初中英语时态专题概要

专题一时态

一般现在时态

一、导入

某人刻苦学习英语，终有小成。一日上街不慎与一老外相撞，忙说：I am sorry. 老外应道：I am sorry too. 某人听后又道：I am sorry three. 老外不解，问：What are you sorry for 某人无奈，道：I am sorry five.

二、一般现在时态

1．概述

一般现在时表示习惯性、经常性、反复性的动作或存在的状态。“习惯性、经常性、反复性”是一般现在时的三大特性，它不表示特定时间内发生的事。

2．构成：

时态的结构指的是动词的变化形式。一般现在时间有两种结构，一种是动词原形，用于主语为非第三人称时的情况；另一种为动词的第三人称单数形式，用于主语为第三人称时的情况。

often get up early in the morning.

father often gets up early in the morning.

3. 谈谈“主语为三单，其后动词s添”

在一般现在时中，当主语为第三人称单数时，谓语动词要用第三人称单数形式。可以简单叙述为“主语为三单，其后动词s添”。何谓第三人称单数用一句话概括就是“非你、非我、非复数”，如he, she, it, my father, my mother, my sister, our English teacher, Tom, Mike, Liu Jia, China, my book, etc.

sometimes goes to school by bike.

father works in the hospital as a doctor.

4 . 动词第三人称单数变化规则

动词第三人称变化的规则与可数名词复数变化的规则相同。

1) .一般在词尾加-s。

如：looks, puts. reads, sees, skis等。

如：goes, does, misses, passes, mixes, fixes, pushes, wishes, watches, teaches,等。

3）以辅音字母加y结尾的，变y为i，再加-es。注意一定是辅音字母加y才变，若是元音字母加y，则直接加-s。如：fly→flies,try→tries,fry→fries,copy→copies

buy→buys,enjoy→enjoys,play→plays,say→says,pay→pays

5. 一般现在时态的用法：

1）. 现阶段经常性，习惯性的动作或者存在的状态。

I get up at six every morning.

He plays tennis once a week.

My mother is a teacher. She teaches English in a school.

2).客观真理例如：

The earth goes around the sun.

3)．在条件状态从句和时间状语从句中，用一般现在时表示将来。

If you don't go soon, you'll be late. 如果你不快去的话，你就要迟到了。

I will wait for you until you come back. 我将一直等到你回来。

6. 常用于一般现在时态的时间状语：

often usually sometimes always every day never in the morning 等。

例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！

--- May I help you, sir

--- Yes, I bought the TV the day before yesterday, but it ______.

A. didn’t work

B. doesn’t work

C. won’t work

D. can’t work

2．______ the bus until it ______..

A. Get off, stops

B. Get off, will stop

C. Don’t get off, stops

D. Don’t get off, will stop

A. takes

B. are taking

C. took

D. will take

7 . 一般现在时的句子转换

（1）当句子中有be动词或情态动词时，则把be动词或情态动词(can,could等等)提到主语的前面变成一般疑问句;在be动词或情态动词后面加not变成否定句.例：

①陈述句：She is a student.

一般疑问句→ Is she a student

否定句→ She is not a student.

②陈述句：I can swim.

一般疑问句→ Can you swim

否定句→ I can not swim.

（2）当句子中即没有be动词，也没有情态动词时，则在主语前加助动词do (you,以及复数), does（单数she,he,it）变成一般疑问句；在主语后谓语动词前加助动词don’t（I,you,以及复数), doesn’t（单数she,he,it）变成否定句，助动词后的动词要变成动词原形。例：

①陈述句：We get up at 7:00 every morning.一般疑问句→Do you get up at 7:00 every morning否定句→We don’t get up at 7:00 every morning.

②陈述句：She has a little brother.

一般疑问句→ Does she have a little brother否定句→ She doesn’t have a little brother.

