模具设计与制造中英文外文翻译文献

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模具毕业设计外文翻译(英文+译文)

Injection MoldingThe basic concept of injection molding revolves around the ability of a thermoplastic material to be softened by heat and to harden when cooled .In most operations ,granular material (the plastic resin) is fed into one end of the cylinder (usually through a feeding device known as a hopper ),heated, and softened(plasticized or plasticized),forced out the other end of the cylinder, while it is still in the form of a melt, through a nozzle into a relatively cool mold held closed under pressure.Here,the melt cools and hardens until fully set-up. The mold is then opened, the piece ejected, and the sequence repeated.Thus, the significant elements of an injection molding machine become: 1) the way in which the melt is plasticized (softened) and forced into the mold (called the injection unit);2) the system for opening the mold and closing it under pressure (called the clamping unit);3) the type of mold used;4) the machine controls.The part of an injection-molding machine, which converts a plastic material from a sold phase to homogeneous seni-liguid phase by raising its temperature .This unit maintains the material at a present temperature and force it through the injection unit nozzle into a mold .The plunger is a combination of the injection and plasticizing device in which a heating chamber is mounted between the plunger and mold. This chamber heats the plastic material by conduction .The plunger, on each stroke; pushes unbelted plastic material into the chamber, which in turn forces plastic melt at the front of the chamber out through the nozzleThe part of an injection molding machine in which the mold is mounted, and which provides the motion and force to open and close the mold and to hold the mold close with force during injection .This unit can also provide other features necessary for the effective functioning of the molding operation .Movingplate is the member of the clamping unit, which is moved toward a stationary member. the moving section of the mold is bolted to this moving plate .This member usually includes the ejector holes and mold mounting pattern of blot holes or “T” slots .Stationary plate is the fixed member of the clamping unit on which the stationary section of the mold is bolted .This member usually includes a mold-mounting pattern of boles or “T” slots. Tie rods are member of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension member of the clamp when it is holding the mold closed. They also serve as a gutted member for the movable plate .Ejector is a provision in the clamping unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) from the mold .The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.Methods of melting and injecting the plastic differ from one machine to another and are constantly being implored .conventional machines use a cylinder and piston to do both jobs .This method simplifies machine construction but makes control of injection temperatures and pressures an inherently difficult problem .Other machines use a plasticizing extruder to melt the plastic and piston to inject it while some hare been designed to use a screw for both jobs :Nowadays, sixty percent of the machines use a reciprocating screw,35% a plunger (concentrated in the smaller machine size),and 5%a screw pot.Many of the problems connected with in ejection molding arise because the densities of polymers change so markedly with temperature and pressure. thigh temperatures, the density of a polymer is considerably cower than at room temperature, provided the pressure is the same.Therefore,if molds were filled at atmospheric pressure, “shrinkage” would make the molding deviate form the shape of the mold.To compensate for this poor effect, molds are filled at high pressure. The pressure compresses the polymer and allows more materials to flow into the mold, shrinkage is reduced and better quality moldings are produced.Cludes a mold-mounting pattern of bolt holes or “T” slots. Tie rods are members of the clamping force actuating mechanism that serve as the tension members of clamp when it is holding the mold closed. Ejector is a provision in the calming unit that actuates a mechanism within the mold to eject the molded part(s) form the mold. The ejection actuating force may be applied hydraulically or pneumatically by a cylinder(s) attached to the moving plate, or mechanically by the opening stroke of the moving plate.The function of a mold is twofold: imparting the desired shape to the plasticized polymer and cooling the injection molded part. It is basically made up of two sets of components: the cavities and cores and the base in which the cavities and cores are mounted. The mold ,which contains one or more cavities, consists of two basic parts :(1) a stationary molds half one the side where the plastic is injected,(2)Moving half on the closing or ejector side of the machine. The separation between the two mold halves is called the parting line. In some cases the cavity is partly in the stationary and partly in the moving section. The size and weight of the molded parts limit the number of cavities in the mold and also determine the machinery capacity required. The mold components and their functions are as following:(1)Mold Base-Hold cavity (cavities) in fixed, correctposition relative to machine nozzle.(2)Guide Pins-Maintain Proper alignment of entry into moldinterior.(3)Spree Bushing (spree)-Provide means of entry into moldinterior.(4)Runners-Conroy molten plastic from spree to cavities.(5)Gates-Control flow into cavities.(6)Cavity (female) and Force (male)-Control the size,shape and surface of mold article.(7)Water Channels-Control the temperature of mold surfacesto chill plastic to rigid state.(8)Side (actuated by came, gears or hydrauliccylinders)-Form side holes, slots, undercuts and threaded sections.(9)Vent-Allow the escape of trapped air and gas.(10)Ejector Mechanism (pins, blades, stripper plate)-Ejectrigid molded article form cavity or force.(11)Ejector Return Pins-Return ejector pins to retractedposition as mold closes for next cycle.The distance between the outer cavities and the primary spree must not be so long that the molten plastic loses too much heat in the runner to fill the outer cavities properly. The cavities should be so arranged around the primary spree that each receives its full and equal share of the total pressure available, through its own runner system (or the so-called balanced runner system).The requires the shortest possible distance between cavities and primary sprue, equal runner and gate dimension, and uniform culling.注射成型注射成型的基本概念是使热塑性材料在受热时熔融，冷却时硬化，在大部分加工中，粒状材料（即塑料树脂）从料筒的一端（通常通过一个叫做“料斗”的进料装置）送进，受热并熔融（即塑化或增塑），然后当材料还是溶体时，通过一个喷嘴从料筒的另一端挤到一个相对较冷的压和封闭的模子里。

模具设计与制造外文文献及翻译

The mold designing and manufacturingThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also rapid quietly.Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, center the upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the super finishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked,take Zhejiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years.Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling one rate only, about 70%. Low-grade mold, center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about.(2) the enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large and complete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure.(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, and is frequent in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately, ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10, 000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10, 000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficiently Although the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185; the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay the considerable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult.(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urinemold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step doe not to be big, progresses does not be quick.(3) The craft equipment level is low, also is not good, the using factor is low. Recent years ,our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation abilityBecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold, commodity mold minister 40% about, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the molds enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence.(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fallThe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement.At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture alsogradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering. The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, precise, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthroughAlong with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the longlife mold. Standard letter type, quantity, level and the production of the mold have significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must prioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, represents the development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops .模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

