社科院2000考博英语试题+答案
中国社会科学院研究生院2000博士研究生入学考试英语试题 Part Ⅰ V ocabulary (15 points)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that is closest in meaning to theunderlined word ．1．The cultural life of a social group ，qua social group ，may be said to depend upon its cognitive level ．A ．perditionB ．perceptionC ．pertinenceD ．permanent2．The article insinuates that the crime did not take place ．A ．states flatlyB ．argues convincinglyC ．positively deniesD ．suggests indirectly3．The international committee ，at its annual general meeting ，finally waived the rule about the 12-month qualifying period ．A ．ratifiedB ．agreed in principle withC ．modifiedD ．dropped4．The Bulletin ，noted for its impartial advice ，recommends in a recent issue that GPs and nurses learn a variety of skills transmittable to patients ．A ．influentialB ．judiciousC ．unprejudicedD ．medical5．She is an amiable member of the committee ．A ．conventionalB ．congenialC ．cogentD ．congenital6．When a careful individual speaks or writes there are usually nuances of meaning that need to be recognized ．A ．slight annoyancesB ．slight differencesC ．slight preferencesD ．slight shades7．Civilian oversight of the police means ，among other things ，that suspects will probably not be coerced into confessing ．A ．bribedB ．persuadedC ．deceivedD ．forced8．She told her niece she would leave her a small legacy ．A ．noteB ．articleC ．giftD ．inheritance9．Because his inattention was responsible for the accident ，he was rebuked ．A ．criticizedB ．punishedC ．delayedD ．disturbed10．The emperor ，in establishing the archbishopric in 968，revealed his interest in both religious and pastoral considerations ．A ．bucolicB ．churchlyC ．agriculturalD ．rural11．Among the requisites of polite society figures a basic politeness to everyone ．A ．demandsB ．stepsC ．awarenessD ．doings12．Quacks rely on the anguish of cancer sufferers ，as well as their credulity ，for their financial success ．A ．grimacesB ．wrathC ．irritationD ．torment13．The debris from the crash was strewn over the countryside for miles around ． 考博家园A ．trapsB ．remainsC ．resultsD ．weapons14．If the Minnesota Vikings continue to confound their critics ，their entry into the playoffs will be assured ．A ．confusingB ．confuse byC ．confuseD ．confuse with15．Older writers are frequently patronizing towards young writers ．A ．supportiveB ．criticalC ．kindD ．condescendingSection BDirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that best completes the sentence ．16．Disruptive behavior at meetings governed by Robert's Rules of Order usually results in________．A ．electionB ．erectionC ．ejaculationD ．ejection17．In 1981，the two factors of conservation measures and world recession resulted in a________ of the demand for oil ．A ．curbingB ．invertingC ．spreadD ．scotching18．The new budgetary constraints forbid the allocation of supplementary funds if it can be established that the original allotment had been________．A ．dispelledB ．dissipatedC ．dispatchedD ．dispirited19．When a room is supplied with an adequate amount of flesh air ，people usually say it is________．A ．well-modulatedB ．well-simulatedC ．well-ventilatedD ．well-stimulated20．You don't want a proctoscope if you hope to________ an image ；you want a telescope ．A ．displaceB ．distortC ．replaceD ．magnify21．Among the________ components of contemporary construction figure steel ，concrete ，and glass ．A ．requitedB ．integralC ．topicalD ．ornamental22．Zero or even negative growth ，a soaring budgetary deficit ，a________ in inflation—the government report paints a dismal picture ．A ．surplusB ．survivalC ．surgeD ．survey23．The eye tends to see distance as________．In painting ，this is sometimes called “the vanishing point ．”A ．conformingB ．comfortingC ．contrivingD ．converging24．Many an underdeveloped country ，faced with crippling national debt ，rums to________ a greater harvest from its timber resources ．A ．extractingB ．extrapolatingC ．excavatingD ．exfoliating25．The Court has been castigated for a steady________ of minority rights and women's fights ．A ．instigationB ．infringementC ．involvementD ．inquisition26．He became a legend as an opera singer ，not so much because of his voice range or emotive ability ，but rather because of his fiery________．A ．mannersB ．dispositionC ．altitudeD ．approach27．In America ，moon—lighting is an attempt to________ one's income ．A ．diluteB ．affectC ．augmentD ．offset28．The reports coming from the site________ that all the hostages have been killed ． 考博家园A ．allegeB ．inferC ．evokeD ．promise29．It is less to skill than to hard work that he________ his continuing success ．A ．ascribesB ．subscribesC ．prescribesD ．describes30．The lad was quite fortunate in finding a________ to aid him financially in his studies ．A ．patroonB ．pauonC ．platoonD ．poltroonPart Ⅱ Grammar (15 points)Section ADirections ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that is the best choice of word tofill in the blank ．1．As with any isolated and largely self-contained community the agricultural village was often________ fierce loyalty among its inhabitants ．A ．the objection ofB ．objective fromC ．the object ofD ．objective2．From its customs and traditions the village________ a strong sense of identity and morality ，which ，looking back ，may easily be mourned in a more impersonal ，amoral ，and uncertain modern world ．A ．could draw inB ．could draw uponC ．would draw fromD ．would draw in3．What this galloping advance in analytical acuity means is that scientists can now isolate the tiniest amounts of harmful substances in foods which ，________，have always been considered safe ，or in some cases beneficial ．A ．from thenB ．whenceC ．hithertoD ．hence4．Possibly because there are few bare patches of gravel on that continent ，________ because of an innately gregarious habit of mind ，their rookeries number almost millions of individuals ．A ．though most possiblyB ．probablyC ．but more probablyD ．most possibly5．She observed quite unashamedly that though they had been married for 8 years ，she knew nothing about________ in the army ．A ．he servedB ．him having servedC ．him to serveD ．his having been served6．The Mary Rose was a remarkable ship ，________ have rarely been seen ．A ．the likes of whichB ．like whichC ．which the likesD ．which of the likes7．________ can be seen by the results of the study ，the principle seems to require the active involvement of the patient in the modification of his condition ．A ．AsB ．WhatC ．ThatD ．It8．Test scores do not improve by magic ．Improving your test scores ，especially________ it comes to classroom tests ，depends on doing the assignments ．A ．whenB ．beforeC ．asD ．since9．I would not take his claim to being an authority very seriously ．________ he knows about his area is either inaccurate or outdated ．A ．How muchB ．That muchC ．How littleD ．What little10．For the purposes of the study ，it was at the beginning and at the end of preschool and first grade 2 that observations were made________ the children ． 考博家园A ．ofB ．towardsC ．onD ．with11．Half________，the number of participants registering for this year's marathon was disappointing ．A ．of them for last year'sB ．that of last year'sC ．of those of last yearD ．those of last years12．Attentiveness and involvement are prerequisites for there________ successful communication ．A ．isB ．to beC ．will beD ．are13．Who has the time to read or listen to an account of everything currently going on in the world?A ．that isB ．as isC ．there isD ．it is14．After turning the whole room inside out ，she eventually found the magazine ，________ were either torn or dog-eared ．A ．many of whose pagesB ．many of its pagesC ．many of which pagesD ．whose many pages15．Professor Li's hook will show you________ can be used in other contexts ．A ．that you have observedB ．how what you have observedC ．you have observed whatD ．how that you have observedSection BDirections ：Each sentence below contains one error ．On your Answer Sheet ，circle and blacken theletter that represents the error ．16．Tornadoes—actually miniscule storms which paths are not usually over a quarter mileA B in width—are nonetheless extremely violent ．C D17．Not only did various ancient civilizations cremate their dead ，but they also cremated along withA B the dead person every which object he might possibly use in the afterlife ．C D18．T o say that Ferdinand Magellan ，the first European to discover ，the Philippines ，did not actually circumnavigateA B the earth because he was killed before his famous voyage was completed ．C D19．Only in the late nineteenth or early twentieth century in Great Britain did it begin to be likelyA B that a resolution that women to be allowed to join a previously all-male organization C would be carried ．D20．Not had she lived virtually next door to the police station ，the burglars would have escapedA B C scot-free ． 考博家园D21．Cannibalism or humans eating other humans ，has ，throughout the history ，exerted both morbidA B C Dfascination and extremes of repulsion ．22．Some enthusiasts claim that the humble Hawaiian ukulele is the most versatility of all musical A B C D instruments ．23．It is to the skillful utilization of voice range ，the chief emphasizing in speech-making ，thatA B C success as an orator may be attributed ．D24．It is the predetermined ability of the shell of a variety of marine animals to develop only withinA B certain limits that prevents themselves from growing past a specific size ．C D25．Absent any convinced link between the quantity or the so-called quality of the brain cells ，one A B C is able to state whatever one chooses ．D26．Early missionaries discovered that their converts would backslide if left to their own devices ，A B and would charge them with guilty of so doing upon their return ．C D27．When in childhood ，Wagner seems to have had few interests apart from music ，about which heA B C D exhibited an insatiable curiosity ．28．It is the general level of comfort of the average citizen that determines whether or not a countryA considers wars rendered uselessly as a means of settling a disagreement with a neighboringB C DCoantry ．29．The government's new economic policies have as a goal the reducing down of the rate of A B inflation from its peak of three months ago ．C D30．In Victorian England ，many a respective and very rich older man had ，as a youth ，been involvedA B Cin at least foolish ，if not downright criminal ，acts ．D 考博家园Part Ⅲ Cloze (10 points)Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter for the word that best fits in thesentences below ．The rest of the afternoon passed slowly ．I wasn't able to 1 on the brief I 2 submit for the sodomy case I was scheduled to 3 4 ，and I was desperate to 5 ，unnecessary phone conversations ．The only phone call 6 interest was from Mercer ．He was pleased ．“Katherine's Fryer's 7 is the best 8 ．She's really good on 9characteristics ．She's 10 about the 11 and shape of the mustache ．I never had an illustrator as a victim 12 but it sure helps the sketch take on some 13 ．”I knew exactly what he 14 ．The 15 description started with witnesses saying they're 16 at doing this ，and that the guy was average height ，average weight ，average-looking ， 17 distinctive about his appearance ，and so on ．I had a folder full of 18 of wanted rapists who looked like everybody and 19 ．Try and display one to a jury and claim a resemblance to the defendant on trial and it was mom likely to look like three of the 20 ．Not guilty ．1．A ．conglomerate B ．concentrate C ．concentric D ．commiserate2．A ．must B ．ought to C ．had to D ．could3．A ．attempt B ．try C ．write D ．analyze4．A ．three weeks ago B ．three weeks beforeC ．after three weeksD ．in three weeks5．A ．avert B ．abort C ．avoid D ．annul6．A ．of B ．with C ．responding D ．evincing7．A ．outgo B ．outcome C ．intake D ．input8．A ．still B ．to come C ．before D ．yet9．A ．facial B ．face C ．personal D ．personality10．A ．dubious B ．decided C ．firm D ．strong11．A ．position B ．location C ．size D ．magnitude12．A ．ago B ．before C ．then D ．once13．A ．verisimilitude B ．exactitude C ．meaning D ．definition14．A ．described B ．inferred C ．defined D ．meant15．A ．average B ．median C ．typical D ．general16．A ．lousy B ．representative C ．partial D ．lousy17．A ．anything B ．nothing C ．something D ．everything18．A ．sketches B ．photos C ．paintings D ．etchings19．A ．somebody B ．else C ．nobody D ．me20．A ．defendants B ．jurors C ．same D ．people Part Ⅳ Reading Comprehension (30 points)Directions ：On your Answer Sheet ，circle and black out the letter that best answers the questionsbelow ．Passage 1Obviously ，the per capita income of a country depends on many things ，and any statistical test that does not take account of all important determinants is misspeeified ，and thus must be used only for descriptive and heuristic purposes ．It is nonetheless interesting—and for many people surprising—to find that there is a positive and even a statistically significant relationship between 考博家园these two variables ：the greater the number of people per square kilometer the higher the per capita income ．