当代研究生英语1-8单元的cloze

1、There are two factors which determine an individual ’s intelligence. The first is the sort of brain he is born w ith .Human brains differ considerably, some being mor e capable than others . But no matter how good a brai n he has to begin with ,an individual will have a low or der of intelligence unless he has opportunities to learn . So the second factor is what happens to the individual -the sort of environment in which he is brought up .If a n individual is handicapped environmentally, it is likel y that his brain will fail to develop and he will never att ain the level of intelligence of which he is capable. Th e importance of environment in determining an individ ual’s intelligence can be demonstrated by the case histo ry of the identical twins, Peter and John. When the twin s were three months old, their parents died, and they w ere placed in separate foster homes. Peter was reared b y parents of low intelligence in an isolated communit y with poor educational opportunities. John, however , was educated in home of well-to-do parents who ha d been to college, This environmental difference contin ued until the twins were in their late teens, when the y were given tests to measure their intelligence. John’s IQ was 125,twenty-five points higher than the averag e and fully forty points higher than his identical brothe r.2、Recent studies of the human brain have resulted in s ome interesting discoveries. Scientists believe that a wa y to improve the power of the brain may soon be possi ble. Scientists have 1.discovered that the brain can mak e its own drugs. The brain contains a protein substanc e which can act directly on the brain to change aspect s of mental activity. Some may change or improve, fo r example, creativity, intelligence, imagination, and go od memory. Chemicals found in the brain carry messag es .In recent years scientists have found chemicals tha t affect mood, memory and other happenings of the mi nd .About 25 have been found so far。

Today the role o f chemicals and protein substance in human behaviour i s creating much interest .Research seems to show that t hey may help control insomnia, pain, and mental illnes s .They have a great capacity to stimulate the brain to c onquer deficiencies. They also improve the qualities o f memory and learning already in the brain .They hold t he secret to mood and emotion. Some day there may be a chemical way to create a better more efficient brain.3、By measuring the amount of HIV’s genetic material i n various representative tissue samples from infected p eople, and extrapolating form these samples to the entir e body, Haase estimates that at most 1 in 2,500 cells, m aybe fewer, is infected with HIV. This is nowhere nea r enough for direct cell killing to account for the depleti on in their numbers that leads to AIDS. Haase says tha t his own work now shows that large numbers of CD4 c ell ate becoming trapped in lymph tissue, and he believ es that HIV also disrupts the production of new cells. I n common with a number of other researchers, he als o believes that HIV may cause the loss of uninfected C D4 cells by triggering abnormally high levels of cell su icide ,or apoptosis-a separate process that has been a su bject of research throughout the 1990s . Taken together , these findings clearly suggest that HIV keeps the imm une system in a state of constant activation, and unbala nces it in four ways :by trapping mature cells ,by stoppi ng the production of new cells, by triggering abnormall y high rates of apoptosis and by killing a small but sign ificant number of cells directly. Their combined impac t leaves the immune system depleted and unable to cop e with opportunistic infections.How will any of this affect treatments? Would better kn owledge of the ways in which the virus disturbs the im mune system enable researchers to rebuild it ,broadenin g the depleted repertoire of CD4 cells ? Roederer,at lea st, thinks that drugs that directly affect the immune syst em will be needed.Others go further, Jay Levy at the University of Califor nia ,San Francisco, worries that prolonged treatment wi th cocktails of antiviral drugs might even fool the imm une system and “put it to rest”, by keeping levels of HI V so low in the body that they fail to trigger any immu ne responses at all. This might make individuals who st op taking the drugs even more vulnerable. He argues th at immune-restoring treatments should be given alongsi de antiviral drugs. Already, some researchers are worki ng on novel approaches such as developing geneticall y engineered T cell to replace lose CD4 cells. 4、what is Golbalization?Economic “globalization” is a historical process, the result of human innovation and technological progress .It refers to the increasing integration of economies around the world,particularly through trade and financial flows. The term sometimes also refers to the movement of people (labor) and knowledge (technology) across international borders. There are also broader cultural, political and environmental dimensions of globalization that are not covered here . At its most basic, there is nothing mysterious about globalization. The term has come to common usage since the 1980s, reflecting technological advances that make it easier and quicker to complete international transactions-both trade an financial flows, It refers to an extension beyond borders of the same market forces that have operated for centuries at all levels of human economic activity-village markets, urban industries ,or financial centers. Markets promote efficiency through competition and the division of labor-the specialization that allows people and economies to focus on what they do best .Global markets offer greater opportunity for people to tap into more and larger markets around the world. It means that they can have access to more capital flows, technology, cheaper imports, and larger export markets. But markets do not necessarily ensure that the benefits of increased efficiency are shared by all. Countries must be prepared to embrace the policies needed,and in the case of the poorest countries may need the support of the international community as they do so.5、Spinal cordsAgricultural and public-health experts in Britain find many other serious flaws in the government’s handling of the mad-cow epidemic. Officials waited months after discovering the first cases of BSE to declare it a notifiable disease, requiring that all cases be reported to the authorities. They waited nearly three years to forbid use