锻造铸造模具类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译

附录A 英文原文A.1 FORGINGBulk defirnnation of metals refers to various processes, such as forging, rolling, or extruding, where there is a controlled plastic flow or working of metals into useful shapes. The most well known of these processes is forging where deformation is accomplished by means of pressure, impact blows, or a combination of both.Hammer ForgingHanuner forging consists of striking the hot metal with a large semiautomatic hammer. If no dies are involved, the forging will be dependent mainly on the skill of the operator. If closed or impression dies are used, one blow is struck for each of several (lie cavities. A- gain, productivity and quality depend to a large degree on the skill of the hanimer operator and the tooling.Press ForgingPress forging is characterized by a slow squeezing action. Again, open or closed dies may be used. The open dies are used chiefly for large, simple-geometry parts that are later machined to shape. Closed-die forging relies less on operator skill awl more on the design of the preform and forging dies.2 As an example of the versatility of the process, newer developments have made it possible to produce bevel gears with straight or helical teeth. Rotation of the die (luring penetration will press bevel gears with spiral teeth.Open-die ForgingOpen-die forging is distinguished by the fact that the metal is never completely confined as it is shaped by various dies. Most open-die forgings are produced on flat, V, or swaging dies. Round swaging (lies and V dies are used in pairs or with a flat die. The top (lie is attached to the ram of the press, and the bottom die is attached to the hammer anvil or, in the case of press open-die forging, to the press bed.As the workpiece is hammered or pressed, it is repeatedly manipulated between the dies until hot working forces the metal to the final dimensions, as-shown in Fig. 1. After forging, the part is rough- and finished-machined. As an example of the amount of material allowedfor machining, a 6.5 in. diameter shaft would have to be forged to 7.4 in. dianieter.In open-die forging of steel, a rule of thumb says that 50 lb of falling weight is required for each square inch of cross section.Impression-die ForgingIn the simplest example of impression-die forging, two dies are brought together, and the workpiece undergoes plastic deformation until its enlarged sides touch the side walls of the die (Fig. 2). A small amount of material is forced outside the die impression, forming flash that is gradually thinned. The flash cools rapidly and presents increased resistance to deformation, effectively becoming a part of the tool, and helps build up l)ressUre inside the bulk of the work- piece that aids material flow into unfilled impressions.Closed-die forgings, a special form of impression-die forging, does not depend on the formation of flash to achieve complete filling of the (lie. Thus closed-die forging is considerably more demanding on die design. Since pressing is often completed in one stroke, careful control of the workpieee volume is necessaiy to achieve complete filling without generating extreme pressures in the dies from overfilling.Extrusion ForgingAs with upsetting, extrusion forging is often accomplished by cold working. Three principal types of metal displacement by plastic flow are involved. Backward and forward, tube, and impact extrusion are shown in Fig. 3. The metal is placed in a container and corn- pressed by a ram movement until pressure inside the metal reaches flow-stress levels. The workpiece completely fills the container, and additional pressure causes it to leave through an orifice and form the extruded product.Extruded products may be either solid or hollow shapes. Tube extrusion is used to produce hollow shapes such as containers and pipes. Reverse-impact extrusion is used for mass production of aluminum cans. The ram hits a slug of metal in the die at high impact, usually 15 times the yield strength of the metal, which causes it to flow instantaneously up the walls of the die. Other common hollow extrusion products are aerosol cans, lipstick cases, flashlight cases, and vacuum bottles. Secondary operations, such as heading, thread rolling, dimpling, and machining, are often needed to complete the items.Generally steel impacts are limited to 2.5 times the punch diameter. Hydraulic presses areused for loads of over 2000 tons because they have a greater variation in stroke length, speed,and other economic advantages. Tolerances vary with materials arid design, hut productionruns calling for 0.002- to 0.005-in, tolerance are regularly made.Roll ForgingRoll forging in its simplest form consists of a heated billet passing between a pair of rollsthat deform it along its length (Fig. 8-4). Compared to conventional rolling processes, therolls are relatively small in diameter and serve as an arbor into which the forging tools aresecured. The active surface of the tool occupies only a portion (usually half) of the rollcircumference to accommodate the full cross section of the stock.The reduction of the cross section obtainable in one pass is limited by the tendency of thematerial to spread and form an undesirable flash that may be forged into the surface as a90rota- defect in the subsequent operations. The workpiece is int roduced repeatedly withtion between passes.Ring RollingRing rolling offers a homogeneous circumferential grain flow, ease of fabrication andmachining, and versatility of material size . Manu- facture of a rolled ring starts with asheared blank, which is forged to a pancake, punched, and pierced.There is no limit to the size of the rolled rings, ranging from roller-bearing sleeves to Fig.4 Roll forging rings 25 ft in diameter with face heights of 80 in. Various profiles may berolled by suitably shaping the driven, idling rolls.CAD/CAM in ForgingCAD/CAM is being increasingly applied to frging. Using the three-dimensional description of a machined part, which may have been computer designed, it is possible to generate the geometry of the associated forging. Thus the forging sections can be obtained from a common (laiR base. Using well-known techniques, forging loads and stresses can be obtained and flash dimensions can be selected for each section where metal flow is approximated as ro dimensional (plane strain or axisymmetric ). In some relatively simple section geomethes, computer simulation can be conducted to evaluate initial guesses on preform sections. Once the preform geometry has been developed to the designer¡¯s satisfaction, this geometric data base can utilized to write NC part programs to obtain the NC tapes or disks for machining.A.2 HEAT TREATMENT OF METALAnnealingThe word anneal has been used before to describe heat-treating processes for softening and regaining ductility in connection with cold working of material. It has a similar meaning when used in connection with the heat treating of allotropic materials. The purpose of full annealing is to decrease hardness, increase ductility, and sometimes improve machinability of high carbon steels that might otherwise be difflcult to cut. The treatment is also used to relieve stresses, refine grain size, and promote uniformity of structure throughout the material.Machinability is not always improved by annealing. The word machinability is used to describe several interrelated factors, including the ability of a material to be cut with a good surface finish. Plain low carbon steels, when fully annealed, are soft and relatively weak, offering little resistance to cutting, but usually having sufficient ductility and toughness that a cut chip tends to puli and tear the surface from which it is removed, leaving a comparatively poor quality surface, which results in a poor machinability rating. For such steels annealing may not be the most suitable treatment. The machinability of many of the higher plain carbon and most of the alloy steels can usually be greatly improved by annealing, as they are often too hard and strong to be easily cut at any but their softest condition .The procedure for annealing hypoeutectoid steel is to heat slowly to approximately 60C︒above the Ac3 line, to soak for a long enough period that the temperature equalizes throughout the material and homogeneous austenite is formed, and then to allow the steel to cool very slowly by cooling it in the furnace or burying it in lime or some other insulating material. The slow cooling is essential to the precipitation of the maximum ferrite and the coarsest pearlite to place the steel in its softest, most ductile, and least strained condition. NormalizingThe purpose of normalizing is somewhat similar to that of annealing with the exceptions that the steel is not reduced to its softest condition and the pearlite is left rather fine instead of coarse. Refinement of grain size, relief of internal stresses, and improvement of structural uniformity together with recovery of some ductility provide high toughness qualities in normalized steel. The process is frequently used for improvement of machinability and for stress nlief to reduce distortion that might occur with partial machining or aging.The procedure for normalizing is to austenitize by slowly heating to approximately80above the Ac3 or Accm3 temperature for hypoeutectoid or hypereuteetoid steels, C︒respectively; providing soaking time for the formation of austenite; and cooling slowly in still air. Note that the steels with more carbon than the eutectoid composition are heated above the Aom instead of the Ac used for annealing. The purpose of normalizing is to attempt to dissolve all the cementite during austenitization to eliminate, as far as possible, the settling of hani, brittle iron carbide in the grain boundaries. The desired decomposition products are smallgrained, fine pearlite with a minimum of free ferrite and free cementite. SpheroidizingMinimum hardness and maximum ductility of steel can he produced by a process called spheroidizing, which causes the iron carbide to form in small spheres or nodules in a ferrite matrix, in order to start with small grains that spheroid ize more readily, the process is usually performed on normalized steel. Several variations of processing am used, but all reqllin the holding of the steel near the A1 temperature (usually slightly below) for a number of hours to allow the iron carbide to form on its more stable and lower energy state of small, rounded glohules.The main need for the process is to improve the machinability quality of high carbonsteel and to pretreat hardened steel to help produce greater structural uniformity after quenching. Because of the lengthy treatment time and therefore rather high cost, spheroidizing is not performed nearly as much as annealing or normalizing.Hardening of SteelMost of the heat treatment hardening processes for steel are basel on the production of high pereentages of martensite. The first step. therefore, is that used for most of the other heat-treating processes-treatment to produce austenite. Hypoeutectoid steels are heated to approximately 60CC above the Ac3 temperature and allowed to soak to obtain temperature unifonnity and austenite homogeneity. Hypereutectoid steels are soaked at about 60CC above the A1 temperature, which leaves some iron carbide present in the material.The second step involves cooling rapidly in an attempt to avoid pearlite transformation by missing the nose of the i-T curve. The cooling rate is determined by the temperature and the ability of the quenching media to carry heat away from the surface of the material being quenched and by the conduction of heat through the material itself. Table1 shows some of the commonly used media and the method of application to remove heat, arranged in order of decreasing cooling ability.High temperature gradients contribute to high stresses that cause distortion and cracklug, so the quench should only as extreme as is necessary to produce the desired structure. Care must be exercised in quenching that heat is removed uniformly to minimize thermal stresses.For example, a long slender bar should be end-quenched, that is, inserted into the quenching medium vertically so that the entire section is subjected to temperature change at one time. if a shape of this kind were to be quenched in a way that caused one side to drop in temperature before the other, change of dimensions would likely cause high stresses producing plastic flow and permanent distortion.Several special types of quench are conducted to minimize quenching stresses and decrease the tendency for distortion and cracking. One of these is called martempering and consists of quenching an austenitized steel in a salt at a temperature above that needed for the start of martensite formation (Ms). The steel being quenched is held in this bath until it is of uniform temperature but is removed before there is time for fonnation of bainite to start. Completion of the cooling in air then causes the same hard martensite that would have formed with quenching from the high temperature, but the high thermal or ¡°quench¡± stresses that are the primary source of cracks and warping will have been eliminated.A similar process performed at a slightly higher temperature is called austempering. In this case the steel is held at the bath temperarnre for a longer period, and the result of the isothermal treatment is the formation of bainite. The bainite structure is not as hard as the martensite that could be formed from the same composition, but in addition to reducing the thermal shock to which the steel would be subjected under normal hardening procedures, ii is unnecessary to perform any further treatment to develop good impact resistance in the high hardness rangeTemperingA third step usually required to condition a hardened steel for service is tempering, or as it is sometimes referred to, drawing. With the exception of austempered steel, which is frequently used in the as-hardened condition, most steels are not serviceable “as quenched”. The drastic cooling to produce martensite causes the steel to be very hard and to contain both macroscopic and microscopic internal stresses with the result that the material has little ductility and extreme brittleness. Reduction of these faults is accomplished by reheating the steel to some point below the A1 (lower transformation) temperature. The stnictural changes caused by tempering of hardened steel are functions of both time and temperature, with temperature being the most important. It should be emphasized that tempering is not ahardening process, but is, instead, the reverse. A tempered steel is one that has been hardened by heat treatment and then stress relieved, softened, and provided with increased ductility by reheating in the tempering or drawing procedure.The magnitude of the structural changes and the change of properties caused by tempering depend upon the temperature to which the steel is reheated. The higher the ternperatun, the greater the effect, so the choice of temperature will generally depend on willingness to sacrifice hardness and strength to gain ductility and toughness. Reheating to below lOOt has little noticeable effect on hardened plain carbon steel. Between lO(YC and 200T, there is evidence of some structural changes. Above 200T marked changes in structure and properties appear. Prolonged heating at just under the A1 temperature will result in a spheroidized structure similar to that produced by the spheroidizing process.In commercial tempering the temperature range of 25O-425 is usually avoided because of an unexplained embrittlement, or loss of ductility, that often occun with steels ternpered in this range. Certain alloy steels also develop a ¡°temper brittleness¡± in the tempera- ture range of 425-600C︒, particularly when cooled slowly from or through this range of temperature. When high temperature tempering is necessary for these steels, they are usually heated to above 600C︒and quenched for rapid cooling. Quenches from this temperature, of course, do not cause hardening because austenitization has not been accomplished.附录B 汉语翻译B.1 锻造金属变形方法有多种，比如通过锻造、滚压或挤压，使金属的塑性流动或加工受到控制而得到有用的形状。

注塑模具设计外文翻译

毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译及原文（2012届）题目电话机三维造型与注塑模具设计指导教师院系工学院班级学号姓名二〇一一年十二月六日【译文一】塑料注塑模具并行设计Assist.Prof.Dr. A. Y AYLA /Prof.Dr. Paş a YAYLA摘要塑料制品制造业近年迅速成长。

