英文注释

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英文论文注释和论文格式

英文论文注释和论文格式

论文注释和参考文献格式12.1注释Citations2.1.1夹注In-text Citations转述、阐释、总结他人主要观点、引用某些引文或所依据的文献无须详细注释者,以夹注的形式随文在括号内注明。

夹注与“参考文献”结合,形成一种方便、快捷说明引用出处的注释形式。

夹注的构成形式有以下几种情况:1)来自英语文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:格式:出版年份:页码例:Rees said, “As key aspects of …in the process” (1986: 241), …2 ) 来自英语文章、专著的直接引语,作者姓名在文中没有出现:格式:作者姓名,出版年份:页码例:The underlying assumption is that language is “bound up with culture in multiple and complex ways”(Elli, 1968: 3).3 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中已经出现:格式:出版年份:引文页码例:According to Alun Rees (1986: 234)〔夹注直接放在被引者后面〕, the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learningsituation.According to Alun Rees,the writers focus on the unique contribution that each individual learner brings to the learning situation (1986: 234). 〔夹注也可以位于引语的最后〕4 ) 来自英语文章、专著的间接引语,作者姓名在文中没有提到:格式:作者姓名出版年份:引文页码例:It may be true that in the appreciation of medieval art the attitude of the observer is of primary importance (Robertson, 1987: 136).5)来自汉语文章、专著,间接引用,作者姓名在文中已经出现2:格式:作者姓名拼音+夹注(出版年份:引文页码)例:Wang Datong(2002: 111, 2005: 191) believed that…;6)来自汉语的文章、专著,间接引用,作者姓名在文中没有出现:1本格式主要参阅了APA,《外语教学与研究》杂志以及部分大学外语学院毕业论文格式要求;日语毕业论文格式另列。

英文注释规范

英文注释规范

英文注释规范MLA Stylesheet英文注释:1、当首次引用一本著作的资料时,注释中须将该书的作者姓名、书名、出版地、出版者、出版年代及资料所在页码顺序注明。

具体格式如下:(1)专著类:Harold U. Faulkner, American Economic History (New York: Harper&Brothers Publishers, 1960), pp.23-25.说明:(a)作者姓名按通常顺序排列,后面加逗号;书名用斜体,手稿中可在书名下用横线标出;书名后紧接圆括号,括号内注出版地,加冒号,后接出版者名称,再加逗号,然后注出版年代;括号后面加逗号,再注出引用资料所在的页码,页码后加句号表示注释完毕;单页页码用p.表示;多页页码用pp.表示,意为pages。

(b)作者如系二人,作者姓名之间用and或&连接;如系二人以上,可写出第一作者姓名,后面加et al.表示and others,如:Donna Worrall Brown et al., Form in Modern English,其余与(a)同。

(c)著作名如有副标题,则以冒号将其与标题隔开,如:Robert K.Murray, The Harding Era: Warren G. Harding and His Administration (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1969), p.91.(d)著作如系多卷本中的一卷,须在注明页码前,用Vol.加罗马数字标明卷数,如:Ralph F. de Bedts, Recent American History: 1945 to the Present,Vol.II (Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1973), p.169.(2)编著类:Paul M. Angle, ed., The American Reader: From ColumbustoToday (New York: Rand McNally Co.,1958), pp.52-53.说明:(a)如编者系多人,则须将ed.写成eds.,如:E. B. White &Katherine S. White, eds.,A Subtreasury of American Humor,后面的注释内容与著作类同。

MMSE英文原版(含详细注释)

MMSE英文原版(含详细注释)

Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) Name: Date: Patient’sInstructions: Ask the questions in the order listed. Score one point for each correct response within each question or activity.(Adapted from Rovner & Folstein, 1987)Instructions for administration and scoring of the MMSEOrientation (10 points):•Ask for the date. Then specifically ask for parts omitted (e.g., "Can you also tell me what season it is?"). One point for each correct answer.•Ask in turn, "Can you tell me the name of this hospital (town, county, etc.)?" One point for each correct answer.Registration (3 points):•Say the names of three unrelated objects clearly and slowly, allowing approximately one second for each. After you have said all three, ask the patient to repeat them. The number of objects the patient names correctly upon the first repetition determines the score (0-3). If the patient does not repeat all three objects the first time, continue saying the names until the patient is able to repeat all three items, up to six trials. Record the number of trials it takes for the patient to learn the words. If the patient does not eventually learn all three, recall cannot be meaningfully tested.•After completing this task, tell the patient, "Try to remember the words, as I will ask for them in a little while."Attention and Calculation (5 points):•Ask the patient to begin with 100 and count backward by sevens. Stop after five subtractions (93, 86, 79, 72, 65). Score the total number of correct answers.•If the patient cannot or will not perform the subtraction task, ask the patient to spell the word "world"backwards. The score is the number of letters in correct order (e.g., dlrow=5, dlorw=3).Recall (3 points):•Ask the patient if he or she can recall the three words you previously asked him or her to remember. Score the total number of correct answers (0-3).Language and Praxis (9 points):•Naming: Show the patient a wrist watch and ask the patient what it is. Repeat with a pencil. Score one point for each correct naming (0-2).•Repetition: Ask the patient to repeat the sentence after you ("No ifs, ands, or buts."). Allow only one trial. Score 0 or 1.•3-Stage Command: Give the patient a piece of blank paper and say, "Take this paper in your right hand, fold it in half, and put it on the floor." Score one point for each part of the command correctly executed.• Reading:On a blank piece of paper print the sentence, "Close your eyes," in letters large enough for the patient to see clearly. Ask the patient to read the sentence and do what it says. Score one point only if the patient actually closes his or her eyes. This is not a test of memory, so you may prompt the patient to "do what it says" after the patient reads the sentence.•Writing: Give the patient a blank piece of paper and ask him or her to write a sentence for you. Do not dictate a sentence; it should be written spontaneously. The sentence must contain a subject and a verb and make sense. Correct grammar and punctuation are not necessary.•Copying: Show the patient the picture of two intersecting pentagons and ask the patient to copy the figure exactly as it is. All ten angles must be present and two must intersect to score one point.Ignore tremor and rotation.(Folstein, Folstein & McHugh, 1975)Interpretation of the MMSEMethod ScoreInterpretation Single Cutoff <24 AbnormalRange <21>25Increased odds of dementiaDecreased odds of dementiaEducation21<23<24Abnormal for 8th grade educationAbnormal for high school educationAbnormal for college educationSeverity 24-3018-230-17No cognitive impairmentMild cognitive impairmentSevere cognitive impairmentSources:•Crum RM, Anthony JC, Bassett SS, Folstein MF. Population-based norms for the mini-mental state examination by age and educational level. JAMA. 1993;269(18):2386-2391.•Folstein MF, Folstein SE, McHugh PR. "Mini-mental state": a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. J Psychiatr Res. 1975;12:189-198.•Rovner BW, Folstein MF. Mini-mental state exam in clinical practice. Hosp Pract. 1987;22(1A):99, 103, 106, 110.•Tombaugh TN, McIntyre NJ. The mini-mental state examination: a comprehensive review. J Am Geriatr Soc.1992;40(9):922-935.。

英文缩写注释

英文缩写注释
直接存储器存取
DLL
n.
动态链接库
CMOS
n.
[计]互补金属氧化物半导体
BIOS
[`baICs]
abbr.
[计] Basic Input Output System 基本输入输出系统
IDE
[aId]
n.
集成电路设备, 智能磁盘设备
processor
[5prEusesE]
ISDN
n.
综合业务服务网
abbr.
Integrated Services Digital Network, 综合服务数字网
PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network)公共开关电话网络;一种常用旧式电话系统
DOS
[dU:z]
n.
磁盘操作系统
班长, 监听器, 监视器, 监控器
vt.
监控
v.
监控
standard
[5stAndEd]
n.
旗, 军旗, 标准, 规格, 本位
adj.
标准的, 权威, 第一流的
VPN
(Virtual Private Network)虚拟个人网络
adapter
[E5dAptE(r)]
n.
n.
处理机
处理器
AMD
美国AMD公司,主要生产计算机的CPU芯片
dual
[5dju(:)El]
adj.
双的, 二重的, 双重
core
[kC:]
n.
果核, 中心, 核心
Microsoft

