齿轮的加工方法毕业课程设计外文文献翻译
毕业设计外文翻译齿轮
Gears are vital factors in machinery. One of the first mechanism invented using gears was the clocks. In fact, a clock is little more than a train of study and research have been made on gears in recent years because of their wide use under exacting conditions. They have to transmit heavier loads and run at higher speeds than ever before. The engineers and the machinists all consider gearing the prime elementin nearly all classes of machinery.齿轮在机械中占有极为重要的作用。
第一个利用齿轮做成的机械装置确实是钟表，事实上，它只只是是用了一系列的齿轮。
关于它能够在严格的条件下的普遍利用，在齿轮上做了大量的学习和研究。
相较过去，它们此刻必需在更高的速度下传递更重的负荷。
工程师和机械操纵工人都以为齿轮在几乎所有的机械的零件中占有首要的因素。
1. Spur gearsSpur gears are used to transmit power and rotary motion between parallel shafts. The teeth are cut parallel to the axis of the shaft on which the gears are mounted. The smaller of two gears in mesh is called the pinion and the larger is customarily Designated as the gear. In most applications, the pinion is the driving element whereas the gear is the driven element.1.直齿圆柱齿轮直齿圆柱齿轮用于平行轴之间传递力和回转运动，轮齿被切制成与安装齿轮的轴之轴线相平行。
机械加工毕业设计外文翻译--淬硬齿轮的加工
毕业设计中英文翻译英文原文Hard gear processing[abstract ]uses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request OutlineUses in the power drive gear and the gear box, its size request smaller, the gear drive noise is lower, thus causes to the hard gear demand, also gave the gear manufacturer to propose explored the gear to process the new method the request. The gear in the hard heat treatment process, its material organization and the stress change, usually can cause the gear to have the distortion, namely tooth profile, tooth to and tooth pitch error. This this error will cause the tooth profile not correctly to mesh in the transmission time, thus has enlarged the load, will have the gear noise. Therefore, the hard gear after the heat treatment, should increase together the precision work working procedure generally.The hard gear precision work craft may divide into two kinds: A kind is uses non- formed the cutting edge, like the gear rubs truncates the processing; Another kind then is has formed the cutting edge like hard gear (HRC48 ~ 53) to roll truncates the processing.This article strongly will discuss will use in hardly rolling the hard alloy tools forming cutting edge precision work process which the tooth will process. The now hard alloy material, the cutting tool coating and the gear-hobbing machine technology development, has caused the hard gear to roll cuts the processing technology to have the remarkable enhancement, specially is smaller than in the processing or was equal to when 12DP center small modulus gear, may withstand the enormous cutting force which in the hard cutting process produces.Hard alloy hob selectionThe hard alloy hob has the very big progress in the material variety specification. Superfine, is thin, medium or the big pellet hard alloy now all has the product. In addition, the hard alloy hob semifinished materials formed craft technology also had the remarkable enhancement, like uses static pressure and so on heat (HIP) the craft, this craft under the high-pressured high temperature, increased the hard alloy semifinished materials intrinsic binding force, enhanced the hard alloy anti- curved intensity. According to the ISO stipulation, the entity hard alloy material may differently divide into certain kinds according to the application situation: The gear cutting tool divides into K kind and P kind, K kind of hard alloy has a higherresistance to wear, P kind then has the better high temperature red hardness. In the K trademark and in the P trademark hard alloy, each kind of trademark hard alloy granular structure is different, from medium pellet to superfine pellet. Each kind of trademark all has its application situation, this is and the granular structure is connected. Generally speaking, regarding softly rolls truncates, the K analogy P kind of performance is friends with, K kind of hard alloy can obtain a micron level the granular structure (granularity to be smaller than 0.5 mu m), but P kind then is not good. In abrasion aspect, K kind of toughness better, the life is longer.The hob resharpens and renovatesAfter the hob processing certain quantity work piece, its cutting edge failure, this time must resharpen. Sharpens the after hob to have to maintain the original geometry shape; The cutting edge must be sharp; The cutting tool golden phase structure cannot because rub truncates the heat but to destroy. Thus when sharpens the hard alloy hob should use one kind of oil base refrigerant, it does not get up to the chlorine and the sulfur the response. Regarding scrapes the hob, sharpens after the coating not likely to use in hob such which the entity semifinished materials hardly rolls being important again. After the hard alloy hob sharpens in front of the coating, suggested carries on the pretreatment to its cutting edge.The hob rewill sharpen can except the cutting surface original coating, this will be able to reduce the cutting tool life. The cutting tool is may again spread. Usually regarding the TiN coating, may spread 3 ~ 4; Says regarding TiCN and the TiALN coating, because coating itself has the very big internal stress, therefore on cutting edge with difficulty again again coating. After several spreading TiN coating, can have the height non-uniformity condition, and influentials the tendency which the level falls off, therefore the original coating must remove.At present has two methods to be possible to remove the cutting tool coating: Chemistry draws back spreads draws back with physics spreads. Draws back with chemistry spreads removes on the hard alloy tools the coating is one kind of fine craft, requests the operator to have the suitable level of expertise. The excessively chemistry draws back spreads not only removes the coating, moreover also will dissolve washes the cobalt cement, the damage hard alloy material microscopic structure. The cutting edge microscopic damage will produce the zigzag surface. In addition, when draws back spreads must to the hob pillow block, in the hole and the sign carries on the protection, in order to avoid damages. But physics spreads, then must carry on by the original cutting tool factory, it involves to puts in order rerubs the hob tooth profile truncates. Although draws back chemistry spreads must be much more expensive than, but obtains is a new hob, the quality and the life all can obtain the