其中最受欢迎的制作过程是注塑塑料零件。

注塑模具的设计对产品质量和效率的产品加工非常重要。

模具公司想保持竞争优势,就必须缩短模具设计和制造的周期。

模具是工业的一个重要支持行业，在产品开发过程中作为一个重要产品设计师和制造商之间的联系。

产品开发经历了从传统的串行开发设计制造到有组织的并行设计和制造过程中,被认为是在非常早期的阶段的设计。

并行工程的概念(CE)不再是新的,但它仍然是适用于当今的相关环境。

团队合作精神、管理参与、总体设计过程和整合IT工具仍然是并行工程的本质。

CE过程的应用设计的注射过程包括同时考虑塑件设计、模具设计和注塑成型机的选择、生产调度和成本中尽快设计阶段。

介绍了注射模具的基本结构设计。

在该系统的基础上,模具设计公司分析注塑模具设计过程。

该注射模设计系统包括模具设计过程及模具知识管理。

最后的原则概述了塑料注射模并行工程过程并对其原理应用到设计。

关键词:塑料注射模设计、并行工程、计算机辅助工程、成型条件、塑料注塑、流动模拟1、简介注塑模具总是昂贵的,不幸的是没有模具就不可能生产模具制品。

每一个模具制造商都有他/她自己的方法来设计模具,有许多不同的设计与建造模具。

当然最关键的参数之一,要考虑到模具设计阶段是大量的计算、注射的方法,浇注的的方法、研究注射成型机容量和特点。

模具的成本、模具的质量和制件质量是分不开的在针对今天的计算机辅助充型模拟软件包能准确地预测任何部分充填模式环境中。

这允许快速模拟实习,帮助找到模具的最佳位置。

工程师可以在电脑上执行成型试验前完成零件设计。

工程师可以预测过程系统设计和加工窗口,并能获得信息累积所带来的影响,如部分过程变量影响性能、成本、外观等。

模具制造科学外文文献翻译、模具类中英文翻译、外文翻译

英文翻译The Science of Die MakingThe traditional method of making large automotive sheet metal dies by model building and tracing has been replaced by CAD/CAM terminals that convert mathematical descriptions of body panel shapes into cutter paths.Teledyne Specialty Equipment’s Efficient Die and Mold facility is one of the companies on the leading edge of this transformation.by Associate EditorOnly a few years ago,the huge steel dies requited for stamping sheet metal auto body panels were built by starting with a detailed blueprint and an accurate full-scale master model of the part. The model was the source from which the tooling was designed and produced.The dies,machined from castings,were prepared from patterns made by the die manutacturers or somethimes supplied bythe car maker.Secondary scale models called”tracing aids”were made from the master model for use on duplicating machines with tracers.These machines traced the contour of the scale model with a stylus,and the information derived guided a milling cutter that carved away unwanted metal to duplicate the shape of the model in the steel casting.All that is changing.Now,companies such as Teledyne Specialty Equipment’s Effi cient Die and Mold operation in Independence,OH,work from CAD data supplied by customers to generate cutter paths for milling machines,which then automatically cut the sheetmetal dies and SMC compression molds.Although the process is uesd to make both surfaces of the tool, the draw die still requires a tryout and “benching” process.Also, the CAD data typically encompasses just the orimary surface of the tool,and some machined surfaces, such as the hosts and wear pads, are typically part of the math surface.William Nordby,vice president and business manager of dies and molds at Teledyne,says that “although no one has taken CAD/CAM to the point of building the entire tool,it will eventually go in that direction because the “big thrdd”want to compress cycle times and are trying to cut the amount of time that it takes to build the tooling.Tryout, because of the lack of development on the design end,is still a very time-consuming art,and vety much a trial-and-error process.”No More Models and Tracing AidsThe results to this new technology are impressive. For example, tolerances are tighter and hand finishing of the primary die surface with grinders has all but been eliminated. The big difference, says Gary Kral, Teledyne’s director of engineering, is that the dimensional control has radically improved. Conventional methods of making plaster molds just couldn’t hold tolerances because of day-to-day temperature and humidity variations.”For SMC molds the process is so accurate , and because there is no spring back like there is when stamping sheet metal, tryouts are not always required.SMC molds are approved by customers on a regulate basis without ever running a part .Such approvals are possible because of Teledyne’s ability to check the toolsurface based on mathematical analysis and guarantee that it is made exactly to the original design data.Because manual trials and processes have been eliminated, Teledyne has been able to consider foreign markets.” The ability to get a tool approved based on the mathe gives us the opportunity to compete in places we wouldn’t have otherwise,” says Nordby.According to Jim Church, systems manager at Teledyne, the company used to have lots of pattern makers ,and still has one model maker.” But 99.9 percent of the company’s work now is from CAD data. Instead of model makers, engineers work in front of computer monitors.”He says that improvenents in tool quality and reduction in manufacturing time are significant. Capabilities of the process were demonstrated by producing two identical tools. One was cut using conventional patterns and tracing mills, and the other tool was machined using computer generated cutting paths. Although machining time was 14 percent greater with the CAM-generated path, polishing hours were cut by 33 percent. In all ,manufacturing time decreased 16.5 percent and tool quality increased 12 percent.Teledyne’s CAD/CAM system uses state-of-the-art software that allows engineers to design dies and molds, develop CNC milling cutter paths and incorporate design changes easily. The system supports full-color, shaded three-dimensional modeling on its monitors to enhance its design and analysis capabilities. The CAD/CAM system also provides finite element analysis that can be used to improve the quality of castings , and to analyze the thermal properties of molds. Inputs virtually from any customer database can be used either directly or through translation.CMM Is CriticalTeledyne’s coordinate measuring machine(CMM),says’ Church,”is what has made a difference in terms of being able to move from the traditional manual processes of mold and die making to the automated system that Teledyne uses today.”The CMM precisely locates any point in a volume of space measuring 128 in, by 80 in, by 54 in, to an accuracy of 0.0007 in. It can measure parts, dies and molds weighing up to 40 tons. For maximum accuracy,the machine is housed in an environmentally isolated room where temperature is maintained within 2 deg.F of optimum. To isolate the CMM from vibration, it is mounted on a 100-ton concrete block supported on art cushions.According to Nordby, the CMM is used not only as a quality tool, but also as a process checking tool. “ As a tool goes through the shop, it is checked several times to validate the previous operation that was performed.” For example, after the initial surface of a mold is machined and before any finish work is done, it is run through the CMM for a complete data check to determine how close the surface is to the required geometry.The mold is checked with a very dense pattern based on flow lines of the part. Each mold is checked twice, once before benching and again after benching. Measurements taken from both halves of the mold are used to calculate theoretical stock thickness at full closure of the mold to verify its accuracy with the CAD design data.Sheet Metal Dies Are Different“Sheet metal is a different ballgame,” says Nordby, “because you have the issue of material springback and the way the metal forms in the die. What happens in the sheet metal is that you do the same kinds of things for the male punch as you would with SMC molds and you ensure that it is 100 percent to math data. But due to machined surface tolerance variations, the female half becomes the working side of the tool. And there is still a lot of development required after the tool goes into the press. The math generated surfaces apply primarily to the part surface of the tool.”EMS Tracks the Manufacturing ProcessTeledyne’s business operations also are computerized and carried over a network consisting of a V AX server and PC terminals. IMS (Effective Management Systems) software tracks orders, jobs in progress, location of arts, purchasing, receiving, and is now being upgraded to include accounting functions.Overall capabilities of the EMS system include bill-of-material planning and control, inventory management, standard costing, material history, master production scheduling, material requirements planning, customer order processing, booking and sales history, accounts receivable, labor history, shop floor control, scheduling, estimating, standard routings, capacity requirements planning, job costing, purchasing and receiving, requisitions, purchasing and receiving, requisitions, purchasing history and accounts payable.According to Frank Zugaro, Teledyne’s scheduling manager, the EMS software was chosen because of its capabilities in scheduling time and resources in a job shop environment. All information about a job is entered into inventory management to generate a structured bill of material. Then routes are attached to it and work orders are generated.The system provides daily updates of data by operator hour as well as a material log by shop order and word order. Since the database is interactive, tracking of materials received and their flow through the build procedure can be documented and cost data sent to accounting and purchasing.Gary Kral, Teledyne’s director of engineering, says that EMS is really a tracking device, and one of the systems greatest benefits is that it provides a documented record of everything involving a job and eliminates problems that could arise from verbal instructions and promises. Kral says that as the system is used more, they are finding that it pays to document more things to make it part of the permanent record. It helps keep them focused.模具制造科学传统的通过制造模具加工大型板材的方法已经被可以把实体的形状信息转换为切削路径的CAD/CAM所取代了。

塑料模具毕业设计中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献一个描述电铸镍壳在注塑模具的应用的技术研究摘要：在过去几年中快速成型技术及快速模具已被广泛开发利用. 在本文中,使用电芯作为核心程序对塑料注射模具分析. 通过差分系统快速成型制造外壳模型. 主要目的是分析电铸镍壳力学特征、研究相关金相组织,硬度,内部压力等不同方面，由这些特征参数以生产电铸设备的外壳. 最后一个核心是检验注塑模具.关键词：电镀；电铸；微观结构；镍1. 引言现代工业遇到很大的挑战，其中最重要的是怎么样提供更好的产品给消费者,更多种类和更新换代问题. 因此,现代工业必定产生更多的竞争性. 毫无疑问,结合时间变量和质量变量并不容易,因为他们经常彼此互为条件; 先进的生产系统将允许该组合以更加有效可行的方式进行，例如,如果是观测注塑系统的转变、我们得出的结论是,事实上一个新产品在市场上具有较好的质量它需要越来越少的时间快速模具制造技术是在这一领域, 中可以改善设计和制造注入部分的技术进步. 快速模具制造技术基本上是一个中小型系列的收集程序，在很短的时间内在可接受的精度水平基础上让我们获得模具的塑料部件。

其应用不仅在更加广阔而且生产也不断增多。

本文包括了很广泛的研究路线,在这些研究路线中我们可以尝试去学习，定义，分析，测试，提出在工业水平方面的可行性，从核心的注塑模具制造获取电铸镍壳，同时作为一个初始模型的原型在一个FDM设备上的快速成型。

不得不说的是,先进的电铸技术应用在无数的行业，但这一研究工作调查到什么程度,并根据这些参数,使用这种技术生产快速模具在技术上是可行的. 都产生一个准确的，系统化使用的方法以及建议的工作方法.2 制造过程的注塑模具薄镍外壳的核心是电铸,获得一个充满epoxic金属树脂的一体化的核心板块模具(图1)允许直接制造注射型多用标本，因为它们确定了新英格兰大学英文国际表卓华组织3167标准。

