城市轨道交通专业英语

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城市轨道专业英语作文

城市轨道专业英语作文（中英文实用版）**English Version:**Urban Rail Transit Professional English CompositionThe urban rail transit system is a crucial component of modern transportation, facilitating efficient mobility and alleviating traffic congestion in cities worldwide.As a specialized field, it requires a unique language to convey technical concepts and advancements.This composition aims to explore the significance and challenges of urban rail transit, highlighting key terms and phrases in professional English.Urban rail transit encompasses a variety of transportation systems, including subways, metros, light rails, and trams.These systems are integral to sustainable urban development due to their energy efficiency and capacity to transport large numbers of passengers.Key terms such as "rolling stock," "signalization," and "traction systems" are essential in discussing the mechanics of urban rail.Rolling stock refers to the vehicles used in urban rail transit, which include trains, cars, and locomotives.The design and maintenance of rolling stock are critical to ensuring smooth operations and passenger safety.Signalization, another vital term, pertains to the systems that control train movements, ensuring safe distances between trains and efficient scheduling.Traction systems are the heart of urban rail transit, providing the power necessary for trains to move.These systems can be powered by electricity, diesel, or other energy sources.Discussing these components in professional English allows for clear communication among engineers, technicians, and policymakers.One of the significant challenges in urban rail transit is the balancing act between infrastructure development and environmental impact.English terms like "carbon footprint" and "green infrastructure" are essential in addressing these concerns.By utilizing professional English, experts can exchange ideas on how to minimize the environmental impact of urban rail systems while expanding service and improving accessibility.In conclusion, urban rail transit is a field that benefits greatly from the use of professional English.It enables accurate communication about technical aspects, facilitates international collaboration, and addresses the challenges faced by cities as they strive for sustainable and efficient transportation solutions.**中文版本：**城市轨道交通专业英语作文城市轨道交通系统是现代交通的重要组成部分，它促进了城市内部的便捷移动，减轻了全球各大城市的交通拥堵问题。