guarantee.To gear-hobbing machine requestIn order to fully displays the hard alloy and the coating craft merit, the gear-hobbing machine should do correspondingly improves. At present all advanced gear-hobbing machines all press high speed roll the tooth to carry on the design, its gear-hobbing machine hob rotational speed surpasses 3000r/Min, usually is5000r/Min, the work piece main axle rotational speed and the hob rotational speed match. In addition, the engine bed has very high moves the rigidity and the hot rigidity. The advanced gear-hobbing machine some main design characteristics are: Uses the compound epoxy resin lathe bed, by improves the engine bed the tendency and the static characteristic; Has the constant temperature installment the high speed hob headstock; High speed work piece main axle; May use does, the wet two kinds rolls truncates the craft; Belt electro-optical sensor digital actuation system; The straight line rolls the guide rail system; High speed automatic high-quality goods (2 ~ 3 seconds); The occupying a land area of is compact; According to man-machine engineering design; Services conveniently.Uses scrapes the craftRegardless of is the mechanical type the CNC gear-hobbing machine all can carry on scrapes, but the condition is the engine bed must equip has the work piece to the cutting tool selsyn train system. This may cause to scrape the craft economically, to has on the automatic yummy treats system the engine bed very to be also important. The electronic non- contact system depends on a simulation quantity sensor to send out the pulse to survey the cutting tool main axle, the work piece main axle and the gear position. The engine bed CNC controller carries on processing to these pulses, then is opposite to the work piece main axle in the cutting tool position carries on the adjustment, causes a work piece turn of tooth and the hob knife tooth relative position relations is correct.In scrapes in the craft to have very many merits with the refrigerant: In scrapes in the process, the refrigerant has provided the lubricating ability; Because scrapes produces is not the normal scrap, the temperature control is extremely important. Blows the scrap small is thin, does not look like normal knife filings such to be possible to carry off many quantity of heats, therefore scrapes time uses the refrigerant to be possible to control the cutting tool, the work piece and the engine bed system temperature; The refrigerant may washes away the scrap from the cutting tool and the work piece; Improved the work piece surface fine roughness; Enhanced the cutting tool life."Rolls in the green truncates" in the craft, correctly chooses the tooth thick remainder is very important. The recommendation choice down milling rolls the tooth, because it may obtain the thickest scrap, this is helpful to the control cutting process dynamic condition, enhances the cutting tool life. The experience proved that, the cutting speed may surpass 200m/Min, enters for the quantity choice is decided by the superficially attractive fineness which must achieve. The model enters for the scope is 0.5 ~ 1.25mm/R. The cutting tool shifts (flees knife) the method very to be also important, because scrapes time only then the rough machining section partial cutting edges only then undergo the attrition. On the contrary, in "the green cutting" in the process, the cutting tool precision work has partially undertaken the main process load. This meant when scraping flees the knife quantity to be supposed to be bigger, when like the gear is 12 ~ 48DP, each time flees the knife quantity is 0.3 ~ 0.4mm.Scrapes the hob the selectionScrapes the hard alloy hob to divide into two big kinds: Uses in 10DP or the bigger modulus hob, usually all designs has a negative rake front the cutting, when the cutting edge contacts to the hard tooth face, reduced to the hard alloy material impact; Regarding the small modulus gear, does not need to have the negative rake. The negative rake hob shortcoming is sharpens the difficulty. After the hob sharpens the outer diameter to reduce, in order to obtain the correct negative rake to be supposed to change the grinding wheel the bias quantity.When scrapes, the big modulus gear, its addendum, the outer annulus diameter and the tooth root spot all are usually not rolled truncates, and has a smooth transition a request turn of tooth to the tooth root. In order to obtain sinks cuts with the integrity transition circular arc radius, enhances the tooth root the anti- curved intensity, uses in the big modulus gear ideal scraping the hob to be supposed to have the flange. Regarding the small modulus gear processing, should use the standard hob. Uses the standard in front of the radial direction the angle hard alloy hob processing to be called "the hard alloy hob to roll again cuts", but is not "scrapes", latter referred has used a negative rake hob.Hardly rolls the specification which truncates and hardly scrapes the specification which, or the hard alloy hob rolls again truncates nearly same, similarity is uses the strategy which flees the knife to shift to be different. When hardly rolls, the scrap excision must spend the massive energies. This energy finally becomes the quantity of heat. Tries to carry off very important these thermal sending out. After the suggestion processes a work piece every time, the hob flees a position entire tooth pitch. When the hob will flee from beginning to end the position from now on, will be supposed to transfer to the hob to the initial position has a bias quantity the spot. This bias quantity is decided by the hob design and the application, its goal is for be helpful to the hob uniform wear. Another one similarity is the attire which uses clamps the system. As a result of the enormous cutting force, the jig must safely clamp the work piece. The processing result indicated that, the identical helical gear when hardly rolls again with the hard alloy hob, its gear quality is very high, the tooth profile approaches the AGMA10 level, the tooth to surpasses the AGMA12 level with the tooth pitch; The entire hard semifinished materials hardly roll cut the processing the helical gear, its gear precision extremely is also high, the tooth profile precision may reach the AGMA10 level, the tooth to may achieve the AGMA12 level with the tooth pitch. ConclusionAt present has explored many economies the method to process the hard gear, including the material choice, the soft processing method, the heat treatment craft and the hard precision work, enable the hard gear to obtain the popularization, has satisfied the high grade transmission device to the hard gear request.Carries on from entity entire hard work piece semifinished materials hardly rolls cuts the processing is one kind of new processing craft. Because has a rigid better engine bed and the high quality hard alloy tools material and performs coating processing, causes hardly to roll slivers is one effective processing method. Indicatedfrom the factory practical application result that, the hard gear rolls cuts (hardly rolls) the craft to have the broad application prospect.译文：淬硬齿轮的加工【摘要】用于动力传动的齿轮和齿轮箱，其尺寸要求更小，齿轮传动的噪音更低，从而导致对淬硬齿轮的需求，也给齿轮制造厂家提出了探索齿轮加工新方法的要求.概述用于动力传动的齿轮和齿轮箱，其尺寸要求更小，齿轮传动的噪音更低，从而导致对淬硬齿轮的需求，也给齿轮制造厂家提出了探索齿轮加工新方法的要求。
