动词的时态与语态
什么是动词的时态和语态
什么是动词的时态和语态？动词的时态（Tense）用来表示动作或状态发生的时间，而动词的语态（Voice）则用来表示动作的主动或被动形式。
在英语中，时态和语态是对动词进行时态和语态变化的一种语法形式。
1. 动词的时态：-现在时态（Present Tense）：表示动作或状态在现在进行或存在。
- She reads a book every day.（她每天读一本书。
）-过去时态（Past Tense）：表示动作或状态在过去发生或存在。
- He visited his grandparents last week.（他上周去看望了他的祖父母。
）-将来时态（Future Tense）：表示动作或状态将要在未来发生或存在。
- We will have a meeting tomorrow.（我们明天将开会。
）-现在进行时态（Present Continuous Tense）：表示现在正在进行的动作或状态。
- They are studying for the exam.（他们正在为考试而学习。
）-过去进行时态（Past Continuous Tense）：表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作或状态。
- She was reading a book when I called her.（我给她打电话时，她正在看书。
）-现在完成时态（Present Perfect Tense）：表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响。
- I have finished my homework.（我已经完成了我的作业。
）-过去完成时态（Past Perfect Tense）：表示过去某个时间之前已经发生的动作。
- He had already left when I arrived.（我到达的时候，他已经离开了。
）-将来完成时态（Future Perfect Tense）：表示将来某个时间之前将会完成的动作。
- By this time next year, I will have graduated from university.（到明年的这个时候，我将已经大学毕业了。
动词时态和语态总结
四、现在进行时 1.表示说话时正在进行而尚未完成的动作或状态。
We are having an English lesson. 2.表示现阶段一直在进行的动作，但说话时不一定正在进行。
The workers are building a new factory.
3.有时可表示即将发生的动作〔只限于go, come, stay, leave, start, begin, arrive, return, fly, drive等动词〕这时常有一个
played table tennis almost everyday. 4〕在条件、时间状语从句中表示过去将来的动作。
They said they wo精u品lPdPTlet us know if they heard any news about him.
三. 一般将来时 一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作和存
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二、一般过去时 1〕表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，
常与last week/year/ month/ spring, a few days ago, in 1998等时间状语以及when等连词引
导的时间状语从句连用。
We had a good swim last Sunday.
3〕用在问句中，表示委婉礼貌； Will you be reading anything else? When shall we be meeting again?
When I was young, I took cold baths regularly. 2〕表达过去连续发生的一件件事。
He got up early in the morning, fetched water,
动词的时态和语态
动词的时态和语态动词的时态和语态是语法学中非常重要的概念，在日常的英语交流中，准确使用时态和语态能够明确表达发生的时间、主语的态度以及动作的进行方式。
本文将就动词的时态和语态展开探讨。
一、动词的时态动词的时态主要有以下几种：一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时、将来进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时、将来完成时等。
1. 一般现在时一般现在时表示经常性、习惯性或普遍的真理。
形式上，一般现在时动词的用法相对简单，一般只需将动词原形加s或es。
例：She likes to read books.（她喜欢读书。
）2. 一般过去时一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常见的一般过去时动词形式是在动词的原形后加-ed或者改变拼写。
例：He studied at Harvard University.（他在哈佛大学学习。
）3. 一般将来时一般将来时表示将来要发生的动作或存在的状态。
一般将来时的语态形式是由“will/shall + 动词原形”构成。
例：I will go to the park tomorrow.（明天我将去公园。
）4. 现在进行时现在进行时表示正在进行的动作。
现在进行时的时态形式是由“be 动词(am/is/are)+动词-ing形式”构成。
例：They are playing basketball now.（他们现在正在打篮球。
）5. 过去进行时过去进行时表示过去某个时间正在进行的动作。
过去进行时的时态形式是由“was/were + 动词-ing形式”构成。
例：He was studying at the library yesterday.（昨天他在图书馆学习。
）6. 将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某个时间正在进行的动作。
将来进行时的时态形式是由“will be + 动词-ing形式”构成。
例：They will be traveling to Europe next month.（他们下个月将要去欧洲旅行。
英语语法：动 词 的 时 态 和 语 态
英语语法：动词的时态和语态语态和时态学习英语的两大基础,是构成英语句型的关键,掌握了它们就为学好英语打下了坚实的基础。
所以用时必须熟练而准确。
小编在这里整理了相关知识，快来学习学习吧!一、一般现在时1、表示经常发生的习惯性的、现在反复出现的动作或状态，常用的时间状语有：always,usually,seldom, sometimes, every day, now and then, once a week 等。
2、表示眼下或目前等现在时间所发生的动作或存在的状态，这种状态带有一定的持续性。
3、表示客观事实或普遍真理。
4、书报的标题，故事的叙述，小说、戏剧、电影等情节介绍，图片的说明。
5、时间表、时刻表、日程表、节目单、课程表等按规定将要发生的动作，只限于 go, arrive, leave, start, stay, return, begin, come 等动词。
6、在时间、条件、方式、让步状语从句中，表示将来的动作。
注意：一般现在时可以用于定语从句或宾语从句中表示将来。
7、用在某些表达中，表示现在正在发生的动作或存在的状态。
Here comes the bus!How it rains!二、一般过去时等1、表示在过去某一时间点发生的动作或所处的状态，与现在没有关系。
常用的时间状语有：yesterday, last night, at that time 等。
2、表示在过去某一段时间里反复出现的动作或状态，与现在没有关系。
3、用 used to do 或would do 表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。
4、有些情况发生的时间没清楚表明，但实际上是“刚才，刚刚”发生的，属于过去时间，应使用过去时态。
常见的有 I didn’t know…或 I forgot…等。
