章振邦英语语法第五版L2
章振邦语法英语句子汉译：层次简单句并列句复杂句并列复杂句
章振邦语法英语句⼦汉译：层次简单句并列句复杂句并列复杂句简单句并列句复杂句并列复杂句的理解与翻译使⽤基于信息流翻译观的⽅法于⼿段就不会那么难，因为这是⼈际交流的基本规律：信息的获取与传递！完全句，按其结构形式，⼜可分为简单句（simple sentence) 、并列句(Compound Sentence) 、复杂句(complex sentence) 和并列复杂句 (compound-complex senlence) 。
这是形式层次的结构，不影响从信息结构层次思考信息传递的⽅法和⼿段。
简单句：包含⼀个主谓结构。
例如：[1] The students have made better grades in the past few weeks.这些学⽣已经取得了更好的成绩，就在这过去的⼏周。
[2] The boy can stay in the room only for a few minutes.这男孩可以待在房间的时间只有⼏分钟。
构成分句成分的词组本⾝带有从属分句，那么这个句⼦仍然是简单句。
[3] The students I teach have made better grades in the past few weeks.这些学⽣是我教的，已经取得了更好的成绩，就在这过去的⼏周。
某个句⼦成分直接由从属分句表⽰，那么这句⼦成为了复杂句。
[4] The students would have made better gra des if they had studied hard.这些学⽣本来可以取得更好的成绩，如果他们当时学得更认真些。
[5] The boy can stay in the room so long as he keeps quiet.这男孩可以待在房间⾥⾯，但他必须保持安静。
[6] What he said is not true.所有他说的都不是真的。
[7] I didn't understand what he meant.我不懂他的意思。
《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦版）答案
《新编英语语法教程》（章振邦版）答案《新编英语语法教程》答案新编英语语法教程第29讲练习参考答案Ex. 29A1. It is possible that the Joneses will come to the party as well.2. It doesn’t matter very much whether they will come or not.3. It is quite likely that he will let you down.4. It seems that you have taken a dislike to him.5. It happens that I have had some nasty experiences in dealing with him.6. It was rather complicated getting the car on the boat.7. It would be a good idea to get up a petition. / I think it a good idea to get up a petition.8. It is a great pleasure to be here with you this morning.9. It was so kind of you to invite us. 10. It doesn’t matter in the least what you say. 11. It is / remains a mystery how he came to have such a valuable painting. 12. It is regretted that you should feel obliged to resign at this point. 13. It would be pity to spoil such a fine drawing. 14. It makes me feel sad seeing you sitting here all alone. 15. Is it very dull living here?/ do you find it very dull living here? 16. It is impossible for me to forgive him.17. It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine. 18. It looks as if the park is very small. 19. It seems as though our plan is perfect. 20. It was clearly indicated that he didn’t want to speak to me.Ex. 29B1. It gets dark early in winter.2. Its no use asking her. She doesn’tknow anything. 3. Its two miles to the station from here.4. Have you seen it hail?5. We leave it to you to decide what must be done.6. It is said that the spy slipped arsenic into his tea.7. It’s a pity (that) you missed that concert. 8. It looks as if he were very afraid. 9. It is no use crying over spilt milk.10. It was several months before we met again.Ex. 29C1. 迟早我要跟他说个明白。
2022英语专业《英语语法教程(章振邦)》专有名词汇总最新版
morpheme词素free morpheme自由词素（用法use alone as simple word简单词充当root词根＋affix词缀（为derivational affix）＝derivative派生词free morpheme＋other free morpheme＝compound word复合词）bound morpheme粘附词素（分类＝词缀affix＋组合形式combining form）（①用法inflectional affix屈折词缀；derivational affix派生词缀（prefix前缀suffix 后缀）＋root＝derivative②充当root即bound root粘附词根＋affix＝primitive derivative原始派生词；＋word＝compound word；＋combining form＝neo-classical compound新古典复合词）Δallomorph词素变体word单词（构词法simple word、derivation、compound word（compound noun/adjective/verb/adverb/pronoun/conjun ction连词/preposition介词）（语法功能closed class封闭词类→function word功能词（preposition、pronoun、determiner限定词、conjunction、auxiliary 助动词）、open class开放词类→content word 实义词（noun、adjective、adverb、main verb 主动词、cardinal numeral基数词、ordinal numeral序数词）interjection感叹词介于两者之间transitional word过渡词phrase词组（head或headword中心词）noun/adjective/adverb/verb/prepositional phraseclause分句independent