齿轮及其加工中英文翻译对照表
齿轮及其加工中英文翻译对照表A.1. abrasive tooth wear 齿面研磨磨损2. absolute tangential velocity 绝对切向速度3. accelerometer 加速表4. addendum 齿顶高5. addendum angle 齿顶角6. addendum circle 齿顶圆7. addendum surface 上齿面8. adhesive wear 粘着磨损9. adjustability 可调性10. adjustability coefficients 可调系数11. adjusting wedge 圆盘端铣刀的可调型楔块12. allowable stress 允许应力13. alternate blade cutter 双面刀盘14. angular backlash 角侧隙15. angular bevel gears 斜交锥齿轮16. angular displacement 角移位17. angular pitch 齿端距18. angular testing machine 可调角度试验机19. approach action 啮入20. arbor 心轴21. arbor distance 心轴距22. arc of approach 啮入弧23. arc of recess 啮出弧24. attraction 收紧25. average cutter diameter 平均刀尖直径26. axial displacement 轴向位移27. axial factor 轴向系数28. axial locating surface 轴向定位面29. axial pitch 轴向齿距30. axial plane 轴向平面31. axial rakeangle 轴向前角32. axial thrust 轴向推力33. axle testing machine 传动桥试验机B.1． back angle 背锥角2． Back angle distance 背角距（在背锥母线方向）3． Back cone 背锥4． Back cone distance 背锥距5． Back cone element 背锥母线6． Backlash 侧隙7． Backlash tolerance 侧隙公差8． Backlash variation 侧隙变量9． Backlash variation tolerance 侧隙变量公差10． Bandwidth 频带宽11． Base circle 基圆12． Base diameter 基圆直径13． Base pitch 基节14． Base radius 基圆半径15． Base spiral angle 基圆螺旋角16． Basic rack 基本齿条17． Bearing 轴承18． Bearing preload 轴承预负荷19． Bearing spacing／spread 轴承间距20． Bending fatigue 弯曲疲劳21． Bending stress 弯曲应力22． Bevel gears 锥齿轮23． Bias 对角接触24． Bias in 内对角接触25． Bias out 外对角接触26． Blade angle 刀齿齿廓角27． Blade edge radius 刀尖圆角半径28． Blade letter 刀尖凸角代号29． Blade life 刀尖寿命30． Blade point width 刀顶宽31． Blank offset 毛坯偏置距32． Bland position 毛坯位置33． Bottom land 齿槽底面34． Boundary lubrication 界面润滑35． Breakage 破裂36． Bridged contact pattern 桥型接触斑点37． Broach 拉刀38． Burnishing 挤齿C．1. Case crushing 齿面塌陷2. CBN 立方氮化硼3. chamfer 倒角4. chordal addendum 弦齿高5. chordal thickness 弦齿厚6. chuck 卡盘7. circular broach 圆拉刀8. circular face-mill 圆盘端面铣刀9. circular peripheral-mill 圆盘铣刀10. circular pitch 周节11. circular thickness 弧齿厚12. circular thickness factor 弧齿厚系数13. clearance 顶隙14. clearance angle 后角15. coarse pitch 大节距16. coast side 不工作齿侧17. combination 组合18. combined preload 综合预负荷19. complementary crown gears 互补冠状齿轮20. completing cycle 全工序循环21. composite action 双面啮合综合检验误差22. compressive stress 压应力23. concave side 凹面24. concentricity 同心度25. concentricity tester 同心度检查仪26. cone distance 锥距27. cone element 锥面母线28. conformal surfaces 共型表面29. coniskoid 斜锥齿轮30. conjugate gears 共轭齿轮31. conjugate racks 共轭齿条32. contact fatigue 接触疲劳33. contact norma 接触点法线34. contact pattern (tooth contactpattern) 轮齿接触斑点35. contact ratio 重合度36. contact stress 接触应力37. continuous index 连续分度38. control gear 标准齿轮，检验用齿轮39. convex side 凸面40. coolant 冷却液41. corrosive wear 腐蚀性磨损42. corrugated tool 阶梯刨刀43. counter forma surfaces 反法向表面44. cradle 摇台45. cradle test roll 摇台角46. cross 大小端接触47. crossing point 交错点48. crown 齿冠49. crown circle 锥齿轮冠圆50. crowned teeth 鼓形齿51. crown gear 冠轮52. crown to back （轮冠距）轮冠至安装定位面距离53. crown to crossing point 轮冠至相错点距离54. cutter 刀盘55. cutter axial 刀盘的轴向位置56. cutter axial plane 刀盘轴向平面57. cutter axis 刀盘轴线58. cutter diameter 刀盘直径59. cutter edge radius 刀刃圆角半径60. cutter head 刀盘体61. cutter number 刀号62. cutter parallel 刀盘平垫片63. cutter point diameter 刀尖直径64. cutter point radius 刀尖半径65. cutter point width 刀顶距66. cutter spindle 刀盘主轴67. cutter spindle rotation angle 刀盘主轴转角68. cutting distance 切齿安装距69. C.V. testing mashing 常速试验机70. cyclex 格里森粗铣精拉法圆盘端铣刀71. cylindrical gears 圆柱齿轮D.1． Datum tooth 基准齿2． Debur 去毛刺3． Decibel (CB) （噪音）分贝4． Decimal ratio 挂轮比值5． Dedendum 齿根高6． Dendendum angle 齿根角7． Dedendum surface 下齿面8． Deflection 挠曲9． Deflection test 挠曲试验10． Deflection testing machine 挠曲试验机11． Depthwise taper 齿高收缩12． Design data sheet 设计数据表13． Destructive pitting 破坏性点蚀14． Destructive wear 破坏性磨损15． Developed setting 试切调整16． Dial indicator 度盘式指示表17． Diametral pitch 径节18． Diamond 菱形接触19． Dinging ball check 钢球敲击检查20． Disc-mill cuter 盘铣刀21． Dish angle 凹角22． Displacement 位移23． Displacement error 位移误差24． Double index 双分度25． Double roll 双向滚动26． Down roll 向下滚动27． Drive side 工作齿侧28． Duplete 双刃刀29． Duplex 双重双面法30． Duplex helical 双重螺旋法（加工方法之一）31． Duplex spread blade 双重双面刀齿（加工／磨齿方法）32． Duplex taper 双重收缩齿33． Durability factor 耐久系数34． Dynamic factor 动载荷系数E。
齿轮外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
齿在轴向的宽度。
齿腹：节圆和齿底之间的表面。
斜齿轮：这些齿轮的齿相对于齿轮轴线由一个角度或螺旋角度，它们比直齿圆柱齿轮的制造更难，造价更昂贵，但是它们传动无噪音并且可靠。
它们可以用来在相同或不同平面中构成一定角度的相两轴之间的力的传递。
人字形齿轮：人字形齿轮是在齿轮两边有相同数量在左旋和右旋形的齿轮。
由于齿轮有角度，齿轮制造时需要考虑轴受到的轴向力，人字形齿轮是用平衡的方法来抵消轴向推力的，固而允许选用轻系列轴承取代重系列轴承，甚至可以完全取消轴承，通常在切削加工中在齿轮的周围有一个中心槽来抵消。
锥齿轮：锥齿轮用作互相不平行的轴之间的连接。
通常轴之间的夹角是90度，但它们比90多或少，相啮合的两齿轮仅改变运动方向，或者为改变速度具有不同的齿数，齿的表面沿着圆锥的表面，圆头齿之间不相互平行，它就使得在机械加工中产生类似的问题及必须要一套夹具。
齿轮的线可能是直的或螺旋的，因此有平直的锥齿和螺旋的锥齿。
蜗杆和蜗轮：蜗杆蜗轮机构主要用作有限空间需较小齿轮的体积的情况。
通常蜗杆为主动件并且不能颠倒，也就是说，蜗轮不能作为主动件。
许多蜗杆能左右移动，转动为顺时针或逆时针。
齿条：齿条是有无穷半径的齿轮或是边缘随着直线扩展的齿轮，它被用来往复运动改变为螺旋运动或反过来，车床齿条和小齿轮是这种机器的最好例子。
各种材料被用于制造齿轮。
通常被选用的材料取决于齿轮的制造与齿轮将来的实现用途，齿轮能被铸，轧或挤压出来。
材料类型包括：铸铁碳素钢，合金钢，铝，青铜，尼龙。