5、一般过去时可与 today, this week, this month 等时间状语连用。
三、一般将来时1、will/shall do(1)表示将来会出现的动作或状态。
动词的时态语态
The boy is always talking in class.
We are leaving for Guangzhou tomorrow.
将 来
按计划一般不易变更 的动作,常发生在比 较近的将来
3. 某时（或某段时间内） I was doing my homework 正在进行的动作 this time last night. 过 去 带有感情色彩的叙述 故事发生的背景 He was making trouble all the time. He was reading a book when we came in.
The book is difficult to understand.
He is easy to get along with. 4. 不定式作名词的后置定语，与被修饰的名词构成逻辑上的动宾关系，又和句子的 主语或宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系 He has a lot of work to do this evening. I’ll give him something to eat. 5. 不定式to blame, to let等表示被动含义
瞬间动作
固定不变或不易变 的动作或状态
将 来
(在从句中)用现在 时代替将来时
不受时间限制的动作或 状态
2. 现 在 进 行 时
现 在
某时（或某段时间内） He is writing a letter now. 正在进行的动作 She is visiting Beijing this week. 带有感情色彩的叙述
The car is to let.（汽车出租）
Exercises:
1. Let’s keep to the point or we ___ (never reach) any decision. 2. My mind wasn’t on what he was saying so I’m afraid I ___ (miss) half of it. 3. The house could fall down soon if no one ___ (do) some quick repair work. 4. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ___ (consider) going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. 5. The mayor of Beijing says that all construction work for the Beijing Olympics ___ (complete) by 2006. 6. The teacher, with 6 girls and 8 boys of her class, ___ (visit) a museum when the earthquake struck.
动词的时态和语态
【翻译句子】 (7) He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 他告诉我他昨晚看了一本有趣的小说。 【结论2】如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽 管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动 词仍用过去式。 【结论3】表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下 词语连接，用一般过去时。常见连词有：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。 如 ： He rushed into the room and sat down immediately.
【疑难2】 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. ＝ No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 【疑难剖析2】hardly / scarcely…when (before)；no sooner…than表示“一……就……”。
3. 一般将来时 【翻译句子】 (8)我们下周将会讨论这个话题。 We will talk about this topic next week. 【结论1】表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall ＋ 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow， next week等)。
【翻译句子】 (9) The bus is coming. 公共汽车就要到了。 【结论2】表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行 为的动词，如come，go，start，begin，leave等词， 常用进行时的形式表示将来时。
【疑难2】The room remains clean. You are allowed to speak here. 【疑难剖析2】下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时： a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。 b. 表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。 c. 表示瞬间动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。 d. 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。
16种动词的时态和语态
【主动语态】一般现在时：do一般过去时：did一般将来时：willdo现在进行时：be doing（be随人称变化）过去进行时：was/weredoing现在完成时：have/has done过去完成时：had done过去将来时：woulddo将来完成时：will have done将来进行时：will be doing将来完成进行时：will have been doing现在完成进行时：have been doing过去将来完成时：would have done过去完成进行时：had been doing过去将来进行时：would be doing过去将来完成进行时：would have been doing【被动语态】一般现在时：be done（be随人称变化）一般过去时：was/were done一般将来时：will be done现在进行时：be being done（前面的be随人称变化，后面的being固定）过去进行时：was/were being done（being固定）现在完成时：have/has been done过去完成时：had been done过去将来时：would be done将来完成时：will have been done将来进行时：will be being done（being固定）将来完成进行时：will have been being done现在完成进行时：have been being done过去将来完成时：would have been done过去完成进行时：had been being done过去将来进行时：would be being done过去将来完成进行时：would have been being done。
动词的时态与语态
动词的时态与语态一：一般现在时。
1.表经常发生或反复发生的动作（常与often,usually,always,sometimes,every day 等连用）。
E.g. I also do some exercise every day.2.表现在的一般状况。
E.g. I love diving and I also enjoy swimming.3. 表永恒的真理。