轨道交通专业英语词汇整理

assistant line辅助线automatic fare collection自动售检票设备automatic train control(ATC)列车自动控制automatic train operation(ATO)列车自动运行automatic train protection(ATP)列车自动防护automatic train supervision(ATS)列车自动监控AW0空载AW1每位乘客都有座位AW2每平方米6人broken rail force of seamless track无缝线路断轨力Building Automation System建筑设备自动化系统centralized power supply mode集中式供电centralized traffic control(CTC)调度集中close made operation闭式运行(主要靠人工空调系统，并装风帘和屏蔽门来隔绝外界)combined power supply mode混合式供电combined sewer system合流制排放combined substation牵引降压混合变电所computed length of platform站台计算长度concentration supervisory control and management集中监控和管理connecting line联络线(在不同线路之间起连接作用的线，就叫联络线（即地铁线路之间的联络线和地铁与国铁的联络线）cover and cut-bottom up盖挖顺筑法cover and cut-top down盖挖逆筑法cut and cover明挖法deformation joint变形缝depot车辆段designed lifetime设计使用年限distribute power supply mode分散式供电examine and repair period检修周期examine and repair program检修修程fire alarm system火灾自动报警系统gauge of track轨距; gauge; track gauge;标准～ standard gaugegauge限界global position system(GPS)全球定位系统grade of waterproof防水等级high voltage substation主变电所immersed tube method沉管法Intermodality Data Center清结算数据中心local alarm system区域报警系统longitudinal horizontal force of seamless track无缝线路纵向水平力main line正线Man Machine Interface人机接口mining method矿山法Ministry of Corporation建设部monolithic track-bed整体道床Motor Car With Pantograph(Mp(B))带受电弓的动车Motor Car(M(C))动车moving pavement自动人行道NanJing Metro Corporation南京地铁公司NanJing Transportation Card System南京一卡通系统open made operation开式运行(自然通风，用活塞通风原理，靠列车在隧道中运行，带动新风对流) Open Transport Network开放传输网络operation concept运营概念operation control center(OCC)运营控制中心operation speed旅行速度piston action ventilation活塞通风public zone of station车站公共区remote alarm system集中报警系统rigid-flexible joint of sealed zone刚柔结合的密封区Scan Control Alarm Database供电系统管理自动化seamless track无缝线路shield method盾构法stabling yard停车场stray current杂散电流subgrade路基synchronous digital hierarchy transmission system(SDH)同步数字传输系统system integration(SI)系统集成testing line试车线track structure轨道结构Trailer Car(Tc(A))拖车Uninterrupted Power Supply不间断电源供给urban rail transit/mass transit城市轨道交通6-car set/unit motor car 六节编组动车ATC automatic train control system 列车自动控制系统ATO automatic train operation 列车自动运行系统ATP automatic train protection 列车自动保护系统ATS automatic train supervision 列车自动监控系统Automation vending machine 自动售票机Auxiliary circuit 辅助电路AW3每平方米9人Buffer connecting device 车钩缓冲连接装置Concourse 站厅Conductor rail collector 第三轨受电器Console 操作台Contactless Smart Card(CSC)非接触智能卡Contactor box 接触箱Crowd management 客流控制Current collector 受流装置Electromagnetic rail brake 磁轨制动Entry gate security check 安检Equipment Operating Data(EOD)设备运行参数Flat fare 单一票制High-speed magnetic levitation（MAGLEV）高速磁悬浮系统High-speed rail （ASK）高速铁路系统Interchange station 换乘站Interior equipment 车辆内部设备Main control box 主控制箱Mind the gap 小心台阶跨度Motor air compression unit 电动空气压缩机组Plants 入闸机Platform screen door 屏蔽门Power circuit 动力电路Power source tranformer 电源变压器Relay case 继电器箱Rheostatic brake 电阻制动Semisurtender 半自动Shoe gear collector 受电靴装置Spray 喷淋Station operator 站务员Swipe 在解码器上刷卡Unmanned 无人驾驶的UPS （uninterruptible power supply）不间断电源Wheel chair lift 残疾人牵引车Absolute braking 全制动 3Active long-stator 通电的 5Address 寻址访问 6Adhesion 粘着 7After-cooler 后端冷却器 1Albeit 虽然 1Alighting 下车 3Alongside 在侧面 4Alternating current 交流电 7Alternator 交流发电机 1Angle cock 折角塞门 1Appropriation bill 政府年度预算案 5Arguably 可以说 1Armature 转子 3Asphalt 沥青柏油 2At the outset 开始 1Automatic coupler 自动车钩 1Ballast 道砟碎石 2Batter slope 斜坡 2Beam guidance 激光制导 5Bearing distance 支撑距 5Bleeding off 排出 1Bogie 转向架 7Bolster-less 无摇枕 4Bracket 支架 3Brake hanger support 制动器支架支撑 3 Brake hanger 制动器支架 3Brake pad 闸片 3Brake shoe 闸瓦 7Braking effort 制动力 7Bulky 笨重的 5Bus-rapid-transit 快速公交系统 4Cab 驾驶室 1Cable trough 线缆槽 2Cabling 布线 6Caboose 货车末尾列车员专用车厢 2 Camber 不垂直 2Camshaft 凸轮轴 1Cantilever 悬臂系统节 4Cargo 货运 2Carriage 运输部 4Catenary mast 接触网支柱 2Central power station 主变电站 7 Cess 人行道逃生道 2Chair 轨座 2Checksum 校验和 6Cherry picker 车载升降台 4Circuit breaker 断路器 1Clamp 钳 2Classification yard 编组车场 2Clip 夹子 2Closed train-set 固定编组车组 6 Coach screw 方头螺钉 2Coasting 惰行 7Coefficient 系数 7Cog railway 齿轨铁路 2Coin 创造 4Colliery 煤矿 1Colored-light signal 色灯信号 3 Come apart 脱节 3Compressor governor 压缩机调节器 1 Compose 编组 2Comprehensive 四通八达 4 Compressor contactor 压缩机接触器 1 Cone 使…锥化 3Configuration 布局 4Connotation 含义，内涵 4 Consummate 完美的 1Contractor 压缩机 1Converter 变流器 1Converting plant 整流设备 7 Cooling coil 冷凝管 1Corridor 通道 5Corridor 走廊；通道 4Coupling head 连接插头 1Crane 吊车，起重机 2Creep 蠕动 2Creosote 木馏油，杂酚油 2 Crossing 辙叉 4Curvature radius 曲率半径 1 Cyberization 网络化 1Cylinder 缸 7Data falsification 伪造数据 6 Dedicated 专用的 4De-energized 失电 3Deflexion 偏移 7Delineate 描述 2Demonstration