附录：GearsAbstract: Gear is power element in the machine, is used to pass between the shaft and shaft movement and power. They may just was used to relay movement, that is one part to another part of the machine, or be used to change the relative spee d and torque between shaft and shaft, the first to be discovered with gear machine is horological, in fact, the gear of the clock is very small compared with the gear train. As the widely used in the gear in the actual environment, people in the asp ect of the application of the gear for a lot of research and investigation. now, gear drive than ever to have to pass a heavy load, and under the high speed running. The engineers and mechanics are considering the factors that exist in a mechanical.Keywords: Gear，Strength，check.Super Gears：Spur gears will be considered first for several reasons.In the first place ,they are simplest and the least expensive of gears and they may be used to transmit power betw een parallel shafts,also,spur gears definitions are usually applicable to other types .It is imp ortant go understand the following definitions,since they are important factors in the desig n of any equipment utilizing gears. Diametric Pitch The number of teeth per inch of pitch cirle diameter .The diameter pitch is usually an integer .A small number for the pitch imp lies a large tooth size.Meshing spur gears must have the same diameter pitch .The speed rat io is based on the fact that meshing gears may have different-sized pitch circles and henc e different number of teeth.Circular Pitch：The distance from a point on one tooth to the corresponding point on an adjacent tooth ,m easrued along the pitch circle.This is a liner dimension and thus bas liner units.Pitch Circle：The circle on which the ratio of the gear set is based,when two gears are meshing ,the tw o pitch circles must be exactly tangent if the gears are to function properly.The tangency p oint is known as the pitch point.Pressure Angle：The angle between the line of action and a line perpendicular to the centerlines of the tw o gears in mesing .Pressure Angles for spur gears are usually 14.5 or 20 degrees,although o ther values can be used.Meshing gears must have the same pressure angles.In the case of a rack,the teeth have the straight sides inclined at an angle corresponding to the pressure a ngle.Base Circle：A circle tangent to the line of action (or pressure line ) .The base circle is the imaginary cir cle about which an involutes cure is developed .Most spur gears follow an involutes cure fr om the base circle to the top of the tootch,this cure can be visualized by observing a point o n a taut cord an it is unwound from a cylinder .In a gear ,the cylinder is the best circle.Addendum：The radial distance form the pitch circle to the top of the tooth .Dedendum：The radial distance from file pitch circle to the root of the tooth.Clearance：The difference between the addendum and the addendum.Face Width：The width of the tooth measured axially.Face：The surface between the pitch circle and the top of the tooth.Flank：The surface between the pitch circle and the bottom of the tooth.Helical Gears：These gears have their tooth element at an angle or helix to the axis of the gear.The-y are more difficult and expensive to make than spur gears,but are quieter and stronger. They may be used to transmit power between parallel shafts at an angle to each in the same o r different planes.Herringbone Gears：A herringbone gear is equivalent to a right-hand and a left-hand helical gear placed side b y side.Because of the angle of the tooth,helicalgears create considerable side thrust on the shaft. A herringbone gear corrects this thrust b y neutralizing it ,allowing the use of a small thrust bearing instead of a large one and perha ps eliminating one altogether.Often a central groove is made round the gear for ease in mac hining.Bevel Gears：Bevel gears are used to connect shafts, which are not parallel to each ually the sha fts are 90 deg.To each other, but they may be more or less than 90 deg.The two meshing ge ars may have the same number of teeth for the purpose of changing direction of motion onl y,or they may have a different number of teeth for the purpose of changing both speed an d irection .The faces of the teeth lie on the surface of the frustum of a cone,therefore the te eth elements are not parallel to each other it can be seen that this lack of parallelism create s a machining problem so that two passes with a tool must be made.The tooth elements ma y be straight or spiral ,so that we have plain anti spiral evel gears.Worm and Worm Gears：A worm-and-worm-gear combination is used chiefly where it is desired to obtain a high ge ar reduction in a limited space,normally the worm drivers the worm gear and is not reversi ble ,that is to say,the worm gear can not drivethe worm.Most worms can be rotated in either direction,clockwise or counterclockwise. Ra cks A rack is a gear with an infinite radius,or a gear with its perimeter stretched out into a straight line.It is used to change reciprocating motion to rotary motion or vice versa.A l athe rack and pinion is a good example of this mechanism.Various materials are used in manufacturing gears.Usually,the materials selected depends on the method used for making the gear and the ap注：1. 指导教师对译文进行评阅时应注意以下几个方面：①翻译的外文文献与毕业设计（论文）的主题是否高度相关，并作为外文参考文献列入毕业设计（论文）的参考文献；②翻译的外文文献字数是否达到规定数量（3 000字以上）；③译文语言是否准确、通顺、具有参考价值。
毕业论文外文翻译-齿轮的加工方法
英文原文Gear manufacturing methodsThere are two basic methods of manufacturing gear teeth: the generating process and the forming process. when a gear tooth is generated, the workpiece and the cutting or grinding tool are in continuous mesh and the tooth form is generated by the tool. In other words, the work and the tool are conjugated to each other. hobbing :machines, shaper cutters, shaving machines, and grinders use this principle.When a gear tooth is formed, the tool is in the shape of the space that is being machined out. Some grinding machines use this principle with an indexing mechianism which allows the gear teeth to be formed tooth by tooth. Broaches are examples of form tools that machine all the gear teeth simultaneously.shapingShaping is inherently similar to planning but uses a circular cuttrer instead of rack and the resulting reduction in the reciprocating inertia allows much higher stroking speeds: modern shapers cutting car gears can run at 2,000 cutting strokes per minmute. The shape of the cutter is roughly the same as an involute gear but the tips of the teeth are rounded.The generating drive between cutter and workpiece does not involve a rack or leadscrew since only circular motion in involved. The tool and workpiece move tangential typically 0.5 mm for each stroke of the cutter. On the return stroke the cutter must be retracted about 1 mm to give clearance otherwise tool rub occurs on the backstroke and failure is rapid. The speed on this type of machine is limited by the rate at which some 50kg of cutter and bearings can be moved a distance of 1 mm. the accelerations involved tequire forces of the order of 5000N yet high accuracy must be maintained.The advantages of shaping are that production rates are relatively