模具的寿命与失效外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
冷冲模具毕业设计外文翻译-----冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策
Die Life of cold stamping die and mprovementsOverview of stamping dieStamping Die - Stamping in the cold, the material (metal or non-metallic) processing into parts (or half) of a special technical equipment, called cold stamping die (commonly known as Die). Press - is at room temperature, using the die installed in the press to put pressure on the material to produce a separation or plastic deformation, and thus to obtain the necessary parts of a pressure processing method.Stamping die in the form of many, the general categories according to the following main features:1. According to the technical nature of(1) Die along the closed or open contour the material are derived from mold. If blanking die, punch die, cut off the mold, cut mode, cutting mode, split mode, etc..(2) bending mode to blank or blank sheet along a straight line (curved line) to bend, deform, and thus obtain a certain angle and shape of the workpiece in the mold.(3) The drawing die is made of the blank sheet opening hollow, or hollow pieces of further changes to the shape and size of the mold.(4) Die rough or semi-finished workpiece is convex according to plan, direct copy the shape of the die shape, the material itself, generate only local plastic deformation of the mold. Such as the bulging mode, reducing the die, expansion die, forming die rolling, flanging mold, plastic mold.2. According to the degree classification process combination(1) single process model in a press tour, just completed a die stamping process.(2) composite model is only one station, in a press tour, at the same station at the same time to complete more than two or two die stamping process.(3) Progressive Die (also known as the modulus of continuity) in the feeding direction, rough, with two or more of the station, at the press of a visit, work in different places on the completion of two or two successive Road over stamping die process.Chong called cold stamping die Die-wide.Cold stamping die is used in cold stamping die mold industry, and accessories required for high-performance structural ceramic materials, preparation methods, high-performance ceramic materials, molds and accessories from the zirconium oxide and yttrium aluminum powder increases, Pr element composition, Preparation is the solution of zirconia, yttria solution, praseodymium oxide solution, according to a certain percentage of alumina solution when mixed liquor, ammonium bicarbonate infusion, by co-precipitation synthesis of ceramic materials, molds and accessories needed for raw materials, reaction precipitate generated by the treatment, drying, calcining and accessories by high performance ceramic mold material superfine powder, and then after forming, sintering, finishing, they will have high-performance ceramic materials,molds and accessories. Advantages of this invention is the invention made of cold stamping dies and parts and long service life, the process does not appear in the press and its parts and stamping die bond generated the phenomenon of stamping surface is smooth, no glitches, can replace traditional high-speed steel, tungsten steel.Die with the main partsDie stamping tools is the main process equipment, stamping rely on the relative movement under the mold completed. Processing time because the upper and lower mold between the constant division and, if continued operation of the fingers of workers to enter or remain in the mold closed, there will certainly pose a serious threat to their personal safety.(A) of the mold main parts, function and safety requirements1. Working parts is a direct punch to blank forming the working parts, therefore, it is the key to mold parts. Punch not only sophisticated and complex, it should meet the following requirements:(1) be of sufficient strength, can not be broken or destroyed during stamping.(2) should be appropriate to its material and heat treatment requirements, to prevent too high hardness and brittle fracture.2. Positioning parts positioning part is to determine the location of the parts installed blank, there are pins (board), gauge pin (plate), lead is sold, guide plate, knife set from the side, side pressure etc.. Design should be considered when positioning parts easy to operate and should not have had orientation, location to facilitate observation, preferably in the forward position, contouring to correct the pin location and positioning.3. Binder, unloading and discharging parts binder components are blank holder, binder board. Blank holder pressure can drawing blank holder force, thereby preventing billets under the action of the tangential pressure arch formed folds. The role of pressure plate to prevent movement and bounce blank. Top of the device, discharge board's role is to facilitate the pieces and clean up waste. Them by the spring, rubber and equipment, putting on the air-cushion support, can move up and down, knocking out pieces of the design should have enough top output, movement to the limited spaces. Stripper plate area should be minimized or closed position in the operating groove milling out empty-handed. Exposure of the stripper plate should have protection around the plate, to prevent finger inserted into or foreign objects inside, exposed surface edges should be blunt down.4. Guide parts and guide sleeve guide pin is the most widely used part of a guide. Its role is to ensure punch the punching clearance when accurate match. Therefore, the guide posts, guide cover the gap should be less than the blanking clearance. Guide Post located next mold base, to ensure that the stroke bottom dead center, the lead column in the template on the face over the top for at least 5 to 10 mm. Guide columns should be arranged far away from the module and the pressure plate in the area, so the operator's arms do not get to take over the lead column material.5. Supporting and clamping the upper and lower parts which includes templates, die handle,fixed plate punch, plate, stopper, etc..Up and down the template is the basis of the cold die parts, other parts are respectively fixed at the top. Template plane size, especially around the direction to be compatible with the workpiece, too large or too small are not conducive to action.Some molds (blanking, punching type mold) to the pieces of convenience, be set up under the mold plate. At this time the best and the template plate connected between the screw, the two plate thickness should be absolutely equal. Plate spacing out the pieces to be able to prevail, not too much, so as not to break the template.6. Fastening parts which includes screws, nuts, springs, pins, washers, etc., are generally used standard parts. Die more with the amount of standard parts, design choice and flexibility should be tightened to ensure the top out of the need to avoid exposure to the surface fastener operating position, the staff and impede operation to prevent bumps.Die with the development ofSince reform and opening, with the rapid development of the national economy, the market demand with the growing Die. In recent years, Die with the industry has been around 15% growth rate of the rapid development of industrial enterprises with ownership Die components also changed dramatically, in addition to the professional mold factory outside of state-owned, collective, joint ventures, wholly-owned and private has been a rapid development.As with the accelerating pace of international integration, the increasing competition in the market, it has been increasingly recognized product quality, cost, and new product development capacities. The cold die manufacturing is the most basic elements of the chain, one of the cold die manufacturing technology to measure a country's manufacturing sector has become an important symbol of the level, and largely determine the viability of enterprises.Die with enterprises to increase in recent years many technological advances for investment, technological progress will be seen as an important driving force for enterprise development. Some domestic enterprises have popularized the two-dimensional mold CAD, and gradually began to use UG, Pro / Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other international common software, individual manufacturers have also introduced Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT etc. CAE software, and successfully applied in stamping die design.A car cover mold as the representative of a large stamping die manufacturing technology has made great progress, Dongfeng Motor Corporation mold factory, mold manufacturers such as FAW mold center has been able to produce some car cover mold. In addition, many research institutions and universities to carry out technology research and development of mold. After years of effort, in the mold CAD / CAE / CAM technology has made remarkable progress; in improving quality and reducing mold die design and manufacturing cycle, and so contributed. Although China Die with the industry over the past decade has made remarkable development, but in many ways compared with the industrialized countries there is still a large gap. Forexample, the precision machining equipment, processing equipment in Die with the relatively low proportion; CAD / CAE / CAM technology penetration is not high; many advanced mold technology not widely so, resulting in a considerable number of large, sophisticated, complex and long Die life with dependence on imports.With the continuous progress of science and technology, modern industrial production of increasingly complex and diverse, product performance and quality is ever increasing, thus the cold stamping technology put forward higher requirements. In order to adapt to the cold stamping technology industry needs, cold stamping technology itself also in innovation and development. cold stamping technology idea is to improve and expand as much as possible the advantages of the cold stamping process, to overcome its shortcomings. in the cold stamping technology development, should note the following aspects:(1) cold stamping technology process parameters should be properly identified and Die with the work of some of the shape and size, to improve the quality of stamping parts and shorten the new product production cycle should be in strengthening the metal forming the basis of theoretical studies, to metal forming theory to practice can produce a direction, and gradually establish a close connection with the actual production of the advanced process of calculation. abroad have begun to use plastic finite element method, automobile parts forming process of the stress and strain analysis and computer simulation to predict the forming part of a process plan on the possibilities and potential problems.