clause独立分句dependent/subordinate clause从属分句（从句）main clause主句simple clause简单分句simple sentence简单句complex clause复杂分句complex sentence复杂句finite clause限定分句non-finite clause非限定分句（infinitive clause 不定式分句、-ing participle clause-ing分词分句、-ed participle clause-ed分词分句）verbless clause无动词分句nominal clause名词性分句clause element分句成分（central element中心成分→subject、predicate verb/predicator 谓语动词、object、complement（subject complement＋object complement）、adverbial（adjunct/depictive adverbial））peripheral element外围成分→stance adverbial/disjunct评注性状语、linking adverbial/conjunct连接性状语……parenthesis插入语）basic clause type分句基本类型subject主语predicate谓语double predicate双重谓语complementation补足成分Δnotional subject实义主语（real subject真主语）logical subject逻辑主语sentence句子full sentence完全句（simple sentence、compound sentence并列句、complex sentence、compound-complex sentence并列复杂句）minor sentence不完全句主谓一致（主-动-致subject-verb concord）concord/agreement一致grammatical concord语法一致notional concord意义一致principle of proximity就近原则coordinate subject并列结构做主语noun phrase of amount or quantity表示数量概念的名词词组noun→noun phrase→complex noun phrase 词汇意义proper noun专有名词、commonnoun（individual noun、collective noun、mass noun/material noun、abstract noun）语法特征count/countable noun、non-count/uncountable nounnumber数→语法范畴singular number单数plural number复数（regular plural、irregular plural）partitive单位词（unit noun单位名词）case格→语法术语nominative case主格、genitive/possessive case属格/所有格、dative case与格、accusation case宾格→old English古英语genitive/possessive case、common case通格→modern English现代英语independent genitive独立属格double genitive双重属格determinerreferential meaning所指意义→specific reference特指、generic reference类指definite quantity确定数量indefinite quantity非确定数量分类：predeterminer前位限定词、central determiner、postdeterminerarticle冠词definite article定冠词indefinite article不定冠词zero article 零冠词definite specific reference确定特指（anaphoric specific reference后照应特指、cataphoric specific reference前照应特指、situational reference语境特指）indefinite specific reference非确定特指adjective形容词（open class）词的构成→one-word adjective单词形容词、compound adjective复合形容词句法功能→central adjective中心形容词、peripheral adjective外围形容词词汇意义→dynamic adjective动态形容词、stative adjective静态形容词词汇意义→gradable adjective等级形容词、non-gradable adjective非等级形容词modifier修饰语premodifier前置修饰语postmodifier后置修饰语subject complement、object complementΔcausative construction使役结构adverb→adverb phrase词的构成→simple adverb简单副词、derivative adverb派生副词词汇意义→adverb of mannar方式副词、adverb of degree程度副词、adverb of frequency频度副词、adverb of time时间副词、conjunctive adverb连接副词（the head/headword of the verb phrase when used as a linking adverbial/conjunct）usage①modifier②adverbial （adjunct/depictive adverbial修饰性状语、disjunct/stance adverbial评注性状语、conjunct/linking adverbial连接性状语）比较等级和比较结构比较等级：当adjective和adverb用于比较结构时采取的特殊的语法形式比较结构：形容词和副词比较等级用于句子当中便形成了比较结构gradable可等级的positive/absolute degree原级comparative degree比较级superlative degree最高级comparative degree and superlative degree both have two forms→regular form and irregular formregular form has two expressions①synthetic form综合形式（add suffixes-er or-est to the positive/absolute degree）②analytic form分析形式（add more or most before positive/absolute degree）comparative construction比较结构gradable noun可等级名词Δnucleus调核代词pronoun（closed class封闭词类）personal pronoun人称代词（person人称形式→first/second/third第一/二/三人称）possessive pronoun物主代词＝genitivepronoun属格代词（按语法功能分类→nominal genitive pronoun名词性属格代词、determiner genitive pronoun限定词性属格代词词）possessive determiner物主限定词（my、your 等）reflexive form反身形式reflexive pronoun反身代词（9个）（用法→emphatic use强调性用法、unemphatic use 非强调性用法）reciprocal pronoun相互代词demonstrative pronoun指示代词demonstrative determiner指示限定词demonstrative指示词interrogative