这样做的目的是确定力学性能的材料收集代表行业。

该阶段取得的核心[4]，根据这一方法研究了这项工作,有如下:a,用CAD系统设计的理想对象b模型制造的快速成型设备(频分多路系统). 所用材料将是一个ABS塑料c一个制造的电铸镍壳，已事先涂有导电涂料(必须有导电).d无外壳模型e核心的生产是背面外壳环氧树脂的抗高温与具有制冷的铜管管道.有两个腔的注塑模具、其中一个是电核心和其他直接加工的移动版. 因此,在同一工艺条件下，同时注入两个标准技术制造，获得相同的工作。

冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译

冲压模具设计毕业外文翻译中英文翻译外文文献翻译毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部:专业:姓名:学号:外文出处: The Pofessional English of DesignManufacture for Dies & Moulds附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文,2.外文原文。

指导教师评语:签名:年月日附件1:外文资料翻译译文冲压模具设计对于汽车行业与电子行业，各种各样的板料零件都是有各种不同的成型工艺所生产出来的，这些均可以列入一般种类“板料成形”的范畴。

板料成形(也称为冲压或压力成形)经常在厂区面积非常大的公司中进行。

如果自己没有去这些大公司访问，没有站在巨大的机器旁，没有感受到地面的震颤，没有看巨大型的机器人的手臂吧零件从一个机器移动到另一个机器，那么厂区的范围与价值真是难以想象的。

当然，一盘录像带或一部电视专题片不能反映出汽车冲压流水线的宏大规模。

站在这样的流水线旁观看的另一个因素是观看大量的汽车板类零件被进行不同类型的板料成形加工。

落料是简单的剪切完成的，然后进行不同类型的加工，诸如:弯曲、拉深、拉延、切断、剪切等，每一种情况均要求特殊的、专门的模具。

而且还有大量后续的加工工艺，在每一种情况下，均可以通过诸如拉深、拉延与弯曲等工艺不同的成形方法得到所希望的得到的形状。

根据板料平面的各种各样的受应力状态的小板单元体所可以考虑到的变形情形描述三种成形，原理图1描述的是一个简单的从圆坯料拉深成一个圆柱水杯的成形过程。

图1 板料成形一个简单的水杯拉深是从凸缘型坯料考虑的，即通过模具上冲头的向下作用使材料被水平拉深。

一个凸缘板料上的单元体在半径方向上被限定，而板厚保持几乎不变。

板料成形的原理如图2所示。

拉延通常是用来描述在板料平面上的两个互相垂直的方向被拉长的板料的单元体的变形原理的术语。

拉延的一种特殊形式，可以在大多数成形加工中遇到，即平面张力拉延。

在这种情况下，一个板料的单元体仅在一个方向上进行拉延，在拉长的方向上宽度没有发生变化，但是在厚度上有明确的变化，即变薄。

注塑模具设计与制造外文文献翻译

2 Injection molding machineFrom Plastics Wiki, free encyclopediaInjection molding machines consist of two basic parts, an injection unit and a clamping unit. Injection molding machines differ in both injection unit and clamping unit. The name of the injection molding machine is generally based on the type of injection unit used.2.1Types of injection molding machinesMachines are classified primarily by the type of driving systems they use: hydraulic, electric, or hybrid.2.1.1HydraulicHydraulic presses have historically been the only option available to molders until Nissei Plastic Industrial Co., LTD introduced the first all-electric injection molding machine in 1983. The electric press, also known as Electric Machine Technology (EMT), reduces operation costs by cutting energy consumption and also addresses some of the environmental concerns surrounding the hydraulic press.2.1.2ElectricElectric presses have been shown to be quieter, faster, and have a higher accuracy, however the machines are more expensive.2.1.3HybridHybrid injection molding machines take advantage of the best features of both hydraulic and electric systems. Hydraulic machines are the predominant type in most of the world, with the exception of Japan.2.2Injection unitThe injection unit melts the polymer resin and injects the polymer melt into the mold. The unit may be: ram fed or screw fed.The ram fed injection molding machine uses a hydraulically operated plunger to push the plastic through a heated region. The high viscosity melt is then spread into a thin layer by a "torpedo" to allow for better contact with the heated surfaces. The melt converges at a nozzle and is injected into the mold.Reciprocating screw A combination melting, softening, and injection unit in an injection molding machine. Another term for the injection screw. Reciprocating screws are capable of turning as they move back and forth.The reciprocating screw is used to compress, melt, and convey the material. The reciprocating screw consists of three zones (illustrated below):•feeding zone•compressing zone•metering zoneWhile the outside diameter of the screw remains constant, the depth of the flights on the reciprocating screw decreases from the feed zone to the beginning of the metering zone. These flights compress the material against the inside diameter of the barrel, which creates viscous (shear) heat. This shear heat is mainly responsible for melting the material. The heater bands outside the barrel help maintain the material in the molten state. Typically, a molding machine can have three or more heater bands or zones with different temperature settings.Injection molding reciprocating screw An extruder-type screw rotates within a cylinder, which is typically driven by a hydraulic drive mechanism. Plastic material is moved through the heated cylinder via the screw flights and the material becomes fluid. The injection nozzle is blocked by the previous shot, and this action causes the screw to pump itself backward through the cylinder. (During this step, material is plasticated and accumulated for the next shot.) When the mold clamp has locked, the injection phase takes place. At this time, the screw advances, acting as a ram. Simultaneously, the non-return valve closes off the escape passages in the screw and the screw serves as a solid plunger, moving the plastic ahead into the mold. When the injection stroke and holding cycle is completed, the screw is energized to return and the non-return valve opens, allowing plastic to flow forward from the cylinder again, thus repeating the cycle.2.2.1Feed hopperThe container holding a supply molding material to be fed to the screw. The hopper located over the barrel and the feed throat connects them.2.2.2Injection ramThe ram or screw that applies pressure on the molten plastic material to force it into the mold cavities.2.2.3Injection screwThe reciprocating-screw machine is the most common. This design uses the same barrel for melting and injection of plastic.The alternative unit involves the use of separate barrels for plasticizing and injecting the polymer. This type is called a screw-preplasticizer machine or two-stage machine. Plastic pellets are fed from a hopper into the first stage, which uses a screw to drive the polymer forward and melt it. This barrel feeds a second barrel, which uses a plunger to inject the melt into the mold. Older machines used one plunger-driven barrel to melt and inject the plastic. These machines are referred to as plunger-type injection molding machines.2.2.4BarrelBarrel is a major part that melts resins transmitted from hopper through screws and structured in a way that can heat up resins to the proper temperature. A band heater, which can control temper atures in five sections, is attached outside the barrel. Melted resins are supplied to the mold passing through barrel head, shot-off nozzle, and one-touch nozzle.2.2.5Injection cylinderHydraulic motor located inside bearing box, which is connected to injection cylinder load, rotates screw, and the melted resins are measures at the nose of screw. There are many types of injection cylinders that supply necessary power to inject resins according to the characteristics of resins and product types at appropriate speed and pressure. This model employs the double cylinder type. Injection cylinder is composed of cylinder body, piston, and piston load.2.3Clamping unitThe clamping unit holds the mold together, opens and closes it automatically, and ejects the finished part. The mechanism may be of several designs, either mechanical, hydraulic or hydromechanical.Toggle clamps - a type clamping unit include various designs. An actuator moves the crosshead forward, extending the toggle links to push the moving platen toward a closed position. At the beginning of the movement, mechanical advantage is low and speed is high; but near the end of the stroke, the reverse is true. Thus, toggle clamps provide both high speed and high force at different points in the cycle when they are desirable. They are actuated either by hydraulic cylinders or ball screws driven by electric motors. Toggle-clamp units seem most suited to relatively low-tonnage machines.Two clamping designs: (a) one possible toggle clamp design (1) open and (2) closed; and (b) hydraulic clamping (1) open and (2) closed. Tie rods used to guide movuing platens not shown.Hydraulic clamps are used on higher-tonnage injection molding machines, typically in the range 1300 to 8900 kN (150 to 1000 tons). These units are also more flexible than toggle clamps in terms of setting the tonnage at given positions during the stroke.Hydraulic Clamping System is using the direct hydraulic clamp of which the tolerance is still and below 1 %, of course, better than the toggle system. In addition, the Low Pressure Protection Device is higher than the toggle system for 10 times so that the protection for the precision and expensive mold is very good. The clamping force is focus on the central for evenly distribution that can make the adjustment of the mold flatness in automatically. Hydromechanical clamps -clamping units are designed for large tonnages, usually above 8900 kN (1000 tons); they operate by (1) using hydraulic cylinders to rapidly move the mold toward closing position, (2) locking the position by mechanical means, and (3) using high pressure hydraulic cylinders to finally close the mold and build tonnage.2.3.1Injection moldThere are two main types of injection molds: cold runner (two plate and three plate designs) and hot runner– the more common of the runnerless molds.2.3.2Injection platensSteel plates on a molding machine to which the mold is attached. Generally, two platens are used; one being stationary and the other moveable, actuated hydraulically to open and close the mold. It actually provide place to mount the mould. It contains threaded holes on which mould can be mounted using clamps.2.3.3Clamping cylinderA device that actuates the chuck through the aid of pneumatic or hydraulic energy.2.3.4Tie BarTie bars support clamping power, and 4 tie bars are located between the fixing platen and the support platen.3 Injection mouldFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMold A hollow form or cavity into which molten plastic is forced to give the shape of the required component. The term generally refers to the whole assembly of parts that make up the section of the molding equipment in which the parts are formed. Also called a tool or die. Moulds separate into at least two halves (called the core and the cavity) to permit the part to be extracted; in general the shape of a part must be such that it will not be locked into the mould. For example, sides of objects typically cannot be parallel with the direction of draw (the direction in which the core and cavity separate from each other). They are angled slightly; examination of most household objects made from plastic will show this aspect of design, known as draft. Parts that are "bucket-like" tend to shrink onto the core while cooling and, after the cavity is pulled away, are typically ejected using pins. Parts can be easily welded together after moulding to allow for a hollow part (like a water jug or doll's head) that couldn't physically be designed as one mould.More complex parts are formed using more complex moulds, which may require moveable sections, called slides, which are inserted into the mould to form particular features that cannot be formed using only a core and a cavity, but are then withdrawn to allow the part to be released. Some moulds even allow previously moulded parts to be re-inserted to allow a new plastic layer to form around the first part. This system can allow for production of fully tyred wheels.Traditionally, moulds have been very expensive to manufacture; therefore, they were usually only used in mass production where thousands of parts are being produced.Molds require: Engineering and design, special materials, machinery and highly skilled personnel to manufacture, assemble and test them.Cold-runner moldCold-runner mold Developed to provide for injection of thermoset material either directly into the cavity or through a small sub-runner and gate into the cavity. It may be compared to the hot-runner molds with the exception that the manifold section is cooled rather than heated to maintain softened but uncured material. The cavity and core plates are electrically heated to normal molding temperature and insulated from the cooler manifold section.3.1.1Types of Cold Runner MoldsThere are two major types of cold runner molds: two plate and three plate.3.1.2Two plate moldA two plate cold runner mold is the simplest type of mold. It is called a two plate mold because there is one parting plane, and the mold splits into two halves. The runner system must be located on this parting plane; thus the part can only be gated on its perimeter.3.1.3Three plate moldA three plate mold differs from a two plate in that it has two parting planes, and the mold splits into three sections every time the part is ejected. Since the mold has two parting planes, the runner system can be located on one, and the part on the other. Three plate molds are used because of their flexibility in gating location. A part can be gated virtually anywhere along its surface.3.1.4AdvantagesThe mold design is very simple, and much cheaper than a hot runner system. The mold requires less maintenance and less skill to set up and operate. Color changes are also very easy, since all of the plastic in the mold is ejected with each cycle.3.1.5DisadvantagesThe obvious disadvantage of this system is the waste plastic generated. The runners are either disposed of, or reground and reprocessed with the original material. This adds a step in the manufacturing process. Also, regrind will increase variation in the injection molding process, and could decrease the plastic's mechanical properties.3.1.6Hot runner moldHot-runner mold -injection mold in which the runners are kept hot and insulated from the chilled cavities. Plastic freezeoff occurs at gate of cavity; runners are in a separate plate so they are not, as is the case usually, ejected with the piece.Hot runner molds are two plate molds with a heated runner system inside one half of the mold.A hot runner system is divided into two parts: the manifold and the drops. The manifold has channels that convey the plastic on a single plane, parallel to the parting line, to a point abovethe cavity. The drops, situated perpendicular to the manifold, convey the plastic from the manifold to the part.3.1.7Types of Hot Runner MoldsThere are many variations of hot runner systems. Generally, hot runner systems are designated by how the plastic is heated. There are internally and externally heated drops and manifolds.3.1.8Externally heated hot runnersExternally heated hot runner channels have the lowest pressure drop of any runner system (because there is no heater obstructing flow and all the plastic is molten), and they are better for color changes none of the plastic in the runner system freezes. There are no places for material to hang up and degrade, so externally heated systems are good for thermally sensitive materials.3.1.9Internally heated hot runnersInternally heated runner systems require higher molding pressures, and color changes are very difficult. There are many places for material to hang up and degrade, so thermally sensitive materials should not be used. Internally heated drops offer better gate tip control. Internally heated systems also better separate runner heat from the mold because an insulating frozen layer is formed against the steel wall on the inside of the flow channels.3.1.10 insulated hot runnersA special type of hot runner system is an insulated runner. An insulated runner is not heated; the runner channels are extremely thick and stay molten during constant cycling. This system is very inexpensive, and offers the flexible gating advantages of other hot runners and the elimination of gates without the added cost of the manifold and drops of a heated hot runner system. Color changes are very easy. Unfortunately, these runner systems offer no control, and only commodity plastics like PP and PE can be used. If the mold stops cycling for some reason, the runner system will freeze and the mold has to be split to remove it. Insulated runners are usually used to make low tolerance parts like cups and frisbees.3.1.11 DisadvantagesHot-runner mold is much more expensive than a cold runner, it requires costly maintenance, and requires more skill to operate. Color changes with hot runner molds can be difficult, since it is virtually impossible to remove all of the plastic from an internal runner system.3.1.12 AdvantagesThey can completely eliminate runner scrap, so there are no runners to sort from the parts, and no runners to throw away or regrind and remix into the original material. Hot runners are popular in high production parts, especially with a lot of cavities.Advantages Hot Runner System Over a Cold Runner System include:•no runners to disconnect from the molded parts•no runners to remove or regrind, thus no need for process/ robotics to remove them•having no runners reduces the possibility of contamination•lower injection pressures•lower clamping pressure•consistent heat at processing temperature within the cavity•cooling time is actually shorter (as there is no need for thicker, longer-cycle runners)•shot size is reduced by runner weight•cleaner molding process (no regrinding necessary)•nozzle freeze and sprue sticking issues eliminated中文翻译注塑模具设计与制造2 注射机选自《维基百科》注射机由两个基本部分组成，注射装置和夹紧装置。