E.g. The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.4. 一般现在时表将来。
①表按时间表拟定或安排好到时候就发生的事或动作。
E.g. The final exams take place next week.The flight to London takes off at 8am every day.②在状语从句中用一般现在时表将来。
（“主将从现”）E.g. We won't go to the park if it rains.二：一般过去时。
1.表过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的状态。
常与a moment ago,yesterday,last night, last week,last month,last year,an hour ago,just now, during the night, in 2008, in the Tang Dynasty等表过去的时间连用。
E.g. He bought a mountain bike last week.2. 情景对话中的一般过去时表“刚刚、刚才”。
E.g. ①I'm sorry,but I didn't mean to hurt you.②Oh,It's you! I never thought you were here,too.3.状语从句中表过去将来。
E.g. Anna said she would come if I promised to wait for her.三：一般将来时。
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第四讲动词的时态与语态一般现在时1. 表示经常发生的动作或存在的状态：always, usually, often, sometimes, every day,every week等时间状语He always gets up late on Sundays.2. 表示普遍的真理。
The sun rises in the east and sets in the west.3. As soon as, when, after 等引导的时间状语从句中，或以if, unless等引导的条件状语从句中，通常使用一般现在时。
I’ll ring you as soon as he comes back.You’ll succeed if you try your best.现在进行时表示说话时正在进行的动作，也表示目前一段时间内正在进行的活动。
1）并非所有动词都有进行时，表示状态和感觉的词通常没有进行态，除非词义发生变化。
Do you see anyone over there?Are you seeing someone off?2）现在进行时也可表示将来，指按计划要发生的动作或即将开始的动作。
I’m leaving for Beijing tomorrow.3）现在进行时也可用来给习惯动作加上赞赏或讨厌的感情色彩。
He is always finding fault with his employees.现在完成时表示目前已完成或刚刚完成的动作，也可表示从过去某一刻发生，现在仍延续的动作或情况。
此时态强调动作对现在的影响。
1）时间状语Up to /till now, so far, these days, this summer, for...(一段时间), since…（时间点）2）动作对现在是否有影响I lived in Beijing last year.I have lived in Beijing for 15 years.过去进行时过去某个时刻正在发生的动作，也可表示过去某段时间内正在发生或反复发生的动作Yesterday afternoon I was watching TV when Frank called.Bill was coughing all night long.过去完成时表示过去某时之前已完成的动作或状况。
时间上为过去的过去。
句中常有明显的参照动作或表示“到过去某时为止”的时间状语。
By the end of the war, the small workshop had become a large factory.They found that a stream had formed in the field.一般将来时表示某个将来时间会发生的动作或情况，也可表示将来反复发生的动作或习惯性动作。
He will take part in an important meeting.The students will have five English classes per week this term.Be going to, be to, be about to等也可表示将来的动作，用于表示打算、计划、安排和即将发生的动作。
We are to finish it within an hour.He is about to leave.Will 表示说话人认为、相信、希望或假定要发生的动作情况。
将来进行时将来进行时表示将来某时正在发生的持续的动作。
I’ll be having a meeting this time tomorrow.Most of the young people in the town will be meeting them at the station.将来完成时表示将来某时前已完成的动作，也可用来表推测。
They will have stayed here for five months next week.By the end of next month, they will have studied twenty passages.现在完成进行时现在完成时表示已结束的动作或情况，强调对现在的影响。
现在完成进行时表示仍在进行或刚刚还在进行的动作或情况，强调动作的延续性。
I have thought it over.I have been thinking it over.Be careful! Peter has been painting the bench.Exercise1. Even if it ___ this afternoon, I will go there.A. has rainedB. will rainC. rainsD. will have rained2. ___ last year and is now earning his living as an advertising agent.A. He would leave schoolB. He left schoolC. He had left schoolD. He has left school3. We ___ each other for ten years.A. had knownB. have knownC. have been knowingD. know4. They fulfilled the plan earlier than they___.A. have expectedB. expectedC. were expectingD. had expectedKey: CBBD5. “Will she finish the work soon?”“Yes, she ___ it by next Friday.”A. shall finishB. finishC. have finishedD. will have finished6. It ___ almost every day so far this month.A. is rainingB. rainedC. rainsD. has been raining7. My wife ___.A. has forever criticized meB. forever criticizing meC. was forever criticizing meD. is forever criticizing meKey DDD被动语态构成：be+及物动词的过去分词1）无须指出动作执行者或动作执行者不明确Printing was introduced into Europe from China.Rome was not built in a day.2）强调动作承受者Four people were killed and thirty-one were injured in the bomb attack.3）修辞需要He started to complain about this wicked world but was interrupted by a knock at the door.常见考点1）相当于及物动词的短语动词也有被动语态，一般不拆开。