pronoun疑问代词relative pronoun关系代词indefinite pronoun不定代词（分类→numeral 数次和quantifier量词、compound pronoun 复合代词）referent对象＝antecedent先行项pronoun reference代词照应（anaphoric reference前照应、cataphoric reference后照应、situational reference情景照应；personal reference人称照应、demonstrative reference 指示照应）Δnoun of common gender通性名词、pro-verb代动词介词prepositionsimple/complex preposition简单/复杂介词、two-word/three-word/four-word preposition 双词/三词/四词介词Δanalytic language分析性语言、word order 词序（nomal order正常词序＝natural order 自然词序）动词与动词词组verb动词（main verb主动词、auxiliary助动词→primary auxiliary基本主动词、modal auxiliary情态助动词、semi-auxiliary半助动词＝semi-modal半情态助动词）Δmarginal modal auxiliary边际情态助动词（need、dare 等）verb phrase动词词组（simple verb phrase简单动词词组、complex verb phrase复杂动词词组、finite verb phrase限定动词词组、non-finite verb phrase非限定动词词组）notional verb实义动词contracted form缩略形式transitive verb及物动词（monotransitive verb 单宾语及物动词、ditransitive verb双宾语及物动词、complex-transitive verb复杂及物动词）intransitive verb不及物动词、linking verb 连系动词dynamic verb动态动词、stative verb静态动词single-word verb单词动词、phrasal verb词组动词（verbal idiom成语动词）regular verb规则动词、irregular verb不规则动词finite verb限定动词、non-finite verb非限定动词finite form限定形式、non-finite form非限定形式base form原形grammatical form语法形式（5种）Δmodal idiom情态成语时tense、体aspectpresent tense现在时、past tense过去时progressive aspect进行体、perfective aspect 完成体simple present/past一般现在时/过去时present/past progressive现在/过去进行体present/past perfective现在/过去完成体present/past perfective progressive现在/过去完成进行体future tense将来时pure future单纯将来语态voiceactive/passive voice主动/被动态active/passive sentence主动/被动句BE-passive be-型被动态GET-passive get-型被动态mood式（语气）subjunctive mood虚拟语气、indicative mood 陈述语气、imperative mood祈使语气hypothetical meaning假设意义＝non-factual meaning非事实意义BE-subjunctive be-型虚拟、were-subjunctive were-型虚拟情态意义表示法ability能力、possibility可能、permission许可、obligation义务、necessity必然、prediction 预见、assumption推测、willingness意愿、intention意图、determination决心epistemic推测性、non-epistemic非推测性Δparaphrase意译非限定形式non-finite form①infinitive不定式to-infinitive带to不定式、bare infinitive不带to不定式Δsplit infinitive分裂不定式②-ing participle-ing分词（present participle 现在分词、gerund动名词）③-ed participle-ed分词（past participle过去分词）dangling participle悬垂分词（unattached participle无依着分词）attachment rule依着法则Δabsolute construction独立结构relative clause关系分句（restrictive relative clause限制性关系分句、non-restrictive relative clause非限制性关系分句）double relative clause双重关系分句embedded relative clause/pushdown relative clause嵌入式关系分句relative word关系词（relative pronoun关系代词、relative adverb关系副词、relative determiner关系限定词）attributive clause定语从句antecedent先行项、old information旧信息、given/known information已知信息register语域style语体statement陈述句（declarative sentence）emphasizer强调词、reinforcement tag强调附加结构、double negative双重否定、rhetorical question修辞疑问句、operator操作词、intonation pattern调型（low fall低降调、high fall高降调、low rise低升调、fall rise 降升调）question疑问句（interrogative sentence）（分类→general/special/alternative/tag一般＝yes-no question是非问句/特殊＝wh-question wh问句/选择/附加疑问句）command祈使句（imperative sentence）、exclamation感叹句（exclamatory sentence）interrogative exclamation问句型感叹句、echo exclamation重复感叹句existential sentence存在句complex existential sentence复杂存在句finite existential sentence限定存在句non-finite existential sentence非限定存在句locative adverbial地点状语temporal adverbial时间状语Δrheme述位IT-句型和否定结构non-referring it非指代性itassertive word肯定词non-assertive word非肯定词negative word否定词semi-negative半否定词scope of negation否定范围focus of negation否定焦点transferred negation转移否定double negation双重否定local negation局部否定pleonastic/superfluous negation多余否定并列结构coordinate structure coordinator并列连词correlative coordinator关联并列连词quasi-coordinator近似并列连词compound sentence并列句asyndetic coordination不带连词的并列结构syndetic