The law of diminishing returns is not invariably mae ：it would be absurd to suppose that a larger endowment of land ipso facto makes a country poorer ．This consideration by itself would ，of course ，call for a negative sign on population density ．Thus ，it is interesting to ask what might account for the “wrong” sign and think of what statistical tests should ultimately be done ．Clearly there is a simultaneous two-way relationship between population density and per capita income ：the level of per capita income affects population growth just as population ；by increasing the labor force ，affects per capita income ．The argument offered here suggests that perhaps countries with better economic policies and institutions come to have higher per capita incomes than countries with inferior policies and institutions ，and that these higher incomes bring about a higher population growth through more immigration and lower death rates ．In this way ，the effects of better institutions and policies in raising per capita income swamps the tendency of diminishing returns to labor to reduce it ．This hypothesis may also explain why many empirical studies have not been able to show a negative association between the rate of population growth and increases in per capita income ．One reason why the ratio of natural resources to population does not account for variations in per capita income is that most economic activity can now readily be separated from deposits of raw material and arable land ．Over time ，transportation technologies have certainly improved ，and products that have a high value in relation to their weight ，such as most services and manufactured goods like computers and airplanes ，may have become more important ．The Silicon Valley is not important for the manufacture of computers because of the deposits of silicon ，and London and Zurich are not great banking centers because of fertile land ．Even casual observation suggests that most modern manufacturing and service exports are not closely fled to natural resources ．Western Europe does not now have a high ratio of natural resources to population ，but it is very important in the export of manufactures and services ．In a parallel way ，the striking success of Japan ，HongKong ，and Singapore ，with relatively few natural resources per capita ，cannot be explained by reliance thereon ．1．In paragraph 1，three words are in italics________ ?A ．for reasons of English language styleB ．because of personal reason of styleC ．in order to highlight their importanceD ．to help the reader avoid confusion2．The people who are surprised are so because they have assumed that________．A ．there is a positive correlation between the two variablesB ．the higher the per capita income the lower the population densityC ．the greater the number of people the greater the per capita incomeD ．the relationship between the variables is statistically insignificant3．With which of the following statements would the author agree?A ．One would not ordinarily suppose that a large country would be poor ．B ．A negative sign on population density may be a wrong sign ．C ．Per capita income depends on the size of the labor force ． 考博家园D ．The author would agree with all of the above statements ．4．The word “here” in paragraph 3，line 1 means________．A ．supraB ．at this very momentC ．in this articleD ．in this country5．The population growth in countries with higher per capita income________．A ．comes not from the birth rate of the citizens but rather from the influx of othersB ．is a natural result because the citizens have more money for childrenC ．is only an artifact based on a declining birth rateD ．does not invalidate the population growth of poorer countries6．Which of the following statements is true?A ．None of the following statements is true ．B ．Silicon Valley has great deposits of silicon ．C ．London and Zurich have vast amounts of arable land ．D ．Western Europe has always depended on services ．Passage 2The procedures followed by scholars studying literature are often unsatisfactory ：the control over a cognitive project as a whole is often lost ．The literary scholar seems to be collecting data—which is a preliminary operation—without making use of them ．Like a diligent ant gathering food it will never eat ，the contemporary literary scholar seems intent upon writing footnotes of a books he will never try to read ．I propose that at the outset of a research project it is necessary to render explicit the questions the scholar will try to answer ，what methods will be used and why and the reason why s ／he thinks that it may be worthwhile answering such questions ．More ，the work of the people concerned with the study of literature seems casual ．For instance ，much research is devoted to one author ，often on the occasion of an anniversary ．Now there is no reason to think that our observations will be more valid ，urgent ，appropriate ，useful ，or interesting if the author of the texts we are concerned with was born or died or the texts were written fifty ，one hundred ，or two hundred years ago ．This seems to be celebration and not research producing knowledge ．It does not seem to make any sense to determine one's research program by looking at the calendar ．The widespread habit of limiting thescope of a research project to a single author often leads to a confined understanding of the author and the texts ，which ，in turn ，offers marginal results ．The average literary scholar considers these results satisfactory ．But for what purpose are they satisfactory?Often the research strategies and methods of the literary scholar are repetitive ．A new operation that is analogous to previous ones is often considered worthwhile ：it is on these premises that many texts concerning literature are produced and accepted ．I propose instead that in a concrete project that tries to produce knowledge ，any statement needs verification ．But there is a point where it is unnecessary to repeat the same operation on new data ，because the result has already been established ：rather than additional confirmation of what is already known ，it is the exploration of what is still unknown that deserves priority ．Contemporary literary research seems to be based on habits that originated in the past and that bear little resemblance to research projects as they are intended now in other fields ．If our main aim were the proposal of some objects as cultural models ，then it would be useful to our purpose to try to attract our society's 考博家园attention toward these objects and the persons who produced them ．It would be reasonable to perform our actions on the occasion of anniversaries ，because we would not be doing research ，but celebration and propaganda ．Celebration aims at confirming certitudes and strengthening bonds of solidarity among the participants ．It does not produce knowledge ，but it confirms what is already known ．Legitimating by means of the power of words has been for many centuries the main job of the man of letters ．7．In the view of the writer ，scholars studying literature need to________．A ．research more diligentlyB ．establish a clear purpose before commencing researchC ．decrease the number of footnotesD ．avoid writing special works to celebrate anniversaries8．The writer of this article is critical of modern literary research because________．A ．it uses too many analogiesB ．it is not concrete writingC ．it relies on established methods that have not changed muchD ．it is too subjective9．According to the writer ，writing about an author on their anniversary________．A ．is useful because it creates stronger ties with the authorB ．is useful because it strengthens the cultural informationC ．is useful because it is celebration and celebration confirms certitudesD ．is not useful since it does not add much to the pool of established information10．In paragraph 3，sentence 2，the words “to previous ones” refers to________．A ．previous authors written about by othersB ．earlier scholars who wrote comparative literary worksC ．earlier methods for researchD ．repeats of research11．This article________．A ．criticizes the limited approach taken by many literary scholars in their researchB ．criticizes the approach taken to footnotes in literary researchC ．supports the idea that literary scholars must remain a cohesive groupD ．maintains that more careful personal data needs to be collected about authors12．In the writer's opinion________．A ．repetition over a period of time can provide proofB ．evidence in research is criticalC ．celebratory research does not require proofD ．research concerning an author from antiquity does not require evidence Passage 3After a run of several thousand years ，it is entirely fitting that 2000 will be marked as the year the tide tuned against taxation ．Clay tablets recall the taxes of Hammurabi in the Babylon of 2000BC ，but the practice is certainly older ．People in power have always tried to divert some of the proceeds of economic activity in their own direction ．Lords took feudal dues from their vassals ；landowners took tolls from merchants ；gangsters took protection money from small businesses ；governments took taxes from their citizens ．Despite the different names ，the principle 考博家园has remained constant ：those who do not produce take resources from those who do ，and spend it on altogether different things ．The tide is turning because of the convergence of several factors ．In the first place ，taxes are becoming harder to collect ．Capital is more mobile than ever ，and inclined to fly from places that tax to places that do not ．Governments do not move their boundaries and jurisdictions as rapidly as companies can change locations ．Attempts to establish trans-national tax powers are almost certainly ，ably doomed by international competition to attract economic activity ．Many businesses will choose to stay out of reach ．The global economy and the internet mean that purchases can now cross frontiers ．People buy books ，clothes ，and cars from abroad ，and any finance minister who likes to tax these items find his tax base diminishing ．It is not only capital and goods which are harder to pin down ．Even wages are crossing frontiers ．The rise of the service sector means that many income-generating activities can take place across frontiers ，causing yet more headaches for over-stretched public treasuries ．Farther more ，the pace of electronic ，hard-to-trace activity is accelerating ．No less important has been the rise of political resistance ．The past quarter-century has been marked by a movement led in Britain and America itself in California's famous tax-cutting referendum proposition 13，but saw its fullest expression in the Thatcher and Reagan tax cuts of the 1980's ．Britain's Tories entered office in 1979 with the top rate of income tax at 98％，and left office 18 years later with a top rate of 40％．Indeed ，their Labour Opponents became electable only after a firm promise not to raise it again ．The plain fact is that electmates these days will not stand for it ．They recognize ，correctly ，that governments spend their money less carefully and less efficiently than they can spend it themselves ．One of the greatest uses of tax money is to provide pensions ．And here a revolution—as important and pervasive as privatization—is sweeping the world ．Fully-funded personal pension plans ，based on individual savings ，are sweeping away the poorly funded public pensions promised by governments ．The latter take taxes from the young to support the old ．The former invest savings from the young to support themselves when old ．13．The main idea of this text is that________．A ．taxation is changing and will continue to changeB ．ways of collecting tax have changedC ．pensions are increasingly being paid out of taxpayer's moneyD ．public money is being misspent in most western countries14．Taxes are more difficult to collect because________．A ．it is almost impossible to tax transnational companiesB ．of the increase in buying goods through the internetC ．some burgeoning areas of employment have activities that are not easily taxedD ．all of the above15．The biggest change in taxation________．A ．is in provident accountsB ．is privatization of companiesC ．is in individual pension plans which are replacing government pensionsD ．is the increased tax on personal investment16．From this article it is evident that________． 考博家园A ．small business will continue to be heavily taxedB ．in England ，personal income tax will rise to a top rate of 40％C ．many large companies can still avoid paying high taxesD ．globalization is making tax-collection easier17．According to this article ，the people who have many problems relating to tax are________．A ．the oldB ．the youngC ．the bankD ．the finance ministers of various countries18．Trans-national companies________．A ．do not have to pay taxB ．are often encouraged by a country to pay less taxC ．are finding it difficult to pay taxes because of the significant increasesD ．