(2) to accelerate product replacement, mold design to overcome the shortcomings of a long cycle. Should vigorously carry out computer-aided design and manufacture of molds (CAD / CAM) Research. In my country, paying particular attention to strengthening the multi-position progressive die CAD / CAM Technology.(3) to meet the needs of mass production, and reduce labor intensity. Should strengthen cold stamping of mechanized and automated, so that the average, small pieces of high-speed presses in a multi-position progressive die production, production reached a high degree of automation to further improve stamping productivity.(4) expand the scope of application of cold stamping production. So cold pressing both suitable for mass production, but also for small batch production; both the general accuracy of product production, but also can produce precision parts. Should pay attention to development such as fine blanking (especially thick material fine blanking), forming high-energy, soft mold forming, pressure and processing new superplastic forming process, but also promote the easy mode (soft mode and the low melting point alloy mold), Universal Hybrid model, the use of CNC punch press and other equipment.In addition, the performance improvement of sheet metal stamping, mold new material, die development of new processing methods should be further strengthened.Die with life and CountermeasuresDie with the life of the workpiece by punching out the number of terms. Many factors affect the life Die. There are die structure design, manufacture molds used in the punch and die materials, die quality and surface hardening heat treatment, precision die manufacturing parts and cold stamping materials selection. In addition, there are die installation, adjustment, use and maintenance.1. Die Design on Life(1) Layout design of layout methods and take the boundary value a great impact on the die life, too small to take the boundary value, often causing rapid wear and convex mold, die bite wounds on the. Starting from material savings, take the boundary value smaller the better, but take the edge is less than some value, the cut surface of the mold and the quality of life adversely. There will be left behind in the blanking die Q-gap were to produce spare parts glitch, or even damage the die edge, reduce die life. Therefore, consider increasing the material utilization of the same time, parts must yield, quality and life expectancy to determine the layout methods and take the boundary.(2) die structure prone to stress concentration on the cracking of the die structure, composite structure can be used or mosaic structure, and prestressed structure to enhance the mold life. (3) the impact of clearance when the gap is too small, compressed extrusion of interest, increased friction, increased wear, the wear side of aggravated discharge and push pieces after blanking time, materials and convex, the friction between die will cause wear and tear than the end edge on the side of the grinding much, but also easily lead to convex, concave mold temperature is high, the adsorption of metal debris in the side edge to form a metal tumor, so that male and female die chipping or expansion occurs crack phenomenon. Therefore, the gap is too small to Die Life very bad. Gap is too large will increase the punch and the die face the edge of the concentration of stress, resulting in a sharp increase in stress, so blade edge quickly lose angular yield deformation. Therefore, addition of blanking force, thereby enabling faster edge edge wear, reduce die life. But in order to reduce the male and female die wear, extending mold life, while ensuring quality of stamping pieces under the premise that larger space designed properly it is necessary.(4) Die-oriented structure of the life of a reliable guide for the working parts reduce wear, prevent male and female die bite wound is very effective. In particular, non-small-Q gap Q gap or Die, compound die and multi-position progressive die even more important. To improve the die life, must be based on processes and the demand of precision, the correct choice-oriented form and orientation accuracy, the choice should be higher than the accuracy-oriented convex, concave mold with precision.(5) the impact of cold stamping materials, cold stamping materials selected should meet the design requirements of workpieces and stamping process requirements, or easy to mold damage and reduce mold life. Poor surface quality of cold stamping, punching, cracking when the workpiece is also easy to scratch mold. Bad cold stamping plastic materials, deformation is small,easy to press when the workpiece rupture, but also easy to scratch mold. In addition, the material thickness tolerances shall comply with national standards. Die because of a certain thickness of material suitable for forming, bending, flanging, drawing die of the male and female die structure gap is directly determined by the thickness of the material. Therefore, uneven thickness, will result in waste generation and mold damage.2. Die Die Life ofDie Die Life of a mold material properties, chemical composition, structure, hardness and comprehensive reflection of metallurgical quality. Among them, the material properties and heat treatment affect the quality of the most obvious. Mold material properties on the impact of die life is great. If the same workpiece, using a different mold material of the bending test, the test results: The 9Mn2V material, the life of 5 million; with Crl2MoV nitriding, the life of up to 40 million. Therefore, the choice of materials, the batch size should be based on workpiece, rational use of mold materials. The hardness of the die parts to Die Life a great impact. But not the higher hardness, longer die life. This is because the hardness and strength, toughness and abrasion resistance are closely related. Some die demands of high hardness, long life. Such as the use of T10 steel dies, hardness 54 ~ 58HRC, only washed thousands of times a burr on the workpiece great. If the hardness to 60 ~ 64HRC, the grinding life of up to 2 to 3 million. However, if continue to improve hardness, fracture occurs earlier. Some die hardness should not be too high, as the die manufacturing using Crl2MoV 58 ~ 62HRC hardness, the general life of 2-3 million, invalid form of chipping and cracking, and if the hardness down to 54 ~ 58HRC, life expectancy increased to 5 ~ 60 000, but decreased to 50 ~ 53HRC hardness appears easy to blunt the die edge phenomenon. Thus, mold hardness must be based on material properties and failure modes may be. Should enable the hardness, strength, toughness and wear resistance, resistance to fatigue strength needed to achieve a particular stamping process the best match.3. The surface of the mold heat treatment to strengthen the quality and impact on lifeMold heat treatment the nature and quality of life of the mold a great impact. Practice shows that the die parts of the quenching distortion and cracking, early fracture during use, while the metallurgical and materials quality, forging quality, mold structure and process related, but related more to die of heat treatment. According to statistical analysis of failure causes of mold, heat treatment failure due to improper accounting for more than 50%. Practice shows that the mold material must be accompanied by high heat treatment process properly, can really play a material's potential. Parts surface hardening mold work purpose is to obtain the effect of external hard tough inside, so be hardness, wear resistance, toughness, good resistance to fatigue with. Many ways to die surface hardening, surface treatment technology of new technologies developed rapidly. In addition to Nitrocarburizing and ion nitride, boride, seepage niobium, vanadium permeability, hard chrome plated and spark strengthening, the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD) has been gradually adopted. By CVD and PVD treatment, the mold surface covered with super-hard material, such as TiC, TiN, etc..High hardness, wear resistance, corrosion resistance, adhesion is very good, can improve the die life several times to several times.4. Manufacturing precision of the die parts of die lifePrecision die manufacturing and life in it in particular, mold surface roughness on the mold a great impact. If using Crl2MoV steel blanking die, if the surface roughness value R = 1.6 m, its life span is about 30,000. Such as polished by the precision, surface roughness value R = 0.4 m, life can be increased to 4-5 million. Therefore, the working parts of the mold surface, the general must go through grinding, grinding, polishing and other finishing and fine processing.5. Other aspects of the impact of die life(1) Press the accuracy is not high, but also easy to make die damage.(2) die in the press or not installed properly and the operator's technical level, on the tool life is also greatly affected.(3) dies in the custody and maintenance of good and bad, and the use of lubricant condition also affects mold life.6. ConclusionIn actual production, sheet metal dies for use, rare case of non-normal wear and tear. But when the die plate was found prone to irregular wear, we always study for the problems summarized. Because of a cold die, from the design, manufacture, assembly, commissioning and installation and use, all spent many hours, while the convex die, die material used, mostly high-quality alloy steel. Therefore, the die cost is relatively high. Therefore, in the production of understanding the factors that affect the die life and take the appropriate measures to guide the production of great practical significance.冷冲模具使用寿命的影响及对策冲压模具概述冲压模具--在冷冲压加工中，将材料（金属或非金属）加工成零件（或半成品）的一种特殊工艺装备，称为冷冲压模具（俗称冷冲模）。