of cattle brains and spinal cords in food for humans. The government offered to compensate farmers for any suspected BSE cases they destroyed- but at far less than the animal’s normal value, a rate that discouraged farmers from reporting the disease in their herds, according to critics.It could all have been over in a month, says Millstone.It might have cost a few million pounds. But that’s fraction of what it’s going to cost now.”Currie argues that the government likewise fumbled when it disclosed the possible link between CJD and mad-cow disease. “If you are going to announce a health scare,” She says ,” you have to announce at the same time what you are going to do about it.”The government has yet to announce any’preventive measures beyond a few tightened restrictions, such as the ban on mammalian meat in cattle feed. Currie herself knows all too well how easy it is to start a public health panic; she left her post as health minister after helping touch off a scare in the winter of 1988-1989 over the safety of British eggs and other farm products.”6、Almost every American wears a watch, and, in nearly every room in an American home, there's a clock. "Be on time." "Don't waste time." "Time is money." "Time waits for no one." All of these familiar sayings reflect the American obsession with promptness and efficiency. Students and employees disappoint their teachers and bosses when they arrive late. This desire to get the most out of every minute often affects behavior, making Americans impatient when they have to wait.The pressure to make every moment count sometimes makes it difficult for Americans to relax and do (10)nothing. The desire to save time and handle work efficiently often leads Americans to buy many kinds of machines. These range from household appliances to equipment for the office, such as calculators, photocopy machines and computers. One )such machine is the video cassette recorder(VCR), which gives Americans a new kind of control over time. Fans of professional football don't have to miss the Sunday afternoon game on TV because of a birthday party. They simply videotape it. Then, for them, the Sunday afternoon game occurs on Sunday evening.7、Intellectual property regimes coupled with trade regulations have serious implications for third world economies. Agricultural research has 1[developed] much faster on plants than animals. And there is 2[insufficient] reason to expect that if species patents on plants are upheld, the practice of 3[granting] such patents will be restricted to them. It seems from developments so far that the blitzkrieg is 4[inching] its way to higher life forms. Protection and enforcement strategies for plant-based technology are 5[implement]through four different forms of intellectual property: utility plants, plant patents, plant variety protection certificates and trade secrets. 6[since] patenting provides a broader range of protection and 7[costs] less, this has potential to be preferred means of 8[protecting] plant-based inventions by private companies in the US. New utility patents form more aggressive property rights than ever existed in biological material 9[before]. Utility patents can establish property 10[right] in broad classes of organisms in radically different 11[species] as long as the organisms have the same traits and functional properties. The Harvard oncomouse patent is 12[actually] an mammal patent. Harvard thus owns any mammal with any recombinant cancer causing gene, (and there are about forty of them known) inserted into any mammal or its ancestors at an embryonic stage. This allows 13[biotechnicians] to patent organisms they have never actually produced. Broadly worded patent rights (as in the case of cotton or soybean), or the taking out of a large number of patents effectively 14[suppress] competition through the threat of infringement suits . 15[on]a global scale this allows patent holders to exert 16[control] on the production of a variety of agricultural commodities leading to unprecedented competitive advantage. The enormity of this possibility has ledto”biocolonial”concerns in the developing world.Utility patents also18[prohibit] farmers from the common practice of saving and using seeds from previous crops or from 19[breeding] animals, as well as restricting research exemptions. This could create a barrier to further innovation . Most nations have in place a research exemption analogous to the fair use doctrine in copyright law.8、Shyness is the cause of much unhappiness for a great many people. Shy people are anxious and self-conscious; that is, they are excessively concerned with their own appearance and actions. Worrisome thoughts are constantly occurring in their minds: what kind of impression am I making? Do they like me? Do I sound stupid? Am I wearing unattractive clothes? It is obvious that such uncomfortable feelings must affect people. A person's self-concept is reflected in the way he or she behaves, and the way a person behaves affects other people's reactions. In general, the way people think about themselves has a profound effect on all areas of their lives. Shy people, having low self-esteem, are likely to be passive and easily influenced by others. They need reassurance that they are doing "the right thing." Shy people are very sensitive to criticism; they feel it confirms their feelings of inferiority. They also find it difficult to be pleased by compliments because they believe they are unworthy of praise .A shy person may respond to a compliment with a statement like this one, "You're just saying that to make me feel good. I know it's not true." It is clear that while self-awareness is a healthy quality, overdoing it is harmful. Can shyness be completely eliminated, or at least reduced? Fortunately, people can overcome shyness with determined and patient efforts in building self-confidence. Since shyness goes (14)hand in hand with a lack of self-esteem, it is important for people to accept their weaknesses as well as strengths. For example ,most people would like to be “A” students in every subject .It is not fair for them to label themselves inferior because they have in difficulty in some areas.people’s expectations of themselves must be realistic .Living on the impossible leads to a sense of inadequacy. Each one of us is a unique, worthwhile individual, interested in our own personal ways. The better we understand ourselves, the easier it becomes to live up to our full potential. Let's not allow shyness to block our chances for a rich and fulfilling life.。