all of the abovePassage 4Handwriting analysis (graphology) circumvents the law by frying to determine an employee's traits (e. g. ，stability) according to some handwriting group stereotype to which he or she belongs ，(Indeed ，some graphologists have so little respect for the law and so much confidence in their stereotyping that they have proposed using the technique in lieu of court proceedings to identify and prosecute criminals!) The analysis works by comparing the speed ，size ，slant ，form ，pressure ，layout ，and continuity of an individual's handwriting with various patterns and typologies ，and assimilating this person's script into these types ．As a result the individual judged ceases to be an individual and becomes little more than a composite of traits ．This end result differs little from judgements based on race ，sex ，religion ，etc ．Granted ，no individual is totally unique ．Any evaluation of character ，or for that matter ，skills ，turns ，in some measure ，on employing generic ideas about virtue ，vice ，and technical competence ．Still ，there is a human individuality which manifests itself in our imagination and in the innovative arguments we choose to advance ．Standardized handwriting analysis is far less respectful of individuality in this latter sense than other modes of screening ．Individuals who are asked to write a personal essay describing their qualifications in their own terms ；and who are given an opportunity in an interview to describe their motivations in seeking a particular job retain far more of what makes them distinctive ．This more personalized format gives the individual an opportunity to express unusual or provocative opinions the employer may not have previously considered ．Upon reflection ，the employer may think these comments so pertinent that s ／he awards the job to this candidate ．Handwriting analysis ，though ，is ostensibly purely ：formal ．It does not provide the candidate with any opportunity to distinguish himself or herself in this substantive fashion ．At best ，graphology will yield some vague assessment such as “the candidate is highly creative”．It is worth remembering what the driving force is behind graphological testing ．Handwriting analysis ，like automated telephone screening ，is increasingly being used early in the hiring process because it purports to deliver salient ，accurate information cheaply ．Yet precisely because these techniques are standardized ，the data has reduced value ．Judgements about the precise relevance of some perceived character traits to a job are rarely ：straightforward ．Good interviewers learn through training and through interaction itself to qualify previous judgements ．Perhaps the candidate who fails to make eye contact has a guilty conscience (as it is standardly assumed)．On 考博家园。
2000医博统考听力题解析原文
2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题Paper OnePart ⅠListening Comprehension ( 10 % )Section ADirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefully and choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B DTalk One1. A. Heart attacks B. Strokes C. Drug addiction D. Cerebral haemorrhage2. A. About 860, 000 B. About 1. 5 millionC. About 1/2 of the total populationD. About 2/3 of the total population3. A. Easy to use B. Safe C. Economical D. Fast actingTalk Two4. A. Students B. Teachers C. Social workers D. Doctors5. A. They took a long-term course of social sciencesB. They took a one-day course of psychologyC. They rendered assistance to the disabledD, They explored the world of the handicapped6. A. To understand the handicapped B. To create compassion for the neededC. To share difficulties with the poorD. To take care of the disabled7. A. An insight into the psychology of the disabledB. More knowledge about needs and feelings of the handicappedC. Respect for the disabled for their abilitiesD. All of the aboveTalk Three8. A. The President and the hospital B. A visit to the hospitalC. President Abraham LincolnD. Lincoln and a wounded soldier9. A. Writing down a letter for him B. Dictating a letter for himC. Typing a letter for himD. Posting a letter for him10. A. The President signed the letterB. The President held the soldier’s hand tightlyC. The young man went peacefully through to his end.D. The young man recognized Lincoln.2000年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题录音原文Paper OnePart ⅠListening ComprehensionSection ADirections: In this section of the test, you will hear three talks. After each talk, there are three or four questions. The talks and questions will be read only once. You must listen carefullyand choose the right answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.For example: A B DTalk OneAn important new study reports that doctors now have a new drug called TPA for heart attacks. It may be better than any other heart drugs. Many doctors have been using a drug called streptokinase, which sometimes causes problems to patients. It can even cause bleeding in the brain. Streptokinase can save about 1/3 of the people with heart attack. But TPA will save about2/3. This means many people. About 1.5 million Americans have heart attacks every year.One reason TPA can help more people is because of time. This new drug is easier and faster to use. It will give doctors more time in hospitals. Then they can study the problem well. People with heart problems can also keep some TPA at home. When a heart attack starts, they can take some TPA right away. Then they will have time to get to the hospital. This is important because about 860, 000 people in the United States die before they get to the hospital.There is another reason why TPA is good news for people with heart attacks. According to the study, it is much safer. It does not cause other problems like streptokinase. TPA works only on the heart. It does not have an effect on the blood or cause bleeding.Doctors plan to do more studies about TPA. They need to test this new drug on many more people with heart attacks. But in a few years, many doctors and hospitals will probably start using this exciting new drug.1. What problem can streptokinase cause?2. According, to the talk, how many Americans have heart attacks every year?3. Which is at mentioned as an advantage of TPA?Talk TwoSitting in wheelchairs, limping in special shoes and wearing glasses which stop them from seeing properly, thirty students from the City University of Hong Kong spent a day exploring the world of the handicapped. They were taking part in a one-day course journey into compassion, to help them to understand the problems faced daily by the handicapped. Student affairs officer, Rebecca Chen said it would help create a caring campus community. Ms Chen was inspired by a magazine article on how doctors and hospital in the United States were able to appreciate the psychology of the patients better after they themselves were treated as patients. The idea is that the direct experience of the situation should be the first step to learning rather than study theory.Students were sent out in pairs, one handicapped and one observer, to complete a list of every-day tasks. This included borrowing books from a library, exchanging money at a bank and buying a ticket at a railway station. Social work student, Carina Lin, said she could never have imagined how simple task become real challenges for the disabled. "After sharing some of their experiences today, I have become much more aware of the needs and feelings of the handicapped". Another student said that the experience has taught her to appreciate the ability of the handicapped. Many on the course seemed to have gained an insight into the psychology of the physically handicapped. But there was still much work to be done.4. Who were the participants of the program?5. What did they do according to the talk?6. Why did they take part in the program?7. What did the young people gain in the program?Talk ThreePresident Abraham Lincoln often visited hospitals to talk with wounded soldiers during the Civil War. Once doctors pointed out a young soldier who was near death and Lincoln went over to his bedside."Is there anything I can do for you?" asked the President.The soldier obviously didn’t recognize Lincoln, and with some effort, he was able to whisper: "Would you please write a letter to my mother?"A pen and paper were provided and the President carefully began writing down what the young man was able to say:"My dearest mother, I was badly hurt while I was doing my duty. I’ m afraid I’ m not goingto recover. Don’t grieve too much for me, please. Kiss Mary and John for me. May God bless you and father. "The soldier was too weak to continue, so Lincoln signed the letter for him and added, "Written for your son by Abraham Lincoln. "The young man asked to see the note and was astonished when he discovered who had written it. "Are you really the President?" he asked."Yes, I am, " Lincoln replied quietly. Then he asked if there was anything else he could do."Would you please hold my hand?" the soldier asked. "It will help me to see it through to the end. "In the hushed room, the tall gaunt President took the boy’s hand in his and spoke wa rm words of encouragement until death came.8. What is the story about?9. What did the president do for the young man?10. What happened at the end of the story?Section B Spot Dictation ( 10 %)Directions: In this section of the test, you will hear one passage. The passage will be read three times. On your answer sheet, you will read the same passage with 20 words missing. As you listen, read the passage on your ANSWER SHEET and fill in the blanks with the exact words on the tape. There might be more than one word in a blank.When someone asks you to his or her home, it is very clear who is the guest and who is the host, but invitations to restaurant for lunch, dinner, coffee, a drink, etc, sometimes present problems, and the customs vary in different parts of the United States.In many instances it is the inviter who pays, as one would expect, but in some instances each one pays his or her own check: You "go Dutch. " This is often the case with friends in informal situations, such as "Let’s go get a beer" or "Want a cup of coffee T" In some parts of the country, however, some people like to entertain friends by taking them to a restaurant for a dinner instead of having dinner at home. In this case, the host expects to pay and the guest may offer to leave the tip, which may be declined by the host. If so, just let the matter drop, If the invitation is expressed in fairly casual terms, such as: "Let’s go to Green willow for dinner", it may be more of a suggestion than an invitation, so you should be prepared to pay your part of the bill. If you want to invite someone for a meal at a restaurant, be explicit: "I’d like to take you to Green willow. " Americans should be explicit also, but they often assume you know the local customs in the matter. Ask a friend’s advice if you are not sure.。
2000年考研英语试题及参考答案（3）
The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking and mechanical learning over creativity and self-expression." Those things that do not show up in the test scores personality, ability, courage or humanity are completely ignored," says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party's education committee." Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild." Last year Japan experienced2,125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarⅡhad weakened the "Japanese morality of respect for parents."But that may have more to do with Japanese life-stvles." In Japan," says educator Yoko Muro, "it's never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure." With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two generation households. Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes(travels to and from work)and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.63.In the Westerner's eyes, the postwar Japan was_____ .［A］under aimless development［B］a positive example［C］a rival to the West［D］on the decline64.According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women's participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis his been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.65.Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.66.The change in Japanese Life-style is revealed in the fact that____ .［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in the fact that_____ .［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition health, distinction, control over one's destiny must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition's behalf. If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. In an odd way, However, it is the educated who have claimed to have give up on have give up on ambition as an ideal. What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition-if not always their own the that of their parents and grandparents. There is heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped with the educated themselves riding on them.Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. Summer homes, European travel, BMWs. The locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago. What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is," Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious."The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where the are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life.67.It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if _____.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous68.The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is____ .［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition69.Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because____ .［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible70.From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained_____ .［A］secretly and vigorously［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily［D］verbally and spirituallyPart Ⅳ English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly no ASWER SHEET2.(15points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community.71)Under modem conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.72)Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, the may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, of in they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds. 73)Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example.74)in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governmentsconcerned.75)Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect.。