high and that it is possible to cut right up to a shoulder. Unfortunately, for helical gears, a helical guide is required to impose a rotational motion on the stroking motion; such helical guides cannot be produced easily or cheaply so the method is only suitable for long runs with helical gears since special cutters and guides must be manufactured for each different helix angle. A great advantage of shaping is its ability to annular gears such as those required for large epicyclie drives.When very high accuracy is of importance the inaccuracies in the shaping cutter matter since they may transfer to the cut gear. It is obvious that profile errors will transfer but it is less obvious than an eccentrically mounted or ground cutter will give a characteristic “dropped tooth”. There are several causes for “dropped tooth” but it occurs most commonly when the diameter of the workpiece is about half, one and half, two and a half, etc, times the cutter diameter. If the cutter starts on a high point and finishes on a low point during the final finishing revolution of the gear the peak to peak eccentricity errors in the cutter occurs between the last and the first tooth of the final revolution of the cut gear; as the cumulative pitch error of the cutter may well be over 25 microns there is a sudden pitch error of this amount on the cut gear. The next gear cut on the machine may however be very good on adjacent pitch if the final cut happened to start in a favorable position on the cutter.Various attempts have been made to prevent this effect, in particular by continuing rotation without any further cutter infeed but if the shaping machine is not very rigid and the cutter very sharp then no further cutting will occur and the error will not be removed.hobbinghobbing, the most used metal cutting method, uses the rack generating principle but avoids slow reciprocation by mounting many “racks ” on a rotating cutter. The “racks” are displaced axially to form a gashed worm. The “racks” do not generate the correct involute shape for the whole length of the teeth since they are moving on a circular path and so the hob is fed slowly along the teeth either axially in normal or in the direction of the helix in “oblique” hobbing.Metal removal rates are high since no reciprocation of hob or workpiece is required and so cutting speeds of 40 m/min can be used for conventional hobs and up to 150m/min for carbide hobs. Typically with a 100mm diameter hob the rotation speed will be 100rpm and so a twenty tooth workpiece will rotate at 5 rpm. Each revolution of the workpiece will correspond to 0.75mm feed so the hob will advance through the workpiece at about 4mm per minute. For car production roughing multiple start hobs can be used with coarse feeds of 3mm per revolution so that 100 rpm on the cutter, a two-start hob and a 20 tooth gear will give a feed rate of 30mm/minute.The disadvantage of a coarse feed rate is that a clear marking is left on the workpiece, particularly in the root, showing a pattern at a spacing of the feed rate per revolution. This surface undulation is less marked on the flanks than in the root and is not important when there is a subsequent finishing operation such as shaving or grinding. When there are no further operations the feed per revolution must be restricted to keep the undulations below a limit which is usually dictated by lubrication conditions. The height of the undulations in the root of the gear is given by squaring the feed per revolution and dividing by four times the diameter of the hob; 1 mm feed and 100mm diameter gives 2.5 micron high undulations in the root. On the gear flank the undulation is roughly cos70 as large, i.e., about 0.85 micron.Accuracy of hobbing is normally high for pitch and for helix, provided machines are maintained; involute is dependent solely on the accuracy of the hob profile. As the involute form is generated by as many cuts as there are gashes on the hob the involute is not exact, but if there are, say, 14 tangents generating a flank of 20 mm radius curvature about 4 mm high the divergence from a true involute is only about half a micron; hob manufacturing and mounting errors can be above 10 microns. Use of twostart hobs or oblique hobbing gives increased error levels since hob errors of pitching transfer to the cut gear.broachingBroaching is not used for helical gears but is useful for internal spur gears; the principal use of broaching in this context is for internal splines which cannot easily be made by any other method. As with all broaching the method is only economic for large quantities since setup costs are high.The major application of broaching techniques to helical external gears is that used by Gleasons in their G-TRAC machine .this machine operates by increasing the effective radius of a hobbing cutter to infinity so that each tooth of the cutter is travelingin a straight line instead of on a radius. This allows the cutting action to extend over the whole facewidth of a gear instead of the typical 0.75 mm feed per revolution of hobbing. The resulting process gives a very high production rate , more suitable for U.S.A. production volumes than for the relatively low European volumes and so, despite a high initial cost ,is very competitive.Broaching give high accuracy and good surface finish but like all cutting processes is limited to “soft” materials which must be subsequently casehardened or heat treated, giving distortion.ShavingA shaving cutting cutter looks like a gear which has extra clearance at the root and whose tooth flanks have been grooved to give cutting edges. It is run in mesh with the rough gear with crossed axes so that there is in theory point contact with a relative velocity along the teeth giving scraping action. The shaving cutter teeth are relatively flexible in bending and so will only operate effectively when they are in double contact between two gear teeth. The gear and cutter operate at high rotational speeds with traversing of the workface and about 100 mm micron of material is removed. Cycle times can be less than half a minute and the machines are not expensive but cutters are delicate and difficult to manufacture. It is easy to make adjustments of profile at the shaving stage and crowning can be applied. Shaving can be carried out near a shoulder by using a cutter which is plunged in to depth without axial movement; this method is fast but requires more complex cutter