当堂过手训练

1.写出下列动词的三单形式

go__________ catch_________

brush（刷）_____ wash___________

do________ like________

have___________ watch________

drink ___________ fly___________

say_______ learn ___________

eat___________ read___________ sing___________ buy__________

study_______ stay __________

make __________ look ____

pass__________ carry ____

come__________plant(种植)______

teach_______ buy__________

2.用括号内动词的适当形式填空。

1. We often___________(play) in the playground.

2. He _________(get) up at six o’clock.

(brush) your teeth every morning.

4. What________ (do) he usually______ (do) after school

(study)English,Chinese,Maths,

Science and Art at school.

6. Mike sometimes __________(go) to the park with his sister.

7. At eight at night, she often__________(watch) TV with his parents.

8. ________ Mike________(read) English every day

many lessons_________your classmate________(have) on Monday 10. What time_________his mother_________(do) the housework

3.选择题

( )1. I ________to school at 7:00 in the morning.

A. go

B. going

C. goes

( )2. They _______books every day in the library.

B. read

C. reading

( )3. The monkey________ eating bananas very much.

B. likes

C. liking

( )4. My father ________to read newspaper after supper every day.

B. likes

C. liking

( )5. I like watching TV, but my mother _________like it.

A. don’t

B. doesn’t

C. does

( )6. ____________ your father drink milk every day

B. are

C. does

（）7. We will go shopping if it____ tomorrow.

A.don't rain

B. didn't rain

't rain D. isn't rain

（）8. He said the sun ____in the east and ____in the west.

A rose; set

B rises; sets

C rises, set

D rise; sets

（）Mei ____ music and often ____ to music.

A like; listen

B likes; listens

C like; are listening

D liking ; listen

（）10. Jenny____ English every evening.

A has study

B studies

C study

D studied

4.改错(划出错误的地方，将正确的写在横线上)

1. Is your brother speak English __________________

2. Does he likes going fishing __________________

3. He likes play games after class. __________________

4. Mr. Wu teachs us English. __________________

5. She don't do her homework on Sundays. _________________

5.把下列句子变成一般疑问句（并作肯定和否定回答）、否定句

例：I like cooking.

→Do you like cooking Yes, I do. No, I don't.

I don't like cooking.

friends like playing soccer.

speak English every day.

watches TV every evening

is from Canada.

does his homework at home.

dog runs fast.

likes playing computer games.

can play the piano well.

一般过去式

一、概念：

一般过去时用来表示过去某一时间内发生的动作或存在的状态以及过去习惯性、反复性的动作。谓语动词要用动词的过去式，常和表示过去的时间状语连用，如yesterday昨天、last night昨晚、last week上周、last year去年，等。

二、过去式及其句子结构：（可分两类不同的变化）

※规则动词的过去式的变化规则

1.一般情况下，在动词原形后面加-ed。

look→looked play→played start→started visit→visited

2.以不发音e结尾的动词，在词尾直接加-d。

live→lived use→used

3.以“辅音字母+ y”结尾的动词，先将 y 改为i ,再加–ed。

study→studied try→tried fly→flied

4.以重读闭音节（即辅音＋元音＋辅音）或r音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词，要先双写这个辅音字母后，再加–ed。