社科院工经所考博考题：2000-2010
社科院工经所考博考题：2000-2010 企业管理2000年必答题(50分)1论企业核心能力在制定企业经营战略中的作用。
二、选答题(任选一题，每题50分，共50分)1试论在建立国有企业高层经营管理人员激励与约束机制方面存在的主要问题、难点和对策。
2试举例论述在市场经济条件下企业加强冲突事务管理的重要性。
管理学原理2001年简答题(每题10分，共40分)1、W.爱德华兹.戴明对于管理理论的贡献是什么,2、谈谈你所了解的CIM,CAD和CAM。
3、简述形形色色的激励理论，它们如何形成当代激励理论的综合。
4、预测技术和环境变化的德尔非法的基本内容是什么, 论述题(每题30分，共60分) 1试比较经济学、管理学关于企业组织的基本研究方法和观点。
2试述企业家精神在战略管理中的特殊地位及现阶段如何培育我国的企业家精神。
企业管理2001年必答题(50分)1试用系统管理学派或权变管理学派的基本理论分析中国加入WTO后企业管理环境的变化及其企业管理创新的趋势。
二、选答题(必选一题，50分)1试论我国发展电子商务的主要难点和对策。
2试述企业经营业绩评价的基本方法及提高企业经营业绩的基本途径。
管理学原理2002年论述题(每体限在1000字以上)1论述运用战略管理理论，分析我国加入WTO后企业竞争战略的选择与调整。
(35分)2从管理道德观谈谈我国企业的责任和信誉。
(35分)3怎样用博弈论中的报复模型分析反对恐怖主义的策略。
(30分) 企业管理2002年必答题(50分)1试述提高企业管理信息化水平的意义和主要途径。
二、选答题(必选一题，50分)1试述我国国有企业治理方面存在的主要问题和对策。
2试述“意识—反应”型企业理论的基本要点及其在企业中的运用。
管理学原理2003年论述题(每题25分，共100分。
必答800字以上)1用霍夫斯泰德文化思维理论分析中外合资企业管理中的冲突和问题。
2从生产作业管理(operations management)角度分析如何提高中国制造业的劳动生产率和竞争优势。
[中科院]中国社会科学院研究生院博士研究生英语入学试题及答案
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中国社会科学院研究生院2005年博士研究生英语入学考试和答案PART I: VocabularySection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that is the closest in meaning with the underlined word.1. Too often, the sales manager who hires salesmen simply because of their extroverted and flamboyant personality will have a high turnover.a. deviousb. humorousc. singulard. ostentatious2. He remains alert to signs of hope and finds one in the story of the late SuAnne Big Crow, a high-school basketball star whose exploits and character united the reservation in pride.a. featsb. peatsc. leatsd. beats3. The emergence of extraterrestrial life, particularly intelligent life, is a key test for these rival paradigms.a. doctrinesb. heresiesc. examplesd. debates4. There are no national statistics, but family-law experts agree that with remarriage and a booming economy creating an increasingly mobile work force, relocation is becoming a much more. contentious issue in divorce cases.a. precariousb. urgentc. elusived. controversial5. Although astronomers increasingly suspect that bio-friendly planets may be abundant in the universe, the chemical steps leading to life remain largely mysterious.a. doubtb. assumec. emerged. amplify6. Small wonder, then, that the heavy surrounding wall is obsolete, and we build, instead, membranes of thin sheet metal or glass.a. extantb. manifest e. archaic d. dilapidated7. That prospect has infuriated ordinary Mexicans, who have seen the purchasing power of their paychecks erode more than 40% since 1982, and who voted for the new president because he promised to replace austerity with prosperity.a. severe and restricted economyb. affluence and large-scale economyc. inefficient and small-scale economyd. scarce and uncontrolled economy8. The benefits and pleasure from embezzlement will only be ephemeral for those corrupt officials, at the expense of the whole country for centuries to come.a. transitoryb. durablec. immortald. resilient9. We might feel ambivalence about taking PhD candidate tests that require us to work extremely hard and under too much stress.a. an antagonistic feelingb. a contradictory feelingc. a Monday-morning feelingd. an altruistic feeling10. Much of the emotionalism of modern pop music, which seems to offer catharsis to both performer and audience, is taken directly from the sacred-music traditions of African Americans.a. abreactionb. laxnessc. euphemismd. euthanasiaSection B (10 points)Directions: Choose the word that best completes the sentence.11. It is hoped that the severe prison sentences will serve as a(n) to other would-be offenders.a. hoaxb. deterrentc. hindranced. anguish12. and grit are much more important than intelligence and talent. So those who were responsible for cheating were kicked off the team, even in the face of overwhelming criticism.a. integrityb. culpabilityc. persistenced. indolence13. And so to the of the Games --- faster, higher, stronger ---Tonya Harding adds words she knows all too well: harder. Harder. Longer. Badder. She has worked so hard, tried for so long, wanted so bad.a. creedb. convictionc. dogmad. qualm14. Traditionally, biologists believed that life is a freak --- the result of a zillion-to-one accidental concatenation. It follows that the likelihood of its happening again elsewhere in the cosmos is .a. infinitesimalb. immeasurablec. multitudinousd. miscellaneous15. By starting treatment early, and interrupting it for brief periods once they had the virus under control, all of the study's eight participants were able to _ their immune responses.a. consoleb. fosterc. bolsterd. decrease16. His former wife had ____ the court for permission to move them to Colorado, but a judge said that would damage their relationship with Caldwell and ruled she could either stay in Illinois or relinquish custody.a. defiedb. ratifiedc. petitionedd. eluded17. Some managers in the slate-owned enterprises have been charged with for depositing public funds into private bank accounts at a time when economic reform is being carried out.a. embezzlementb. pillagec. pilferaged. arson18. Both sections are designed to be taken by high school seniors. Over 20 percent of the children with these top scores were found to be left-handed or , twice the rate observed among the general population.a. ambidextrousb. ambivalentc. ambientd. dexterous19. Poorer parents, meanwhile, may be tempted to borrow more than they ever expect to repay; the rate on government-backed loans is roughly 22% and bound to rise.a. interestb. mortalityc. defaultd. velocity20. It is not only that they are supposed to fall in love and to enter into a monogamous marriage in which she gives up her name and he his _______. but this love must be manufactured at all cost or the marriage will seem insincere to all concerned.a. concessionb. solvencyc. paroled. meditationPART Ⅱ: GrammarSection A (10 points)Directions: Choose the answer that best fills in the blank.21. We cannot observe and measure innate intelligence, we can observe and measure the effects of the interaction of whatever is inherited with whatever stimulation has been received from the environment.a. thereforeb. therebyc. whereasd. thus22. The critics tended to speculate who had the greatest influence on the development of that writer's novels.a. as tob. so as toc. thatd. of23. the stock market has posted its worst loss since the '87 crash and has provoked fears ofa bearish season to come.a. Panicked by a faltering buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,b. To be panicked by a hesitating buyout deal and a whiff of inflation,c. Being panicked by a hesitant buyout deal and a trace of inflation,d. Panicking by a faltering buyout deal and a hair-raising inflation,24. The assumption that the initiative in the establishment of this wondrous arrangement should be in the hands of the male, with the female graciously succumbing ____ the impetuous onslaught of his wooing , goes back right to prehistoric times when savage warriors first descended _________ some peaceful matriarchal hamlet and dragged away its screaming daughters to their marital beds.a. to ... onb. to ...withc. with ...tod. on...at25. Hacker could even take control of the entire system by implanting his own instructions in the software that runs it. Moreover, he could program the computer to ease any sigh ofa. his being thereb. him having ever been therec. his ever having been thered. having ever been there26．Jefferson was a renowned doubter，urging his nephew to “question with boldness even the existence of a God” John Adams was at least a skeptic，．a．as were of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allemb．as the revolutionary firebrand was of course Tom Paine and Ethan Allemc. as of course the revolutionary firebrands Tom Paine and Ethan Allem wered．as of course the revolutionary firebrand was Tom Paine and Ethan Allem27．Should Earth be struck by an asteroid，destroying all higher life-forms，intelligent beings，still less humanoids，a．would almost certainly not arise next time aroundb．will almost undoubtedly not arise next time aroundc．would not have to arise next time around indeedd．Would have arisen next time around for a certainty28．Another reason argues for the separation of church and state．If the Founding Fathers had one overarching aim、it was to limit the power the churches the state．They had seen the abuses of kings who claimed to rule with divine approval，from arbitrary Henry VIII to the high-handed George Ⅲ.a．not of ...but of b．not only ...but alsoc．of ...as well as d．of ...or of29．Many such chemical changes have been performed by man since very early times，probably the first the heating of clay to make pottery，which has been known for 1O，000 years．a was b is C．had been d．being30．But if life on Earth is not unique，the case for a miraculous origin would be undermined．The discovery of even a humble bacterium on Mars,____, would support the view that life emerges naturally．a．if they could be shown to have arisen separately from Earthb．if it could show to have arisen in parallel from Earthc if it could be shown to have arisen independently from Earthd. if they can be shown to have arisen autonomously from EarthSection B (10 points)Directions：Choose the letter that indicates the error in the sentence31．Bill Gates rules because early on he acted on the assumption which computing power---theA Bcapacity of microprocessors and memory chips---would become nearly free；his company keptCchuming out more and more lines of complex software to make use of the cheap bounty．