coordinate带连词的并列结构predication述谓成分parallelism排比（作为修辞手法的并列结构）、parallel construction排比结构climax高潮从属结构subordinate construction subordination从属subordinator从属连词simple subordinator简单从属连词（one-word subordinator单词从属连词）complex subordinator复杂从属连词correlative subordinator关联从属连词marginal subordinator边际从属连词same time同时性earlier time先时性later time后时性nominal relative clause名词性关系分句nominal that-clause名词性that分句nominal wh-clause名词性wh-分句adverbial clause of time/place/manner/cause/result/purpose/co ndition/concession/accompanying circumstances时间/地点/方式/原因/结果/目的/条件/让步/伴随状语分句条件句conditionalreal conditional真实条件句unreal conditional非真实条件句implied conditional含蓄条件句basic form基本形式variant form变体形式alternative form替换形式直接引语和间接引语direct speech直接引语indirect speech间接引语reporting word引述动词free direct speech自由直接引语free indirect speech自由间接引语修饰modificationsquinting modification偏斜修饰、discontinuous modification分隔修饰、transferred modification转移修饰、partial modification局部修饰、multiple modification 多重修饰premodifier前置修饰语、postmodifier后置修饰语、restrictive modifier限制性修饰语、non-restrictive modifier非限制性修饰语、transferred modifier/epithet转移修饰语、squinting modifier偏斜修饰语contrastive meaning对比意义替代substitutionnominal/verbal/clausal名词性/动词性/分句性替代substitute替代词（nominal/verbal/clausal substitute名词/动词/分句替代词）省略ellipsis、situational ellipsis情景省略强调emphasis、rhetorical repetition修辞重复postponement后置、end focus句尾焦点、end weight句尾重心、periodic sentence尾重句、loose sentence松散句、trailing sentence 拖沓句fronting前置、inversion倒装（full inversion 完全倒装、partial inversion部分倒装cleft sentence分裂句、pseudo-cleft sentence 假分裂句focus element中心成分morphology词法、syntax句法、text语篇（＝discourse口语中）、sentence group句群（语段）、paragraph段落、correctness正确性、appropriacy适合性、unity统一性、coherence连贯性、cohesion 粘着性、mobility流动性、clearness清晰性logical connector逻辑纽带、grammatical connector语法纽带、lexical connector词汇纽带literary language文学语言、textual rhetoric 语篇修辞标点符号punctuationperiod/full stop/stop句号、question mark问号、exclamation mark感叹号、comma逗号、semicolon分号、colon冒号、ellipsis省略号、dash破折号、brackets/parentheses括号、quotation mark引号、hyphen连字号、apostrophe撇号、slant斜线、italics斜体、underlining下划线、。
章振邦英语语法教程--Chapter 2 Clause structure and basic clause patterns
Lecture 2Clause Structure and Basic Clause patterns 2.1 Clause Structure—Subject and Predicate An independent clause or a simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases logically organized into a construction of “subject + predicate”. The core of the clause can be divided into two main parts: the subject and the predicate.1) Subject structurally analyzedThe subject is the topic or theme of the clause, which tells of what the clause is about. It is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase, including finite and non-finite subordinate clauses:Actions speak louder than words.An idle brain is the devil’s workshop.Seeing is believing.Whoever says that is a liar.2) Predicate structurally analyzedThe predicate is the part of a clause that tells of something about the subject and bearsthe new information that the speaker or writer wants to transmit to his reader or hearer. The structure of the predicate is usually longer and more complicated than that of the subject. It generally consists of a predicate verb with or without any complementation (i.e. object, complement, adverbial). Thus, the subject (S), verb (V), object (O), complement (C) and adverbial (A) make the five basic clause elements. The different combinations of these elements form 7 basic patterns:Linking verb + complementMonotransitive verb + objectDitransitive verb + indirect object + direct objectComplex-transitive verb + object + complementIntransitive verb + zero complementationIntransitive verb + adverbialTransitive verb + object + adverbial3) Double predicateA double predicate is the combination oftwo predicates into one. For example:He left home a mere child and returned an old man.