塑料注塑模具中英文对照外文翻译文献
外文翻译及原文(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)【原文一】CONCURRENT DESIGN OF PLASTICS INJECTION MOULDS AbstractThe plastic product manufacturing industry has been growing rapidly in recent years. One of the most popular processes for making plastic parts is injection moulding. The design of injection mould is critically important to product quality and efficient product processing.Mould-making companies, who wish to maintain the competitive edge, desire to shorten both design and manufacturing leading times of the by applying a systematic mould design process. The mould industry is an important support industry during the product development process, serving as an important link between the product designer and manufacturer. Product development has changed from the traditional serial process of design, followed by manufacture, to a more organized concurrent process where design and manufacture are considered at a very early stage of design. The concept of concurrent engineering (CE) is no longer new and yet it is still applicable and relevant in today’s manuf acturing environment. Team working spirit, management involvement, total design process and integration of IT tools are still the essence of CE. The application of The CE process to the design of an injection process involves the simultaneous consideration of plastic part design, mould design and injection moulding machine selection, production scheduling and cost as early as possible in the design stage.This paper presents the basic structure of an injection mould design. The basis of this system arises from an analysis of the injection mould design process for mould design companies. This injection mould design system covers both the mould design process and mould knowledge management. Finally the principle of concurrent engineering process is outlined and then its principle is applied to the design of a plastic injection mould.Keywords :Plastic injection mould design, Concurrent engineering, Computer aided engineering, Moulding conditions, Plastic injection moulding, Flow simulation1.IntroductionInjection moulds are always expensive to make, unfortunately without a mould it can not be possible ho have a moulded product. Every mould maker has his/her own approach to design a mould and there are many different ways of designing and building a mould. Surely one of the most critical parameters to be considered in the design stage of the mould is the number of cavities, methods of injection, types of runners, methods of gating, methods of ejection, capacity and features of the injection moulding machines. Mould cost, mould quality and cost of mould product are inseparableIn today’s completive environment, computer aided mould filling simulation packages can accurately predict the fill patterns of any part. This allows for quick simulations of gate placements and helps finding the optimal location. Engineers can perform moulding trials on the computer before the part design is completed. Process engineers can systematically predict a design and process window, and can obtain information about the cumulative effect of the process variables that influence part performance, cost, and appearance.2.Injection MouldingInjection moulding is one of the most effective ways to bring out the best in plastics. It is universally used to make complex, finished parts, often in a single step, economically, precisely and with little waste. Mass production of plastic parts mostly utilizes moulds. The manufacturing process and involving moulds must be designed after passing through the appearance evaluation and the structure optimization of the product design. Designers face a hugenumber of options when they create injection-moulded components. Concurrent engineering requires an engineer to consider the manufacturing process of the designed product in the development phase. A good design of the product is unable to go to the market if its manufacturing process is impossible or too expensive. Integration of process simulation, rapid prototyping and manufacturing can reduce the risk associated with moving from CAD to CAM and further enhance the validity of the product development.3. Importance of Computer Aided Injection Mould DesignThe injection moulding design task can be highly complex. Computer Aided Engineering (CAE) analysis tools provide enormous advantages of enabling design engineers to consider virtually and part, mould and injection parameters without the real use of any manufacturing and time. The possibility of trying alternative designs or concepts on the computer screen gives the engineers the opportunity to eliminate potential problems before beginning the real production. Moreover, in virtual environment, designers can quickly and easily asses the sensitivity of specific moulding parameters on the quality and manufacturability of the final product. All theseCAE tools enable all these analysis to be completed in a meter of days or even hours, rather than weeks or months needed for the real experimental trial and error cycles. As CAE is used in the early design of part, mould and moulding parameters, the cost savings are substantial not only because of best functioning part and time savings but also the shortens the time needed to launch the product to the market.The need to meet set tolerances of plastic part ties in to all aspects of the moulding process, including part size and shape, resin chemical structure, the fillers used, mould cavity layout, gating, mould cooling and the release mechanisms used. Given this complexity, designers often use computer design tools, such as finite element analysis (FEA) and mould filling analysis (MFA), to reduce development time and cost. FEA determines strain, stress and deflection in a part by dividing the structure into small elements where these parameters can be well defined. MFA evaluates gate position and size to optimize resin flow. It also defines placement of weld lines, areas of excessive stress, and how wall and rib thickness affect flow. Other finite element design tools include mould cooling analysis for temperature distribution, and cycle time and shrinkage analysis for dimensional control and prediction of frozen stress and warpage.The CAE analysis of compression moulded parts is shown in Figure 1. The analysis cycle starts with the creation of a CAD model and a finite element mesh of the mould cavity. After the injection conditions are specified, mould filling, fiber orientation, curing and thermal history, shrinkage and warpage can be simulated. The material properties calculated by the simulation can be used to model the structural behaviour of the part. If required, part design, gate location and processing conditions can be modified in the computer until an acceptable part is obtained. After the analysis is finished an optimized part can be produced with reduced weldline (known also knitline), optimized strength, controlled temperatures and curing, minimized shrinkage and warpage.Machining of the moulds was formerly done manually, with a toolmaker checking each cut. This process became more automated with the growth and widespread use of computer numerically controlled or CNC machining centres. Setup time has also been significantly reduced through the use of special software capable of generating cutter paths directly from a CAD data file. Spindle speeds as high as 100,000 rpm provide further advances in high speed machining. Cutting materials have demonstrated phenomenal performance without the use of any cutting/coolant fluid whatsoever. As a result, the process of machining complex cores and cavities has been accelerated. It is good news that the time it takes to generate a mould is constantly being reduced. The bad news, on the other hand, is that even with all these advances, designing and manufacturing of the mould can still take a long time and can be extremely expensive.Figure 1 CAE analysis of injection moulded partsMany company executives now realize how vital it is to deploy new products to market rapidly. New products are the key to corporate prosperity. They drive corporate revenues, market shares, bottom lines and share prices. A company able to launch good quality products with reasonable prices ahead of their competition not only realizes 100% of the market before rival products arrive but also tends to maintain a dominant position for a few years even after competitive products have finally been announced (Smith, 1991). For most products, these two advantages are dramatic. Rapid product development is now a key aspect of competitive success. Figure 2 shows that only 3–7% of the product mix from the average industrial or electronics company is less than 5 years old. For companies in the top quartile, the number increases to 15–25%. For world-class firms, it is 60–80% (Thompson, 1996). The best companies continuously develop new products. AtHewlett-Packard, over 80% of the profits result from products less than 2 years old! (Neel, 1997)Figure 2. Importance of new product (Jacobs, 2000)With the advances in computer technology and artificial intelligence, efforts have been directed to reduce the cost and lead time in the design and manufacture of an injection mould. Injection mould design has been the main area of interest since it is a complex process involving several sub-designs related to various components of the mould, each requiring expert knowledge and experience. Lee et. al. (1997) proposed a systematic methodology and knowledge base for injection mould design in a concurrent engineering environment.4.Concurrent Engineering in Mould DesignConcurrent Engineering (CE) is a systematic approach to integrated product development process. It represents team values of co-operation, trust and sharing in such