line 示范线 5 Denote 表示指代 5Desiccant 干燥剂 1Desirable 可取的 7Deterministic 确定性 6 Diamagnetic 反磁性 5Displaced relatively 相对地位移 7Distribution of electric power 输配电能 7DMU diesel multiple unit 内燃动车组 5Drain cock 排气阀 1Drain 下水道排水道 2Driving wheel 动轮 7Drop to red 掉红（信号词汇，专用） 3Electrification 电气化 7Electrified channel 电气化通道 4Electrocuted 触电的 4Eligible 有资质的 5Embankment 路堤 2EMC harsh 电磁兼容性严苛 6Envelope 壳层 3Epidemic 迅速发展 4ERRI European Rail Research Institute; 欧洲铁路研究院 6 Extreme value 极值 7Fail-safe mode 故障导向安全模式 3Feasibility study 可行性研究 4Feasibility study 可行性研究 5Fishplate 鱼尾板 2Flange 凸缘 3Flanged 有凸缘的 1Flash butt welding 闪光对接焊 2Foot 轨底 2Footprint 足印，柱子占用的空间 4Free running 自由运行 7Freight train 货车 1Fresco 壁画 4Fritting 熔化 6Fulfill the IEC 870-FT2 class 达到了…级标准 6 Gangway 贯通道（编组车厢之间） 5Gauge 仪表 1Gearwheel 大齿轮 3Generator 发电机 1Genius 独特优点 3Geotechnical screen 土力屏障 2Given class 给定的一类 7Grade at～地面 4Grade separation 立体交叉 4Gradient 梯度 3Greasing 注油 3Halt 停下 3Hand-plug 手插式 6Hauled coach 拖车 5Headway 行车间隔 3Heavy duty track 重型轨道 2High service frequency 发车间隔短 4Hinged 铰接 5Hollow 中空的 3Horse power 畜力 1Hose 软管 1Hydraulic 液压的 1ICE intercity express 3IEC International Electro technical Commission 国际电工委员会 6IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers电气和电子工程师协会 6 Impending 即将到来的 3Impregnate 灌注 2Inauguration procedure 初运行 6Inductive loop cable 感应的线圈 3Inductrack （线圈永磁）磁悬浮 5Industrial frequency 工频 7Industrial railway 工矿铁路 2Interchanging hub 交换中心 1Inter-cooler 中间冷却器 1Interim 暂时 4Interlocking 联锁 3Interoperability 互操作性 6Jerk 颤动 5Jointly develop 联合开发 6Journal 轴颈 7Jumper cable 跨接电缆 6Junction point 枢纽站 5Kick 后坐力 1Knock off 撞坏 1Layout 布局 2Lead 导线 3Level track 平路 7Levitation 悬浮 2Lifting lug 吊耳 3Light duty track 轻型轨道 2Livening 激活 1Longitudinal 纵向梯度 1Maglev 磁浮 2Main reservoir（MR）主风缸 1Main-line 干线 7Medium 媒体 6Mimic panel 模拟盘 3Mosaic 镶嵌图案 4MU multiple unit 动车组 5Multiple unit 动车组 1Neutral section switch detector 中性段开关检测器 3 Nimble 灵活的，敏捷的 5Oak 栎树 2Obsolescence circle 老化周期 5Octet 八位组（一字节） 6One power unit 动力单元/动车 5Operating practice 运营经验 5Operation on electrical sight 电气嘹望运行模式 3 Overhead conductor 架空线触网 7Overhead wire 架空导线 3Own state of motion 原有运行状态 7Pandrol clip 弹性扣件 2Pantograph 受电弓 1Parabola 抛物线 3Particle accelerator 粒子加速器 5Payload-hauling 有效载荷；载重量 5Permagnet 永磁 5Permissive block system 容许闭塞系统 3 Pertaining to 附属于 6Pinion 小齿轮 3Piston 活塞 1Pit 井 1Plague 给…引麻烦 4Plate-way 板式铁路 1Pneumatic 气动的 1Point 尖轨 4Poll 轮询 6Polling rate 轮询率/刷新率 3Prerequisite 必备条件 3Preservative 防护层 2Prime mover 原动力 5Prognostic factor 预后因素（推测结果的依据） 2 Pump 泵 1Rack 支架 6Rail anchors 防爬器（轨上） 2Railroad tie =sleeper 轨枕 2Rare-earth 稀土 5Rear（in ～） of 后部 4Reciprocating pump 往复泵 1Rectifier 整流器 7Reducing valve 减压阀 1Re-emergence 再度出现 4Reference implementation 实施参考 6 Regional rail 通勤铁路 2Repeater 中继器 4Replenish 重装满 1Reprofile 修轮 3Repulsive force 斥力 5Resilient pad 弹性垫 2Retardation 制动 7Retrofit 翻新；（配）装备 6Retrofitting 装备 6Return current brush 回流电刷 3Reversing time 换向时间 2Right of way 通行权 3Rigid coupler 刚性车钩 5Rolling stock 机车车辆 1Roster 名册 2Rotary pump 旋转泵 1Rubber 橡胶 3Rubber-tyred train 橡胶轮缘 2Rust 生锈 2Scenario 场景 2Section effect at the rear 尾部的截面效应 7 Seepage 渗漏 2Semi-permanently coupled 半永久联挂 5Showcase 展示 4Shunter 扳道员，转辙员 2Signal box 调度室/信号楼 3Six-compartment 六节编组 4Sleeper 轨枕 2Sliding 打滑，空滑 7Slipping 打滑 7Snap 折断 2Soaked 浸泡过的 2Specification 规格 2Splice 铰接处 2Spoiler 扰流板 5Sporadic 偶发性的 6Spring up 涌现 2Squealing（noise）尖声噪声 3 Staggered joint 错位峰 2Staith 装卸码头 1Standby current 维持电流 1 Standstill 静止 7Star coupler 星形耦合器（分路器） 6 Status quo 现状 2Steering 转向 3Stick out 显眼 1Straddled-beam 跨坐式 4Stranded train 故障列车 3Streetcar 有轨电车 1Strenuous 艰辛费力的 5Substation 变电所/辅变电站 7Sub-structure 路基 2Superimposed 叠加到 3Supplier 供应商 6Suspension tube 悬架管 3Switch zone 道岔区 3Switcher 调车机车 2Switching yard 调车场 1Synergy 协同 2Tail lamp 尾灯/后灯 3Task force 工作组 5Technical consideration 技术层面考虑 7 Tender 供应 6Thermit welding 铝热焊 2Ticket hall 售票大厅 4Tile 瓦片 4Tilting train 摆式列车 5Timber 木料 2Toll-road 收费道路 1Topology 拓扑 6Topsoil 表土层 2Tow 牵引 4Track slot price 运价 2Train attributes 列车其他参数 3Train depot 车库 2Train order 车次 2Train resistance 列车阻力 7Train spotting 看火车 2Train-borne =on-board 列车载的 1Transformer-coupled 耦合变压器的 6Transit dependent 交通依赖者 4Transverse 横向的 3Tread 踏面 3Trolleybus 无轨电车 7Turboprop 涡轮螺旋桨发动机 5Turnaround time 折返时间 5Twisted wire pairs 双绞线 6Twisted wire segment 绞线段 6UIC International Union of Rail ways 国际铁路联盟 6 Uncoupling 脱钩；解编 3Uniform speed 匀速 7Unroll 展开 5Urban rail train（URT）城市轨道交通 1Vehicle/guideway interaction 车轨相互作用 5 Wagonway 马拉铁路 1Wayside 轨旁 3Web 轨腰 2Wheelset 轮对 3Whilst 同时 2WSP wheel slide protection 车轮防滑 3WTB wire train bus 绞线式列车总线 6。