英文注释MLA和APA格式

英文注释MLA和APA格式

Modern Language Association为美国现代语言协会制定的论文指导格式,在一般书写英语论文时应当使用MLA格式来保证学术著作的完整。

APA格式简介一个为广泛接受的研究论文撰写格式,特别针对社会科学领域的研究,规范学术文献的引用和参考文献的撰写方法,以及表格、图表、注脚和附录的编排方式。

APA格式因采用哈佛大学文章引用的格式而广为人知,其“作者和日期”的引用方式和“括号内引用法”相当著名。

正式来说,APA格式指的就是美国心理学会(American Psychological Association)出版的《美国心理协会刊物准则》,目前已出版至第五版(ISBN 1-55798-791-2),总页数超过400页,而此协会是目前在美国具有权威性的心理学学者组织。

APA格式起源于1929年,当时只有7页,被刊登在《心理学期刊(Psychological Bulletin)》。

MLA和APA格式参考文献引用的规范应该按专业方向的不同选择使用MLA(the Modern Language Association)或者APA(the American Psychological Association),一般偏重人文学科的应用MLA,偏重自然学科的应用APA。

学位申请人应认真阅读相应的规范使用手册。

本节提供部分实例,供参考。

3.2 参考文献著录的格式参考文献著录在MLA规范里叫做Works Cited,在APA规范里叫做References。

撰写论文时应仔细阅读MLA或APA的规范手册,本节仅提供部分著录实例,供参考。

3.2.1 著录已出版的文章一位作者写的文章MLA:Stewart, Donald C. “What Is an English Major, and What Should It Be?” College Composition and Communication 40 (1989): 188-202.APA:Roediger, H. L. (1990). Implicit memory: A commentary. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 28, 373-380.注意:(1)在MLA规范里,作者的姓名应完整,应标明首名的全称和中间名的首字母。

常见英文注释的写作方法

常见英文注释的写作方法

常见英文注释的写作方法南京师范大学法学院颜林一、案例的引用一项标准的案例注释应包括:案件的名称、可查询到该案例的出版物,并在括号中列明如下一些信息:(1)作出该判决的时间,(2)当所引用的报告及其卷期之名所提供的信息不清楚时,须列明作出判决的法院,如果该案在该法院判决前和判决后还有其他的判决,也应一并予以列明。

如:Jackson v. Metropolitan Edison co., 348 F.Supp.954 (M.D. Pa. 1972),aff’d, 483 F.2d 754 (3d Cir. 1973), aff’d, 419 U.S.345(1974).二、对美国成文法的引用众所周知,美国是一个以判例法为主的国家,但事实上,美国社会从未放弃对法典化立法的期盼。

第一次真正全国意义上的法典编纂是在1875年开始的,并于1878年进行了正式的法典编纂。

经过了几十年的努力,直到1926年,美国法典才完成了第一次比较全面、系统的编纂,至此美国的法典编纂已经形成了一套比较固定的体系和比较规范的程序。

美国现行官方的法典编纂制度分为“美国法典编纂”和“美国联邦行政法典编纂”两个部分。

这两个法典分别由两个专设机构负责编纂。

负责美国法典编纂的机构是设在美国国会众议院内的法律修订委员会办公室(the Office of the Law Revision Counsel of the House of Representatives);负责美国联邦行政法典编纂的机构是联邦政府公报室(Bulletin Office of the Federal Government)。

此外,各州的议会和政府也设有专门机构根据各自的立法权限进行独立的法律编纂。

(一)《美国法典》的历史、内容及其引用1、就《美国法典》而言,它的编纂是一个相当大的法律汇编工程。

1926年首次将建国二百多年以来国会制定的所有立法(除独立宣言、联邦条例和联邦宪法外)加以整理编纂,把每部单行法都按照条文逐一拆开,再按照事先划分的50个大类进行分门别类,同一类别的条文就编入一个大类中,而不论其来自哪部成文法。