模具设计相关专业毕业论文(外文原文+翻译)之翻译[管理资料]

可行成形图在汽车覆盖件冲压工艺高效设计的应用Dae-Cheol Ko a，Seung-Hoon Cha b，Sang-Kon Lee c，Chan-Joo Lee b，Byung-Min Kim d,*a ILIC, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan609-735, South Koreab Precision Manufacturing Systems Division, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koreac PNU-IFAM, Joint Research Center, Pusan National University, 30Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Koread School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, 30 Jangjeon-Dong, Kumjeong-Gu, Busan 609-735, South Korea摘要：本文提出使用可行的成形图来表示无断裂和起皱的安全区域，进而有效和快速地设计冲压工艺方法。

要确定可行的成形图，有限元分析对应于正交实验设计的过程变量组合。

随后，基于成形极限图的有限元分析，确定断裂和起皱的特征值。

所有组合的特征值在整个过程中，通过人工神经网络训练进行了一系列预测。

可行的成形图从所有组合的过程变量中最终确定。

以汽车覆盖件如转动架和车轮毂的冲压工艺作为实例来验证利用成形图的进行过程设计有效性。

有限元模拟结果与实验模拟结果比较表明，利用可行的成形图来进行冲压工艺的设计是有效的并适用于实际的过程。

模具设计与制造专业外文翻译--气辅注射成型

外文原文：Gas-Assisted Injection MoldingInjection molding is a very popular operation for production of commercial plastic parts with its sophisticated control and superior surface details. However, it has limitations, such as long cycle time for parts with thick sections due to slow cooling. Also packing of thick sections can produce sink marks on the part surface. Large thin parts can have warpage because the residual stress and strain induced during filling and packing. Thus traditional injection molding can be modified to solve these kinds of problems, also to improve the quality of the part and lower the cost of production.Currently, gas-assisted injection molding is in use and being developed worldwide. In the US, the process is known as Gas-Assisted Injection Molding (GAIM); it is also called Gas Injection Technique (GIT) in Europe (see Fig.4.3.1). This process is developed for the production of hollow plastic parts with separate internal channels. It is unique because it combines the advantages of conventional injection molding and blow molding while differing from both. GAIM offers a cost effective means of producing large, smooth surfaced and rigid parts using lower clamping pressure with little or no finishing. By introducing the gas before complete filling, numerous problems such as warpage, sink marks, and high filling pressure are mostly overcome. Moreover, the process gives great benefits in terms of higher stiffness-to-weight ratio than the solid parts with the same overall dimensions due to the elimination of material placed inefficiently near the neutral axis of the cross section, thus increasing the freedom of part design.In comparison with conventional injection molding, the gas-assisted process is more critical in terms of process control, especially for multi-cavity applications. The quality of the part is determined by both tool and process variables such as degree of under-fill, gas injection conditions, and mold temperature, thus indicating the importance of process control. The process is attracting many molders due to the demand for highly automated production of gas-assisted injection molded parts.The gas-assisted injection molding process is the most rapidly growing fieldwith considerable work going on in the field of controls and the process development. Research interest is drawn towards the development of new gas injection units, the study of the process variable, the efficiency of the production process, and advantages offered by the new process. Many different companies are offering gas injection-molding units with the various options, which are mainly pressure controlled or volume controlled processes.In gas injection molding, the mold is partially filled with molten thermoplastic, and an inert gas, usually nitrogen, is injected into the plastic. Gas is injected into the molten thermoplastic material using either of two procedures. In one method, a measured volume of gas is pressurized in a container. A valve is opened to allow the gas to flow into the polymer, and a piston is activated to force all gas from the container into the mold. As the gas expands in the mold, its pressure drops. A second method holds gas pressure, rather than gas volume, constant. The gas rapidly travels down the thickest-and therefore the hottest-section of the part, advancing the melt front and filling and packing the mold. Additional plastic volume may be displaced by the pressurized gas as the material shrinks. After the plastic cools, the gas is allowed to escape, leaving a molded plastic part containing internal voids.The standard GAIM process can be divided into four partial steps. The first step is a stage of melts injection [Fig.4.3.2 (a)]. The cavity is partially filled with a defined amount of melt. The required volume is empirically determined by performing filling studies in order to avoid blowing the gas through at the flow front and to ensure an ideal blowhole volume. Typically the polymer fills thecavity between 75%~95% before the meltand gas transition.The gas inlet phase is the second stage,which is shown in Fig. 4. 3. 2(b). Gas maybe added at any point in time either duringor shortly after melts injection. The gas canenter only if the gas pressure exceeds themelt pressured. In the interior of the moldedpart, the gas expels the melt from the plasticnucleus until the remainder of the cavity iscompletely filled. Gas injection pressuresrange from 0.5~30Mpa (70~4500psi).At the gas holding pressure phase, [Fig.4.3.2(c)] the gas continues to push thepolymer melt into the extremities of thecavity of the molded article acts as a holdingpressure to compensate for path of leastresistance as it pushes through the polymer.The final stage is a gas return for recycling or a gas release to atmosphere [Fig.4. 3. 2 (d)]. After the gas holding phase, the gas pressure in the molded article is released to the outside by suitable gas return and/ or by pressure release.A. Advantages of the GAIM processGas injection provides a solution to a number of problemsthat occurs in conventional injection molding.(1) Reducing stress and warpageWith gas, the pressure is equal everywhere throughout the continuous network of hollow channels. When designed properly, these provide an internal runner system within the part, enabling the applied pressure, and therefore the internal stress gradients, to be reduced markedly. This reduces a part’s tendency to warp.(2) Elimination of sink marksSink marks resulting from ribs or bosses on the backside of a part have long been a problem. These surface marks result from the volume contraction of the melt during cooling. Sink marks can be minimized or eliminated if a hollow gas channel can be directed between the front surface of the part and the backside detail. With gas injection, the base of the rib made somewhat thicker to help direct the gas channel. With a gas channel at the base of a rib, material shrinks are away from the inside surface of the channel as the molded part cools because the material is the hottest at the center. Therefore, no sink mark occurs on the outside surface as the part shrinks during cooling.(3) Smooth surfaceUnlike structural foam, gas injection permits lighter weight and saves material ina structurally rigid part. With gas holding, a good surface quality can be achieved.(4) Reduced clamp tonnageIn conventional injection, the highest pressure occurs during the packing phase. The maximum injection pressure is significantly lower in GAIM and a controlled gas pressure through a network of hollow channels is used to fill out the mold. This means that clamp tonnage requirements can be reduced by as much as 90%.