design.grindingGrinding is extremely important because it is the main way hardened gear are machined. When high accuracy is required it is not sufficient to pre-correct for heat treatment distortion and grinding is then necessary.The simplest approach to grinding, often termed the Orcutt method. The wheel profile is dressed accurately to shape using single point diamonds which are controlled by templates cut to the exact shape required; 6:1 scaling with a pantograph is often used. The profile wheel is then reciprocated axially along the gear which rotates to allow for helix angle effects; when one tooth shape has been finished, involving typically 100 micron metal removal the gear is indexed to the next tooth space. This method is fairly show but gives high accuracy consistently. Setting up is lengthy because different dressing templates are needed if module, number of teeth, helix angle, or profile correction are changed.The fastest grinding method uses the same principle as hobbing but replaces a gashed and relieved worm by a grinding wheel which is a rack in section. Since high surface speeds are needed the wheel diameter is increased so that wheels of 0.5 m diameter can run at over 2000 rpm to give the necessary 1000 m/min. only single start worms are cut on the wheel but gear rotation speeds are high,100 rpm typically, so it is difficult to design the drive system to give accuracy and rigidity. Accuracy of the process is reasonably high although there is a tendency for wheel and workpiece to deflect variably during grinding so the wheel form may require compensation for machine deflection effects. Generation of a worm shape on the grinding wheel is a slow process since a dressing diamond or roller must not only form the rack profile but has to move axially as the wheel rotates. Once the wheel has been trued, gears can be groundrapidly until redressing is required. This is the most popular method for high production rates with small gear and is usually called the Reishauer method.Large gears are usually generated by the Maag method which is similar to planning in its approach but uses cup grinding wheels of large diameter to form the flanks of the theoretical mating rack. Gears of very large diameter cannot easily be moved so the gear is essentially stationary while the grinding wheel carriage reciprocates in the direction of the helix. The wheel is only in contact over a small part of the facewidth in helical gears so this is not important when only a few gears of this size are made in a year. As with form grinding, after grinding a pair of flanks the gear is indexed to the next pair.A similar method used for medium size gears has stationary wheels, while the rough gear is traversed under the wheels. Corresponding rotational movement of the gear is controlled by steel bands unwrapping from a cylinder of pitch circle diameter so that the motion of gear relative to “rack” is correct.Another method, the Nile approach, uses a wheel which is formed to give the “theoretical mating rack” instead of using two cup wheels as in the Maag method. This approach is best suited to medium precision work on smaller gears and is intermediate in speed between the Reishauer and Maag methods.All grinding processes are slow and costly compared with cutting processed and so are only used when accuracy is essential. A rough rule of thumb is that grinding will increase gear cutting costs by a factor of 10 but the cost of the teeth is often only a small part of the total cost of a gearbox. The accuracies attainable are surprisingly not very dependent on size of gear ; whether a gear is 5 m or 50 m diameter the pitch involute and helix accuracies attainable are of the order of 5 microns or better and more dependent on the skill and patience of the operator and inspectors than on any other factors.It is often assumed that grinding will remove all error generated at the roughing stage. Unfortunately, grinding machines are relatively flexible and so the grinding wheel has a tendency to follow previous errors. The errors will thus be reduced but not completely eliminated unless very many cuts are used; whenever a grinding process is giving in consistent results it is advisable to check the accuracies at the rough-cut stage. The only exception is the form grinding process which will not follow involute errors though it will still allow helix and pitch errors.中文译文齿轮的加工方法加工齿轮轮齿有两种基本的方法：产生过程和形成过程。
外文翻译---齿轮的设计、制造和应用
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：学号：外文出处： Mechanism and Machine Theory34 (1999) 857-876(用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文动力传动圆锥渐开线齿轮的设计、制造和应用Dr. J. Börner,K. Humm,Dr. F. Joachim,Dr. H. akaria,ZF Friedrichshafen AG , 88038Friedrichshafen, Germany；[摘要]圆锥渐开线齿轮(斜面体齿轮)被用于交叉或倾斜轴变速器和平行轴自由侧隙变速器中。
圆锥齿轮是在齿宽横断面上具有不同齿顶高修正(齿厚)的直齿或斜齿圆柱齿轮。
这类齿轮的几何形状是已知的，但应用在动力传动上则多少是个例外。
ZF公司已将该斜面体齿轮装置应用于各种场合:4W D轿车传动装置、船用变速器(主要用于快艇)机器人齿轮箱和工业传动等领域。
斜面体齿轮的模数在0. 7 mm-8 mm之间，交叉传动角在0°- 25°。
之间。
这些边界条件需要对斜面体齿轮的设计、制造和质量有一个深入的理解。
在锥齿轮传动中为获得高承载能力和低噪声所必须进行的齿侧修形可采用范成法磨削工艺制造。
为降低制造成本，机床设定和由于磨削加工造成的齿侧偏差可在设计阶段利用仿真制造进行计算。
本文从总体上介绍了动力传动变速器斜面体齿轮的研发，包括:基本几何形状、宏观及微观几何形状的设计、仿真、制造、齿轮测量和试验。
1前言在变速器中如果各轴轴线不平行的话，转矩传递可采用多种设计，例如:伞齿轮或冠齿轮、万向节轴或圆锥渐开线齿轮(斜面体齿轮)。
圆锥渐开线齿轮特别适用于小轴线角度(小于15°)，该齿轮的优点是在制造、结构特点和输入多样性等方而的简易。
圆锥渐开线齿轮被用于直角或交叉轴传动的变速器或被用于平行轴自由侧隙工况的变速器。
齿轮的加工工艺
毕 业 设 计（论文）（说 明 书）题 目： 齿轮的加工工艺 姓 名： 编 号：年 月 日摘要本论文系统的讲述了齿轮加工工艺的的过程及圆柱齿轮的加工工艺。
讨论了几种常见齿轮齿形加工的方法和根切现象并给出计算公式。
并且讲述了齿轮加工中常见的的加工误差；以保证齿轮加工的准确性。
本论文是关于齿轮的加工工艺，以介绍方法为宗旨，着重实力，力图做到内容完整、详实。
主要介绍机械制造工艺规程设计的基本要求、内容、方法和步骤。
通过对齿轮的齿型加工分析及齿轮加工误差的分析可以更准确的把握住齿轮的加工工艺过程；进而加工出精度更高的齿轮.关键词：加工工艺齿型的加工加工误差AbstractThis paper describes the system processing of the process of gear and gear processing technology. Discussed several common processing methods and gear tooth root cutting in and give the formula.And describes the common gear machining processing error; to ensure the accuracy of gear.This paper is about the gear processing technology, to introduce methods for the purpose, focus on strength, trying to make the content complete and informative.Machinery manufacturing process specification introduces the basic requirements for the design, content, methods and steps.Through analysis of gear-type processing and manufacturing error of analysis can more accurately grasp the gear machining process; further be processed more precise gear.Key words: tooth processing processing processing errors目录摘要 (2)第1章前言 (1)第2章齿轮加工概述 (2)2.1圆柱齿轮的结构特点 (2)2.2圆柱齿轮的传动精度要求 (2)2.3齿轮的材料、热处理及毛坯 (3)2.4齿轮齿形加工方法及选择 (6)第3章圆柱齿轮的加工工艺过程 (12)3.1工艺过程分析 (12)3.2齿端加工 (15)3.3精基准修正 (16)第4章齿轮加工误差工艺分析 (17)4.1影响传动精度的加工误差分析 (17)4.2影响齿轮工作平稳性的加工误差分析 (21)4.3影响齿轮接触精度的加工误差分析 (22)第5章结论 (24)参考文献 (25)致谢 (26)第1章前言齿轮是机器中广泛采用的传动零件之一。