This matter was dealt with as soon as possible.2）不及物动词和表示状态的词无被动语态。
Happen, rise, occur, take place, break out,Lack, fit, suit, equal, become, resemble, befall, consist of, look like3）双宾语句主动改被动，只将一个宾语改为主语。
如直接宾语改做主语，间接宾语前加to。
I gave my husband a tie.My husband was given a tie.A tie was given to my husband.4) 不定式符号to在被动语态中不可省略。
I saw her pass by the window.She was seen to pass by the window.5）某些实义动词＋副词也表被动意义。
This type of recorder sells well.The door won’t shut.The shirt washes easily.Nylon dries quickly.6）某些词后跟主动形式的动名词可以表示被动意义，如worth, need, require, want（表需要）等。
The film is quite worth watching.The classroom is so dirty. It needs cleaning.7) 某些作表语的形容词后，用不定式主动形式表示被动意义。
He is hard to please.The article is difficult to understand.8）被动语态常用介词：by表示动作的执行者或施动力，with表示用某种工具，of 表示用某种原料制成（制成品可辨原料），from表示源于某种物质（制成品不可辨原料）。
He is scolded by his father.The letter is written with a pencil.The chair is made of plastic.The chips are made from sand.9）非谓语动词被动语态构成不定式to be done / to have been done动名词being done/ having been doneExercise1. The professor was knowledgeable and eloquent and ___ with enthusiasm.A. was always listenedB. was always listened toC. always was listenedD. always listened to2. He returned a week later and found his house ___.A. had broken intoB. was broken intoC. to be broken intoD. had been broken into3. The United Kingdom ___Great Britain and Northern Ireland.A. consisted ofB. is consisted ofC. consists ofD. consistKey BDC4. These oranges ___ nice.A. are tastedB. tasteC. is tastedD. tastes5. In 1950, she was the largest ship that ___.A. was ever builtB. has ever builtC. has ever been builtD. had ever been built6. The house suddenly collapsed while it ___ down.A. was pulledB. pulledC. was being pulledD. had been pulled7. “How do you like your new position?” “I ___.”A. don’t satisfyB. am not satisfiedC. can’t satisfyD. haven’t satisfiedKeys: BDCB8. She ___ in the feet on her way home from work.A. was hurtingB. is hurtC. hurtsD. got hurt9. There are more than fifty proposals ___ at the conference.A. discussedB. to be discussedC. discussingD. having discussed10. Though Newton was a great scientist, many of his ideas ___ today and are beingmodified by the work of today’s scientists.A. are to challengeB. are challengingC. may be challengedD. have been challengedKeys: DBD历年真题：1．For some time now, world leaders out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction.(2002)A. had been pointingB. have been pointingC. were pointingD. pointed2. AIDS is said the number-one killer of both men and women over the past few years in that region. (2002)A. beingB. to beC. to have beenD. having been3. Jack from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry abut his safety. (2003)A. has been missingB. has been missedC. had been missingD. was missed4. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he until yesterday. (2005)A. will comeB. was comingC. had been comingD. came5. That was not the first time he us. I think it’s high time we strong actions againsthim. (2005)A. betrayed; takeB. had betrayed; tookC. has betrayed; tookD. has betrayed; take6. The student said there were a few points in the essay he impossible to comprehend.(2006(55), 2007(59))A. has foundB. was findingC. had foundD. would find7. The committee has anticipated the problems that in the road construction project.(2007)A. ariseB. will ariseC. aroseD. have arisen答案：BCABBCBMissing 的用法：1. Lost:失踪的：a missing person; soldiers missing in action.一个失踪人员；在行动中失踪的战士2. Lacking; wanting:缺乏的；缺少的：This book has 12 missing pages.这本书缺了几页。