stop→stopped plan→planned prefer→preferred

※不规则动词的过去式需特殊记忆。

如：am(is)-was, are-were（是）, go-went（走）, come-came（来）,

take-took（拿）, have (has)-had（有），begin（开始）--began,

bring（拿来）--brought, can（能）--could, catch（捉住）--caught,

cut（砍，割）--cut, do/does（做，干）--did, draw（画画,拉）--drew,

drink（喝）--drank, drive（驾驶）--drove, eat（吃）--ate,

fall（跌倒，落下）--fell, feel（感觉）--felt, fly（飞）--flew,

get（获得）--got, give（给）---gave, grow（生长）--grew,

keep（保持）--kept, know（知道，认识）--knew, learn（学习）--learnt,

leave （离开）--left, let（让）--let, lie（躺，平放）--lay,

make（使得，做）--made, may（可以）--might, must（必须）--must,

read（读）--read, ride （骑）--rode, ring （鸣铃）--rang,

run （跑）--ran, say （说）--said, see （看见）--saw,

sell （卖）--sold, send（送）--sent, set （放）--set,

sing（唱歌）--sang, sit （坐）--sat, sleep （睡觉）--slept,

speak（说话）--spoke, spend （花费）--spent, stand （站立）--stood,

swim （游泳）--swam, teach（教）--taught, tell （告诉）--told,

think（认为）--thought, throw（投掷）--threw, understand（懂得）--understood,

wear（穿）--wore, will（将要）--would, win（获胜）--won,

句子结构

动词的一般过去时

在没有实义动词的句子中使用be动词， am is 的过去式为was; are的过去式为were 肯定句式：主语 + be(was , were) + 其它.

否定句式：主语 + be(was , were) + not + 其它.

一般疑问句：Be(was , were) + 主语 + 其它

Eg . I was a middle school student.

否定句：

疑问句：

2. 实义动词的一般过去时态

肯定句要使用动词的过去式，否定句和疑问句要使用助动词do和 does 的过去式 did.

肯定句式：主语 + 动词（过去式）+ 其它

否定句式：主语 + didn’t + 动词（原形）+ 其它【did not = didn’t】

一般疑问句：Did + 主语+ 动词（原形）+ 其它【do , does的过去时均为did】

eg . I played computer games yesterday.

否定句：

疑问句

3. 情态动词的一般过去时态

情态动词的过去式：can→could , may→might , must→mus t ，will-would，should-should。含有情态动词的一般过去时与含有Be动词的一般过去时，是十分相似，请注意观察。肯定句式：主语 + 情态动词 + 其它.

否定句式：主语 + 情态动词 + not + 其它.

一般疑问句：情态动词 + 主语 + 其它

eg . I coud fly kites senven years ago.

否定句：

一般疑问句:

4.特殊疑问句式：

特殊疑问词+be过去式+主语+其他

特殊疑问词+情态助动词过去式+主语+动词原形+其他

特殊疑问词+do/does过去式+主语+动词原形+其他

What was your former name 你以前叫什么名字

Why did he late for school last Monday 上星期一他为什么迟到

What could she do twenty years ago 20年前她能做什么

三、一般过去时的判断标志词

yesterday , the day before yesterday , last + 时间 , this morning

时间 + ago , just now , a moment ago , in + 过去的时间 ,

四、一般过去时的基本用法

①表示过去某个特定时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

He suddenly fell ill last night.

他昨晚突然病倒了。

②表示过去的习惯性或经常发生的动作。

She went to the cinema once a month when she was at school.

她上学时每个月去看一场电影。

When I was in the countryside, I often walked by the riverside.

我在乡下时经常在河边散步。

一般过去时表示过去经常或反复发生的动作，常和often经常，

always总是，once a week一周一次，等表示频度的时间状语连用。

一、巧记一般过去时：

动词一般过去时，表示过去发生的事；be用was或用were, have,has变had；谓语动词过去式，过去时间作标志；一般动词加-ed，若是特殊得硬记。

否定句很简单，主语之后didn’t添；

疑问句也不难，did放在主语前；（不含be动词时）

如果谓语之前有did，谓语动词需还原；

动词若是was,were,否定就把not添。（含be动词时）

疑问句也不难，要把was，were放在主语前。

二、be的一般过去时：学习动词be的一般过去时，下面有一口诀，它可以帮你们更好地掌

握动词be的一般过去时。

be的过去时有四巧：

一是时间状语巧，表示过去的短语要记牢；

二是形式巧，单数was，复数were；

三巧是否定句结构，not紧跟was／were；

四是疑问句式巧，was／were向前跑(提前)。

【一巧】时间状语（即标志词）巧。一般过去时表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态，恰巧与表示过去的一些时间状语连用。

【二巧】形式巧。它与一般现在时一样，形式多样：当主语是第一人称单数或第三人称单数时，谓语动词用was；主语是第二人称或其他人称复数时，谓语动词用were。

例如：I was in the classroom yesterday morning．昨天早上我在教室里。

He was at school last Tuesday．上周二他在学校。

They were over there a moment ago．刚才他们在那边。

【三巧】否定句结构巧。与动词be的一般现在时一样，它在动词后面加not即可变成否定句，并且was, were与not可以缩写成wasn't, weren't。即：