a manner that decision making is by consensus, involving all per spectives in parallel, from the very beginning of the productlife-cycle (Evans, 1998). Essentially, CE provides a collaborative, co-operative, collective and simultaneous engineering working environment. A concurrent engineering approach is based on five key elements:1. process2. multidisciplinary team3. integrated design model4. facility5. software infrastructureFigure 3 Methodologies in plastic injection mould design, a) Serial engineering b) Concurrent engineeringIn the plastics and mould industry, CE is very important due to the high cost tooling and long lead times. Typically, CE is utilized by manufacturing prototype tooling early in the design phase to analyze and adjust the design. Production tooling is manufactured as the final step. The manufacturing process and involving moulds must be designed after passing through the appearance evaluation and the structure optimization of the product design. CE requires an engineer to consider the manufacturing process of the designed product in the development phase.A good design of the product is unable to go to the market if its manufacturing process is impossible. Integration of process simulation and rapid prototyping and manufacturing can reduce the risk associated with moving from CAD to CAM and further enhance the validity of the product development.For years, designers have been restricted in what they can produce as they generally have todesign for manufacture (DFM) – that is, adjust their design intent to enable the component (or assembly) to be manufactured using a particular process or processes. In addition, if a mould is used to produce an item, there are therefore automatically inherent restrictions to the design imposed at the very beginning. Taking injection moulding as an example, in order to process a component successfully, at a minimum, the following design elements need to be taken into account:1. . geometry;. draft angles,. Non re-entrants shapes,. near constant wall thickness,. complexity,. split line location, and. surface finish,2. material choice;3. rationalisation of components (reducing assemblies);4. cost.In injection moulding, the manufacture of the mould to produce the injection-moulded components is usually the longest part of the product development process. When utilising rapid modelling, the CAD takes the longer time and therefore becomes the bottleneck.The process design and injection moulding of plastics involves rather complicated and time consuming activities including part design, mould design, injection moulding machine selection, production scheduling, tooling and cost estimation. Traditionally all these activities are done by part designers and mould making personnel in a sequential manner after completing injection moulded plastic part design. Obviously these sequential stages could lead to long product development time. However with the implementation of concurrent engineering process in the all parameters effecting product design, mould design, machine selection, production scheduling,tooling and processing cost are considered as early as possible in the design of the plastic part. When used effectively, CAE methods provide enormous cost and time savings for the part design and manufacturing. These tools allow engineers to virtually test how the part will be processed and how it performs during its normal operating life. The material supplier, designer, moulder and manufacturer should apply these tools concurrently early in the design stage of the plastic parts in order to exploit the cost benefit of CAE. CAE makes it possible to replace traditional, sequential decision-making procedures with a concurrent design process, in which all parties can interact and share information, Figure 3. For plastic injection moulding, CAE and related design data provide an integrated environment that facilitates concurrent engineering for the design and manufacture of the part and mould, as well as material selection and simulation of optimal process control parameters.Qualitative expense comparison associated with the part design changes is shown in Figure 4 , showing the fact that when design changes are done at an early stages on the computer screen, the cost associated with is an order of 10.000 times lower than that if the part is in production. These modifications in plastic parts could arise fr om mould modifications, such as gate location, thickness changes, production delays, quality costs, machine setup times, or design change in plastic parts.Figure 4 Cost of design changes during part product development cycle (Rios et.al, 2001)At the early design stage, part designers and moulders have to finalise part design based on their experiences with similar parts. However as the parts become more complex, it gets rather difficult to predict processing and part performance without the use of CAE tools. Thus for even relatively complex parts, the use of CAE tools to prevent the late and expensive design changesand problems that can arise during and after injection. For the successful implementation of concurrent engineering, there must be buy-in from everyone involved.5.Case StudyFigure 5 shows the initial CAD design of plastics part used for the sprinkler irrigation hydrant leg. One of the essential features of the part is that the part has to remain flat after injection; any warping during the injection causes operating problems.Another important feature the plastic part has to have is a high bending stiffness. A number of feeders in different orientation were added to the part as shown in Figure 5b. These feeders should be designed in a way that it has to contribute the weight of the part as minimum aspossible.Before the design of the mould, the flow analysis of the plastic part was carried out with Moldflow software to enable the selection of the best gate location Figure 6a. The figure indicates that the best point for the gate location is the middle feeder at the centre of the part. As the distortion and warpage of the part after injection was vital from the functionality point of view and it has to be kept at a minimum level, the same software was also utilised to yiled the warpage analysis. Figure 5 b shows the results implying the fact that the warpage well after injection remains within the predefined dimensional tolerances.6. ConclusionsIn the plastic injection moulding, the CAD model of the plastic part obtained from commercial 3D programs could be used for the part performance and injection process analyses. With the aid ofCEA technology and the use of concurrent engineering methodology, not only the injection mould can be designed and manufactured in a very short of period of time with a minimised cost but also all potential problems which may arise from part design, mould design and processing parameters could be eliminated at the very beginning of the mould design. These two tools help part designers and mould makers to develop a good product with a better delivery and faster tooling with less time and money.References1. Smith P, Reinertsen D, The time-to-market race, In: Developing Products in Half the Time. New York, Van Nostrand Reinhold, pp. 3–13, 19912.Thompson J, The total product development organization. Proceedings of the SecondAsia–Pacific Rapid Product Development Conference, Brisbane, 19963.Neel R, Don’t stop after the prototype, Seventh International Conference on Rapid Prototyping, San Francisco, 19974.Jacobs PF, “Chapter 3: Rapid Product Development” in Rapid Tooling: Technologies and Industrial Applications , Ed. Peter D. Hilton; Paul F. Jacobs, Marcel Decker, 20005.Lee R-S, Chen, Y-M, and Lee, C-Z, “Development of a concurrent mould design system: a knowledge based approach”, Computer Integrated Manufacturing Systems, 10(4), 287-307, 19976.Evans B., “Simultaneous Engineering”, Mechanical Engi neering , V ol.110, No.2, pp.38-39, 19987.Rios A, Gramann, PJ and Davis B, “Computer Aided Engineering in Compression Molding”, Composites Fabricators Association Annual Conference , Tampa Bay, 2001【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。
基于deform模具寿命的预测(中英文)
Abstract摘要This paper describes the estimation method of die service life based on wear and the plastic deformation of dies in hot forging processes. Die service life is considerably shortened due to the thermal softening of surface layer, caused by the high thermal load and long contact time between the dies and the deforming material. Also, the die service life depended on wear and the plastic deformation of dies can be to a large extent determined by finite element (FE) analysis, wear and thermal softening tests. These are some of the major limiting factors affects die accuracy and die service life, and forming velocity and initial die temperatures influence greatly wear and the plastic deformation of hot forging dies. In this study, two methods are suggested for estimating the service life of hot forging dies by plastic deformation and abrasive wear, and these applied to predict the product quantity according to two main process variables, forming velocity and initial die temperature for a spindle component. Through the applications of the suggested methods, the thermal softening of dies due to the local temperature rise led to the reduction of the service life of hot forging dies by plastic deformation more than by abrasive wear. © 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.本文介绍了计算方法的模具使用寿命基于磨损和塑性变形的模具在热锻过程。
注塑模具设计外文翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文（2012届）题目电话机三维造型与注塑模具设计指导教师院系工学院班级学号姓名二〇一一年十二月六日【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计Assist.Prof.Dr. A. Y AYLA /Prof.Dr. Paş a YAYLA摘要塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。
其中最受欢迎的制作过程是注塑塑料零件。
注塑模具的设计对产品质量和效率的产品加工非常重要。
模具公司想保持竞争优势,就必须缩短模具设计和制造的周期。
模具是工业的一个重要支持行业，在产品开发过程中作为一个重要产品设计师和制造商之间的联系。
产品开发经历了从传统的串行开发设计制造到有组织的并行设计和制造过程中,被认为是在非常早期的阶段的设计。
并行工程的概念(CE)不再是新的,但它仍然是适用于当今的相关环境。
团队合作精神、管理参与、总体设计过程和整合IT工具仍然是并行工程的本质。
CE过程的应用设计的注射过程包括同时考虑塑件设计、模具设计和注塑成型机的选择、生产调度和成本中尽快设计阶段。
介绍了注射模具的基本结构设计。
在该系统的基础上,模具设计公司分析注塑模具设计过程。
该注射模设计系统包括模具设计过程及模具知识管理。