D32. What struck the imagination of the world was, in first place, the dramatic character ofA Bthe discovery - the long and patient search, a real act of faith, culminating in the discoveryCof something the like of which had never been found before - the undisturbed body of theDancient Egyptian kings.33. Even George Washington must shudder in his sleep to hear the constant emphasis onA"Judeo-Christian values.” It is he who writes, “We have abundant reason to rejoice that in thisB CLand ... every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart.”D34. It was a textbook case of crisis mismanagement. Hitting by hundreds of lawsuits and a federalA Bprobe into the safety of its silicone breast implant, Dow Coming spent much of the past year hunkered down in a defensive crouch -- stalling investigators, sitting on evidence andC Dminimizing the complaints of women who said the devices caused them pain, disfigurement and serious autoimmune disorders.35. As the colleges and universities have less and less resources to devote to the humanities andAliberal arts, by which a sensitivity toward social advancement has traditionally been nurturedB Cthey are forced to look to private industry for money.D36. In the space of 12 hours last Thursday, Mexican Finance Minister Guillermo Ortiz Martinez undertook the unenviable task of charming, consoling and begging the forgiveness of three AAmerican credit-rating agencies, the head of a dozen U.S. commercial banks and 400 investorsBand analysts who lost nearly $10 billion last month when Mexico's newly minted President,CErnesto Zedillo Ponce de Leon, abruptly allowed the peso to float against the dollar.D37. He believed that Nazca only made sense if the people who had designed and made theseAvast drawings on the ground could actually see them. and that led him to the theory that theBancient Peruvians had somehow learned to fly, as only from above they could really see theC Dextent of their handiwork.38. The rescue package he finally unveiled Tuesday called for cutting budgets, keeping prices inA check and holding wage increases to 7% for 1995, backed by an $18 billion emergency fundBsubstantially financed by the U.S. Those sacrifices, however, make them clear that Mexico nowCfaces an anguished period of economic stagnation, even if the government can make the planD stick.39. But our guess, and certainly our hope, is that you are among the far greater number whoA knows that walls are only temporary at best, and that over the long run, we can serve society'sB Cinterests better by working together in mutual accommodation.D40. No wonder John Adams once described the Judeo-Christian tradition as “the most bloodyAreligion that ever existed,” and that the Founding Fathers took such pains to keepBthe hand that held the musket separate from the one that carries the cross.C DPART II1: Reading comprehension: (30 points)Directions: Answer all the questions based on the information in the passages below.Passage 1I have shown how democracy destroys or modifies the different inequalities that originate in society; but is this all, or does it not ultimately affect that great inequality of man and woman which has seemed, up to the present day, to be eternally based in human nature? I believe that the social changes that bring nearer to the same level the father and son, the master and servant, and, in general, superiors and inferiors will raise woman and make her more and more the equal of man. But here, more than ever, I feel the necessity of making myself clearly understood; for there is no subject on which the coarse and lawless fancies of our age have taken a freer range.There are people in Europe who，confounding together the different characteristics of the sexes would make man and woman into beings not only equal but alike．They would give to boththe same functions，impose on both the same duties，and grant to both the same rights：they would mix them in all things—their occupations，their pleasures．their business．It may readily be conceived that by thus attempting to make one sex equal to the other, both are degraded，and from so preposterous a medley of the works of nature nothing could ever result but weak men and disorderly women．It is not thus that the Americans understand that species of democratic equality Which may be established between the sexes．They admit that as nature has appointed such wide differences between the physical and moral constitution of man and woman，her manifest design was to give a distinct employment to their various faculties；and they hold that improvement does not consist in making beings so dissimilar do pretty nearly the same things，but in causing each of them to fulfill their respective tasks in the best possible manner The Americans have applied to the sexes the great principle of political economy which governs the manufacturers of our age，by carefully dividing the duties of man from those of woman in order that the great work of society may be the better carried on．In no country has such constant care been taken as in America to trace two clearly distinct lines of action for the two sexes and to make them keep pace one with the other，but in two pathways that are always different．American women never manage the outward concerns of the family or conduct a business or take a part in political life：nor are they，on the other hand，ever compelled to perform the rough labor of the fields or to make any of those laborious efforts which demand the exertion of physical strength．No families are so poor as to form an exception to this rule．If, on the one hand，an American woman cannot escape from the quiet circle of domestic employments．she is never forced，on the other，to go beyond it．Hence it is that the women of America，who often exhibit a masculine strength of understanding and a manly energy，generally preserve great delicacy of personal appearance and always retain the manners of women although they sometimes show that they have the hearts and minds of menNor have the Americans ever supposed that one consequence of democratic principles is the subversion of marital power or the confusion of the natural authorities in families They hold that every association must have a head in order to accomplish its object．and that the natural head of the conjugal association is man．They do not therefore deny him the right of directing his partner，and they maintain that in tile smaller association of husband and wife as well as in the great social community the object of democracy is to regulate and legalize the powers that are necessary, and not to subvert all power．Comprehension Questions：41．What does the writer think will improve equality between the sexes?a．the opinions of those who comment on society's foiblesb．the fact that democracy has leveled other inequalitiesc. the social changes that have occurredd．the wider gender demographic assumptions of our age42. Why does the writer oppose the views of some Europeans?a. Because he does not think men and women should do the same jobs, enjoy the same pastimes, or indulge in the same business transactions.b. Because he thinks they confuse the different characteristics of men and women.c. Because he thinks it absurd that the sexes should have the same duties and rights.d. Because he does not think the sexes have the same function in society.43. In what particular way do Americans have a different interpretation of democratic equality between the sexes?a. They want men and women to take different roles in society.b, They believe the sexes are very different from each other.c. They encourage men and women to fulfill different tasks as well as they can.d. They impose a division of labor in order to benefit society as a whole.44. What does the writer suggest to be the main strengths of American women?a. They concentrate on work in the home.b. They heed their comportments and show brainpowers analogous to those of men.e. They refrain from shirking domestic employment.d. They do not participate in business or politics.45. What effect has democracy had on the relations between the sexes in America?a. It has resulted in women being subordinate to men.b. It has subverted natural authority in families.c. It has formulated and endorsed necessary powers, with the man as head of the family.d. It has reinforced existing inequalities.Passage 2When we speak of progress in connection with our individual endeavors or any organized human effort, we mean an advance toward a known goal. It is not in this sense that social evolution can be called progress, for it is not achieved by human reason striving by known means toward a fixed aim. It would be more correct to think of progress as a process of formation and modification of the human intellect, a process of adaptation and learning in which not only the possibilities known to us but also our values and desires continually change. As progress consists in the discovery of the not yet known, its consequences must be unpredictable. It always leads into the unknown, and the most we can expect is to gain an understanding of the kind of forces that bring it about. Yet, though such a general understanding of the character of this process of cumulative growth is indispensable if we are to try to create conditions favorable to it, it can never be knowledge which will enable us to make specific predictions. The claim that we can derive from such insight necessary laws of evolution that we must follow is an absurdity. Human reason can neither predict nor deliberately shape its own future. Its advances consist in finding out where it has been wrong.Even in the field where search for new knowledge is most deliberate, i,e., in science, no man can predict what will be the consequences of his work, In fact, there is increasing recognition that even the attempt to make science deliberately aim at useful knowledge--that is, at knowledge whose future uses can be foreseen--- is likely to impede progress. Progress by its very nature cannot be planned. We may perhaps legitimately speak of planning progress in a particular field where we aim at the solution of a specific problem and are already on the track of the answer. But we should soon be at the end of our endeavors if we were to confine ourselves to striving for goals now visible and if new problems did not spring up all the time. It is knowing what we have not known before that makes us wiser man.But often it also makes us sadder men. Though progress consists in part in achieving things we have been striving for, this does not mean that we shah like all its results or that all will begainers. And since our wishes and aims are also subject to change in the course of process, it is questionable whether the statement has a clear meaning that the new state of affairs that progress creates is a better one, Progress in the sense of the cumulative growth of knowledge and power over nature is a term that says little about whether the new state will give us more satisfaction than the old. The pleasure may be solely in achieving what we have been striving for, and the assured possession may give us little satisfaction. The question whether, if we had to stop at our present stage of development, we would in any significant sense be better off or happier than if we had stopped a hundred or a thousand years ago is probably unanswerable.The answer, however, does not matter. What matters is the successful striving for what at each, moment seems attainable. It is not the fruits of past success but the living in and for the future in which human intelligence proves itself. Progress is movement for movement's sake, for it is in the process of learning, and in the effects of having learned something new, that man enjoys the gift of his intelligence.Comprehension Questions:46. Which of the following statements does the passage most strongly support?a. Scientific progress will benefit mankind immeasurably.b. Scientific research frequently achieves its intended goals.c. Progress may or may not lead to a better world.d. Progress defined by a infinite trajectory leads to wisdom.47. Progress, in the view of the writer.a. involves the development of the human intellectb. is closely related to social development and evolutionc. is at the expense of tradition and moral valuesd. always remunerates everyone relatively equally48. When considering the search for knowledge,a. we should aim at solving specific problemsb. we should produce useful resultsc. we become wiser because we accumulate a broad range of knowledged. science finds solutions for existing problems and uncovers new problems49. Progress, according to this argument,a. unquestionably leads to a more pleasurable existenceb. facilitates prosperity and personal satisfactionc. involves the achievement of measurable goalsd. is an inevitable movement forward50. The author suggests thata. past achievements are less important than future aspirationsb. history's successes demonstrate change in knowledgec. striving without achieving goals is wasted effortd. movement for movement's sake is pointlessPassage 3The immediate postwar economic regime throughout much of the world could be characterized as a unique compromise between national economic objectives (e.g., industrialization / development, full employment, and social welfare) on the one hand, and aninternational system of co-operative and liberal multilateralism, on the other-a combination often described as “national capitalism” or “embedded liberalism”.In practice the implementation of Keynesianism in each national context was quite specific and had to do with the mediating effect of local institutions or “governance regimes”. In industrialized nations, states regulated economics mainly through fiscal policy. Meanwhile, developing countries experimented with more extreme forms of state intervention, from various versions of “mixed”economies to outright socialism. In Latin America, the guiding postwar paradigm was import-substituting industrialization (ISI), through which governments fostered economic development by protecting domestic industries from foreign competition.This variety of postwar social contracts was made possible by a strong system of international monetary regulations, which were bound together by the political hegemony of the United States. In order to prevent global capital movements (whether outflows from the United States or inflows to Europe) from upsetting the system of pegged exchange rates, a consensus emerged for the establishment of capital controls. In limiting the pressures that could be brought to bear on the exchange rate, these restraints to capital mobility allowed governments to pursue domestic