主语＋wasn't／weren't ＋表语＋其他。例如：

I was not (＝wasn't) here yesterday．昨天我不在这儿。

My parents were not (＝weren't) at home last Sunday．上周日我父母不在家。【四巧】疑问句式巧。把was, were提到句首，句末用问号即可变为一般疑问句。即：Was(Were) ＋主语＋表语＋其他这恰巧与动词be的一般现在时的疑问句

式相似。例如：Were you at home the day before yesterday﹖前天你在家吗

Was she late this morning﹖今天早上她迟到了吗

更巧的是疑问句的答语也相似，肯定回答用“Yes, 主语＋was／were．”；

否定回答用“N o,主语＋wasn't／weren't．”。

例如：—Were Wei Hua and Han Mei here just now﹖刚才魏华和韩梅在这儿吗

—Yes, they were．(No, they weren't．) 是的，她们在。（不，她们不在。）

当堂过手训练

一、单项选择：从下列各题后所给的四个选项中选择最佳答案填空。(10)

( )1．My father＿＿＿＿＿＿ill yesterday．

A．isn't B．aren't C．wasn't D．weren't

( )2．＿＿＿＿＿＿your parents at home last week﹖

A．Is B．Was C．Are D．Were

( )3．The twins＿＿＿＿＿＿in Dalian last year．They＿＿＿＿＿＿here now．A．are; were B．were; are C．was; are D．were; was ( )4．＿＿＿＿＿＿your father at work the day＿＿＿＿＿yesterday(前天）﹖A．Was; before B．Is; before C．Was; after D．Is; after ( )5．—Who was on duty last Friday﹖

—＿＿＿＿＿＿．

A．I am B．I was C．Yes, I was D．No, I wasn't ( )6. I cleaned my classroom ___________.

A with three hours

B three hours ago

C in three hours

D three hours before

( ) 7. I came _______ my house two days ago .

A back on

B back to

C to back

D back ( ) 8 . ___________ He did some reading at home.

A What does your father do yesterday evening

B What does your brother do in the school

C What did your brother do over the weekend

D Where did your brother go last Sunday

( ) 9. What did you do ________ I went to the movies.

A next morning Bover the weekend C in the weekend D next Monday

( ) 10. The koala sleeps _______，but gets up _________.

A during the day; at the evening

B at day ;during night

C in the day ;during the evening

D during the day ; at night

二、请用正确动词形式填空。(10)

1. I _________ (have) an exciting party last weekend.

2. _________ she _________(practice) her guitar yesterday No, she _________.

3. What ________ Tom ________ (do) on Saturday evening

He ________(watch) TV and __________(read) an interesting book.

4. They all _________(go) to the mountains yesterday morning.

5. She _________(not visit) her aunt last weekend.

She ________ (stay) at home and _________(do) some cleaning.

6. When ________ you _________(write) this song I __________(write) it last year.

7. My friend, Carol, ________(study) for the math test and ________(practice) English last night.

8. ________ Mr. Li __________(do) the project on Monday morning Yes, he _________.

9. How _________(be) Jim's weekend It _________(be not) bad.

10. ________ (be) your mother a sales assistant last year No. she __________.

三、翻译下列句子(20)

1. 我过了一个忙碌但却刺激的周末。

I _________ _________ __________ __________ exciting weekend.

2. Jenny喜欢看书。昨晚她看了一本英语书。

Jenny likes _________ __________. She _________ an English book last night.

3. Emma每天都看电视。可是昨天他没有看。

Emma__________ TV every day. But he _________ ________ ________ yesterday.

4. 上周六他们做什么了他们做作业和购物了。

What ________ they _________ _________ Saturday

They _________ __________ homework and _________ __________.

5. 今天早上方方得做饭，因为他父亲不在家。

This morning Fangfang ____ ____ ____ ____ because his father _____ _____ ____ yesterday.