=He left home when he was a child, and returned when he was an old man.A bird fell dead to the ground.=A bird fell to the ground and was dead.4) Comparison between English and Chinese in clause structureIn both English and Chinese, the clause structure is characterized by the pattern that the subject precedes the predicate. Yet, in English, a sentence must have a subject, while in Chinese, a sentence may sometimes be subjectless. Also, in English, the predicate must have a verb while in Chinese it can be verbless.2.2 Basic clause patterns and their significance in English study1) Basic clause patternsThere are seven basic clause patterns, each of which has a different kind of predicateverb that determines whether a complement should be followed. The seven patterns are described as follows:a) subject + intransitive verb (SV) Everybody laughed.The children are sleeping.b) subject + linking verb + complement (SVC) She is in good health.Those flowers smell good.c) subject + verb + object (SVO)I want a return ticket.Nobody could answer the question.d) subject +ditransitive verb +indirect object + direct object (SV oO)I sent him an invitation to the party.He showed me the way to the railway station.e) subject + complex transitive verb + object + complement (SVOC)They painted the walls creamy white.They elected him president.f) subject + intransitive verb + adverbial(SV A)She lives in Beijing.He will be flying to Shanghai.g) subject + transitive verb + object + adverbial (SVOA)He treated his wife vilely.They put the material evidence in front of him.2) Significance of some knowledge of the basic clause patternsSome knowledge of the basic clause patterns helps in the understanding of long and complicated sentence structures.。
浅谈《新编英语语法教程》第五版中的几个问题
浅谈《新编英语语法教程》第五版中的几个问题作者：张逸萱张国来源：《文教资料》2017年第17期摘要：本文在参阅《新编英语语法教程》前四版的基础上，结合第五版及当代英语语法的发展，指出了该教程中存在的一些问题，以利于教师的教学和学生的自学。
关键词：语法《新编英语语法教程》问题章振邦教授主编的《新编英语语法教程》（以下简称《教程》）自1983年初版问世以来，在我国英语教学界引起巨大的反响，并被推荐为高等学校教材，受到全国高校和广大英语自学者的好评。
《教程》的初版于1990年10月荣获“华东区大学出版社首届优秀图书一等奖”，第二版（1995）于1998年3月荣获“1997年上海市高校优秀教材一等奖”。
2000年该书推出了第三版，2003年12月推出了第四版，2013年4月又隆重推出了第五版并被列入“十二五”普通高等教育本科国家级规划教材。
教材的每一版都继承了前一版的优点，并对不足之处做了“调整、修正、充实、补齐”，“因而在编排上更加合理，在体系上更加周密，在内容上更加充实，更有利于教学和自学”（《教程》第二、三版前言）。
《教程》第五版基本上代表了我国目前英语语法研究的最高水平。
当然，正如任何一部著作不可能十全十美一样，《教程》第五版也存在一些问题。
本文不过多地纠缠于理论问题，只想就教授和学习该书过程中遇到的几个具体使用方面的问题提出来与广大读者及同仁讨论。
一、“既可作单数也可作复数的集体名词”的用法模糊《教程》第27页对于“既可作单数又可作复数的集体名词”的用法讲得不很清楚。
尽管《教程》提到将audience，family，public等名词所表示的集体视为一个整体，动词用单数；将侧重点放在组成集体的成员上，动词用复数，但英语中还有些常用的集体名词如audience，enemy，jury，panel，profession，public，staff等用单数动词或复数动词均可，区别不大，书中并未提及。
比如：The school’s teaching staff is（are）excellent./ The teaching profession claim （s） to be badly paid./ The jury is （are） about to announce the winner./ What does （do） the panel think？书中第28页的练习第8题和19题仅给出用复数动词一个答案，这是不完整的。
章振邦英语语法第五版Tense and Aspect
Past, present, future
[now] PAST TIME
[preceding now]
FUTURE TIME
[following now]
PRESENT TIME
[including now]
On this semantic level of interpretation, ‘present’ is the most general and unmarked category. Albatrosses were large birds.<marked> The speaker does not commit himself to the continuation of the past state of affairs it describes into the present, while it does not exclude the possibility of such a continuation. It is possible to assert: Albatrosses were, are, and always will be large birds.