轨道交通专业英语

轨道交通专业英语1. Introduction轨道交通是一种重要的城市公共交通方式，通常由地铁、有轨电车、轻轨以及高铁等组成。

对于从事轨道交通相关工作的人员来说，掌握专业英语词汇是非常关键的。

本文将介绍一些常见的轨道交通专业英语词汇和短语，帮助读者提升专业英语水平，更好地理解和应用于实际工作中。

2. Basic Terms在学习轨道交通专业英语之前，首先需要了解一些基本术语和表达方式。

以下是一些常见的基本术语：•Railway/ Rail: 铁路•Track: 轨道•Train: 列车•Platform: 站台•Station: 车站•Signal: 信号•Schedule: 时间表•Ticket: 票•Fare: 车费•Passenger: 乘客•Conductor: 售票员3. Types of Rail Transport3.1 Subway地铁是城市中最常见的轨道交通方式之一。

下面是一些地铁相关的专业英语词汇：•Metro: 地铁•Underground: 地下的•Station Entrance: 入口•Ticket Gate: 闸机•Ticket Machine: 自动售票机•Platform Screen Doors: 屏蔽门•Subway Map: 地铁线路图3.2 Tram有轨电车是连接城市街道的一种轨道系统。

以下是一些有轨电车相关的专业英语词汇：•Tram/ Streetcar: 有轨电车•Trackless Trolley: 无轨电车•Overhead Wire: 顶线•Trolley Pole: 接触网杆•Pantograph: 受电弓•Depot: 车辆段3.3 Light Rail轻轨是介于传统铁路与有轨电车之间的一种轨道交通方式。

以下是一些轻轨相关的专业英语词汇：•Light Rail: 轻轨•Tram Stop: 轻轨站点•Level Crossing: 铁路道口•Full Grade Separation: 完全分离交叉口3.4 High-Speed Rail高速铁路是一种高速运行的铁路系统，速度通常超过每小时200公里。

城市轨道交通专业英语 6 Inside the metro train

• In addition, you can also find some devices operation instructions in case of emergency, such as emergency door opening, emergency button, emergency stop, emergency halt handle and fire extinguisher, etc. Other information designed for passengers’ convenience, such as luggage racks, is also posted inside the train.
Major contents
reading
• Signs inside the Train
listening
• Guangzhou subway system
speaking
• Passengers deal with a temporary stop • Offering courtesy seat to those in great need.
Subway English
Unit 6 Inside the Metro Train

Learning Objectives
By the end of this unit, you will be able to: • Learn the general riding rules and manners; • Understand the broadcasting information on the train; • Know the signs/devices inside the train;

轨道交通专业英语

轨道交通专业英语概述轨道交通（Rail Transit）是指在固定轨道上行驶的乘客运输系统，一般包括轨道交通列车、轨道系统、电气化系统、信号控制系统以及车站和相应的设施。

轨道交通在现代城市中起着至关重要的作用，为人们提供了高效、安全、环保的出行方式。

在轨道交通行业中，使用专业英语进行沟通和交流是非常重要的，下面将介绍一些轨道交通行业中常用的专业英语词汇和短语。

轨道交通词汇1. 车辆和设备（Vehicles and Equipment）•轨道交通列车（Rail transit train）•地铁（Subway/metro）•有轨电车（Tram）•高铁（High-speed rail）•轨道（Track）•电气化系统（Electrification system）•信号控制系统（Signal control system）•车站（Station）•站台（Platform）•列车调度（Train dispatch）2. 运营和安全（Operations and Safety）•运营（Operation）•安全（Safety）•乘客（Passenger）•乘车票（Fare/ticket）•车票检查（Ticket inspection）•出口（Exit）•紧急制动（Emergency brake）•疏散（Evacuation）•火警报警（Fire alarm）•撤离指示（Evacuation instruction）3. 设计和施工（Design and Construction）•设计（Design）•施工（Construction）•轨道布置（Track layout）•钢轨（Rail）•超高强度混凝土（Ultra-high-strength concrete）•隧道（Tunnel）•桥梁（Bridge）•填方（Embankment）•复合结构（Composite structure）•前期工作（Preliminary work）轨道交通短语1. 交通出行（Transportation）•公共交通（Public transportation）•出行需求（Travel demand）•交通拥堵（Traffic congestion）•出行时间（Travel time）•交通规划（Transportation planning）•车辆管理（Fleet management）•车站布局（Station layout）•换乘站（Transfer station）•乘客满意度（Passenger satisfaction）2. 设计和建设（Design and Construction）•工程设计（Engineering design）•施工计划（Construction plan）•施工合同（Construction contract）•土建工程（Civil engineering）•设备采购（Equipment procurement）•施工进度（Construction progress）•资金预算（Budgeting）•工程验收（Project acceptance）3. 运营和维护（Operations and Maintenance）•运行图（Timetable）•运营管理（Operation management）•运行维护（Operation and maintenance）•车辆运行检查（Vehicle operation inspection）•安全检查（Safety inspection）•故障排除（Troubleshooting）•储备零件（Spare parts）•维修计划（Maintenance schedule）•运行日志（Operation log）结论轨道交通是现代城市中不可或缺的重要组成部分，掌握轨道交通行业的专业英语词汇和短语对于相关从业人员来说至关重要。