6. 你还有什么要说的What _______ would you like _______ _______

7. 放学别忘了向老师说声再见。Don’t forget ______ _______ _______ _______ the teacher.

8. 为什么你昨晚没有看电视Why _______ you _______ TV last night

9. 他在打扫教室的时候，发现地上有块表。

When he ______ the classroom, he ______ a watch on the ground.

10. 他什么时候出生的1980年。---When _______ he _______ ---_______ 1980.

四、改写句子：(20)

1、Lucy did her homework at home.（改否定句）Lucy ________ _______ her homework at home.

2、He found some meat in the fridge（冰箱）.（变一般疑问句)

___________ he __________ ___________ meat in the fridge

3、There was some orange in the cup.（变一般疑问句)_______ there _______ orange in the cup

4. Frank read an interesting book about history. （一般疑问句）

_______ Frank _______ an interesting book about history

5. Why not go out for a walk （同义句）_______ ________ ________ out for a walk

6. Thomas spent RMB 10 on this book. （否定句）Thomas______ _____RMB 10 on this book.

7. My family went to the beach last week. （划线提问）

________ ________ ________ family _______ last week

8. I think she is Lily’s sister. （否定句。注意否定转移）____________________

9. Sally often does some reading in the morning. （否定句）

Sally _______ often ______ some reading in the morning.

10. He is a tall, thin boy. （划线提问）_______ _______ he _______ ________

五、改错题(20)

1．How is Jane yesterday _____________________

2．He go to school by bus last week. ____________________________

3．He often goes home at 6:00 last month. ____________________________

4．I can fly kites seven years ago. ______________________________

5．Did you saw him just now. ____________________________________

6．Tom wasn’t watch TV last night. ____________________________________

7．I didn’t my homework yesterday. ____________________________________

8．He wait for you three hours ago. ____________________________________

9．Who find it just now ________________________________________

make him cry (哭) just now ________________________________

现在进行时态

1. 概念

现在进行时是由“助动词be(am, is, are)＋动词-ing”构成，表示说话者“此刻”或现阶段的行为。

2. 现在进行时的构成：Am/is/ are+ v-ing是现在进行时的构成形式。

动词现在分词的变化规则

1）.一般在动词末尾加ing,如：think-thinking go-going

2）.以不发音字母e结尾的动词，先去掉e,再加ing，如：come-coming make-making

3).以重读闭音节结尾的动词，中间只有一个元音字母，词尾只有一个辅音字母，应双写末尾的辅音字母，再

加ing, 如：put-putting run-running

3．现在进行时的基本结构

1）．肯定句：主语+be(am, is, are)+现在分词+…… 例如：

I am speaking with him on the phone. 我正和他通电话。

He is playing tennis. 他正在打网球。My parents are dancing. 我父母正在跳舞。

2）．否定句：主语+be not+现在分词+…… 例如：

I'm not studying. 我没在学习。She is not reading now. 现在她不是在看书。

They are not writing. 他们没在写。

3）．一般疑问句：Be动词+主语+现在分词+…… 例如：

Eg — Is she still helping Li Ling 她还在帮助李玲吗

— Yes, she is. 是的。/No, she isn't. 不，她没在帮李玲。

Eg — Are you listening to music 你正在听音乐吗

— Yes, I am. 是的。/No, I'm not. 不，我没有听音乐。

4）．特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词+be动词+主语+现在分词+…… 例如：

— What are you studying 你正在学什么— I'm studying English. 我在学英语。

— What is Mike doing 迈克在做什么----He is watching the football match. 他在看足球比赛。

4. 现在进行时的用法：

1. 说话时正在进行或发生的动作（动作是在说话时正在进行）。例如：

She is having a bath now.

2. 现阶段正在进行或发生的动作（但是动作并不是必须在说话时正在进行）。例如：

You are working hard today.

Kate wants to work in Italy, so she is learning Italian.

The population of the world is growing very fast.