最后的原则概述了塑料注射模并行工程过程并对其原理应用到设计。
关键词:塑料注射模设计、并行工程、计算机辅助工程、成型条件、塑料注塑、流动模拟1、简介注塑模具总是昂贵的,不幸的是没有模具就不可能生产模具制品。
每一个模具制造商都有他/她自己的方法来设计模具,有许多不同的设计与建造模具。
当然最关键的参数之一,要考虑到模具设计阶段是大量的计算、注射的方法,浇注的的方法、研究注射成型机容量和特点。
模具的成本、模具的质量和制件质量是分不开的在针对今天的计算机辅助充型模拟软件包能准确地预测任何部分充填模式环境中。
这允许快速模拟实习,帮助找到模具的最佳位置。
工程师可以在电脑上执行成型试验前完成零件设计。
工程师可以预测过程系统设计和加工窗口,并能获得信息累积所带来的影响,如部分过程变量影响性能、成本、外观等。
外文翻译---模具存在的问题及发展状况
外文资料翻译Problems and development of mouldIn modern production of dies and moulds, is the production of various important processes of industrial products and equipment, he it to its specific shape by means of certain raw materials. For example, stampings and forgings by stamping and forging a way that is obtained on plastic deformation occurs in the mold of metallic materials, metal die casting, powder metallurgy components as well as plastic, ceramics, rubber, glass and other non-metallic parts, the vast majority through mould forming. Due to mould forming with high quality, high yield, materials, low-cost characteristics, is now in the national economic sectors, especially automobiles, tractors, aerospace, instrumentation, mechanical manufacturing, household appliances, petrochemical, light industry and other daily necessities are extremely wide range of applications in the industrial sector.Now, technology has become a country's products in the manufacture of the die level one of the important symbols of, research and development of mould technology, promoting the development of the national economy has a special significance. Mold industry to promote the development and the improvement of the quality of industrial production, and to have a great economic benefit, resulting each country attaches great importance to and appreciated. In Japan, mould was known as "into the motivity of affluent society", in Germany called "Kings in the metal processing industry", in Romania as "mold is gold". So it can be asserted, as the rapid development of industrial production, mould industry position in the national economy will be growing, mold technology will also continue to develop and play an increasingly important role in the development of the national economy.Mold is the content of high technology products, is designed for industrial production, and for a specific product is special production process equipment, with the development of industrial products to diversify, moldproduction, material from the shape, size, quantity, structure, accuracy, conditions of use and terms of life, towards diversified development trends are becoming increasingly apparent. Single piece production mold is essentially according to the order contract, therefore, mold product diversity and single piece production technique features very prominent. Therefore, design, technology, process and equipment of the factory and management, has to adapt to the characteristics of this technology. Most sophisticated die requires high-precision machining, testing devices require high precision. Mold processing technology of mechanical, electronic and chemical and optical industry technical elite. At the same time, die reliance on skilled craftsmen is far greater than that of other processing industries. Therefore, advanced technology and skilled techniques rely on the mold technical characteristics of the product. With the rapid development of technology, especially information technology, and other high-tech applications in mould design and manufacture an increasingly widespread and increasingly demanding high-tech made to die, die of high-tech features will become increasingly apparent, and for skilled techniques rely on will gradually fade.As a basis for industrial production technology and equipment, mold occupy an important position in the national economy, mold technology has also become a country's level of product manufacturing one of the important symbols. Since the 80 's, China's mould industry development was very rapid. Rapid development of the national economy put increasingly higher demands on the mouldindustry, also provided a great impetus for its development. Over the years, China die and mould industry has been 15% the growth rate of around rapid development. At present, more than 17,000 more mold production plant in China, numbers of employees is about more than 500,000. 1999 China mold industrial output value reached 24.5 billion yuan. Gross output value of industrial enterprises accounted for captive use in two-thirds, as the sale of goods of about one-third.In die and mould industry in GDP, stamping mould design about 50%, about 33% plastic mould, die about 6%, other types of mould about 11%. Sincereform and opening up, China die and mould industry enterprises ownership composition of tremendous changes have taken place. In addition to State-owned professional mould factory, mould manufacturers of other forms of ownership, including collective enterprises, joint ventures, wholly-owned enterprises and private enterprises, have achieved rapid development, collective Mold, and private enterprises in Guangdong and Zhejiang provinces have developed most rapidly. For example, and huangyan area, Ningbo, Zhejiang, collective enterprises and private enterprises engaged in mold manufacturing up to thousands of homes, became the well-known "mould town" and one of the most dynamic region in the development. In Guangdong, some group companies and the rapid rise of township and town enterprises, to enhance the market competitiveness of its products, joining the die manufacturing inputs, for example, kelon, midea, KONKA and power group has established its own mouldmanufacturingcenter. Sino-foreign joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises concentrated in coastal industrialized areas of the mould, is now on thousands of homes. For example, Wuxi micro research is a Japan-owned enterprises, employees have more than 200 employees, with precision CNC mold processing equipment more than more than 60, 1998 the die output of more than 200 million Yuan.Technical level of China die and mould industry have also made considerable progress in recent years. At present, the country can produce precision precision multi-position progressive die for up to 2 microns, maximum number of stations has reached 160, life 1~2 billions. In a large plastic mould, now has been able to produce 48-inch TV plastic shell and 6.5Kg of large capacity washing machine plastic moulds, as well as auto mold such as bumpers, dashboards as a whole. In terms of precision plastic mold, the domestic plastic mould, has been able to produce a camera multiple-cavity mould and plastic mould and small modulus gear. In terms of large precision diecasting die for the complex, is capable of producing escalators in China overall pedal die and Diecasting die for automobile rear axle gearbox. In terms of auto mould, is now part of Panel die manufacturing new cars. Other types ofmold, such as segmented radial tire mold, aluminum alloy and plastic door and window profile Extrusion die, also reached a higher level, and can replace imported die.Although the die industry in the past has achieved remarkable development in more than 10 years, but in many respects compared with industrialized countries are still a large gap. For example, the proportion of precision machining equipment in mold processing equipment is still relatively low, penetration of CAD/CAE/CAM technologies is not high, many advanced die technology applications are not broad enough, and so on. Particularly in large, sophisticated, complex and long life on the mould technology there is a significant gap, these types of mould production capacity cannot meet domestic demand, requiring a large number of imported from abroad.However, since China's mould industry has a late start, compared with foreign countries, there are still big gaps, mainly reflected in: production and demand contradiction: as the level of industrial development continues to improve, update rate of industrial products, growing demand to die. Neither the quantity nor the quality are unable to meet the needs of the domestic market, only about 70%. Cause contradictions are low levels of specialization, standardization of mould enterprises, long production period. In addition, the level of design and manufacturing process are not yet fully meet the needs of development.Irrational enterprise structure: many mould production capacity in China is concentrated in the mould of the host plant within the factory or workshop, low levels of commercialization of the mold, and abroad over 70% is specialized in mould factory, and is taking the "small but excellent" road, therefore production are of high efficiency and cost-effectiveness.Product level: measure the mould level of products, mainly in manufacturing precision and surface roughness of mould processing, processing complexity of the mold and mold manufacturing cycle and use of life. Gap and that several indicators compared with foreign countries is very clear.In addition, the mold industry as a whole there are also relatively backward equipment, a low utilization rate. Lack of high quality tooling talents, also needed to strengthen product development ability.For insufficient and die market huge of potential, under in China die industrial of status, and contact international advanced level, China die industrial association assist Government developed has in China die industry "15" development planning, determine die industrial focus development area has three aspects: a is on entire die industry development has important effect of main die standard parts; second is technology content high, reflect die manufacturing level and development direction of die; three is currently large import of high-end die. Focus development of die products main has: die frame, including cold die frame, and plastic die frame and pressure mold frame,; die oriented pieces, including Guide column, and guide sets, and channels and the no oil lubrication oriented pieces,; pusher, and push tube, including plastic die with and the pressure mold with of shaped pusher,; heat flow road components, including heat type, and outside hot type, and valve type and tube type,; elastic components, including rectangle spring, and polyurethane elastic body and nitrogen cylinder,; small standard parts, including standard punch die, and poured mouth sets, and positioning ring and hooks,; car cover pieces die, especially car by required of cover pieces die; precision stamping die, including more station level into die, and thick Board fine die and cemented carbide multifunctional composite die,; large plastic die, including car ornaments pieces die and appliances plastic shell die,; precision plastic die, including plastic seal die and multilayer more cavity, and more material, and more color precision plastic die; large thin-walled precision complex pressure mold, including for aluminum, and magnesium, and zinc, and copper and alloy die casting of die; large, and precision forging die; radial tire rubber die; long life glass , Ceramic dies; rapid economic dies; multi-station heading die and extrusion die; plastic mold and plastic pipe road. Hope in the mould Enterprise overall strength is further enhanced, focus, enterprises can reach 50%. 