国。
读图2，完成31---32题31.与甲国相比，乙国发展鲜切花生产的优势自然条件是①热量丰富②光照充足③地形平坦④水源丰富A ①②B ①④C ②③D ③④32.与乙国相比，甲国维持其在世界鲜切花市场竞争力的优势条件是A.专业化、规模化生产，鲜切花价格较低B.土地丰富，天然花卉品种较多C.培植历史久，劳动力成本较低D.技术含量高，鲜切花质量较优图8为欧洲四种农业地域类型分布图，图9是该区域某种农业地域类型的经营方式示意图。
读图回答33～35题。
33．面向城市市场，商品化和集约化程度最高的农业地域类型是A．a B．b C．c D．d34．若图9中箭头线q表示产品流量最大，则该经营方式对应的农业地域类型是A．a B．b C．c D．d35．m、n两地均盛产葡萄。
两地相比，m地的区位优势是A ．交通便捷 B．市场广阔 C．鲜果上市早 D．技术条件好下图为世界某一区域，该区域在较长时期内受图中气压系统控制。
回答36—38题。
1022 10161010甲乙40º20º20º0º36．若某科考队从甲到乙进行横跨半岛的地质地貌考察，该考察线路的直线距离约为A．280km B．550km C．760km D．1100km37．科考队在野外考察之际，当地的天气状况是A．低温干燥B．晴热干燥C．高温多雨D．温和多雨38．图示气压系统较长时间控制该区域时A．南极昆仑站出现极昼现象B．海轮向东横渡北印度洋顺风顺流C．东北平原时常受寒潮侵袭D．鄱阳湖流域大批候鸟栖息二．综合题39．（14分）根据材料，回答下列问题：材料一北京时间2009年10月3日0点30分，国际奥委会在丹麦首都哥本哈根（下左图中甲城市）宣布巴西里约热内卢（下右图中乙城市）获得2016年夏季奥运会的主办权。
000图12材料二丹麦地势低平，平均海拔约30米。
距离丹麦日德兰半岛东岸15公里的海中央，坐落着一个树木葱茏，但从外表看来毫不起眼的小岛——萨姆索岛。
该岛平均海拔不到30米，小岛根本上实现了能源自给自足，并且能源基本上来自于可再生能源。
11座岸上风力涡轮机和10座海上风力涡轮机日复一日的转动，满足岛上4000名居民所有的电力需求。
（1）简述甲城市地理位置的特征。
（4分）（2）如果甲、乙两城市同步日出，简述该季节甲、乙两地的气候特征。
（4分）（3）简述丹麦开发利用风能资源的有利条件（6分）40、读“俄罗斯两大经济地带的划分示意图”和“俄罗斯两大经济地带的基本经济指标”，完成下列要求：（1）俄罗斯东部经济地带与西部经济地带相比，最突出的优势体现在 。
（2）俄罗斯东部经济地带的人口密度约为西部经济地带人口密度的 ，分析俄罗斯东部经济地带人口稀少的主要自然原因有。
（3）俄罗斯濒临三大洋，境内河流也较多，但其水运不发达，其主要原因是 ，该国的运输业以 为主。
（4）与一些欧洲国家相比，俄罗斯的对外贸易在国民经济中的地位并不突出，主要原因是： 。
勒拿河鄂河毕俄罗斯两大经济地带的划分示意图俄罗斯两大经济地带的基本经济指标（%）（5）俄罗斯的东、西部地区以 山脉为界，西部地区甲地的冬季气温比同纬度的乙地 ，主要原因是 。
俄罗斯运输量最大的河流是河；东部地区的河流水量丰富，但运输不发达，主要原因是。
41.读“德国工农业分布示意图”，分析回答问题：（1）图中A的农业地域类型是___________，影响其生产的重要因素是___________和饲料等。
（2）C农业区处于首都柏林近郊，主要生产的农产品是_____________。
根据纬度位置判断，德国的糖料作物是________。
（3）D、E、F是工业区，其中属于传统工业区的是________，属于新兴工业区的是________（填字母）。
说明该国新兴工业已向________部发展，主要分布在________一带。
（4）20世纪60年代起，德国对传统工业区进行了综合整治，如在产业结构的调整方面，着重发展_______________________________________。
42．读图，回答问题。
(1)图中数字①—④代表的城市中，位于西半球的是________(填写数字代号)，A大洲中领土有极圈穿过的国家有________________。
(2)一架飞机沿最短飞行路线从②城市飞往④城市，其飞行方向是_________________。
(3)B大洲西部沿海最主要的气候类型是____________，简述该气候类型的分布特点。