频度副词always, forever等词连用时，表示某种强烈的感情。如：

He is always trying out new ideas. (表示欣赏，表扬)

表示按计划即将发生的动作（仅限于go, come, arrive, leave, start, fly, begin, stay 等动词）。如：The party is beginning at 8:00 o’clock.

6) 常用于现在进行时态的时间状语：now 等。

例题解析：举一反三，学的更轻松！

1．I don’t think that it’s true. She’s always ______ lies.

A. tell

B. tells

C. telling

D. told

______ you ______ with the new job

A. do, do

B. do, get along

C. are, doing

D. are, getting on

3．--- Are these socks yours

--- No. Mine ______ outside on the clothes line.

A. are hanging

B. have hung

C. hang

D. hung

当堂过手训练

I. 按要求改写句子

The boy is playing basketball.

否定句：____________________________一般疑问句：_________________________肯定回答：__________________________ 否定回答：__________________________

对“is playing basketball”提问：__________________________

对“ The boy”提问：__________________________

They are singing in the classroom.

否定句：____________________________ 一般疑问句：_________________________肯定回答：__________________________ 否定回答：__________________________

对“are singing ”提问：__________________________

对“ in the classroom”提问：__________________________

3.仿照例句造句:

Model: read, a book

--What are you doing

--I'm reading a book.

1).read a new book________________ 2).clean the blackboard________________

,the window ,open, now.(用现在进行时连词成句.)

_____________________

birds are singing in the tree.(就划线部分提问)

________________________

,who,the window, cleaning(连词成句)

______________________

7. The children are playing games near the house.(就划线部分提问)

_______________

is closing the door now.(改成否定句)

______________________

are doing your homework.(用“I”作主语改写句子)

______________________

,the tree, sing, now, under.(用现在进行时连词成句.)

_____________________

Young Pioneers are helping the old woman.(改成一般疑问句)

______________________

II.单项选择

( )1.我在照看孩子.

(A)I am looking after the baby. (B)I'm look aftering the baby.

(C)I look am aftering the baby. (D)I looking after the baby.

( )'s making ______a kite.

(A)I, me (B)My, my(C)My, me(D)His, his

( ) the woman ______ yellow your teacher

(A)in (B)putting on(C)wearing(D)having ( )!The twins _____their mother do the housework.

(A)are wanting (B)help(C)are helping (D)are looking ( ) the birds doing They are singing in a tree.

(A)Who (B)What(C)How (D)Where ( ) she ____something

(A)eat(B)eating(C)eatting (D)eats

( )7.你在干什么

(A)What is you doing(B)What are you do

(C)What are you doing(D)What do you do

( ) are you listening_____

(A)/(B)for(C)at (D)to

( )9.我正在听他说话.

(A)I listening to him.(B)I'm listening to him.

(C)I'm listen to him.(D)I'm listening him.

( ) are ____their clothes.

(A)makeing (B)putting(C)put away (D)putting on ( )! She____in the classroom.

(A)is singing (B)sing(C)to sing (D)is sing

( ) Jim______ his white shirt and brown trousers.

(A)is putting on (B)wear(C)put on (D)is wearing ( ) you eating I'm eating ______meat.

(A)What ,some (B)Which, any(C)Where, not (D)Wha t,a ( ) in the do their homework.

(A)are watching(B)can't watching(C)don't watch (D)don't watching ( ) children _____football.

(A)is playing (B)are playing(C)play the (D)play a

( ) are flying kites.

(A)他们喜欢放风筝. (B)他们在放风筝吗

(C)他们在放风筝. (D)他们常放风筝.

( ) are many books. Please _____them.

(A)look (B)write(C)count (D)taking

( ),They are swimming in the want _____you.

(A)to go with(B)go with(C)helping (D)help

( ) is _____a new bike today.

(A)jumping (B)running(C)riding (D)taking

III.用现在进行时完成下列句子:

(do) (sing) an English song.

(mend) (mend) a car.

(fly) a kite Yes ,_______.

(sit) in the boat

(ask) questions

(play) games now.

man______________(work) near the house now.