2003 is "15" key for one year, if you do not see the60% of tasks to complete, the plan will fail and die failed, on the whole industry will be affected.In recent years, foreign enterprises to enter China, increased competition, a number of price competition. In order to avoid losses in the long run because of temporary interest and overall development, in the coming year, industry associations will also strengthen the Organization and coordination of mould enterprises, make reasonable price level. At the same time, Research International mould price levels, to guidance and information communication industry.In China, it has become increasingly recognized in important basic position in the manufacture of the die, recognizing the mould level of technology, has become the important symbol of a country's manufacturing levels, and to a large extent determine the quality, efficiency, and new product development capability.Many mold enterprises attach great importance to technology development, increase the intensity of investment for technical progress, the technology progress considered as an important driving force for enterprise development. In addition, many research institutes and tertiary institutions to conduct research and development of die and mold technology. At present, institutions and institutions engaged in research on mould technology has reached more than 30 companies, training institutions have been engaged in mould technology education over more than 50 companies. Where access to key State-funded construction of State Key Laboratory of mold technology, Huazhong University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Beijing Institute of mechanical and electrical CAD National Engineering Research Center National Engineering Research Center of fine blanking technology and Zhengzhou University of technology such as rubber and plastic mold National Engineering Research Center. After years of effort, CAD/CAE/CAM technology in mould, mould EDM and CNC machining technologies, rapid prototyping and rapid tooling technology has made remarkable progress, new die material; in improving the quality of mould and contributed to the reducedmould design and manufacture cycle, and so on.(1) stamping die technologyTo representatives of automobile covering dies for large stamping mould manufacturing technology has made great progress, mold plant of Dongfeng motor company, Faw Center moulds manufacturers have been able to produce some car cover mould. In terms of design and manufacturing methods and technical means to continuously improve, localization in car die in a welcome step forward.Multi-position progressive die and multi-function tooling is focused on developing precision mould varieties in China. At present, there have been manufactured with automatic punching, folding, riveting, counting, grouping, rotor core become skewed, and security features such as protection of iron core-automatic lamination multifunction die. Production of motor stator and rotor dual Rotary laminated hard alloy progressive die step accuracy of up to 20 μ m, life of more than 100 million times. Other multi-position progressive die, such as 20~30 for IC lead frame-station progressive die, hard alloy progressive die for gun parts progressive die for the heat sink and air conditioner, has also reached a higher level.(2) technology of plastic mouldIn recent years, plastic mold is developing rapidly, the proportion of domestic mould plastic mould in industrial output continues to expand. Required for household appliances such as televisions, air conditioning, washing machine plastic mould can largely be based on domestic production. Weighing 10~20 tons of plastic such as car bumpers and dashboards as a whole and as many as 600 die cavity mold has its own production of plastic packaging. In terms of accuracy, plastic dimension precision of up to IT6-7 level, surface roughness reaches Ra0.05-0.025 μ m, plastic mold service life up to more than 1 million.Plastic mould design and manufacture in the popularization of CAD/CAM technology faster, CAE application software has been in the part of manufacturers. Hot runner technology has been widely used, multiple colorinjection technology for gas-assisted injection technology and efficient application started successfully.(3) CAD/CAE/CAM technologyAt present, the domestic mould enterprises has quite a number of manufacturers was popular in computer graphics, and introduction of high-grade CAD/CAE/CAM,UG, Pro/Engineer, I-DEAS, Euclid-IS and other well-known software in China die and mould industry has very broad application. Some manufacturers also introduced a Moldflow, C-Flow, DYNAFORM, Optris and MAGMASOFT CAE software, and successfully applied to plastic mould, stamping mould and die design.In recent years, independent development CAD/CAE/CAM system development in China. For example, central China Polytechnic University die technology national focus laboratory development of injection die, and car cover pieces die and level into die CAD/CAE/CAM software, Shanghai Jiao Tong University die CAD National Engineering Research Center development of cold die and fine rushed Research Center development of cold die and fine die CAD software, Beijing electromechanical Institute development of forging die CAD/CAE/CAM software, Beihang University China are Software Engineering Institute development CAXA software, Jilin car cover pieces forming technology by independent development of commercialization cover pieces stamping forming analysis KMAS software, in domestic die industry has many of user.(4) rapid prototyping/rapid tooling technologiesRapid prototyping/rapid tooling technology in China to be valued and developed, many research institutions devoted to research and development in this area, and continually achieve new results. Tsinghua University, Huazhong University, Xian Communications University, and long Yuan automated systems and other units have independent research and development of rapid prototyping technology and equipment to produce hierarchical object (LOM), three-dimensional light-cured (SLA) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) and the selective sintering (SLS), and other types of rapid prototypingequipment. These devices have been applied to the development of new products in the country, precision casting and rapid tooling, and so on. Rapid tooling technology in several research units, current research more arc spray forming technology and mould by plasma spraying technique. , Low melting point alloy die in stamping die-manufacturing technology has been successfully applied and resin, silicone rubber mold is also applied in the development of new products.(5) Other related technologiesIn recent years, some domestic steel companies have introduced and is equipped with advanced technological equipment, specifications and quality of mould steel is a large improvement. In the mould manufacturing has a more widespread adoption of the new steel, such as cold working die steel-D2, D3, such as A1, A2, LD, 65Nb; H10, hot working die steel H13, H21, 4Cr5MoVSi, 45Cr2NiMoVSi etc; plastic mould steel P20, 3Cr2Mo, PMS, such as SMI, SMII. The application of mould materials has been made in improving the quality of life and better results. Domestic research units on a variety of mold polishing method, and the development of specialized tools and machinery. Pattern etching technology and process level to improve more quickly, widely used in the production of in mould decoration to the grain.Is high speed milling of mold processing technology developed rapidly in recent years. Domestic has some company introduced high speed milling machine, and start the application. The domestic machine tool factory gradually developed some high speed milling machine, and is developing high-speed machine. However, for high speed milling of the surface in the country is not yet widely used.Although China's mould industry and technology have achieved rapid development in the past more than 10 years, but compared with foreign industrial developed countries there are still large gaps, not yet fully meet the needs of rapid development of the national economy.The next ten years, main development direction of China mould industry and technology include:（1）improving design of large, sophisticated, complex, long life molds manufacturing level;（2）in the widespread application of CAD/CAE/CAM technology in mould design and manufacture;（3）Development of rapid prototyping and rapid manufacturing mold for forming technology;（4）In the plastic mold application in hot runner technology, and high pressure injection molding technology of gas-assisted injection molding;（5）Improve standardization of mold and mold standard parts usage;（6）Development of high quality mold surface treatment of materials and advanced technologies;（7）Gradually promote the application of high speed milling in die and mold machining;（8）Further research and development of mould polishing technology and equipment;（9）Research and application of high speed measurement of mould technology and reverse engineering;（10）Development of a new forming technology and die.模具存在的问题及发展状况模具在现代生产中，是生产各种工业产品的重要工艺装备，他它以其特定的形状通过一定的方式使原材料成形。