objectives other than currency stability (like full employment and a welfare state in Europe and industrialization in the developing world), and thereby satisfy the social demands formulated by their democratic electorates.Over the course of the postwar period, however, this system was put under considerable stress that culminated during the 1970s, On the domestic front, expansionary policies were beginning to exhaust their potential and were becoming increasingly inflationary. On the international front, the rapid progress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms had engendered a movement in favor of the liberalization of capital movements, supported by Britain (initially) and the United States (later). Both emerging and European economies were flooded with foreign capital, which made it even harder to sustain noninflationary courses of action and increased the vulnerability of currencies to speculation. In 1971, the U.S. commitment to such a liberal financial order was ratified by the country's decision to let the dollar float, which in effect brought the Bretton Woods system to an end.The new post-Bretton Woods economic environment not only appeared difficult to control with established economic strategies, but it also changed the political opportunity structure that governments faced. Previously, national policies bad been determined chiefly by the interplay of domestic parties, local interest groups, and national institutions. In contrast, now international finance constituted an increasingly powerful constituency, which could be presumed to have its own set of policy preferences-such as low inflation, balanced budgets, and strict monetary policy managed by an independent central bank.Comprehension Questions:51. What is the best title of this passage?a. The Widely Contrasting Models of the Economy and the Myth of the Mixed Economy.b. The Shifting of the Means of Government Intervention and the Downfall of the Bretton Woods system,c. The Varying Social Contracts and the Disadvantages of the System of Pegged Exchange Ratesd, The Changing International Economic Order and the Rise of the Market Paradigm52. What is the difference in the ways of government intervention between developed and developing countries according to the author?a. The background of developing countries is more general and the contexts of developednations are more specific.b. Industrialized nations focused mainly on government expenditure, while developingcountries tested different experimental forms of state intervention.c. Developed nations regulated the economies through fiscal policies, whereas developingcountries tried to control economies by protectionism.d. Develo ped countries experimented various version of “mixed” economies; meanwhile,developing countries tried to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.53. Which of the following statements is NOT true?a. The restrictive measures gave the governments the first priority on currency stability.b. Not only the U.S political supremacy but a strong system of international monetaryregulations made various social agreements possible.c. To protect the pegged exchange rates from being destabilized by global capital flow, themajority of the countries reached agreement on the establishment of capital control.d. Developed countries concentrated their domestic objective on full employment, whiledeveloping countries focused on industrialization.54. How was the system of pegged exchange rates put under substantial stress for the period before 1970's?a. Domestically, expansionary policies lost their potential and became inflationary;internationally, liberalization of capital movements ensued.b. Domestically, policies exhausted the endangered movements; internationally, the rapidprogress of financial innovation and the multinationalization of firms supported Britain and the United States.c. Domestically, policies exhausted potential and failed to become deflationary, internationally,financial modernization and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.d. Domestically, policies produced exhaust and reversed inflation, internationally, financialinnovation and firms favored support of Britain and the United States.55. In the passage the author's attitude towards “the new post-Bretton Woods economic environment” isa, optimistic b. critical c. indifferent d. approvingPassage 4The first social effect of this state of affairs was to produce a large and ever larger floating population of 'stateless' exiles. During the growth period of Hellenic history such a plight had been uncommon and was regarded as a dreadful abnormality. The evil was not overcome by Alexander's great hearted effort to induce the reigning Faction of the moment to each city-state to allow its ejected opponents to return to their homes in peace; and the fire made fresh fuel for itself; for the one thing that the exiles found for their hands to do was to enlist as mercenary soldiers: and this glut of military man-power put fresh drive into the wars by which new exiles - and thereby more mercenaries - were being created.The effect of these direct moral ravages of the war spirit in Hellas in uprooting her children was powerfully reinforced by the operation of disruptive economic forces which the wars let loose.。
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试预测题精选专练VII(附带答案)卷13
2022年考研考博-考博英语-中国社会科学院考试预测题精选专练VII（附带答案）第1套一.综合题(共25题)1.单选题It was （）the last time around the track （）I really kicked it in—passing the gossiping girlfriends, blocking out the whistles of boys who had already completed their run and now were hanging out on the grassy hill, I ran---pushing hard, breathing shallowly, knowing full well that I was going to have to hear about it from my disapproving friends for the next few days.问题1选项A.not until...whenB.not until...thatC.until...whenD.until...that【答案】B【解析】由选项及题干可知本题考查“not…until…”强调句型“It is/was not until … that…”，因此B选项符合题意。
2.单选题Government policymakers should consider （）benefit coverage for temporary employees, promoting pay equity between temporary and permanent workers, assisting labor unions in organizing temporary workers, and（） firms to assign temporary jobs primarily to employees who explicitly indicate that preference.问题1选项A.to mandate ...to encourageB.to mandate... encouragingC.mandating ...to encourageD.mandating…encouraging【答案】D【解析】考查固定搭配。
1999年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解【圣才出品】
1999年中国社会科学院考博英语真题及详解PART ⅠVOCABULARYSECTION ADirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark the corresponding letterwith a single bar across the square bracket on ANSWER SHEET Ⅰ.1. With her last child having left home, she felt a _____ need to fill her lime.A. tenseB. thoroughC. pressingD. small【答案】C【解析】tense绷紧的，紧张的。
thorough彻底的，透彻的。
pressing紧迫的，迫切的。
2. It is generally thought that as teachers work with students, psychology course work is _____ to teacher- training.A. indispensableB. inviolateC. indisposedD. invariable【答案】A【解析】indispensable必不可少的，必需的。
inviolate不受侵犯的，不受亵渎的。
indisposed不愿的，厌恶的。
invariable不变的，恒定的。
3. The announcement of the death of their leader caused thereafter a feeling of great despair to _____ their lives.A. overflowB. scatterC. permeateD. manipulate【答案】C【解析】permeate渗透，弥漫，充满。
2000年博士生入学考试试题(英语)改
中国科学院博士学位研究生入学考试英语试题（2000年3月）THE CHINESE ACADEMY OF SCIENCESENGLISH ENTRANCE EXAMINATION FORDOCTORAL CANDIDATESMarch 2000PAPER ONEPART ⅡSTRUCTURE & VOCABULARY (15 points, 25 minutes)Section A (0.5 point each)Directions: Choose the word or words below each sentence that best complete the statement, and mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.16. Much I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her for thoroughness, whatever the job.A. whenB. moreC. fartherD. as17. To support the general statement in the first sentence, each sentence in the paragraph provides adifferent example.A. relevantB. subsequentC. coherentD. antecedent18. A hefty 50% of those from ages 18 to 34 told the pollsters in the TIME/CNN survey that they“feminist” values.A. shareB. regardC. attachD. dominate19. I was not alone in my knowledge; the woman had also seen my father’s eyes gleaming withpride.A. contractedB. contestedC. contentedD. contrasted20. the writer’s craft through a consideration of rhetorical patterns is a useful way to study writing.A. ExploringB. ExploitingC. EmployingD. Embodying21. The first two assumptions made about the of TV were dead wrong: that it would bury radio and itwould be threat to movies.A. recessionB. adventC. diversityD. bias22. An education should enable a student to get a better job than be would be able to find or fill.A. consequentlyB. neverthelessC. otherwiseD. anyhow23. In addition to being physically sick, may dad was in the midst of a nervous , through none of us knew tocall it that at the time.A. breakupB. breakdownC. breakthroughD. breakout24. Although they are very succinct-that is why they caught on-cliches are wasted words because they are expression rather than fresh ones.A. staleB. stainlessC. stableD. spotted25. Though Americans do not currently abortions directly, costs are carried by other Americans through higher insurance premiums.A. implementB. terminateC. prohibitD. subsidize26. There are probably very few cases in which different races have lived in completein a single country for long periods.A. successB. revengeC. harmonyD. conscience27. In the last century and a half, scientific development has been breathtaking, but the understanding of thisprogress has changed.A. incidentallyB. dramaticallyC. rigorouslyD. temporarily28. It is always useful to have savings to .A. come out inB. live up toC. make a fuss ofD. fall back on29. We seek a society that has a respect for the dignity and worth of the individual.A. at its endB. at its handC. at its coreD. at its best30. Modern man is careless when disposing his garbage.A. ofB. toC. atD. about31. Negro slavery, many claimed, was good for all .A. concernedB. is concernedC. to concernD. that concerns32. To cry over spilled milk is to cry .A. in a vainB. in the vainC. in vainD. in no vain33. “Do you want to see my driver’s license or my passport?”“Oh, ”.A. either does wellB. either one will doC. each one is goodD. each will be fine34. The novel, which is a work of art, exists not by its life, but by its immeasurable difference from life.A. significance inB. imagination atC. resemblance toD. predominance over35. A 50-ft, wave travels at speeds 20 m.p.h., and anyone who’s too slow at the approach risks beingsmashed.A. in excess ofB. in the reach ofC. in exchange forD. in relation toSection B (0.5 point each)Directions: In each of the following sentences there are four parts underlined and marked A, B, C, and D. Indicate which of the four parts is incorrectly used by drawing a single bar across the square brackets on yourMachine-scoring Answer Sheet.36. Applicants will be considered provided that their files are complete due to theA B C Ddeadline.37. Elizabeth B. Browning, who has remembered for her love poems, published herA B Cfirst work at the age of twelve.D38.O n l y i f t e n m o r e s t u d e n t s r e g i s t e r t h i s a f t e r n o o n w i l l a n o t h e r p r o n u n c i a t i o nA B Csection be opening.D39.T h a t i n t e l l i g e n c e t e s t s a c t u a l l y g i v e a m e a s u r e m e n t o f t h e i n t e l l i g e n c e o fA BA individuals are questioned by some eminent.C D40. Track lighting is one of the most popular types, if not the most popular type, ofA B Clighting on market todary.D41. In fact, there is perhaps only one human being in a thousand who are passionatelyA Binterested in his job for the job’s sake.C D42. Watching films of what hate turned those people into made me choose to reject it,A Bto deal with people individual and not to spot all whites with the same obscene images.C D43. After a grueling review session, some confusing students asked the teaching assistant forA B Cstill more help.D44. Flourish in the thirteenth century, traveling musicians, called minstrels, played anA B Cimportant part in the cultural life of the time.D45.T h e r e w a s h a r d l y s o me b o d y i n t h e r o o m w h o p a i d a n y a t t e n t i o n t o h i m e v e nA B Cthough everyone knew who he was.C DPART ⅢCLOSE TEST (15 points, 15 minutes)Directions: For each blank in the following passage, choose the best answer from the choices given in the opposite column. Mark the corresponding letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets onyour Machine-scoring Answer Sheet.Faster than ever before, the human world is becoming an urban world. By the millions they come, the ambitious and the down-trodden of the world drawn by the strange magnetism of urban 46 . For centuries the progress of civilization has been 47 by the rigid growth of cities. Now the world is 48 to pass a milestone: more people will live in urban areas than in the