Eternal present Habitual behavior Temporary habit Momentary behavior Instantaneous behavior Behavior of the present moment
Eternal truths
• Using the simple present to the stative verbs to express eternal truths or proverbs, as well as in scientific, mathematical, geographical and other statements made for all time. • E.g. • Honesty is the best policy. A rolling stone gathers no moss.
语法大家章振邦谈中学英语中的语法问题
语法大家章振邦谈中学英语中的语法问题作者：章振邦2008-07-11 11:13:38近年来，在我国中学英语教材编写者中流传着一种说法，说什么要“淡化”语法，甚至还有人认为中学英语可以不教语法了。
这些论调提出了一个问题：中学生学英语，到底要不要学点语法？对于这个问题，我的看法是，应该学点语法，而且要学好。
怎样学？我提出几点个人的体会。
一、要在接触大量语言材料的基础上学语法外语的习得是一个从感性到理性的过程，中学生学英语首先应当通过听说和阅读的实践，接触大量的地道英语，初步树立语感，然后在大量语言材料的基础上归纳出一些规律性的东西，这就是语法。
语法是语言的组织规律和结构框架，它规范着人们的语言活动。
不管你承认不承认，自觉不自觉，你只要在运用语言，便无时无刻不受语法规律的支配。
你如果不理它，它就给你颜色看：句子看不懂，言语不地道，表达不准确，翻译不达意，总而言之，弄得你寸步难行。
那么，这么重要的规律和法则是否都要靠我们自己去归纳出来呢？那也不是的，前人早已为我们归纳出来了，这就是我们平时所谓的教学语法，也就是可以买到的语法书。
语法书是语言学家对客观存在的语言组织规律的认识和描写，其中虽带有一定的主观性，但它描写的基本法则还是长期起作用的。
我们学习了这些基本法则，就可以加深对所学语言的认知，加深语感，加快英语习得的进度。
中学生在英语学习中学点语法，就好像在一个陌生的领域找到了向导，它会带领你顺利地入门，升堂入室，渐入佳境。
有些人多年学英语，却老是在原地踏步不前，像是一锅“夹生饭”，怎样也“煮不熟”，这就是因为学习方法不对头，还没有入门，无法前进，这里也显示出学点语法的重要性。
二、要联系词汇来学习语法任何一种活的语言都是音、义结合的语法和词汇的体系：语法赋予语言以结构形式，而词汇则通过语法结构赋予语言以意义内容，因此，语法和词汇是紧密地联系在一起的。
比如特定的语法结构往往要求某种类别的词与之匹配，如果用错了词，尽管语法结构没有错，仍然是个病句。
8-Infinitive新编英语语法教程第五版章振邦PPT
Grammatical forms of infinitive
See more examples of bare infinitive: They can do nothing but/except wait for rescue. Cf: There’s no choice but/except to wait for rescue. Why ask me? Why not ask him? But: What to do? How to do? When to do? Why to do? Go post a letter for me. Try eat a little. Try help him.
Note: help to do and help do are both acceptable.