4、过去进行时

1）过去进行时的构成：was / were +v-ing

2) 过去进行时的用法：

过去某一阶段或某一时刻正在进行的动作。例如：

This time last year I was living in Brazil.

What were you doing at 10 o'clock last night

3)常用于过去进行时的时间状语：

at four yesterday afternoon，then，at that time/moment 等。

Daddy promised me he ______ me a computer

A. was bought

B. had bought C bought D. would buy

They said they ______ do some sports if it was fine.

A. were going to

B. went

C. would going

D. were going

作某事”为“be going to do ”.would 后面应跟动词原形，应选A.

:现在完成时态

一．基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done)

二．句型：

否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.

一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.

简略答语: Yes, 主语+ have/has.(肯定)

No, 主语+ haven't/hasn't.(否定)

三．用法

（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果

I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.)

Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)

My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿)

（2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be 动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用.

①for+时段

②since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从……以来）

③since+时段+ago

④since+从句（过去时）

⑤It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）

Mary has been ill for three days.

I have lived here since 1998.

四．has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别

Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场)

Where is your fatherHe has gone to Shanghai.

Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）

My father has been to Shanghai.

Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）

My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.

五．现在完成时的标志

1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义:

* 以already, just和yet为标志

He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。

He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。

He hasn't come back yet.他还没有回来。

* 以ever和never为标志

This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。

He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。

* 以动作发生的次数为标志

He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。

* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before

He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。

She has passed the examso far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。

2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。

* ①for+时段②since+过去一个时间点（过去从句）为标志

注意：1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用

六．过去分词

1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：

(1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。

work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited

(2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。

live---lived---lived ,

(3)、以“辅音字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”。

study---studied---studied ,cry---cried---cried

(4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。

stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped--dropped

2 、不规则动词：

AAA型

原型过去式过去分词

burst burst burst hurt hurt hurt let let let

cast cast cast put put put set set set

cost cost cost shut shut shut spread spread spread cut cut cut read read read hit hit hit

AAB型

beat beat beaten

ABA型

become became become come came come

run ran run

特殊情况

ABB型

bring brought brought

buy bought bought

build built built

burn burnt burnt

catch caught caught

dig dug dug

feel felt felt

fight fought fought

find found found hear heard heard

hold held held

keep kept kept

lay laid laid

lead led led

lose lost lost

make made made

meet met met

sell sold sold

shoot shot shot

sit sat sat

stand stood stood

sweep swept swept

teach taught taught

tell told told

think thought thought

win won won

ABC型

begin began begun blow blew blown

break broke broken choose chose chosen draw drew drawn

drive drove driven drink drank drunk

fly flew flown

forgive forgave forgiven forget forgot forgotten freeze froze frozen give gave given

grow grew grown

know knew known

ride rode ridden

rise rose risen

ring rang rung

shake shook shaken

sing sang sung

sink sank sunk

swim swam swum

throw threw thrown

write wrote written

七．瞬间动词（buy,die,join,come，go ,leave,join ……）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词buy----have borrow -----keep

come/arrive/reach/get to-----be in

go out----be out leave ----be away

begin-----be on finish----be over

open----be open close -----be closed

die----be dead

★代替buy

My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years.

★2、用keep或have代替borrow

I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days.

★3、用be替代become

How long has your sister been a teacher

★4、用have a cold代替catch a cold

Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday.

★5、用wear代替put on

b)用“be＋形容词”代终止性动词

1、be＋married代marry

2、be＋ill代fall (get) ill

3、be＋dead代die

4、be＋asleep代fall (get) asleep

5、be＋awake代wake/wake up

6、be＋gone代lose,die,sell,leave

7、be＋open代open 8、be closed代close/shut

9、be＋missing(gone,lost)代lose

c)用“be＋副词”代终止性动词

1“be＋on”代start,begin

2“be＋up”代get up

3“be＋back(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to

4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等

d)用“be＋介词短语”代终止性动词

1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to

2.用be in the army 代替join the army

3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to

常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：

1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw.

→have been in sw./at…相应的介词

2. have come/gone back/returned → have been back

3. have come/gone out →have been out