countryside.Explosive population growth 49 a torrent of migration from the countryside are creating cities that dwarf the great capitals of the past. By the 50 of the century, there will be fifty-one “megacities” with populations of ten million or more. Of these, eighteen will be in 51 countries, including some of the poorest nations in the world. Mexico City already 52 twenty million people and Calcutta twelve million. According to the World Bank, 53 of Africa’s cities are growing by 10% a year, the swiftest 54of urbanization ever recorded.Is the trend good or bad? Can the cities cope? No one know 55 . Without question, urbanization has produced 56 so ghastly that they are difficult to comprehend. In Cairo, children who 57 might be in kindergarten can be found digging through clots of ox waste, looking for 58 kernels of corn to eat. Young, homeless thieves in Papua New Moresby may not 59 their last names or the names of the villages where they were born. In the inner cities of America, newspapers regularly report on newborn babies 60 into garbage bins by drug-addicted mothers.46. A. way B. life C. area D. people47. A. defined B. estimated C. created D. expected48. A. about B. up C. like D. already49. A. of B. like C. and D. or50. A. change B. wake C. beginning D. turn51. A. developing B. developed C. develop D. development52. A. makes B. has C. comes D. lives53. A. none B. few C. any D. some54. A. event B. work C. level D. rate55. A for good B. with clarity C. for sure D. in doubt56. A. miracles B. miseries C. mysteries D. misunderstandings57. A. elsewhere B. anywhere C. somewhere D. nowhere58. A. unrefined B. undigested C. unpolished D. unspoiled59. A. ask B. find C. have D. know60. A. dropped B. to drop C. dropping D. dropsPART IV READING COMPREHENSION (30 points, 60 minutes)Directions: Below each of the following passages you will find some questions or incomplete statements. Each question or statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C, and D. Read each passagecarefully, and then select the choice that best answers the question or completes the statement. Markthe letter of your choice with a single bar across the square brackets on your Machine-scoringAnswer Sheet.Passage OneG ordon Shaw the physicist, 66, and colleagues have discovered what’s known as the “Mozart effect”, the ability of a Mozart sonata, under the right circumstances, to improve the listener’s mathematical and reasoning abilities. But the findings are controversial and have launched all kinds of crank notions about using music to make kids smarter. The hype, he warns, has gotten out of hand.But first, the essence: Is there something about the brain cells work to explain the effect? In 1978 the neuroscientist Ver non Mountcastle devised a model of the neural structure of the brain’s gray matter. Looking like a thick band of colorful bead work, it represents the firing patterns of groups of neurons. Building on Mountcastle, Shaw and his team constructed a model of t heir own. On a lark, Xiaodan Leng, who was Shaw’s colleague at the time, used a synthesizer to translate these patterns into music. What came out of the speakers wasn’t exactly toe-tapping, but it was music. Shaw and Leng inferred that music and brain-wave activity are built on the same sort of patterns.“Gordon is a contrarian in his thinking”, says his longtime friend, Nobel Prize-winning Stanford physicist Martin Perl. “That’s important. In new areas of science, such as brain research, nobody knows how to do it.”What do neuroscientists and psychologists think of Shaw’s findings? They haven’t condemned it, but neither have they confirmed it. Maybe you have to take them with a grain of salt, but the experiments by Shaw and his colleagues are intriguing. In March a team led by Shaw announced that young children who had listened to the Mozart sonata and studied the piano over a period of months improved their scores by 27% on a test of ratios and proportions. The control group against which they were measured received compatible enrichment courses-minus the music. The Mozart-trained kids are now doing math three grade levels ahead of their peers, Shaw claims.Proof of all this, of course, is necessarily elusive because it can be difficult to do a double-blind experiment of educational techniques. In a double-blind trial of an arthritis drug, neither the study subjects nor the experts evaluating them know which ones got the test treatment and which a dummy pill. How do you keep the participants from knowing it’s Mozart on the CD?61. In the first paragraph Gordon Shaw’s concern is shown overA.the open hostility by the media towards his findings.B.his strength to keep trying out the “Mozart effect”.C.a widespread misunderstanding of his findings.D.the sharp disagreement about his discovery.62. Shaw and Leng’s experiment on the model of their own seems to be based on the hypothesis thatA.listening to Mozart could change the brain’s hardware.B.brain-waves could be invariably translated into music.C.listening to music could stimulate brain development.D.Toe-tapping could be very close to something musical.63. The remarks made by Martin Perl in Paragraph 3 about Gordon Shaw could be taken asA.neuroscientists and psychologists.B. Shaw and his colleagues.C. Shaw and his colleagues.D. the experiments by Shaw and his teamE. Shaw’s findings.66. According to the author, proof of what Shaw claims is difficult becauseA.the control group will also enjoy the same kind of Mozart.B.some educational techniques need re-evaluation.C.the double-blind experiment is not reliable and thus rejected by Shaw.D.participants cannot be kept from knowing what is used in the test.Passage TwoSometimes opponents of capital punishment horrify with tales of lingering death on the gallows, of faulty electric chairs, or of agony in the gas chamber. Partly in response to such protests, several states such as North Carolina and Texas switched to execution by lethal injection. The condemned person is put to death painlessly, without ropes, voltage, bullets, or gas. Did this answer the objections of death penalty opponents? Of course not. On June 22, 1984, The New York Times published an editorial that sarcastically attacked the new “hygienic” method of death by injection, and stated that “execution can never be made humane through science”. So it's not the method that really troubles opponents. It’s the death itself they consider barbaric.Admittedly, capital punishment is not a pleasant topic. However, one does not have to like the death penalty in order to support it any more than one must like radical surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy in order to find necessary these attempts at curing cancer. Ultimately we may learn how to cure cancer with a simple pill. Unfortunately, that day has not yet arrived. Today we are faced with the choice of letting the cancer spread or trying to cure it with the methods available, method that one day will almost certainly and would certainly delay the discovery of an eventual cure. We may not like the death penalty, but it must be available to punish crimes of cold-blooded murder, cases in which any other form of punishment would be inadequate and, therefore, unjust. If we create a society in which injustice is not tolerated, incidents of murder-the most flagrant form of justice-will diminish.67. How did Texas respond to the protests mentiond in Paragraph 1?A.No one was ever executed there later on.B.The criminal there was put to death in the gas chamber instead.C.Life of the condemned person there was terminated with a shot of drug.D.The murderer there was punished with life imprisonment instead.68. What is the main idea of Paragraph?A.The objections of death penalty have become less severe.B.The death itself is considered inhumane and unacceptable.C.Death penalty opponents only care about how one is put to death.D.The “hygienic” was of execution is even more barbaric.69. It can be safely inferred that the authorA.supports capital punishment.B.Is trying to learn how to cure cancer.C.Fears that someone might be punished by mistake.D.Likes radical surgery, radiation and chemotherapy.70. The author’s analogy between cancer and murder is made in order to showA.the lack of perfect solution to the present problems.B.the new discovery of modern science.C.the necessity of doing nothing till an ultimate cure is available.D.the availability of adequate punishment.71. Which of the following stands for the author’s attitude?A.Letting the injustice spread if we don't want to be barbarous.B.Minimizing incidents of murder by means of death penalty.C.Being tolerant of people’s choice of not having any medical treatment.D.Looking for a better form of punishment than death penalty.72. What type of writing is mostly adopted in this passage?A.Narration.B.Classification.C.Exemplification.D.Persuasion.Passage ThreeShyness is a nearly universal human trait. Almost everyone has bouts of it, and half of those surveyed describe themselves as shy. Perhaps because it’s so widespread, and because it suggests vulnerability, shyness is often an endearing trait: Princess Dian a, for example, won millions of admirers with her “Shy Di” manner. The human species might not even exist if not for an instinctive wariness of other creatures. In fact, the ability to sense a threat and a desire to flee are lodged in the most primitive regions of the brain.But at some life juncture, roughly 1 out of every 8 people becomes so timid that encounters with others turn into a source of overwhelming dread. The heart races, palms sweat, mouth grows dry, words vanish, thoughts become cluttered, an d an urge to escape takes over. This is the face of social phobia (also known as “social anxiety disorder”), the third most common mental disorder in the United States, behind depression and alcoholism. Some social phobics can hardly utter a sentence without obsession over the impression they are making. Others refuse to use public restrooms or talk on the telephone. Sometimes they go mute in front of the boss or a member of the opposite sex. At the extreme, they built a hermitic life, avoiding contact with others.Though social anxiety’s symptoms have been noted since the time of Hippocrates, the disorder was a nameless affliction until the late 1960s and didn’t make it way into psychiatry manuals until 1980. As it became better known, patients previously thought to suffer panic disorder were recognized as being anxious only in social settings. A decade ago, 40 percent of people said they were shy, but in today’s “nation of strangers” – in which computers and ATMs make face-to-face relations less and less common – that often favored by those who fear human interaction, greases the slope from shyness to social anxiety. If people were slightly shy to begin with, they can now interact less and less, and that will make the shyness much worse.73. According to Paragraph One, shyness isA.against human nature.B. completely an endearing trait.C. so widespread that a problem may arise.D. essential to the survival of the human species.74. The author suggests that our ability to sense a threat and desire to fleeA.are connected with types of shyness.B.make us more timid and less successfulC.distinguish humans from other creatures.D.are the results of the influence of our environment.75. Which is NOT mentioned as a sign of social anxiety disorder?A.Speechl ess in front of one’s supervisor.B.Unwilling to go to the public toilets.C.Getting drunk in social settings.D.The heart pumping fast.76. The term “social anxiety disorder” was coinedA. at the time of ancient meditation.B. in the 1960s.C. in 1980.D. a decade ago.77. It is shown that the most common mental disorder in the U.S. isA. depression.B. alcoholism.C. social phobia.D. panic disorder.78. What is the cited attitude of some psychologists towards the Internet culture?A.It is the main cause of social phobia.B.It is destructive and thus should be kept away from the youth.C.It encourages peple who are rather inhibited to communicate more freely.D.It helps accelerate the degradation from shyness to social phobia.Passage FourBenjamin Day was only 22 years old when he developed the idea of a newspaper for the masses and launched his New York Sun in 1833, which would profoundly alter journalism by his new approach. Yet, several conditions had to exist before a mass press could come into existence. It was impossible to launch a mass-appeal newspaper without invention of a printing press able to produce extremely cheap newspaper affordable almost to everyone. The second element that led to the growth of the mass newspaper was the increased level of literacy in the population. The then increased emphasis on education led to a concurrent growth of literacy as many people in the middle and lower economic groups acquired reading skills. The trend toward “democratization” of business