A test item in TEM 4
"It seems that she was there at the conference." The sentence means that ____. A. she seems to be there at the conference. B. she seemed to be there at the conference. C. she seems to have been there at the conference. D. she seemed to being there at the conference. (2009)
forms of infinitive
2) To-infinitive & bare infinitive----infinitive is usually accompanied by ―to‖, but sometimes without ―to‖ (bare infinitive): Question: Under what circumstances should we use bare infinitive? When following modals, bare infinitive is used. But need & dare may be used in to-infinitive form. Does she dare to go there alone? Do we need to pay for the meal? Following semi-auxiliaries, bare infinitive is used, e.g. You’d better not go out. I happened to meet Mary on the way to the library.
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1)objects consisting of two parts: plural; or: according to the quantity meaning of the unitword 2)archives, arms, clothes, contents, eaves, fireworks, goods, minutes, morals, remains, stairs, suburbs, thanks, wages, shears: plural 3) whereabouts, dramatics: pl. & single. 4)-ings: plural(usu.) – clippings, diggings, surroundings, sweepings, filings, lodgings, earnings pl. & single – tidings 5) when a word’s plural form is same to its single form, notional concord works.: headquarters, barracks, means, series, species, works 6) “odds”- “机会，赔率”（pl.）; what’s the odds? 7) “remains”- “遗体”（pl.）; “遗迹、剩余物”（pl./sing.）
Problems of concord with words
Problems of concord with collective nouns as subject
1 Characteristics of collective noun: collective nouns are singular in form, but plural in meaning. 2 The choice between grammatical concord and notional concord is mostly dictated by usage.
Principle of grammatical concord
the rule that the verb must match its subject in number. e.g. Every girl comes on time.
Principle of notional concord
Guiding principles
Principle of grammatical concord Principle of notional concord Principle of proximity The practice of the principles is flexible, impacted by habits, styles and registers Grammatical concord is the basic principle, but when the subject is realized by a collective noun, a coordinate form or an expression of quantity, the other two principles will have to be considered.
Subject-verb Concord
⊕general principles ⊕application
concord
Subject-verb concord means the agreement between subject and predicate verb in number and person, but number rdinate S.
1 coordination with “and, both…and” 1)according to the principle of Notional Concord. Ham and eggs is a good breakfast. Brown bread and butter is usually eaten with smoked salmon. Pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast. Law and order means different things to people with different political opinions. Fishes and chips is getting very expensive. Cold cereal and milk is Dad’s favorite pick-me-up.
Application
Problems of concord with words Problems of concord with phrases
Problems of concord with clauses
using nouns ending in –s as S.
1. disease single(usu.): arthritis, bronchitis, rickets, mumps, diabetes,
phlebitis
2.
3. 4.
5.
both sing. and pl.: measles, rickets e.g. Measles/Rickets is/are a disease. game Single (usu.): darts, marbles, dominoes, skittles (指游戏用具中的个体时为复数) Pl.: cards subject: single meaning geography: single: name of country plural: archipelago, mountain chain, strait, waterfall others
The fishing and the hunting in Arizona were good that year. The secretary and treasurer is absent. The number and diversity of British newspaper is considerable. War and peace is a constant theme in history. War and peace are alternative between which men must constantly choose. Weep and wailing does nothing towards solving the problem.
Principle of proximity
agreement of the verb with a closely preceeding noun phrase in preference to agreement with the head of the noun phrase that functions as subject. e.g. Either my brothers or my father is coming. No one except his own supporters agree with him Neither Julia nor I am going.
Using collective n. as S.
1. plural: police, cattle, militia, poultry, vermin, Citizenry, clergy, elite, fashion, folk, force, gentry, kind, kindred, laity, like, manpower, military, nobility, pay, peasantry, posse, rabble, riff-raff, soldiery 2. uncountable n.: foliage, machinery, equipment, furniture, merchandise 3. plural & single: audience, committee, class, crew, family, government, public, council, team. The audience are listening to a Beethoven symphony. The government is doing its best to boost production.(26) The government have discussed the matter for a long time.(26) The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.(22) Be plural when emphasizing the member in it. Be single when emphasizing the whole group.
the rule that the verb can sometimes agree with the subject according to the quantity meaning rather than to the actual presence of the grammatical marker for that notion e.g. The government have asked the country to decide by a vote.