(5) Elimination of external runnersOne of the best features of gas injection is that flow runners can be built right into the part. Frequently, all external runners (both hot and cold) can be eliminated, even on a larger and complex part. These benefits include the reduced tooling costs, the lower quantities of regrind from runners, and the improvement of temperature control over the plastic melt. Often the internal runners can improve the flow pattern in the mold and eliminate or control knit-line location resulting from multiple injections from multiple injection gates. In addition to serving as flow channels, the ribs and thick sections can provide structural rigidity when required.(6)Permitting different wall thicknessA constant wall thickness is maintained in the plastic parts. With gas injection, this design rule is flexible. Different wall thicknesses are possible if gas channels are designed into the part at the transition points. This permits uniform materialflows in the mold and avoids the high stresses and warpage that normally result from this sort of geometry.(7) Cycle time ReductionCompared with structural foam, gas-injection parts do not have the same inherent insulating characteristics, so that cycle times are faster-reportedly even faster than would be conventional injection of the same part with no hollow sections.(8) Resin savingGas assist plays a direct role in part-weight saving in the conversion of current tools. The main factor in reducing weight is that the part cavity is never completely filled. Another major contributor to resin saving is scrap reduction. With proper tool design, gas assisted allows scrap-free startups and production runs.B. Disadvantages of the GAIM processAll processes have their disadvantages, but those of GAIM and GAIMIC (Gas-assisted injection molding with internal-water cooling) appear relatively minor compared with their significant advantages.(1) Large hollow sectionsGIAM is not well suited for thin-walled hollow parts such as bottles or tanks. However, the thin-wall part has also tried out for some specific applications.(2) Vent holeThe gas must be vented prior to opening the mold, leaving a hole somewhere on the part. Normally this can be placed in a non-visible location, but if appearance or function is affected or secondary operations are required, it may be necessary to seal the hole.(3) Mold temperature controlSince wall thickness along the gas flow channel is a function of cooling rate, consistent wall thickness requires precise mold temperature control.(4) Surface blushThe gas channel may leave surface blush, which arises from differences in surface gloss leaves. The tendency for blush is a function of processing conditionsand types of plastics.(5) Unique designThe unique part design and mold design required in most cases to fully utilize that GAIM might be considered by some to be a disadvantage. The gas part design takes a relatively longer time than with the conventional injection molding process.(6)Extra cost of controllerIn order to control the gas injection, the process requires extra equipment. Gas-assisted injection molding with internal cooling requires a system for controlling the gas and the water, an expense not required with traditional injection molding.C. Types of process defects in the GAIMFingering, gas bubbles, hesitation lines, burning of resin, witness line cold slug, and gas blowout are typical defects normally encountered in GAIM.Fingering, or gas permeation, is a common problem encountered in GAIM. In fingering, gas escapes from the gas channel and migrates into undesired areas of the part. Severe gas fingering can result in significant reduction n in part stiffness, impact strength and reliabitity of the final molded part. During the gas holding phase, the transitional region between the gas channel and the flat area is possible for fingers to form within the flat area. In this case, the main cause of the fingering effect is the higher its shrinkage potential, and hence the greater danger of the fingering effect. In order to largely exclude the fingering effect through design, it is necessary to implement the following criteria: a basic wall thickness of 4mm or greater should be avoided for flat areas, a material with favorable solidification behavior should be selected, and the lowest possible gas pressure should be applied.Gas bubbles are caused by fingering. When fingering occurs, gas sometimes gets trapped in the thin-wall sections of the part where the gas is unable to fully vent. These trapped gases can cause bubbles that will still be in the gas core after the mold is opened.Hesitation lines appear on the surface of a part produced by GAIM when theshort shot of resin stops in the cavity, then starts moving again as the gas completes the fill.Burning of the resin can appear on either the outer surface of the part or within the gas channel itself. Burning of the part surface can be caused by gas pressure that is too high or by insufficient venting of the mold. Burning, the resin within the hollow sections of the part is also possible. Burning within the gas channel can cause gas injection pins to become plugged.On thin-walled parts molded in certain resins, a witness line, or gloss-level change, can occur over the gas channel. Excessive gas pressure can also cause witness lines over gas channels.When gas is injected through the molding machine nozzle, cold slugs of resin may occur on the part surface. A cold slug is caused when a small amount of unmelted resin is injected into the part.Gas blowout occurs when there is not enough resin in the cavity to hold the gas inside the part. If the part is short, gas will migrate to the non-filled area of the cavity and blow through. When blowout occurs, the part will sometimes look like a short shot.Most cases of defects are produced by the interface of the gas and the melt. These problems can be overcome by internal water-cooling between the interface of the gas and the melt.中文译文：气辅注射成型注射成型是一种很普通的生产方法，用于加工那种生产时难以控制和有复杂表面的商业塑件。

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中英文对照资料外文翻译文献模具设计与制造模具是制造业的重要工艺基础，在我国，模具制造属于专用设备制造业。

中国虽然很早就开始制造模具和使用模具，但长期未形成产业。

直到20世纪80年代后期，中国模具工业才驶入发展的快车道。

近年，不仅国有模具企业有了很大发展，三资企业、乡镇（个体）模具企业的发展也相当迅速。

虽然中国模具工业发展迅速，但与需求相比，显然供不应求，其主要缺口集中于精密、大型、复杂、长寿命模具领域。

由于在模具精度、寿命、制造周期及生产能力等方面，中国与国际平均水平和发达国家仍有较大差距，因此，每年需要大量进口模具。

中国模具产业除了要继续提高生产能力，今后更要着重于行业内部结构的调整和技术发展水平的提高。

结构调整方面，主要是企业结构向专业化调整，产品结构向着中高档模具发展，向进出口结构的改进，中高档汽车覆盖件模具成形分析及结构改进、多功能复合模具和复合加工及激光技术在模具设计制造上的应用、高速切削、超精加工及抛光技术、信息化方向发展。

近年，模具行业结构调整和体制改革步伐加大，主要表现在，大型、精密、复杂、长寿命、中高档模具及模具标准件发展速度高于一般模具产品；塑料模和压铸模比例增大；专业模具厂数量及其生产能力增加；“三资”及私营企业发展迅速；股份制改造步伐加快等。

从地区分布来看，以珠江三角洲和长江三角洲为中心的东南沿海地区发展快于中西部地区，南方的发展快于北方。

目前发展最快、模具生产最为集中的省份是广东和浙江，江苏、上海、安徽和山东等地近几年也有较大发展。

虽然我国模具总量目前已达到相当规模，模具水平也有很大提高，但设计制造水平总体上落后于德、美、日、法、意等工业发达国家许多。

当前存在的问题和差距主要表现在以下几方面：（1）总量供不应求国内模具自配率只有70%左右。

其中低档模具供过于求，中高档模具自配率只有50%左右。

（2）企业组织结构、产品结构、技术结构和进出口结构均不合理我国模具生产厂中多数是自产自配的工模具车间（分厂），自产自配比例高达60%左右，而国外模具超过70%属商品模具。

专业模具厂大多是“大而全”、“小而全”的组织形式，而国外大多是“小而专”、“小而精”。

国内大型、精密、复杂、长寿命的模具占总量比例不足30%，而国外在50%以上。

2004年，模具进出口之比为3.7:1，进出口相抵后的净进口额达13.2亿美元，为世界模具净进口量最大的国家。

（3）模具产品水平大大低于国际水平，生产周期却高于国际水平产品水平低主要表现在模具的精度、型腔表面粗糙度、寿命及结构等方面。

（4）开发能力较差，经济效益欠佳我国模具企业技术人员比例低，水平较低，且不重视产品开发，在市场中经常处于被动地位。

我国每个模具职工平均年创造产值约合1万美元，国外模具工业发达国家大多是15～20万美元，有的高达25～30万美元，与之相对的是我国相当一部分模具企业还沿用过去作坊式管理，真正实现现代化企业管理的企业较少。

造成上述差距的原因很多，除了历史上模具作为产品长期未得到应有的重视，以及多数国有企业机制不能适应市场经济之外，还有下列几个原因：（1）国家对模具工业的政策支持力度还不够虽然国家已经明确颁布了模具行业的产业政策，但配套政策少，执行力度弱。

目前享受模具产品增值税的企业全国只有185家，大多数企业仍旧税负过重。

模具企业进行技术改造引进设备要缴纳相当数量的税金，影响技术进步，而且民营企业贷款十分困难。

（2）人才严重不足，科研开发及技术攻关投入太少模具行业是技术、资金、劳动密集的产业，随着时代的进步和技术的发展，掌握并且熟练运用新技术的人才异常短缺，高级模具钳工及企业管理人才也非常紧张。

由于模具企业效益欠佳及对科研开发和技术攻关重视不够，科研单位和大专院校的眼睛盯着创收，导致模具行业在科研开发和技术攻关方面投入太少，致使模具技术发展步伐不大，进展不快。