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献
冲压模具成型外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)4 Sheet metal forming and blanking4.1 Principles of die manufacture4.1.1 Classification of diesIn metalforming,the geometry of the workpiece is established entirely or partially by the geometry of the die.In contrast to machining processes,ignificantly greater forces are necessary in forming.Due to the complexity of the parts,forming is often not carried out in a single operation.Depending on the geometry of the part,production is carried out in several operational steps via one or several production processes such as forming or blanking.One operation can also include several processes simultaneously(cf.Sect.2.1.4).During the design phase,the necessary manufacturing methods as well as the sequence and number of production steps are established in a processing plan(Fig.4.1.1).In this plan,theavailability of machines,the planned production volumes of the part and other boundary conditions are taken into account.The aim is to minimize the number of dies to be used while keeping up a high level of operational reliability.The parts are greatly simplified right from their design stage by close collaboration between the Part Design and Production Departments in order to enable several forming and related blanking processes to be carried out in one forming station.Obviously,the more operations which are integrated into a single die,the more complex the structure of the die becomes.The consequences are higher costs,a decrease in output and a lower reliability.Fig.4.1.1 Production steps for the manufacture of an oil sumpTypes of diesThe type of die and the closely related transportation of the part between dies is determined in accordance with the forming procedure,the size of the part in question and the production volume of parts to be produced.The production of large sheet metal parts is carried out almost exclusively using single sets of dies.Typical parts can be found in automotive manufacture,the domestic appliance industry and radiator production.Suitable transfer systems,for example vacuum suction systems,allow the installation of double-action dies in a sufficiently large mounting area.In this way,for example,the right and left doors of a car can be formed jointly in one working stroke(cf.Fig.4.4.34).Large size single dies are installed in large presses.The transportation of the parts from oneforming station to another is carried out mechanically.In a press line with single presses installed one behind the other,feeders or robots can be used(cf.Fig.4.4.20 to 4.4.22),whilst in large-panel transfer presses,systems equipped with gripper rails(cf.Fig.4.4.29)or crossbar suction systems(cf.Fig.4.4.34)are used to transfer the parts.Transfer dies are used for the production of high volumes of smaller and medium size parts(Fig.4.1.2).They consist of several single dies,which are mounted on a common base plate.The sheet metal is fed through mostly in blank form and also transported individually from die to die.If this part transportation is automated,the press is called a transfer press.The largest transfer dies are used together with single dies in large-panel transfer presses(cf.Fig.4.4.32).In progressive dies,also known as progressive blanking dies,sheet metal parts are blanked in several stages;generally speaking no actual forming operation takes place.The sheet metal is fed from a coil or in the form of metal ing an appropriate arrangement of the blanks within the available width of the sheet metal,an optimal material usage is ensured(cf.Fig.4.5.2 to 4.5.5). The workpiece remains fixed to the strip skeleton up until the laFig.4.1.2 Transfer die set for the production of an automatic transmission for an automotive application-st operation.The parts are transferred when the entire strip is shifted further in the work flow direction after the blanking operation.The length of the shift is equal to the center line spacing of the dies and it is also called the step width.Side shears,very precise feeding devices or pilot pins ensure feed-related part accuracy.In the final production operation,the finished part,i.e.the last part in the sequence,is disconnected from the skeleton.A field of application for progressive blanking tools is,for example,in the production of metal rotors or stator blanks for electric motors(cf.Fig.4.6.11 and 4.6.20).In progressive compound dies smaller formed parts are produced in several sequential operations.In contrast to progressive dies,not only blanking but also forming operations areperformed.However, the workpiece also remains in the skeleton up to the last operation(Fig.4.1.3 and cf.Fig.4.7.2).Due to the height of the parts,the metal strip must be raised up,generally using lifting edges or similar lifting devices in order to allow the strip metal to be transported mechanically.Pressed metal parts which cannot be produced within a metal strip because of their geometrical dimensions are alternatively produced on transfer sets.Fig.4.1.3 Reinforcing part of a car produced in a strip by a compound die setNext to the dies already mentioned,a series of special dies are available for special individual applications.These dies are,as a rule,used separately.Special operations make it possible,however,for special dies to be integrated into an operational Sequence.Thus,for example,in flanging dies several metal parts can be joined together positively through the bending of certain metal sections(Fig.4.1.4and cf.Fig.2.1.34).During this operation reinforcing parts,glue or other components can be introduced.Other special dies locate special connecting elements directly into the press.Sorting and positioning elements,for example,bring stamping nuts synchronised with the press cycles into the correct position so that the punch heads can join them with the sheet metal part(Fig.4.1.5).If there is sufficient space available,forming and blanking operations can be carried out on the same die.Further examples include bending,collar-forming,stamping,fine blanking,wobble blanking and welding operations(cf.Fig.4.7.14 and4.7.15).Fig.4.1.4 A hemming dieFig.4.1.5 A pressed part with an integrated punched nut4.1.2 Die developmentTraditionally the business of die engineering has been influenced by the automotive industry.The following observations about the die development are mostly related to body panel die construction.Essential statements are,however,made in a fundamental context,so that they are applicable to all areas involved with the production of sheet-metal forming and blanking dies.Timing cycle for a mass produced car body panelUntil the end of the 1980s some car models were still being produced for six to eight years more or less unchanged or in slightly modified form.Today,however,production time cycles are set for only five years or less(Fig.4.1.6).Following the new different model policy,the demands ondie makers have also changed prehensive contracts of much greater scope such as Simultaneous Engineering(SE)contracts are becoming increasingly common.As a result,the die maker is often involved at the initial development phase of the metal part as well as in the planning phase for the production process.Therefore,a muchbroader involvement is established well before the actual die development is initiated.Fig.4.1.6 Time schedule for a mass produced car body panelThe timetable of an SE projectWithin the context of the production process for car body panels,only a minimal amount of time is allocated to allow for the manufacture of the dies.With large scale dies there is a run-up period of about 10 months in which design and die try-out are included.In complex SE projects,which have to be completed in 1.5 to 2 years,parallel tasks must be carried out.Furthermore,additional resources must be provided before and after delivery of the dies.These short periods call for pre-cise planning,specific know-how,available capacity and the use of the latest technological and communications systems.The timetable shows the individual activities during the manufacturing of the dies for the production of the sheet metal parts(Fig.4.1.7).The time phases for large scale dies are more or less similar so that this timetable can be considered to be valid in general.Data record and part drawingThe data record and the part drawing serve as the basis for all subsequent processing steps.They describe all the details of the parts to be produced. The information given in theFig.4.1.7 Timetable for an SE projectpart drawing includes: part identification,part numbering,sheet metal thickness,sheet metal quality,tolerances of the finished part etc.