英文图纸 土建注释

土建标准注释通用说明:1、所有尺寸单位是mm。

2、所有标高单位是mm,从储罐基准点TOC+0.00开始测量。

3、任何尺寸或者标高如果标示着“ref”,指数字仅供参考,准确性仍需证实。

4、承包商在施工之前应该证实所有尺寸,如发现偏差应该向工程师报告。

缩略语–通用CJ –施工缝CL- 中心线CTRS –中心DIA –直径DRG –图纸EL –标高EQ –等于EXT –外部FFL –竣工楼面标高FGL –最终地平标高GL- 坐标网格线HD –地脚HOR –水平ID –内径INT –内部MAX –最大值MIN –最小值NTS –不按比例OD –外径PLT –板材PROJ –投影PRL –厂区参考标高PCC –预制混凝土PUF –聚氨酯泡沫RAD –半径REINF’T 钢筋SPEC –规范SOP –放样点SSL –结构层标高TAW –比利时基准海平面TBC –待确认TCO –临时施工开口THK –厚度TOC –混凝土顶面TOG –灰浆顶面TOS –钢材顶面TPS –热保护系统TYP –相同类型UNO –除非特别注明UOC –混凝土底平面UOS - 钢材底平面U/S –底平面VER –垂直WP –工作点缩略语–钢筋位置ABR –等长相错翻转ABS - 等长相错交替排列AP - 长短交替排列B1 –底面–外层B2 –底面- 第2层B3 –底面–第3层EF –每侧ES- 同样间距EW –每个方向F1 –远面–外层F2 –远面–第2层F3 –远面–第3层LL –长钢筋N1 –近面–外层N2 –近面–第2层N3 –近面–第3层T1 –顶面–外层T2 –顶面–第2层T3 –顶面–第3层钢筋标注:。

英文注释体例

英文注释体例一、著作注明:作者,文献名(斜体),版次(如有),出版社,出版时间,页码。

〔1〕H.L.A.Hart,The Concept of Law,3rd ed.,Oxford UniversityPress,2012,p.10.编著在编者姓名后加“(ed.)”(一人)或“(eds.)”(多人)。

〔2〕Jules Coleman &Scott Shapiro(eds.),Oxford Handbook of Jurispru-dence and Philosophy of Law,Oxford University Press,2004,pp.23-26.译著在文献名后注明译者。

〔3〕Hans Kelsen,Pure Theory of Law,trans.,Max Knight,The LawBook Exchange,2009,p.260.二、论文期刊文章注明:作者,文献名(斜体),卷号期刊简写页码(年份)。

〔4〕Richard A.Posner,The Law and Economics of Contract Interpreta-tion,83Tex L.Rev.1581,1590(2005).文集文章注明:作者,文献名(斜体),编者,文集名称(斜体),出版者,出版时间,页码。

〔5〕D.N.MacCormick,Rights in Legislation,in P.M.S.Hacker &J.Raz(eds.),Law,Morality and Society:Essays in Honour of H.L.A Hart,Clarendon Press,1977,pp.189-196.三、外国法规及判例遵照其本国常用注释体例,例如:———美国法院案例注释体例〔6〕Beanstalk Group,Inc.v.AM Gen.Corp.,283F.3d856,859(7thCir.2002).———欧盟法院案例注释体例〔7〕Case C-137/12,Commission v.Council,EU:C:2013:675,para.58———国际法院案例注释体例〔8〕LaGrand(Germany v.USA),Judgment,ICJ Reports 2001,p.466,para.88. 四、辞书注明:辞书名页码(版次和出版时间)。

英文注释体例

英文文献采用“APA格式”:单一作者著作的书籍:姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.Sheril, R. D. (1956). The terrifying future: Contemplating color television. San Diego: Halstead.两位作者以上合著的书籍:姓,名字首字母., & 姓,名字首字母.(年). 书名(斜体). 出版社所在城市:出版社.Smith, J., & Peter, Q. (1992). Hairball: An intensive peek behind the surface of an enigma.Hamilton, ON: McMaster University Press.文集中的文章:Mcdonalds, A. (1993). Practical methods for the apprehension and sustained containment of supernatural entities. In G. L. Yeager (Ed.), Paranormal and occult studies: Case studies in application (pp. 42–64). London: OtherWorld Books.期刊中的文章(非连续页码):Crackton, P. (1987). The Loonie: God's long-awaited gift to colourful pocket change? Canadian Change,64(7), 34–37.期刊中的文章(连续页码):姓,名字首字母.(年).题目.期刊名(斜体). 第几期,页码.Rottweiler, F. T., & Beauchemin, J. L. (1987). Detroit and Narnia: Two foes on the brink of destruction. Canadian/American Studies Journal, 54, 66–146.月刊杂志中的文章:Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time,135, 28-31.。