and politics fostered the creation of a mass audience responsive to a mass press.Having seen others fail in their attempts to market a mass-appeal newspaper, he forged ahead with his New York Sun, which would be a daily and sell for a penny, as compared to the other dailies that went for six cents a copy. Local happenings, sex, violence, features, and human-interest stories would constitute his content. Conspicuously absent were the dull political debates t hat still characterized many of the six-cent papers. Within six months the Sun achieved a circulation approximately 8,000 issues, far ahead of its nearest competitor. Day’s gamble had paid off, and the penny press was launched.James Gordon Bennett, perhaps the most significant and certainly the most colorful of the individuals imitating Day’s paper, launched his New York Herald in 1835, even more of a rapid success than the Sun. Part of Bennett’s success can be attributed to his skillful reporting of crime news, the institution of a financial page, sports reporting, and an aggressive editorial policy. He looked upon himself a reformer, and wrote in one of his editorials: “I go for a general reformation of morals. … I mean to begin a new movement in the progress of civilization.”Horace Greeley was another important pioneer of the era. He launched his New York Tribune in 1841 and would rank third behind the Sun and Herald in daily circulation, but his weekly edition was circulated nationally and proved to be a great success. Greeley’s Tribune was not as sensational as its competitors. He used his editorial page for crusades and causes. He opposed capital punishment, alcohol, gambling and tobacco. Greeley also favored women’s rights. Greeley never talked down to the mass audience and attracted his readers by appealing to their intellect more than to their emotions.The last of the major newspapers of the penny-press era began in 1851. The New York Times,edited by Henry Raymond, promised to be less sensational than the Sun or Herald and less impassioned than Greeley. The paper soon established a reputation for objective and reasoned journalism. Raymond stressed the gathering of foreign news and served as foreign correspondent himself in 1859. The Times circulation reached more than 40,000 before the Civil war.79. Which is NOT mentioned as the contributing element in the launch of the mass press?A.The upgraded educational level of the masses.B.The increased wealth of the population as a whole.C.The democratic background and drive of the general publicD.The lowered cost of newspaper production.80. The New York Sun rarely featuredA.business newsB.women’s pages.C.lengthy discussion about politics.D.local shipment information.81. Which of the following papers issued a nationally circulated edition?A. The New York Tribune.B.The New York Sun.C.The New York Herald.D.The New York Times.82. Which of the following papers is viewed as the most dispassionate one?A The New York Tribune.B. The New York Sun.C. The New York Herald.D. The New York Times.83. The penny-press approach was pioneered byA.Henry Raymond.B. James Gordon Bennett.C. Benjamin day.D. Joseph Pulitzer84. It can be inferred thatA.the New York Times had the largest daily circulation at that time.B.the papers before the penny-press era only appealed to a small circle of readers.C.the success of the four papers lies in their endeavor to improve peple’s literacy.D.the paper’s being sensational was not favored by a majority of American readers.85. The main purpose of the passage is toA.give a brief introduction to the growth of the mass newspaper.B.trace the cause of the failures of the six-cent papers.C.find out which was the most significant newspaper of that time.D.show how a mass-appeal newspaper made a great fortune.Passage FiveInstead of advancing the public discussion of biotechnology, David Shenk succeeds merely in displaying his general ignorance and unfounded fears in his recent article “Biocapitalism”. His claim that “no living creature has ever before been able to upgrade its own operating system” ignores transduction (the act or process of transferring genetic material or characteristics from one bacterial cell to another) and bacterial conjugation (the temporary union of two bacterial cells), which are ways organisms have “upgraded” their own genomes with novel DNA f or hundreds of millions of years. A first-year biology major could have told him that. For Shenk to suggest that his daughter may someday use a before-birth genetic test for “quick-wittedness” is extremely dull-witted, ignoring the complexity of polygenetic traits while embracing a shallow genetic determinism. Nurture-utterly absent from his discussion-really does matter.Finally, worrying about the effects on the gene pool of a “culture in which millions choose the same desirable genes” is worse than point less. The United Nations projects an approximate human population of eight billion by the year 2020. Even if Shenk’s worst fears are realized, and the wealthy parents of 100 million children can and do select for a polygenetic trait-say, blue eyes-this would represent only a modest shift in the gene pool of 1 in 80, or 1.25 percent, assuming that none of those children would otherwise have been born with blue eyes. But what truly matters for the gene pool in the 1,000-year-long run is the capacity of this trait to grant reproductive success in subsequent generations. Whatever advantage blue eyes currently grant in acquiring a mate presumably derives in part from the trait’s relative scarcity. Elementary economics shows that if you flood the market with an asset, you diminish the relative value of that asset: more blue eyes will make blue eyes less sexy. Is it really too much to expect familiarity with either biology or economics from an essay entitled “Biocapitalism”?86. The purpose of David Shenk’s writing is most probably toA.draw the public’s attention to “biocapitalism”.B.cover his general ignorance about “biocapitalism”.C.show his approval of the advancement in biotechnology.D.Report his success in biotechnological research.87. According to the author, Dav id Shenk’s claim about the upgrading of living creaturesA.is obviously a fault.B. is comprehensible to college students.C. is identical to his own argument.D. will be testified by his daughter.88. What does David Shenk worry about?A.The capacity of the gene pool.B.The nurture of subsequent generations.C.The dramatic increase of world population.D.The consequences of excessive genetic shifts.89. The author’s explanation of people’s preference to blue eyes is thatA.blue eyes are purely inherited.B.few people have blue eyes.C.blue eyes are less sexy.D.people with blue eyes are usually wealthy.90. The tone of this passage is mainlyA. humorous.B. matter-of-fact.C. bitter and ruthless.D. emotional.PAPER TWOPART V TRANSLATION (10 points, 25 minutes)Directions: Put the following passage into Chinese. Write your English version in the proper space on Answer Sheet II.世界先进水平的一流大学应该是培养和造就高素质创造性人才的摇篮，应该是认识世界、探求客观真理、为人类解决面临的重大课题提供科学依据的前沿，应该是知识创新、推动科学技术成果向现实生产力转化的重要力量，应该是民族优秀文化与世界先进文明成果交流借鉴的桥梁。
考博英语(词汇)历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析)
考博英语（词汇）历年真题试卷汇编7(题后含答案及解析)题型有：1. Structure and V ocabularyStructure and V ocabulary1．The apartment was______at $20,000 and its owner was happy about that. (2009年北京航空航天大学考博试题)A．assaultedB．assessedC．assertedD．avenged正确答案：B解析：四个选项的意思分别是：assaulted攻击，突袭；assessed评价，估值；asserted断言，宣称；avenged报仇，复仇。
根据句子意思可知，正确答案是B 选项。
如：The lawyers assessed the property at $35,000(律师们估计这笔财产价值35000美元。
)2．It is too early to ______ the effect of the new measure.(2004年湖北省考博试题)A．administerB．assessC．elevateD．contribute正确答案：B解析：本题意为“评价新措施的影响为时尚早”。
B项的“assess评价，评估”符合题意，如：Damages were assessed at 1,000RMB．(损失估计达1 000元人民币。
)其他三项“administer管理，支配，执行；elevate抬起，使升高；contribute捐献，投稿”都不正确。
3．The nurse ______ the doctor in the operation room.(2003年西南财经大学考博试题)A．insistedB．resistedC．assistedD．persisted正确答案：C解析：本题是说护士在手术室帮助医生。
C项的assisted(帮助)符合题意。
其他三项“insisted坚持；resisted反抗：persisted坚持”都不正确。
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案
社科院博士生初试考试英语试题及答案细节决定成败，学习重在积累，面对日益严峻的竞争环境，越来越多的在职人员纷纷加入到考博的进修行列中，社会科学院的博士生考试英语试题历来以超难著称，下面我领略一下吧!自2015年起社科院博士生英语考试开始启用如下考题类型，下面我们一起来看看社科院的博士生初试考试英语个性考题吧~试卷第三部分(包括阅读7 选5、概要)，请考生直接写在英语试题答题纸上的指定位置，不再提供额外的答题纸。
PART III: Reading and Writing 10 Section A (10 points) Directions: Some sentences have been removed in the following text. Choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the blanks. There are two extra choices which do not fit in any of the blanks.(1) __________________ Player 1 may not know these particular words of wisdom, but chances are she’s thinking much the same as she tries to decide whether to send Player 2 some of her $10 stake. If she does, the money will be tripled, and her anonymous partner can choose to return none, some, or all of the cash. But why should Player 2 send anything back? And why should Player 1 give anything in the first place? Despite the iron logic of this argument, she types in her command to send some money. A few moments later she smiles, seeing from her screen that Player 2 has returned a tidy sum that leaves them both showing a net profit.(2) ___________________ Based on exactly the same cold logic that Player 1 dismissed, the so-called Nash equilibrium predicts that in economic transactions between strangers, where one has to make decisions based on a forecast of another’s response, the optimal level of trust is zero. Yet despite the economicorthodoxy, the behavior of Players 1 and 2 is not exceptional. In fact, over the course of hundreds of such trials, it turns out that about half of Player 1s send some money, and three- quarters of Player 2s who receive it send some back.Zak is a leading protagonist in the relatively new field of neuroeconomics, which aims to understand human social interactions through every level from synapse to society. It is a hugely ambitious undertaking. By laying bare the mysteries of such nebulous human attributes as trust, neuroeconomists hope to transform our self- understanding. (3) _________________ “ As we learn more about the remarkable internal order of the mind, we will also understand far more deeply the social mind and therefore the external order of personal exchange, and the extend ed order of exchange through markets.”(4) __________________ As Zak’s collaborator Steve Knack of the World Bank points out: “Trust is one of the most powerful factors affecting a country’s economic health. Where trust is low, individuals and organizations are more wary about engaging in financial transactions, which tends to depress the national economy.”And trust levels differ greatly between nations. The World Values Survey, based at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, has asked people in countries around the world, “Do you think strangers can generally be trusted?” the positive response rate varies from about 65% in Norway to about 5% in Brazil. (5) __________________ “Policy-makers in these latter countries might be urgently interested in mechanisms that enable them to raise national trust levels,” observes Knack.A. Even more intriguingly, it seems that this urge to respond positively when someone shows trust in us is largely outside ourcontrol.B. Crucially for international economic development, what is true for individuals turns out also to be true for nations.C. Disturbingly, countries where trust is lower than a critical level of about 30%—as is the case in much of South America and Africa – risk falling into a permanent suspicion- locked poverty trap.D. “It’s good to trust; it’s better not to,” goes an Italian proverb.E. They believe their findings even have the potential to help make societies more productive 11 and successful.F. He points out that our brains have been tailored by evolution to cope with group living.G. This outcome doesn’t just flout proverbial wisdom, it thumbs its nose at economic theory.Section B (10 points) Directions: Write a 100—120-word summary of the article in this part.。
社科院考博2000-2010考古专业真题
社科院2000年至2010年考博真题2000年中国社会科学院研究生院考古系招收博士研究生《中国考古学通论》试卷要求：以下五题，任选四题回答。
一、简述今年来中国新石器时代早期遗址的发现及意义。
（25分）二、简述八十年代以来商代都城考古的主要收获。
（25分）三、秦始皇陵考古的主要收获试析。
（25分）四、简述汉代手工业的进步与特征。
（25分）五、简述最近20年来隋唐长安城和洛阳城的重大考古发现。
（25分）2000年中国社会科学院研究生院考古系招收博士研究生《商周考古》试卷要求：以下四题任选三题回答。
一、先商文化探索的主要收获及今后有待解决的主要问题。
（34分）二、郑州商代青铜器窖藏的发现，年代与性质。
（33分）三、殷墟文化分期与年代，你对殷墟文化一期早段集中观点的评价。
（33分）四、简述夏，商，西周三代都城之特点。
（33分）2000年中国社会科学院研究生院考古系招收博士研究生《夏商考古》试卷要求：第一题必答题，其余三题选答两题一、关于夏文化的研究与讨论。
（34分）二、二里头遗址的考古成就及其学术意义。
（33分）三、建国以来殷墟的主要发现。
（33分）四、概述早商城的主要发现与研究。
（33分）2003 1、概述近20年来中国文明起源的考古与研究所取得的重要成果。
2、洹北商城的重要发现及其学术意义。
3、两周时期列国国君墓的发现和研究。
4、已考古材料论述魏晋南北朝都城的平面布局特点。
5、论述汉唐都城之宫城的发展演变。
2004 必答题1、略谈近三十年来中国文明起源研究的新进展。
2、简述夏商周考古研究的主要成就及其学术意义。
3、通过考古发现概括秦始皇陵寝制度。
4、试述建国以来汉唐都城考古学的形成和发展，谈谈您对汉唐都城考古学发展趋势的认识。
选答题1、概述中国新石器时代早期文化的发现与研究。
2、略述商周时期长江流域的青铜器文化遗存。
3、简述汉长安城大明宫太液池的考古发现。
4、举出近五年两个反映中西文化交流的考古发现实例，并讲述其意义。