城市轨道交通专业英语词汇汇总

城市轨道交通专业英语词汇汇总车站及车站设备railway station 车站shop window 橱窗platform 站台dispatching trains 发车circulating areas 乘客走动的空间passenger flow 客流量platform screen door 屏蔽门metro system 地铁系统suburban railway 郊区铁路environment control 环控roiling stock 铁路车辆constant information 静态信息instant information 动态信息reserve place 预留空间（给特定人群使用）railway premises 铁路设施占用的范围prohibition areas 禁区，限制区estate management 物业管理tobacco product 烟草制品outlet 小卖店high capacity urban railway 大运量城市轨道交通authority to travel 乘车凭证unpaid area and paid area 非付费区和付费区double track railway line 双线铁路footbridge 人行天桥gate line 收费闸机组成的阵列a railway at ground level 地面铁路elevated railway 高架铁路underground railway 地下铁路viaduct 高架的行车道pre-stressed concrete 预应力混凝土road intersection 路口vertical 纵向的，竖向的horizonal 水平方向的，横向的lateral 横向的elevator 电梯escalator 扶梯trainload 列车载客量wear on 磨坏faregate 闸机safety is jeopardized 安全被危及ticket clerk 票务员to operate gate release control 进行闸机开放操作single trip ticket 单程票stored value ticket 储值票automatic fare collection(AFC 自动收费系统ticket vending machine(TVM) 售票机semi-automatic 半自动化的roving ticket inspection 流动检票员headquarter controller 总部控制员line controller 分线控制员dedicated telephone line 专用电话线depot 车辆段signpost 路标ticket hall 售票厅public address system 广播系统inquiry point 问询处monitor 监视器aerial 天线，架空的very high frequency(VHF) 甚高频ultra high frequency(UHF) 超高频paging equipment 传呼设备train radio 车载无线电tunnel telephone 隧道电话running line 行车线traction current 牵引电流crew 乘务人员a six-car train 一列六节编组的列车three-aspect signal 三显示信号机trailer 拖车pantograph 受电弓bodyshell 车壳stainless steel 不锈钢fluorescent lights 荧光灯gangway 两节车连接处的过道disabled 残障人士wheelchair bound passenger 靠轮椅行动的乘客single arm pantograph 单臂受电弓propulsion 推进inverter 逆变器converter 转换器alternative current（AC）交流电3 phase ac induction traction motors 三相交流感应式牵引电机bogie 转向架auxiliary transformer 辅助变压器rectifier 整流器diode 二极管regenerative brake 再生制动pneumatic brake 摩擦制动direct current 直流电brake block 制动闸瓦wheel tread 车轮踏面service braking 正常制动emergency braking 紧急制动main reservoir(MR) 主风缸sliding door 滑动门automatic mode（AM）自动模式coded manual mode (CM) 有码限速人工模式restricted manual mode(RM) 无码限速人工模式车载电脑系统train internet managementsystem(TIMS)closed circuit tv(CCTV) 闭路电视public address 公共广播detrainment door 逃逸门motor bogie 动力转向架trailer bogie 非动力转向架gearbox 齿轮箱，变速箱axle 车轴bolt 螺栓wheel flange 轮缘small radius bend 小半径曲线primary suspension 一系悬挂secondary suspension 二系悬挂coil spring 螺旋形弹簧airbag 气囊traction centre 牵引中心braking force 制动力centre pivot 转向架中心销damper actuators 调节器，调风阀门pressure switch 压力开关auxiliary compressor 辅助压缩机operation control center 运行控制中心loudspeaker 扬声器evaporator 蒸发器condenser 冷凝器re-circulated 再循环fire wire 温感电线smoke detector 烟感探头seat belt 安全带auto coupler 自动车钩semi-permanent bar coupler 半永久杆式车钩shear out device 剪切装置anticlimber 放爬器driver’s console司机驾驶台antenna 天线beacon 信标alignment 排成直线（钢轨铺设）multi-disciplinary 多学科的earthwork 土石方工程timber 木材steering base 导向基础rubber-tried trains 胶轮列车magnetic levitation 磁悬浮guided bus 有轨巴士batter slope 斜坡catenary mast 接触网支柱cess 排水管cable trough 电缆槽topsoil 表层土embankment 路堤drain 排水沟fence 栅栏send layer or geotech mat 沙层，土工格栅ditch 沟sub-structure 轨下基础structure gauge 建筑接近限界bracket 支撑托架signal post 信号机柱curvature 曲率civil engineer 土木工程师train path 列车运行所使用的通路rolling stock engineer 车辆工程师kinematic envelope 车辆动态包络线load transfer 负荷的传递cyclic loading 周期性的负荷sleeper 轨枕gauge 轨距turnout, track switch, track point 道岔flat bottom 平底spike 道钉baseplate 底板axle load 轴重expansion joint 膨胀接点slab track 整体道床轨道mesh screen 网状屏障electrified railway 电气化铁路stray return current 杂散电流floating slab track 浮置板道床的轨道densely populated areas 人口密集地区ballasted track 有砟道床non-ballasted track 无砟道床maintain and renewal program 维修和更新工作gauge train 限界测量车monument 纪念碑centrifugal force 离心力derailment 脱轨transition 缓和曲线cross level angle 线路横断面的斜角radius 半径diameter 直径super elevation 超高junction 联结点tie bar 转辙杆point blades 道岔尖轨stock rail 道岔基本轨wing rail 翼轨block 阻塞，闭塞stop signal 停车信号three-aspect signal 三显示信号sighting 司机的瞭望automatic train stop 自动停车装置tripcock 制动触发器track to train transmission 地对车的信号传输overlap 灯后安全距离gradient 坡度absolute block 绝对闭塞track circuit 轨道电路insulated joint 绝缘节series resistor 串联的电阻lineside signal 轨旁信号cab signal 车载系统state of the line ahead 前方线路的状态overlap block 作为灯后安全距离的闭塞分区forbidden territory 禁区line capacity 线路同行能力block length 闭塞分区的长度line speed 线路上列车允许速度braking curve 制动曲线safety margin 安全余量distance-to-go 以目标距离控制列车运行speed step method 阶梯式速度码列控模式speed profile 速度曲线permitted speed limit 最大允许速度speed restriction 速度限制wheel revolution 车轮的旋转electric traction system 电力牵引系统third rail 第三轨running rail 走行轨current rail 供电轨substation 分局，变电所sophisticated 精密的，复杂的earthing protection 接地保护ac motor 交流电机dc motor 直流电机trainway 有轨电车轨道main line railway system 干线铁路系统piston in a cylinder 气缸中的活塞城轨交通主要运营管理活动multi-functional vehicle 多功能检修车reverse at terminals 再终点站折返locomotives changing 换机车headway 行车间隔headwall 头端墙tailwall 尾端墙head light 列车的头灯taillight 尾灯head shunt track 牵出线turn a train 转变列车运行方向loop track 环形线路reversing track 折返线mid-route 半路，中途terminus 终点站origin and destination patronage data 客流OD数据consulting companies 咨询公司broad train 上车alight from train 下车ride on train 乘坐列车transfer from line to line 在不同线路间换乘interchange station 换乘站patronage study 客流研究passengers per hour per direction 单项小时客流量round trip time 全周转时间dwell time 列车停站时间loading and unloading 装卸车（指乘客上下车）service interval 服务间隔train loading 列车载客量train capacity 列车载客能力the density of passenger 乘客密度standing capacity of a train 一列车内的站位数量load factor 列车载客能力的利用率service spare train 备用车depot 车场timetable 时刻表crew duties 指乘务员的排班empty move 空驶times in and out of depots 进出段的时间点temporary speed restriction 临时限速outskirts 郊区train turnround time 列车折返时间double-ending 两头作业法cleaning and catering 清扫或提供饮食服务scissors crossover 交叉渡线crew arrangement 对乘务人员的安排shift work 轮班工作keep some spare staff on duty 保有一些后备员工值班shunting duty 调车工作centralized traffic control（CTC）集中交通控制clear a route for a train 为列车排进路voice radio 语音无线电block occupation 闭塞区段占用（情况）movement permit 行车凭证scheduled train 图定列车booking clock 票务员crowd control 人潮控制man the station operation room 在车站控制室值班station manager 站长ticket hall 票务大厅service controller 负责监管一条城轨线的运作take over 接班stock changing 替换车底CCTV image 闭路电视的录像repeater signal 复示信号train data recorder 列车数据记录仪boom 吊杆，支臂revenue service 载客服务superintendent 主管人wayside access manual 轨区作业安全手册two-way radio 可双向通信的无线电track allocation schedule 轨道使用计划work order 工作单trip stop 一种防列车冒进的机械装置shunt strap 短路带（阻止列车进入作业区）act as a controller 代理行调职务to trip the brake cock 去触动制动栓non-revenue service hours 指停运期间permanent security fence 永久性的保安栅栏safety director 安全总监track supervisor 轨道督导员supervisory position 督导级职位，相当于班组长director of operations 运营总监standard operation procedure（SOP）标准操作程序mechanics of dispatching 调度工作的机理train meet 会车train and engine crew logistics 列车司机的统筹安排overhaul 大修evacuation 疏散，撤离fire drill 消防演练operational management staff 运营管理人员short-term method 短期措施closure and evacuation of station 车站的关闭及疏散simulated training 模拟式的培训reference manual 参考手册interior emergency lighting 车内应急照明灯forward commander 前线指挥官pressurized water extinguisher 压力水灭火器dry chemical extinguisher 干式化学灭火器trespasser 横穿（轨道）的人handover advice 在交班时的注意事项outgoing operator 交班的调度incoming operator 接班的调度short working 在半途折返through platform 通过式站台service brake step 1 一级制动beyond the signal 越过信号机switch blades 道岔尖轨a rapid reversal 快速折返take a release for the route 把进路解除掉signal passed at danger（SPAD）冲红灯home signal 进站信号机wrong direction movement 逆向行车signal post telephone（SPT）装在信号机柱上的电话机positive conductor rail 正极供电轨service inspection shop 列车状态检查车间running maintenance 小型维修保养continuous welded rail 无缝连续钢轨descending grade 下坡ascending grade 上坡interlocking 道岔区，联锁区discharge and pick up passengers 让乘客上下车。