《共产党宣言》英文加注释

Manifesto of The Communist PartyKarl Marx and Frederick Engels18481 Bourgeois and Proletarians2 Proletarians and Communists3 Socialist and Communist Literature4 Position of the Communists in relation to the various existing opposition partiesA spectre is haunting (“haunt”指“鬼魂等反复出没于某地”。

欧洲的反动势力视共产主义为幽灵,怕得要死。

此句用现在进行时,正活脱脱地表明了他们的这种心理状态,也显示出共产主义方兴未艾,已成气候。

)Europe -- the spectre of communism. All the powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Tsar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police-spies.Where is the party in opposition (the opposition 指“反对党”,即,the party in opposition。

)that has not been decried as communistic by its opponents in power? Where is the opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of communism (reproach指“责骂或责备”,branding 指“玷辱或污辱”,branding reproach则有“诬陷之词”的意思。

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【英文注释】a period of indeterminate length (usually short) marked by some action or condition
【短语及搭配】after while 不久,过一会
【例句展示】I will come after while. 我一会就来。

【词汇拓展】conj. 当...的时候;虽然,但是
While I understand what you say, I can’t agree with you.
虽然我理解你的意思,但我还是不同意。

I met her while I was at school. 我在学校的时候遇见了他。

★regret vt. 后悔,遗憾,抱歉
【英文注释】feel sad about the loss or absence of
【短语及搭配】regret to do sth. 遗憾地去做某事regret doing sth. 后悔做过某事
【例句展示】I regret to tell you that you are dismissed. 我遗憾地告诉你,你被解雇了。

I regret telling you that secret. 我后悔告诉你这个秘密。

★far adv. 非常,很,极
【英文注释】to a considerable degree; very much
【短语及搭配】as far as 就...而言
【例句展示】As far as I know, he is kind. 就我所知,他人不错。

Far too busy 太忙碌
To travel far from home 离家去远处旅游
rush v. 冲
【英文注释】cause to occur rapidly
【短语及搭配】rush out of 从...冲出来
【例句展示】The children rushed out of school. 孩子们飞快跑出学校.
act v. 行动
【英文注释】perform an action, or work out or perform (an action)
【例句展示】Think before you act. 三思而后行。

★fright n. 受惊,惊骇
【英文注释】an emotion experienced in anticipation of some specific pain or danger (usually accompanied by a desire to flee or fight)
【短语及搭配】give sb. a fright 使某人受惊
【例句展示】The loud thunder gave me a fright. 这声响雷吓了我一大跳。

【词汇拓展】frighten vt. 吓唬,使惊惧
He was frightened of the fierce dog. 他让这只凶猛的狗吓怕了。

★straight adv. 直接地,一直地
【英文注释】in a forthright manner; candidly or frankly
【短语及搭配】straight away 毫不犹豫地,立刻,马上
【例句展示】Let’s go to the meeting straight away. 我们马上就开会吧.
battered adj. 撞坏的,
【英文注释】damaged by blows or hard usage
【例句展示】a battered car 撞坏的车子 a battered hat 破旧的帽子
shortly adv. 很快地,马上
【英文注释】for a short time
【短语及搭配】shortly afterwards 没过多久,马上
【例句展示】Shortly afterwards, he came back out of breath.
过了没有多久,他上气不接下气地回来了。

afterwards adv. 其后;后来
【英文注释】after that time
【例句展示】She had her supper and went out soon afterwards.
Lesson 35
☆真题操练:◆1~5 DCCCC ◆6~8 BAC。

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