（3）工艺装备水平低，且配套性不好，利用率低近年来我国机床行业进步较快，已能提供比较成套的高精度加工设备，但与国外装备相比，仍有较大差距。

虽然国内许多企业已引进许多国外先进设备，但总体的装备水平比国外许多企业低很多。

由于体制和资金等方面的原因，引进设备不配套，设备与附件不配套现象十分普遍，设备利用率低的问题长期得不到较妥善的解决。

（4）专业化、标准化、商品化程度低，协作能力差由于长期以来受“大而全”“小而全”影响，模具专业化水平低，专业分工不细致，商品化程度低。

目前国内每年生产的模具，商品模具只占40%左右，其余为自产自用。

模具企业之间协作不畅，难以完成较大规模的模具成套任务。

模具标准化水平低，模具标准件使用覆盖率低也对模具质量、成本有较大影响，特别是对模具制造周期有很大影响。

（5）模具材料及模具相关技术落后模具材料性能、质量和品种问题往往会影响模具质量、寿命及成本，国产模具钢与国外进口钢材相比有较大差距。

塑料、板材、设备性能差，也直接影响模具水平的提高。

目前，我国经济仍处于高速发展阶段，国际上经济全球化发展趋势日趋明显，这为我国模具工业高速发展提供了良好的条件和机遇。

一方面，国内模具市场将继续高速发展，另一方面，模具制造也逐渐向我国转移以及跨国集团到我国进行模具采购趋向也十分明显。

因此，放眼未来，国际、国内的模具市场总体发展趋势前景看好，预计中国模具将在良好的市场环境下得到高速发展，我国不但会成为模具大国，而且一定逐步向模具制造强国的行列迈进。

“十一五”期间，中国模具工业水平不仅在量和质的方面有很大提高，而且行业结构、产品水平、开发创新能力、企业的体制与机制以及技术进步的方面也会取得较大发展。

模具技术集合了机械、电子、化学、光学、材料、计算机、精密监测和信息网络等诸多学科，是一个综合性多学科的系统工程。

模具技术的发展趋势主要是模具产品向着更大型、更精密、更复杂及更经济的方向发展，模具产品的技术含量不断提高，模具制造周期不断缩短，模具生产朝着信息化、无图化、精细化、自动化的方向发展，模具企业向着技术集成化、设备精良化、产批品牌化、管理信息化、经营国际化的方向发展。

我国模具行业今后仍需提高的共性技术有：（1）建立在CAD/CAE平台上的先进模具设计技术，提高模具设计的现代化、信息化、智能化、标准化水平。

（2）建立在CAM/CAPP基础上的先进模具加工技术与先进制造技术相结合，提高模具加工的自动化水平与生产效率。

（3）模具生产企业的信息化管理技术。

例如PDM（产品数据管理）、ERP（企业资源管理）、MIS（模具制造管理信息系统）及INTERMET平台等信息网络技术的应用、推广及发展。

（4）高速、高精、复合模具加工技术的研究与应用。

例如超精冲压模具制造技术、精密塑料和压铸模具制造技术等。

（5）提高模具生产效率、降低成本和缩短模具生产周期的各种快速经济模具制造技术。

（6）先进制造技术的应用。

例如热流道技术、气辅技术、虚拟技术、纳米技术、高速扫描技术、逆向工程、并行工程等技术在模具研究、开发、加工过程中的应用（7）原材料在模具中成形的仿真技术。

（8）先进的模具加工和专有设备的研究与开发。

（9）模具及模具标准件、重要辅件的标准化技术。

（10）模具及其制品的检测技术。

（11）优质、新型模具材料的研究与开发及其正确应用。

（12）模具生产企业的现代化管理技术。

模具行业在“十一五”期间需要解决的重点关键技术应是模具信息化、数字化技术和精密、超精、高速、高效制造技术方面的突破。

随着国民经济总量和工业产品技术的不断发展，各行各业对模具的需求量越来越大，技术要求也越来越高。

虽然模具种类繁多，但其发展重点应该是既能满足大量需要，又有较高技术含量，特别是目前国内尚不能自给，需大量进口的模具和能代表发展方向的大型、精密、复杂、长寿命模具。

模具标准件的种类、数量、水平、生产集中度等对整个模具行业的发展有重大影响。

因此，一些重要的模具标准件也必须重点发展，而且其发展速度应快于模具的发展速度，这样才能不断提高我国模具标准化水平，从而提高模具质量，缩短模具生产周期，降低成本。

由于我国的模具产品在国际市场上占有较大的价格优势，因此对于出口前景好的模具产品也应作为重点来发展。

根据上述需要量大、技术含量高、代表发展方向、出口前景好的原则选择重点发展产品，而且所选产品必须目前已有一定技术基础，属于有条件、有可能发展起来的产品。

根据“十一五”模具行业发展规划，“十一五”期间模具产品发展重点主要有如下几类：（1）汽车覆盖件模具冲压模具占模具总量的40%以上。

汽车覆盖件模具主要为汽车配套，也包括为农用车、工程机械和农机配套的覆盖件模具，它在冲压模具中具有很大的代表性，模具大都是大中型，结构复杂，技术要求高。

尤其是为轿车配套的覆盖件模具，要求更高，可以代表冲压模具的水平。

此类模具我国已有一定的技术基础，已为中档轿车配套，但水平还不高，能力不足，目前满足率只有一半左右。

中高档轿车覆盖件模具主要依靠进口，已成为汽车发展的瓶颈，极大的影响着车型开发。

（2）精密冲压模具多工位级进模和精冲模代表了冲压模具的发展方向，精度要求寿命要求极高，主要为电子工业、汽车、仪器仪表、电机电器等配套。

这两种模具，国内已有相当基础，并已引进了国外技术及设备，个别企业生产的产品已达到世界水平，但大部分企业仍有较大差距，供应总量不足，进口很多。

（3）大型精密塑料模具塑料模具占模具总量近40%，而且这个比例还在上升。

塑料模具中为汽车和家电配套的大型注塑模具，为集成电路配套的塑封模，为电子信息产业和机械及包装配套的多层、多腔、多材质、多色精密注塑模，为新型建材及节水农业配套的塑料异型材挤出模及管路和喷头模具等，目前虽然已有相当技术基础并正在快速发展，但技术水平与国外仍有较大差距，总量供不应求，每年的进口额达几亿美元。