城市轨道交通专业英语

城市轨道交通运营管理专业专业英语ListListChapter 1: Development of Urban Rail Transit Speeds up in China (3)Chapter 2 Rapid Transit (12)Chapter 3RAIL TRANSIT IN NORTH AMERICA (23)Chapter 4 The Railroad Track (40)Chapter 5 General Vehicle Description (45)Chapter 6A TP Transmission and Moving Block (53)Chapter 7Control of Railway Operation (62)Chapter 8Train Station Passenger Flow Study (74)Chapter 9Metrocard Fare Incentives (81)Chapter 10 Audible Information Design in the New York City Subway (86)Chapter 1: Development of Urban Rail Transit Speeds up in China With the development of urban rail transit, on the one hand, it is promoting the process of urban modernization, alleviating congested traffic in cities, and narrowing the distance between time and space. On the other hand, it changes the way people travel, accelerates the pace of their life and work, and affects the quality of life.The state of urban rail transit reflects a country's comprehensive strength and is a symbol of a city's modernization level. At present, rail transit system is available in 135 cities in nearly 40 countries and regions. In cosmopolitan cities, accounting for a proportion of 60 per cent - 80 per cent, rail transit has become the leading means of transportation in these cities. Yet so far, in Beijing, Shanghai, Tianjin and Guangzhou, etc., rail transit accounts for less than 10 percent in the cities total traffic capacity.Urban rail transit offers comprehensive advantages, like small land occupation, large traffic volume, high speed, non-pollution, low energy consumption, high safety and great comfort. With most facilities being installed underground and the operation going on underground, subways require very limited occupation of land, and do not compete with other means of transportation for space. Urban light rail, trolley bus as well as suburban rail and magnetic suspension train are basically railways, which makes it possible to make the most of land resources.Urban rail transit system offers immense transport capacity. During rush hours, the maximum unidirectional transport capacity may reach up to 60, 000- 80, 000 person-times per hour, which is unmatchable to other means of transportation. The hourly traveling speed of rail transit generally exceeds 70 kilometers-100 kilometers, offering high punctuality. Moreover, mostly being hauled by electric locomotives, rail transit requires low energy consumption, and it causes little pollution to cities. Therefore, it is called "green transportation".From a macro perspective, urban rail transit plays an important role in improving the structure of urban transport, alleviating urban ground traffic congestion, and promoting the utilization efficiency of urban land.Nevertheless, compared with other means of transportation, rail transit has some drawbacks, like long construction cycle, heavy initial investment, slow withdrawal of funds and poor economic benefits in operation. For example, currently the building of subway costs some RMB500 million-700 million per kilometer; urban light rail and magnetic suspension train, RMB200 million-300 million; trolley bus and suburban rail, about RMB100 million.In China, rail transit dates back to the late 1960s, when the first subway was built inBeijing. That was nearly one century later than developed countries in the West. However, since it made its debut, urban rail transit has helped ease the immense pressure caused by urban traffic congestion and brought great convenience and comfort to passengers. Take Beijing for example. Currently, subways provide a transport volume of approximately 1.5 million person-times per day. Without subways, the traffic congestion in this city would simply be inconceivable.At present, rail transit has evolved from the startup stage to a period of stable, sustainable and orderly development in this country. In China (excluding Hong Kong and Taiwan), the length of subways completed totals 193 kilometers; project urban rail under construction, 334 kilometers; planned urban rail, 420 kilometers. Among big cities with a population of over 2 million, those that already have or are building urban rail transit include Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Dalian, Shenzhen, Wuhan, Nanjing, Chongqing and Changchun. Now, seven cities have announced or are still working on their plan to build rail transit: Chengdu, Hangzhou, Shenyang, Xi'an, Harbin, Qingdao and Suzhou.According to plan, by 2008, there will be thirteen rail transit lines and two spur lines in Beijing, with a total length of 408.2 kilometers. In Shanghai, there will be 21 rail transit lines, totaling more than 500 kilometers in length. During the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, the total length will hit 780 kilometers. In Tianjin, there will be four subway lines, totaling 106 kilometers. That, coupled with 50 kilometers of suburban light rail and one loop subway 71-kilometers set aside, will bring the total length to 227 kilometers. Meanwhile, there will be seven rail transit lines totaling 206.48 kilometers in Guangzhou, and seven rail transit lines totaling 263.1 kilometers in Nanjing. With other cities' planning taken into account, the total length of rail transit lines will come to some 2, 200 kilometers in this country.At present, the constraints to the development of rail transit in China mainly lie in three aspects:First, there is severe shortage of construction funds. According to the foregoing planning, it is necessary to invest in approximately RMB300 billion. Projects to be completed by 2006 alone require more than RMB150 billion. Furthermore, in most cases, funds come from investments of the central and local governments as well as bank loans. Still a developing country as it is, China has very limited financial strength.Second, as rail transit is demanding on technical standard, some key technical facilities at low ratio of home mading at present largely rely on imports. Thus, construction cost remains hig h due to the import of large quantity of technolog y and equipment.Third, in most cases, rail transit operates at a loss in China. That aggregates the centraland local governments' financial burdens, which, in return, checks the development of rail transit to some extent.For this reason, China formulated the guideline of "doing what the strength allows, implementing rules-based management and pursuing stable development". In the development of rail transit, it is required that homemade equipment should take up at least 70 per cent. Meanwhile, it is essential to ensure that development of rail transit suits the pace of economic development in the cities and prevent blind development and irrational attempts to advance forward.Railway Terms and New Wordsurban adj. 城市的, 市内的, urban rail transit（URT）城市轨道交通alleviate vt. 减轻congested adj. 拥挤的，congest vt.，congestion n.accelerate v. 加速, 促进comprehensive adj. 全面的，广泛的cosmopolitan adj. 世界性的，全球（各地）的proportion n. 比例, 均衡, 面积, 部分underground adj. 地下的, 地面下的, 秘密的n. [英] 地铁adv. 秘密地trolley bus n. 电车, (电车)滚轮, 手推车, 手摇车, 台车magnetic adj. 磁的, 有磁性的, 有吸引力的suspension n. 吊, 悬浮, 悬浮液, 暂停, 中止, 悬而未决, 延迟basically adv. 基本上, 主要地unidirectional adj. 单向的, 单向性的the Tenth Five-Year Plan 第十个五年规划at a loss 低于成本的in return 作为报答compete with 与…争夺，competition n.Reading MaterialThe Rising Motorization of ChinaChina’s motorization rate has grown in accordance with other rapidly developing countries, but because of China’s high population, the impacts of motorization are potentially more severe. Figure 1 shows the exponential increase in personal automobile ownership rates. Currently, there are about seven personal automobiles per 1000 people,5compared to over 700 vehicles per 1000 people in industrialized nations like the United States. This figure does not include privately owned trucks or publicly owned vehicles (including buses and trucks), which increases the number of automobiles to about 28 vehicles per 1000 people. If China were to achieve motorization rates comparable to those of developed countries, the environmental and economic consequences could be disastrous. By 2020, the total automobile fleet (not including motorcycles) is expected to grow by between three and seven times the current size depending on economic growth rates (NRC 2003).The population distribution of China is diverse, with the majority of the population (60%) living in rural areas. However, in the past several decades, the improved economic situation of the cities has caused a rapid urban in-migration. This trend has resulted in a nearly three-fold increase in urban development and density in the last decade as displayed in Figure 2. Much of this development is not necessarily representative of sustainable transit and pedestrian oriented growth. Although this new development is very dense, low land cost at the periphery cause developers to build spatially separated housing and commercial developments with few transit connections to the urban center (Gaukenheimer 1996).The western provinces are the most sparsely populated with the largest urban population centers located in provinces along the eastern coast, in metropolises such as Shanghai, Beijing, and Guangzhou. These cities have been experiencing high motorization rates partially because of their higher incomes, but non-motorized modes still capture approximately 70% of the work trip commutes in these cities, while the personal automobile only accounts for 7% (Hu 2003). Much of the transportation and planning research has been centered on these cities, although they constitute a rather small portion of the entire population. Figure 3 shows the amount of cities of different sizes and the approximate total population of people living in cities of different size. Two thirds of the urban