机械制造 毕业设计 外文英文文献 翻译 齿轮和齿轮传动
机械制造毕业设计外文英文文献翻译齿轮和齿轮传动Gears and gear driveGears are the most durable and rugged of all mechanical drives. They can transmit high power at efficiencies up to 98% and with long service lives. For this reason, gears rather than belts or chains are found in automotive transmissions and most heavy-duty machine drives. On the other hand, gears are more expensive than other drives, especially if they are machined and not made from power metal or plastic.Gear cost increases sharply with demands for high precision and accuracy. So it is important to establish tolerance requirements appropriate for the application. Gears that transmit heavy loads or than operate at high speeds are not particularly expensive, but gears that must do both are costly.Silent gears also are expensive. Instrument and computer gears tend to be costly because speed or displacement ratios must be exact. At the other extreme, gears operating at low speed in exposed locations are normally termed no critical and are made to minimum quality standards.For tooth forms, size, and quality, industrial practice is to follow standards set up by the American Gear Manufactures AssociationAGMA.Tooth formStandards published by AGMA establish gear proportions and tooth profiles. Tooth geometry is determined primarily by pitch, depth, and pressure angle.Pitch：Standards pitches are usually whole numbers when measured as diametral pitch P. Coarse-pitch gearing has teeth larger than 20 diametral pitch ?usually 0.5 to 19.99. Fine-pitch gearing usually has teeth of diametral pitch 20 to 200.Depth: Standardized in terms of pitch. Standard full-depth have working depth of 2/p. If the teeth have equal addendaas in standard interchangeable gears the addendum is 1/p. Stub teeth have a working depth usually 20% less than full-depth teeth. Full-depth teeth have a larger contract ratio than stub teeth. Gears with small numbers of teeth may have undercut so than they do not interfere with one another during engagement. Undercutting reduce active profile and weakens the tooth.Mating gears with long and short addendum have larger load-carrying capacity than standard gears. The addendum of the smaller gear pinion is increased while that of larger gear is decreased, leaving the whole depth the same. This form is know as recess-action gearing.Pressure Angle: Standard angles are and . Earlier standards include a 14-pressure angle that is still used. Pressure angle affectsthe force that tends to separate mating gears. High pressure angle decreases the contact ratio ratio of the number of teeth in contact but provides a tooth of higher capacity and allows gears to have fewer teeth without undercutting.Backlash: Shortest distances between the non-contacting surfaces of adjacent teeth .Gears are commonly specified according to AGMA Class Number, which is a code denoting important quality characteristics. Quality number denote tooth-element tolerances. The higher the number, the closer the tolerance. Number 8 to 16 apply to fine-pitch gearing.Gears are heat-treated by case-hardening, through-hardening, nitriding, or precipitation hardening. In general, harder gears are stronger and last longer than soft ones. Thus, hardening is a device that cuts the weight and size of gears. Some processes, such as flame-hardening, improve service life but do not necessarily improve strength.Design checklistThe larger in a pair is called the gear, the smaller is called the pinion.Gear Ratio: The number of teeth in the gear divide by the number of teeth in the pinion. Also, ratio of the speed of the pinion to the speed of the gear. In reduction gears, the ratio of input to output speeds.Gear Efficiency: Ratio of output power to input power. includesconsideration of power losses in the gears, in bearings, and from windage and churning of lubricant.Speed: In a given gear normally limited to some specific pitchline velocity. Speed capabilities can be increased by improving accuracy of the gear teeth and by improving balance of the rotating parts.Power: Load and speed capacity is determined by gear dimensions and by type of gear. Helical and helical-type gears have the greatest capacity to approximately 30,000 hp. Spiral bevel gear are normally limited to 5,000 hp, and worm gears are usually limited to about 750 hp.Special requirementsMatched-Set Gearing: In applications requiring extremely high accuracy, it may be necessary to match pinion and gear profiles and leads so that mismatch does not exceed the tolerance on profile or lead for the intended application.Tooth Spacing: Some gears require high accuracy in the circular of teeth. Thus, specification of pitch may be required in addition to an accuracy class specification.Backlash: The AMGA standards recommend backlash ranges to provide proper running clearances for mating gears. An overly tight mesh may produce overload. However, zero backlash is required in some applications.Quiet Gears: To make gears as quit as possible, specify thefinest pitch allowable for load conditions. In some instances, however, pitch is coarsened to change mesh frequency to produce a more pleasant, lower-pitch sound. Use a low pressure angle. Use a modified profile to include root and tip relief. Allow enough backlash. Use high quality numbers. Specify a surface finish of 20 in. or better. Balance the gear set. Use a nonintegral ratio so that the same teeth do not repeatedly engage if both gear and pinion are hardened steel. If the gear is made of a soft material, an integral ratio allows the gear to cold-work and conform to the pinion, thereby promoting quiet operation. Make sure critical are at least 20% apart from operating speeding or speed multiples and from frequency of tooth mesh.Multiple mesh gearMultiple mesh refers to move than one pair of gear operating in a train. Can be on parallel or nonparallel axes and on intersection or nonintersecting shafts. They permit higer speed ratios than are feasible with a single pair of gears .Series trains:Overall ratio is input shaft speed divided by output speed ,also the product of individual ratios at each mesh ,except in planetary gears .Ratio is most easily found by dividing the product of numbers of teeth of driven