（4）主要模具标准件目前国内已有较大产量的模具标准件主要是模架、导向件、推杆推管、弹性元件等。

这些产品不但国内配套大量需要，出口前景也很好，应继续大力发展。

氮气缸和热流道元件主要依靠进口，应在现有基础上提高水平，形成标准并组织规模化生产。

（5）其他高技术含量的模具占模具总量给8%的压铸模具中，大型薄壁精密压铸技术含量高，难度大。

镁合金压铸模具目前虽然刚起步，但发展前景好，有代表性。

子午线橡胶轮胎模具也是发展方向，其中活络模技术难度最大。

与快速成型技术相结合的一些快速制模技术及相应的快速经济模具具有很好的发展前景。

这些高技术含量的模具在“十一五”期间也应重点发展。

附件2：外文原文Mold design and manufactureThe mold is the manufacturing industry important craft foundation, in our country, the mold manufacture belongs to the special purpose equipment manufacturing industry. China although very already starts to make the mold and the use mold, but long-term has not formed the industry. Straight stabs 0 centuries 80's later periods, the Chinese mold industry only then drives into the development speedway. Recent years, not only the state-owned mold enterprise had the very big development, the three investments enterprise, the villages and towns (individual) the mold enterprise's development also quite rapid .Although the Chinese mold industrial development rapid, but compares with the demand, obviously falls short of demand, its main gap concentrates precisely to, large-scale, is complex, the long life mold domain. As a result of in aspect and so on mold precision, life, manufacture cycle and productivity, China and the international average horizontal and the developed country still had a bigger disparity, therefore, needed massively to import the mold every year .The Chinese mold industry except must continue to sharpen the productivity, from now on will have emphatically to the profession internal structure adjustment and the state-of-art enhancement. The structure adjustment aspect, mainly is the enterprise structure to the specialized adjustment, the product structure to center the upscale mold development, to the import and export structure improvement, centerthe upscale automobile cover mold forming analysis and the structure improvement, the multi-purpose compound mold and the compound processing and the laser technology in the mold design manufacture application, the high-speed cutting, the superfinishing and polished the technology, the information direction develops .The recent years, the mold profession structure adjustment and the organizational reform step enlarges, mainly displayed in, large-scale, precise, was complex, the long life, center the upscale mold and the mold standard letter development speed is higher than the common mold product; The plastic mold and the compression casting mold proportion increases; Specialized mold factory quantity and its productivity increase; "The three investments" and the private enterprise develops rapidly; The joint stock system transformation step speeds up and so on. Distributes from the area looked, take Zhujiang Delta and Yangtze River delta as central southeast coastal area development quickly to mid-west area, south development quickly to north. At present develops quickest, the mold produces the most centralized province is Guangdong and Zhejiang, places such as Jiangsu, Shanghai, Anhui and Shandong also has a bigger development in recent years .Although our country mold total quantity had at present achieved the suitable scale, the mold level also has the very big enhancement, after but design manufacture horizontal overall rise and fall industry developed country and so on Yu De, America, date, France, Italy many. The current existence question and the disparity mainly display in following several aspects:(1) The total quantity falls short of demandDomestic mold assembling oneself rate only ,about 70%. Low-grade mold , center upscale mold assembling oneself rate only has 50% about .(2) The enterprise organizational structure, the product structure, the technical structure and the import and export structure does not gatherIin our country mold production factory to be most is from the labor mold workshop which produces assembles oneself (branch factory), from produces assembles oneself the proportion to reach as high as about 60%, but the overseas mold ultra 70% is the commodity mold. The specialized mold factory mostly is "large andcomplete", "small and entire" organization form, but overseas mostly is "small but", "is specially small and fine". Domestic large-scale, precise, complex, the long life mold accounts for the total quantity proportion to be insufficient 30%, but overseas in 50% above 2004 years, ratio of the mold import and export is 3.7:1, the import and export balances the after net import volume to amount to 1.32 billion US dollars, is world mold net import quantity biggest country .(3) The mold product level greatly is lower than the international standardThe production cycle actually is higher than the international water broad product level low mainly to display in the mold precision, cavity aspect and so on surface roughness, life and structure .(4) Develops the ability badly, economic efficiency unsatisfactory our country mold enterprise technical personnel proportion lowThe level is lower, also does not take the product development, frequently is in the passive position in the market. Our country each mold staff average year creation output value approximately ,ten thousand US dollars, overseas mold industry developed country mostly 15 to10,000 US dollars, some reach as high as 25 to10,000 US dollars, relative is our country quite part of molds enterprises also continues to use the workshop type management with it, truly realizes the enterprise which the modernized enterprise manages fewTo create the above disparity the reason to be very many, the mold long-term has not obtained the value besides the history in as the product which should have, as well as the most state-owned enterprises mechanism cannot adapt the market economy, but also has the following several reasons: .(1) Country to mold industry policy support dynamics also insufficientlyAlthough the country already was clear about has promulgated the mold profession industrial policy, but necessary policy few, carried out dynamics to be weak. At present enjoyed the mold product increment duty enterprise nation 185, the majority enterprise still the tax burden is only overweight. The mold enterprise carries on the technological transformations introduction equipment to have to pay theconsiderable amount the tax money, affects the technology advancement, moreover privately operated enterprise loan extremely difficult .(2) Talented person serious insufficient, the scientific research development and the technical attack investment too urineMold profession is the technology, the fund, the work crowded industry, along with the time progress and the technical development, grasps the talented person which and skilled utilizes the new technology exceptionally short, the high-quality mold fitter and the enterprise management talent extremely is also anxious. Because the mold enterprise benefit unsatisfactory and takes insufficiently the scientific research development and the technical attack, the scientific research unit and the universities, colleges and institutes eye stares at is creating income, causes the mold profession invests too few in the scientific research development and the technical attack aspect, causes the mold technological development step not to be big, progresses not quick .(3) The craft equipment level to be low, also necessary is not good, the use factor lowrecent years our country engine bed profession progressed quickly, has been able to provide the quite complete precision work equipment, but compared with the overseas equipment, still had a bigger disparity. Although the domestic many enterprises have introduced many overseas advanced equipment, but the overall equipment level low are very more than the overseas many enterprises. As a result of aspect the and so on system and fund reason, introduces the equipment not not necessary, the equipment and the appendix not necessary phenomenon are extremely common, the equipment utilization rate low question cannot obtain the comparatively properly solution for a long time .(4) Specialization, standardization, commercialized degree low, the cooperation abilityBecause receives "large and complete" "small and entire" the influence since long ago, mold specialization level low, the specialized labor division is not careful, the commercialized degree is low. At present domestic every year produces mold,commodity mold minister 40% About, other for from produce uses for oneself. Between the mold enterprise cooperates impeded, completes the comparatively large-scale mold complete task with difficulty. Mold standardization level low, mold standard letter use cave rare is low also to the mold quality, the cost has a more tremendous influence, specially has very tremendous influence .(5) To the mold manufacture cycle) the mold material and the mold correlation technology fallsThe mold material performance, the quality and the variety question often can affect the mold quality, the life and the cost, the domestically produced molding tool steel and overseas imports the steel products to compare has a bigger disparity. Plastic, plate, equipment energy balance, also direct influence mold level enhancement .At present, our country economy still was at the high speed development phase, on the international economical globalization development tendency is day by day obvious, this has provided the good condition and the opportunity for the our country mold industry high speed development. On the one hand, the domestic mold market will continue high speed to develop, on the other hand, the mold manufacture also gradually will shift as well as the transnational group to our country carries on the mold purchase trend to our country extremely to be also obvious. Therefore, will take a broad view the future, international, the domestic mold market overall development tendency prospect will favor, estimated the Chinese mold will obtain the high speed development under the good market environment, our country not only can become the mold great nation, moreover certainly gradually will make the powerful nation to the mold the ranks to make great strides forward. "15" period, the Chinese mold industry level not only has the very big enhancement in the quantity and the archery target aspect, moreover the profession structure, the product level, the development innovation ability, enterprise's system and the mechanism as well as the technology advancement aspect also can obtain a bigger development .The mold technology has gathered the machinery, the electron, chemistry, optics, the material, the computer, the precise monitor and the information network and so on many disciplines, is a comprehensive nature multi-disciplinary systems engineering.The mold technology development tendency mainly is the mold product to larger-scale, preciser, more complex and a more economical direction develops, the mold product technical content unceasingly enhances, the mold manufacture cycle unceasingly reduces, the mold production faces the information, is not having the chart, is fine, the automated direction develops, the mold enterprise to the technical integration, the equipment excellent, is producing approves the brand, the management information, the management internationalization direction develops. Our country mold profession still will have to enhance from now on the general character technology had :(1) To establish in the CAD/CAE platform the advanced mold design technology, enhances modernization which the mold designed, information, intellectualization, standardized level .(2) Establishes in the CAM/CAPP foundation the advanced mold processing technology and the advanced manufacture technology unifies, raises the automated level and the production efficiency which the mold processes .(3) The mold production enterprise's information management technology. For example PDM (product data management), ERP (enterprise resource management), MIS (mold manufacture management information system) and information network technology the and so on INTERMET platform application, the promotion and the development .(4) Are high speed, Gao Jing, the compound mold processing technology research and the application. For example the ultra fine ramming mold manufacture technology, the precise plastic and the compression casting mold manufacture technology and so on .(5) Enhances the mold production efficiency, reduces the cost and reduces the mold production cycle each kind of fast economical mold manufacture technology .(6) The advanced manufacture technology application. For example hot technology and so on flow channel technology, gas auxiliary technology, hypothesized technology, nanotechnology, rapid scanning technology, reversionproject, parallel project in the mold research, the development, the processing process application .(7) The raw material the simulation technology which forms in the mold .(8) The advanced mold processing and the appropriation equipment research and the development .(9) The mold and the mold standard letter, the important auxiliary standardized technology .(10) The mold and its the product examination technology.(11) High quality, the new mold material research and the development and its the correct application .(12) T he mold production enterprise's modern management technology □Mold profession in "十15" period needs to solve the key essential technology should be the mold information, the digitized technology and precise, ultra fine, high speed, the highly effective manufacture technology aspect breakthrough Along with the national economy total quantity and the industry product technology unceasing development, all the various trades and occupations to the mold demand quantity more and more big, the specification more and more is also high.Although mold type many, but its development should be with emphasis both can meet the massive needs, and has the comparatively high-tech content, specially at present domestic still could not be self-sufficient, needs the massive imports the mold and can represent the development direction large-scale, precise, is complex, the long life mold. The mold standard letter type, the quantity, the level, the production a and so on have the significant influence to the entire mold profession development. Therefore, some important mold standard letters also must the prioritize, moreover its development speed should quickly to the mold development speed, like this be able unceasingly to raise our country mold standardization level, thus improves the mold quality, reduces the mold production cycle, reduces the cost. Because our country mold product holds the bigger price superiority in the international market, therefore regarding the exportation prospect good mold product also should take key develops. According to the above required quantity big, the technical content is high, representsthe development direction, the export prospect good principle choice prioritize product, moreover chooses the product to have at present to have the certain technology base, belongs has the condition, has the product which the possibility develops .According to "十15" the mold profession development plan, "十15" the period mold product development mainly has following several kind of the automobile cover mold(1)Ramming mold to occupyThe mold total quantity dish with emphasis above 40%. Automobile cover mold mainly for automobile necessary, also includes for the agriculture with the vehicle, the project machinery and the farm machinery necessary cover mold, it has the very big representation in the ramming mold, the mold mostly is large and middle scale, structure complex, the specification is high. For the passenger vehicle necessary cover mold, the request is in particular higher, may represent the ramming mold the level. This kind of mold our country had the certain technology base, already for middle-grade passenger vehicle necessary, but the level is not high, the ability is insufficient, at present satisfying rate only has one about the half. Center the upscale passenger vehicle cover mold main dependence import, has become the bottleneck which the automobile develops, enormous influence vehicle type development .(2)The precise ramming moldMulti- locations level was entering the mold and fine represents the ramming mold development direction, the precision request life request has been extremely high, mainly for the electronics industry, the automobile, the instrument measuring appliance, the electrical machinery electric appliance and so on formed a complete set. These two kind of molds, domestic had the suitable foundation, and has introduced the overseas technology and the equipment, the individual enterprise produces the product has achieved the world level, but the majority of enterprises still had a bigger disparity, the supply total quantity insufficient, the import were very many(3) The large-scale precise plastic moldPlastic mold accounts for the mold total quantity 10%, moreover this proportion also is rising. In the plastic mold necessary large-scale casts the mold for the automobile and the electrical appliances, necessary models for the integrated circuit seals the mold, for the electronic information industry and the machinery and the packing necessary multilayer, the multi- cavities, the multi- material qualities, the multicolor precise note , and saves water the agricultural necessary plastic different molding for the new building materials to squeeze out the mold and the pipeline and the nozzle mold and so on, at present although had the suitable technology base and fast is developing, but the technical level and overseas still had a bigger disparity, the total quantity falls short of demand, Every year import amount reaches several hundred million US dollar.(4) The main mold standard to imitateeAt present domestically to have an greater output the mold standard letter mainly is the mold frame, the guidance, the throwout lever pushes the tube, the elastic part and so on. These products not only the domestic necessary massive need, the exportation prospect very is also good, should continue vigorously to develop. The nitrogen cylinder and the hot flow channel part main dependence import, should raise the level in the existing foundation, forms the standard and organization scale production.(5) The other high-tech content moldsOccupiesin the mold total quantity green 8% compression casting mold, large-scale thin wall precise compression casting technology content high, the difficulty is big. The magnesium alloy compression casting mold at present although just started, but the prospects for development were good, have the representation. The meridian rubber tire mold also is the development direction, detachable mold technology difficulty is biggest. With fast takes shape some fast pattern making technologies and the corresponding fast economical mold which the technology unifies has the very good prospects for development. These high-tech content molds in "十15" period also should the prioritize .。