population resides in cities with populations between 0.5 and 2 million, indicating that much of the planning and transportation research related to China is focusing on problems that might not be relevant or applicable to the majority of the Chinese population. Economically, most of these cities are years or decades behind the more developed Chinese cities and have not developed many of the transportation problems Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou have. Focusing planning efforts in these cities could have much greater returns.The Chinese economy has been growing at a phenomenal rate for the past decade and has doubled in size in the last nine years. In fact, the growth rate is so fast that the Chinese government is imposing several measures to try to control growth to keep it at a more sustainable level (Economist 2004). China’s growth has largely been a result of investment in a few “pilla r” industries. The highest growing pillar industries are: electronic manufacturing, automobiles, electric power, and steel. The eighth five-year plan (1991-1995) designated the automobile industry as one of the pillar industries of economic development. This policy statement encourages the growth of an indigenous auto industry that will be able to supply a large portion of its domestic demand and create a strong export market. It calls for the consolidation of over one hundred companies into 3 or 4 largecompetitive companies. The auto industry accounts for 20% of Shanghai’s gross regional product (Hook 2002). However, with China’s entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO) in 2001, they must reduce tariffs on imported automobiles and can no longer protect their market. This has spurred development of the domestic automobile industry to a level that can compete with international competitors. One of the greatest challenges of cities in China is controlling automobile ownership growth, while fostering the national policy of growing the automobile industry.Costs and Benefits of MotorizationThe cost and benefit implications for Chinese motorization are enormous. Motorization is a major economic growth strategy. The government has adopted a strategy of developing an automobile manufacturing industry. Automobiles can also provide indirect economic benefits of decreased travel time, improved accessibility to goods and services, and new found mobility that will cause people to travel more and achieve a more mobile lifestyle that they would not have otherwise been able to experience.The potential costs are enormous. The United States has the highest motorization rate in the world and perhaps the most mature automobile industry. However, the US has also experienced very high costs associated with our level of motorization. The most obvious and potentially most severe cost is the air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions associated with the automobile. The US emits 26% of the global greenhouse gases but only constitutes 5% of the worl d’s population. China’s policy goal is to achieve Euro II emissions standards by 2005 (about a decade behind Europe) and be internationally compliant with Euro IV standards by 2010. This is a very ambitious goal, but it is necessary if Chinese automakers want to compete in the international market and improve the air quality in their own country. With the three to seven-fold growth rate anticipated in the next 15 years, CO2 emissions will likely quadruple, CO, and hydrocarbons will likely triple, and NO x and particulate matter will likely stay the same. This assumes an aggressive emissions regulation strategy and a modest economic growth rate (NRC 2003). The US EPA has identified all of these emissions as having serious health effects at high concentrations. From a global perspective, China’s motorization could have adverse effects on the global climate. Currently, the transportation sector accounts for 17% of the greenhouse emissions, but this proportion could increase significantly if the motorization trends continue. China is also the second highest consumer of oil in the world (behind the United States). If China motorizes as rapidly as expected, the increase demand could cause the global price of fuel to skyrocket.Another major issue associated with increased motorization is changes in land use. As incomes increase, people desire more living space, which reduces density and encourages expansion at the urban fringe. Figure 4 shows the growth of residential floor space per capita, which is a force toward lower density. This requires more auto oriented transportation infrastructure as well as more land for development. In Shanghai, approximately 10% of the land area is devoted to transportation infrastructure (compared to 20-25% in Europe) (Shen 1997). Because of the built environment, most of the new transportation infrastructure is expanding at the periphery, encouraging auto oriented developments. An increasingly open housing market, where people choose where to live is also creating a spatial jobs-housing imbalance that did not previously exist, when industry provided housing for its employees adjacent to their plants. This greatly increases the cost of transportation for Chinese households as indicated by Figure 5. The proportion of a households income spent on transportation has increases ten fold in less than 15 years. Another major consideration is the conservation of agricultural land. China currently has a very low amount of agricultural land per capita (World Bank 2001)and cannot afford to lose more through urban expansion (Franke 1997).Additional costs include accidents and injuries associated with motorization. Currently, the fatality rate (deaths per mile of travel) is 30 times that of the United States, with over 100,000 deaths per year since 2001, many of which are pedestrians and bicyclists (NRC 2003, Hook 2002b). Additionally equity issues must be considered, specifically the dislocation of the poor. Even with the high projected growth rates in automobile ownership, most Chinese will not own vehicles, so alternative modes must be supplied that can serve the increasing spatial separation between origins and destinations. The cost of the required infrastructure will be enormous and the government will likely have to provide more subsidies to the transportation sector, potentially restricting its investment in other sectors.Causes of MotorizationThe primary impetus for the motorization of China has been the rapid growth of the economy. With a rise in the economic growth of a country comes a desire and means to become more motorized. Motorization rates are associated with a country’s gross domestic product (GDP). Countries with low GDP (below $800) generally have a high proportion of trucks and buses in their vehicle fleets. As GDP increases up to about $10,000, the share of personal automobiles increases drastically until a saturation level is reached (NRC 2003). China’s GDP has been increasing by more than 8% annually for over a decade. A large proportion of upper income people can now afford the luxury of the automobile.Kenworthy et. al. (1999) argue that, while GDP plays an important role, there are many other factors that likely influence motorization rates. By comparing cities with similar GDP and very different transportation energy use, they conclude that land use is a primary factor influencing energy use and thus motorization. Additionally demand management schemes can limit the adverse effect of motorization in China. Currently China’s regulatory structure is weak and inconsistent. Some cities have effectively provided competitive transit alternatives and limited outward expansion (Joos 2000). Others have fully embraced the automobile, pushing many other modes to the side.Railway Terms and New Wordsmotorization n.动力化, 摩托化exponential diverse migration metropolis adj.adj.n.n.指数的, 幂数的不同的, 变化多的移民, 移植, 移往, 移动大城市Chicago, the metropolis of the Midwest.skyrocket v.暴涨，猛涨迅速和突然地升高或使升高：fringe n.边缘, 须边, 刘海periphery n.外围fatality n.命运决定的事物, 不幸, 灾祸, 天命dislocation n.混乱, 断层, 脱臼saturation n.饱和(状态), 浸润, 浸透，饱和度in accordance with 与...一致, 依照per capita 按人口平均计算Chapter 2 Rapid TransitA rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated, or metro system is a railway system, generally in an urban area, that generally has high capacity and frequency, with large trains and total or near total grade separation from other traffic.Definitions and NomenclatureThere is no single term in English that all speakers would use for all rapid transit or metro systems. This fact reflects variations not only in national and regional usage, but in what characteristics are considered essential.One definition of a metro system is as follows; an urban, electric mass transit railway system totally independent from other traffic with high service frequency.But those who prefer the American term "subway" or the British "underground" would additionally specify that the tracks and stations must be located below street level so that pedestrians and road users see the street exactly as it would be without the subway; or at least that this must be true for the most important, central parts of the system. On the contrary, those who prefer the American "rapid transit" or the newer term "metro" tend to regard this as a less important characteristic and are pleased to include systems that are completely elevated or at ground level ( at grade) as long as the other criteria are met. A rapid transit system that is generally above street level may be called an "elevated" system (often shortened to el or, in Chicago, "L" ). In some cities the word "subway" applies to the entire system, in others only to those parts that actually are underground; and analogously for "el".Germanic languages usually use names meaning "underground railway" (such as "subway" or "U-Bahn"), while many others use "metro".Train Size and Motive PowerSome urban rail lines are built to the full size of main-line railways; others use smaller tunnels, limiting the size and sometimes the shape of the trains (in the London Underground the informal term tube train is commonly used). Some lines use light rail rolling stock, perhaps surface cars merely routed into a tunnel for all or part of their route. In many cities, such as London and Boston's MB-TA, lines using different types of vehicles are organized into a single unified system.Although the initial lines of what became the London Underground used steam engines, most metro trains, both now and historically, are electric multiple units, with steel wheels running on two steel rails. Power is usually supplied by means of a single live third rail (as in New York) at 600 to 750 volts, but some systems use two live rails (noticeably London) and thus eliminate the return current from the running rails. Overhead wires, allowinghigher voltages, are more likely to be used on metro systems without much length in tunnel, as in Amsterdam; but they also exist on some that are underground, as in Madrid. Boston's Green Line trains derive power from an overhead wire, both while traveling in a tunnel in the central city and at street level in the suburban areas.Systems usually use DC power instead of AC, even if this requires large rectifiers for the power supply. DC motors were formerly more efficient for railway applications, and once a DC system is in place, converting it to AC is usually considered too large a project to contemplate.TracksMost rapid transit systems use conventional railway tracks, though since tracks in subway tunnels are not exposed to wet weather, they are often fixed to the floor instead of resting on ballast. The rapid transit system in San Diego, California operates tracks on former railroad rights of way that were acquired by the governing entity.Another technology using rubber tires on narrow concrete or steel railways was pioneered on the Paris M6tro, and the first complete system to use it was in Montreal. Additional horizontal wheels are required for guidance, and a conventional track is often provided in case of flat tires and for switching. Advocates of this system note that it is much quieter than conventional steel-wheeled trains, and allows for greater inclines given the increased traction allowed by the rubber tires.Some cities with steep hills incorporate mountain railway technologies into their metros. The Lyon Metro includes a section of rack (cog) railway, while the Carmelit in Haifa is an underground funicular.For elevated lines, still another alternative is the monorail. Supported or "straddle" monorails, with a single rail below the train, include the Tokyo Monorail; the Schwebebahn in Wuppertal is a suspended monorail, where the train body hangs below the wheels and rail. Monorails have never gained wide acceptance except for Japan, although Seattle has a short one, which it hopes to replace with a new, larger system, and one has lately been built in Las Vegas. One of the first monorail systems in the United States was installed at Anaheim's Disneyland in 1959 and connects the amusement park to a nearby hotel. Disneyland's builder, animator and filmmaker Walt Disney, offered to build a similar system between Anaheim and Los Angeles.Crew Size and AutomationEarly underground trains often carried an attendant on each car to operate the doors or gales, in addition to a driver. The introduction of powered doors around 1920 permitted crew sizes to be decreased, and trains in many cities are now operated by a single person. Where the operator would not be able to see the whole side of the train to tell whether thedoors can be safely closed, mirrors or closed-circuit TV monitors are often provided for that purpose.An alternative to human drivers became available in the 1960s, as automated systems were developed that could start a train, accelerate to the correct speed, and stop automatically at the next station, also taking into account the information that a human driver would obtain from lineside or cab signals. The first complete line to use this technology was London's Victoria Line, in 1968. In usual operation the one crew member sits in the driver's position at the front, but just closes the doors at each station; the train then starts automatically. This style of system has become widespread. A variant is seen on London's Docklands Light Railway, opened in 1987, where the "passenger service agent" (formerly "train captain") rides with the passengers instead of sitting at the front as a driver would. The same technology would have allowed trains to operate completely automatically with no crew, just as most elevators do; and as the cost of automation has decreased, this has become financially attractive. But a countervailing argument is that of possible emergency situations. A crew member on board the train may be able to prevent the emergency in the first place, drive a partly failed train to the next station, assist with an evacuation if needed, or call for the correct emergency services (police, fire, or ambulance) and help direct them.In some cities the same reasons are considered to justify a crew of two instead of one; one person drives from the front of the train, while the other operates the doors from a position farther back, and is more conveniently able to help passengers in the rear cars. The crew members may exchange roles on the reverse trip ( as in Toronto) or not (as in New York ) .Completely crewless trains are more accepted on newer systems where there are no existing crews to be removed, and especially on light rail lines. Thus the first such system was the VAL (automated light vehicle) of Lille, France, inaugurated in 1983. Additional VAL lines have been built in other cities. In Canada, the Vancouver Sky Train carries no crew members, while Toronto's Scarborough RT, opening the same year (1985) with otherwise similar trains, uses human operators.These systems generally use platform-edge doors (PEDs) , in order to improve safety and ensure passenger confidence, but this is not universal; for example, the Vancouver SkyTrain does not ( And on the contrary, some lines which retain drivers, however, still use PEDs, noticeably London' s Jubilee Line Extension. MTR of Hong Kong also uses platform screen doors, the first to install PSDs on an already operating system. ) With regard to larger trains, the Paris Metro has human drivers on most lines, but runs crewless trains on its newest line, Line 14, which opened in 1998. Singapore's North EastMRT Line (2003) claims to be the world' s first completely automated underground urban heavy rail line. The Disneyland Resort Line of Hong Kong MTR is also automated.Tunnel ConstructionThe construction of an underground metro is an expensive project, often carried out over many years. There are several different methods of building underground lines.In one usual method, known as cut-and-cover, the city streets are excavated and a tunnel structure strong enough to support the road above is built at the trench, which is then filled in and the roadway rebuilt. This method often involves extensive relocation of the utilities usually buried not for below city streets—especially power and telephone wiring, water and gas mains, and sewers. The structures are generally made of concrete, perhaps with structural columns of steel; in the oldest systems, brick and cast iron were used. Cut-and-cover construction can take so long that it is often necessary to build a temporary roadbed while construction is going on underneath in order to avoid closing main streets for long periods of time; in Toronto, a temporary surface on Yonge Street supported cars and streetcar tracks for several years while the Yonge subway was built.Some American cities, like Newark, Cincinnati and Rochester, were originally built around canals. When the railways took the place of canals, they were able to bury a subway in the disused canal's trench, without rerouting other utilities, or acquiring a right of way piecemeal.Another common way is to start with a vertical shaft and then dig the tunnels horizontally from there, often with a tunneling shield, thus avoiding almost any disturbance to existing streets, buildings, and utilities. But problems with ground water are more likely, and tunneling through native bedrock may require blasting. (The first city to extensively use deep tunneling was London, where a thick sedimentary layer of clay largely avoids both problems. ) The confined space in the tunnel also restricts the machinery that can be used, but specialised tunnel-boring machines are now available to overcome this challenge. One disadvantage with this, nevertheless, is that the cost of tunneling is much higher than building systems cut-and-cover, at-grade or elevated. Early tunnelling machines could not make tunnels large enough for conventional railway equipment, necessitating special low round trains, such as are still used by most of the London Underground, which cannot fix air conditioning on most of its lines because the amount of empty space between the trains and tunnel walls is so small.The deepest metro system in the world was built in St. Petersburg, Russia. In this city, built ii the marshland, stable soil starts more than 50 meter deep. Above that level the soil is mostly made up of water-bearing finely dispersed sand. As a result of this, only three stations out of nearly 60 are built near the ground level and three more above the ground.。

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