gears by the product of numbers of teeth of driving gears.Speed increasers with step-up rather than step-down ratios mayrequire special care in manufacturing and design. They often involve high speeds and may creste problems in gear dynamics. Also, frictional and drag forces are magnified which, in extreme cases , may lead to operational problems.Epicyclic Gearing:Normally, a gear axis remains fixed and only the gears rotates. But in an epicyclic gear train, various gears axes rotate about one anther to provide specialized output motions. With suitable clutchse and brakes, an epicyclic train serves as the planetary gear commonly found in automatic transmissions.Epicyclic trains may use spur or helical gears, external or internal, or bevel gears. In transmissions, the epicyclic or planetary gears usually have multiple planets to increase load capacity.In most cases, improved kinematic accuracy in a gearset decreases gear mesh excitation and results in lower drive noise. Gearset accuracy can be increased by modifying the tooth involute profile, by substituting higher quality gearing with tighter manufacturing tolerances, and by improving tooth surface finish. However, if gear mesh excitation generaters resonance somewhere in the drive system, nothing short of a “perfect” gearset will substantially reduce vibration and noise.Tooth profiles are modified to avoid interferences which can result from deflections in the gears, shafts, and housing as teeth engageand disendgage. If these tooth interferences are not compensated for by profile modifications, gears load capacity can be seriously reduced. In addition, the drive will be noisier because tooth interferences generate high dynamic loads. Interferences typically are eliminated by reliving the tooth tip, the tooth flank, or both. Such profile modifications are especially important for high-load , high-speed drives. The graph of sound pressure levelvs tip relief illustrates how tooth profile modifications can affect overall drive noise. If the tip relief is less than this optimum value, drive noise increases because of greater tooth interference; a greater amount of tip relief also increase noise because the contact ratio is decreased.Tighter manufacturing tolerances also produce quietier gears. Tolerances for such parameters as profile error, pitch AGMA quality level. For instance, the graph depicting SPL vs both speed and gear quality shows how noise decreases example, noise is reduced significantly by an increase in accuracy from an AGMA Qn 11 quality to an AGNA Qn 15 quality. However, for most commercial drive applications, it is doubtful that the resulting substantial cost increase for such an accuracy improvement can be justified simply on the basis of reduced drive noise.Previously, it was mentioned that gears must have adequate clearance when loaded to prevent tooth interference during the course of meshing. Tip and flank relief are common profile modifications thatcontrol such interference. Gears also require adequate backlash and root clearance. Noise considerations make backlash an important parameter to evaluate during drive design. Sufficient backlash must be provided under all load and temperature conditions to avoid a tight mesh, which creates excessively high noise level. A tight mesh due to insufficient backlash occurs when the drive and coast side of a tooth are in contact simultaneously. On the other hand, gears with excessive backlash also are noisy because of impacting teeth during periods of no load or reversing load. Adequate backlash should be provided by tooth thinning rather than by increase in center distance. Tooth thinning dose not decrease the contact ratio, whereas an increase in center distance does. However, tooth thinning does reduce the bending fatigue, a reduction which is small for most gearing systems.齿轮和齿轮传动在所有的机械传动形式中，齿轮传动是一种最结实耐用的传动方式。
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拉削不被用于斜齿轮，但对内齿直齿轮时十分有用的。联系全局来看，拉削的最重要的用途是用任何其他的方法都不容易加工的内花键。跟所有的拉削方法一样，这种方法对批量生产是经济的，因为安装成本较高。
拉削技术对内齿斜齿轮主要的应用是由Gleasons在其G-TRAC机床上。这台机器的运作，增加滚齿切割机的有效半径至无限远，使刀具的每一个齿都能在一条直线上转动，而不是对在一个半径上。这使得切割行为延长超过齿轮的整个端面宽度，替代了传统的滚刀每转0.75毫米的进给量。由此产生的过程中提供了非常高的生产率，更适合于美国，美国的产量在整个欧洲来说，相对较低，尽管初始成本高，但非常具有竞争力。
滚齿机的精度对齿距和螺旋线来说，通常很高，假设机床维持不变，渐开线单单决定于滚刀齿廓的精度。渐开线的形式随着滚刀的切入产生，在滚刀上留有裂痕时，渐开线是不真实的。但是，如果说有14条切线产生在曲率半径约20毫米的齿侧，从真实的渐开线分离，仅仅大约0.5微米。滚刀的制造和安装误差可以超过10微米。使用两头开始的滚刀或斜滚齿机可增加误差水平，因为滚刀的齿距误差的转移到切割齿轮上。
非常高的精确度是十分重要的，而成型切割机的不准确性也是相当要紧的。因为它们可能转移到削减齿轮。很明显侧面的错误将转移，但比起离心机或破碎机给予的特点，“掉落的轮齿”，是相当不明显的。对于掉齿有几个原因，但它发生最频繁的是，当工件的直径大约是刀具直径的一半，1.5倍或2.5倍时。如果刀具开始在高点，在最后完成渐开线齿轮期间结束在低点，在刀具上峰与峰的偏心误差发生在最后的渐开线切割齿轮的第一个和最后一个齿轮之间。当刀具的累积螺距误差可能刚好超过25微米时，切割轮齿时就会有一个突然的这个数量的螺距误差。在机床上切割的下一个齿轮可能在邻近的节圆上是好的，如果在切割机上最后的切割碰巧发生在一个有利的位置。
粗糙进给速率的缺点是在工件上会留下明显的标志，尤其是在齿根，每转在进给速率的空间显示一种图案。齿侧标记的表面波纹比齿跟要少，当有一个随后的整理操作时，如剃齿或磨削，这一点就不重要了。当没有进一步的操作时，每转的进给量必须加以限制，保证粗糙度在一个界限以下，通常这决定于润滑条件。齿根上波纹的高度指定乘以每转的进给量，然后除以滚刀直径的4倍。1毫米的进给量和100毫米的直径可产生2.5微米高的波纹。对齿侧波纹大约跟cos70一样大，即约0.85微米。
金属去除率高，因为螺旋铣刀或工件没有做往复运动的需要，所以40m/min的切割速度可用于传统的滚刀,切割速度高达150m/min的用于硬质合金滚刀。通常一个直径为100毫米的滚刀转速达到100rpm，所以20个齿的工件以每分钟5转的速度旋转。工件的每个旋转运动将对应于0.75毫米的进给量，所以滚刀会提前通过工件约每分钟4毫米。对于汽车生产，近似多头开始的滚刀，可用于每转3毫米的粗糙进给量，以便在切割机上达到100rpm的速度，一个两头开始的滚刀和20个齿的齿轮可提供每分钟30毫米的进给速率。
当一个轮齿形成时，该刀具是呈正被加工出来的空间的形状的。一些磨床使用此原理，与一个指示装置配套在一起使轮齿一个挨一个形成。刀就是同时加工所有轮齿形成刀具的例子。
成型
成型本质上是与平面图类似的，但采用了圆形的切削刀具替代了齿条，由此产生的往复惯性的减少，允许更高的行程速度：现代的成型切割汽车齿轮可以以每分钟2000切割行程运行。切削刀具的形状大致是与渐开线齿轮相同的，但轮齿的顶端是圆形的。
拉削提供了较高的精确度和良好的表面光洁度，但象所有切削过程一样，仅限于“软”材料，必须随后进行表面淬火或热处理，使其变形。
剃齿
剃齿切割机看起来像一个在齿根有着额外间隙的齿轮，齿侧有槽，提供切削边缘。它是运行在网格与粗糙齿轮轴交叉处，以便与做剩余运动的轮齿的相对速度有理论联系点。该剃齿刀的轮齿相对灵活的弯曲，所以当它们在两个齿轮的轮齿间两两接触时，只有有效地运作。齿轮和刀具横向在工作面以高转速运转时，大约100毫米的材料被去除。周期时间可以少于半分钟，机床并不昂贵，但刀具是精密的，很难制造。在剃齿机边缘容易对齿廓作出调整，然后凸缘能被利用。剃齿可以使用刀具在凸肩处完成，向下到某一深度，无轴向运动。这种方法速度快，但需要更复杂的刀具设计。
切削刀具和工件之间的发电驱动器之间不涉及机架或连接螺钉，因为只有圆周运动在涉及的范围内。切割机每走一个行程，工具和工件通常在切线方向移动0.5毫米。在返回的行程中，刀具必须被缩进约1毫米留有间隙，否则就会产生摩擦，马上发生故障。这类型机床的速度被限制，保证大约50千克重的切割机和轴承可移动1毫米的距离。加速度所涉及的扭矩可增加5000N的力，但必须保持高的精度。
译文标题
原文标题
Gear manufacturing methods
作者
Zhang Baozhu
译名
张宝珠
两种基本的方法：产生过程和形成过程。当一个轮齿产生时，工件和切削或磨削工具，是不断啮合在一起的，轮齿的形式是由刀具决定的。换句话说，工件和刀具是共轭的。滚齿机，成型切割机，剃齿机，磨床都使用这个原理。
各种尝试已经作出，防止这种效应，特别是通过连续旋转，没有任何进一步的刀料，但如果成型机是不是很坚固，刀具不是很尖锐，然后没有进一步的切割发生，误差将不会被消除。
滚齿
滚齿是最常用的金属切削方法，使用机架产生的原理，但避免了由在旋转切削机上增加许多齿条引起的缓慢的往复运动。齿条在轴线方向上替换为切口蜗杆。齿条不能为整个பைடு நூலகம்齿的工作长度产生正确的渐开线形状，因为他们在圆弧轨迹上移动，所以滚刀缓慢地沿轮齿走刀，在轴向或法向或倾斜的滚齿机螺旋线方向上。
成型机的优点是生产效率相对较高，可能在齿顶上切出直角。不幸的是，对于斜齿轮，螺旋导向器需要在直线运动中施加旋转运动，这种螺旋导向器不容易生产，也不便宜。所以该方法只适合在斜齿轮上的长距离，因为对每个不同的螺旋角就要生产特殊的刀具和导向器。成型机的一个很大的优点，是它可以生产环形齿轮，例如那些需要大型epicyclie周转圆的驱动器。