(cf.Fig.4.7.17).To avoid the production of physical models(master patterns),the CAD data should describe the geometry of the part completely by means of line,surface or volume models.As a general rule,high quality surface data with a completely filleted and closed surface geometry must be made available to all the participants in a project as early as possible.Process plan and draw developmentThe process plan,which means the operational sequence to be followed in the production of the sheet metal component,is developed from the data record of the finished part(cf.Fig.4.1.1).Already at this point in time,various boundary conditions must be taken into account:the sheet metal material,the press to be used,transfer of the parts into the press,the transportation of scrap materials,the undercuts as well as thesliding pin installations and their adjustment.The draw development,i.e.the computer aided design and layout of the blank holder area of the part in the first forming stage–if need bealso the second stage–,requires a process planner with considerable experience(Fig.4.1.8).In order to recognize and avoid problems in areas which are difficult to draw,it is necessary to manufacture a physical analysis model of the draw development.With this model,theforming conditions of the drawn part can be reviewed and final modifications introduced,which are eventually incorporated into the data record(Fig.4.1.9).This process is being replaced to some extent by intelligent simulation methods,through which the potential defects of the formed component can be predicted and analysed interactively on the computer display.Die designAfter release of the process plan and draw development and the press,the design of the die can be started.As a rule,at this stage,the standards and manufacturing specifications required by the client must be considered.Thus,it is possible to obtain a unified die design and to consider the particular requests of the customer related to warehousing of standard,replacement and wear parts.Many dies need to be designed so that they can be installed in different types of presses.Dies are frequently installed both in a production press as well as in two different separate back-up presses.In this context,the layout of the die clamping elements,pressure pins and scrap disposal channels on different presses must be taken into account.Furthermore,it must be noted that drawing dies working in a single-action press may be installed in a double-action press(cf.Sect.3.1.3 and Fig.4.1.16).Fig.4.1.8 CAD data record for a draw developmentIn the design and sizing of the die,it is particularly important to consider the freedom of movement of the gripper rail and the crossbar transfer elements(cf.Sect.4.1.6).These describe the relative movements between the components of the press transfer system and the die components during a complete press working stroke.The lifting movement of the press slide,the opening and closing movements of the gripper rails and the lengthwise movement of the whole transfer are all superimposed.The dies are designed so that collisions are avoided and a minimum clearance of about 20 mm is set between all the moving parts.4 金属板料的成形及冲裁4. 模具制造原理4.1.1模具的分类在金属成形的过程中，工件的几何形状完全或部分建立在模具几何形状的基础上的。
模具寿命 英语
模具寿命英语As an essential part of manufacturing, molds play a crucial role in ensuring product quality, efficiency, and cost-effectiveness. However, molds also have a limited lifespan, which can vary depending on different factors. In this article, we will explore the topic of mold lifespan and how to prolong it.Step 1: Understanding Mold LifespanMold lifespan refers to the number of cycles a mold can run before it loses its effectiveness and requires repair or replacement. The lifespan of a mold can vary greatly depending on several factors, such as the type of material being molded, the complexity of the product, the machine settings, and the maintenance of the mold.Step 2: Identifying Causes of Mold FailureThere are various reasons why a mold might fail before reaching its expected lifespan. Some of the common causes include wear and tear, material fatigue, thermal cycling, and inadequate ventilation. Other factors that contribute to mold failure include poor maintenance and improper use, such as excessive pressure or speed, incorrect temperature, and poor tool design.Step 3: Maintaining MoldsTo prolong the lifespan of a mold, proper maintenance is crucial. This includes regular cleaning, inspection, and repair of the mold. During cleaning, it’s important to remove any residue or debris and check for any signs of wear or damage, such as cracks or chips. Lubrication of movingparts, especially during storage, is also essential toprevent rust or corrosion.Step 4: Designing for MoldabilityOne of the best ways to ensure a mold lasts longer is to design parts with moldability in mind. This means designing products that are easy to mold, with simple shapes anduniform wall thicknesses, to reduce stress on the mold. Proper sizing of the mold cavity also plays a significantrole in reducing stress on the mold.Step 5: Choosing the Right Mold MaterialThe choice of mold material can also affect its lifespan. Different materials have varying durability and resistance to wear and tear. For example, aluminum is a lightweight andcost-effective option, but it may not last as long as steelor other high-strength materials. Choosing the right material for the specific application can help extend the mold lifespan.In conclusion, a mold’s lifespan can v ary depending on several factors, and proper maintenance is crucial to prolong its effectiveness. Designing molds for moldability, choosing the right material, and identifying and mitigating causes of mold failure all contribute to extending the lifespan of molds. By following these steps, manufacturers can improve product quality and reduce costs associated with mold repair and replacement.。
冲压模具外文翻译---影响冲压模具寿命的因素分析
附录The study of Influence factors on dies' lifeBecause the ramming processing has the productivity to be high, the material use factor is high, the pressing part precision high, the complex degree is high and interchangeability good and so on characteristics, therefore, in the industrial production, applies especially in the production in enormous quantities very widely. But the ramming mold in the cold stamping processing is also essential. The ramming mold general structure is complex, the accuracy requirement is high, the production cost is also high. In the ramming process, the ramming mold as a result of long-term reasons and so on attrition, distortion, break has the expiration, thus causes the enterprise production cost to stay at a high level. Therefore, the exploration enhances the ramming mold's service life efficient path to have the important meaning regarding the enterprise development。
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翻译原文二：Die Life and Die FailureProper selection of the de material and of the die manufacturing technique determines, to a large extent, the useful life of forming des. Dies may have to be replaced for a number of reasons, such as changes n dimensions due to wear or plastic deformation, deterioration of the surface finish, breakdown of lubrication, and cracking or breakage. In hot impression die forging, the principal modes of die failure are erosion, thermal fatigue, mechanical fatigue and permanent (plastic) deformation.In erosion, also commonly called die wear, material is actually removed from the die surface by pressure and sliding of the deforming material, wear resistance of the die material, die surface temperature, relative sliding speed at the die/material interface and the nature of the interface layer are the most significant factors influencing abrasive die wear. Thermal fatigue occurs on the surface of the die impression in hot forming and results in “heat checking”. Thermal fatigue results from cyclic yelling of the de surface due to contact with the hot deforming material. This contact causes the surface layers to expend, and, because of the very steep temperature gradients, the surface layers are subject to compressive stresses. At sufficiently high temperatures, these compressive stresses may cause the surface layers to deform. When the de surface cools, a stress reversal may occur and the surface layers will then be n tension. After repeated cycling in this manner, fatigue will cause formation of a crack pattern that s recognized as heat checking. Die breakage or cracking is due to mechanical fatigue and occurs in cases where the dies are overloaded and local stresses are high. The dies are subject to alternating stresses due to loading and unloading during the deformation process and this causes crack initiation and eventual failure.Die life and de failure are greatly affected by the mechanical properties of the die materials under the conditions that exist in a given deformation process.Generally, the properties that are most significant depend on the process temperature. Thus, die materials used in cold forming processes are quite different from those used in hot forming.The design and manufacture of dies and the selection of die materials are very important in the production of discrete parts by use of metal forming processes. The dies must be made by modern manufacturing methods from appropriate die materials in order to provide acceptable die life at a reasonable cost. Often the economy success of a forming process depends on die life and de costs per piece produced. For a given application, selection of the appropriate die material depends on three types of variables:(a)Variables related to the process itself, including factors such as size of the die cavity, type of machine used and deformation speed, initial stock size and temperature, die temperature to be use, lubrication, production rata and number of parts to be produced.(b)Variables related to the type of die loading, including speed of loading, i.e. impact of gradual contact time between dies and deforming metal (this contact time is especially important in hot forming), maximum load and pressure on the dies, maximum and minimum die temperatures, and number of loading cycles to which the dies will be subjected.(c)Mechanical properties of the die material, including harden ability, impact strength, hot strength(if hot forming is considered)and resistance to thermal and mechanical fatigue.译文二：模具的寿命与失效正确的选择模具材料和模具的制造技术，在很大程度上决定着成形模具的使用寿命。
为着某些原因，模具可能不得不更换。
例如，由于磨损或塑性变性而使尺寸发生改变、表面损坏、光洁度降低、润滑故障和裂纹即破裂。
在热压模缎中，模具失效的主要模式是腐蚀作用、热疲劳、机械疲劳和永久性即塑性变形。
腐蚀，通常也叫做模具磨损，实际上模具由于受到压力后模具表面上的材料发生剥落。
变形材料的滑移、模具材料的抗磨性，模具表面温度、模具和材料接触表面的相对滑动速度以及接触层的性质，都是影响模具磨损的最主要的因素。
]热成形加工中会发生热裂效应，热疲劳都发生在模具模腔的表面。
由于跟热变形材料接触，就在周期性屈服的模具表面引起了热疲劳。
由于温度梯度的急剧变化，这种接触引起的表面层的膨胀，而且表面层受到压应力的影响。
在温度足够高的时刻，这些压应力可引起表面层的破坏。
当模具表面冷却时，可发生反向应力，因而表面层将处于拉应力状态。
这种状态循环往复将引起形成龟裂的模面，那就是作为识别热裂纹的特征。
模具破裂或产生裂纹是由于机械疲劳，并且是在模具过载和局部应力高等情况下发生的。
在变形加工过程中，由于加载、减载、模具承受交变应力作用，这就将引起开裂并发生重大破坏。
在给定的成形工艺条件下，模具材料的机械性能对模具寿命和模具的损坏影响很大。
一般而言，最具影响的性能是取决于加工过程的温度。
这样，用于冷却盛开加工工艺的模具材料与用于热成形加工的材料有着极大的区别。
对于金属成形加工工艺的小批、单件生产，模具的设计、制造和模具材料的选择是非常重要的。
为着提供成本合理和具有令人满意的寿命的模具，必须用合适的模具材料和用现代的制造方法来制造模具。
成形加工的经济效益常常是取决于模具寿命和所制造的每件模具的成本。
根据上述应用，合适的模具材料的选择取决于以下三个方面的因素：(a)与加工工艺本身有关的因素，包括模腔尺寸、所用机器形式和变形速度，毛坯尺寸和温度，要用的模具温度、润滑、生产率和要生产的零件数量。
(b)与模具加载形式相关的因素，包括加载速度，即模具与正在变形的金属之间的冲击时间或逐渐接触的时间（在热变形加工中，这种接触时间显得特别重要），在模具上的最大载荷和压力，最大和最小的模具温度以及模具将要承受的加载周期的数目。