托福TPO28阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析
托福阅读TPO28-1 Groundwater
TPO-28GroundwaterMost of the world’s potable water----freshwater suitable for drinking----is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface. Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.Aquifers, Porosity and PermeabilityGroundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.Sediment sorting and compaction influence permeability and porosity. The more poorly sorted or the more tightly compacted a sediment is ,the lower its porosity and permeability. Sedimentary rocks----the most common rock type near the surface----are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water. Sandstones generally make good aquifers, while finer-grained mudstones are typically impermeable. Impermeable rocks are referred to as aquicludes. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are more compact, commonly crystalline, and rarely contain spaces between grains. However, even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as groundwater reservoirs if extensive fracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnected.The Water TableThe water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores are filled with water. In some cases, the wate r table reaches Earth’s surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. Typically, though, the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. Above the water table is the vadose zone, through which rainwater percolates. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water.Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls with topography, groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water. Groundwater flows downhill to topographic lows. If the water table intersect the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, weather to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage. Groundwater commonly collects in stream drainages but may remain entirely beneath the surface of dry stream-beds in arid regions. In particularly wet years, short stretches of an otherwise dry stream-bed may have flowing water because the water table rises to intersect the land surface.[Glossary]Sediment: materials (such as sand or small rocks) that are deposited by water, wind, or glacial ice.Topography: the shape of a surface such as Earth’s, including the rise and fall of such features as mountains and valleys.Paragraph 1: Most of the world’s potable water----freshwater suitable for drinking----is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface. Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.1.In paragraph 1, why does the author mention “the pressure of the overlying rock”?O To show how water can be forced deep under Earth’s surfaceO To show why groundwater is more plentiful than surface freshwaterO To correct a commonly made error about the location of groundwaterO To explain why most groundwater lies near Earth’s surface2.According to paragraph 1, groundwater differs from the water in rivers and lakes in terms of itsO portabilityO usefulnessO abundanceO costParagraph 2: Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from whichwater can is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water-storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through thefluid must flow around and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.e is closest in meaning toO usedO pouredO removedO kept outO consideredO calledO limited toO caused by5.According to paragraph 2, what does porosity determine?O The rate at which the aquifer’s water overcomes resistance to flowO The amount of water that the aquifer can holdO The likelihood that fractures and joints will occur in the aquiferO The depth underground at which the aquifer lies6.According to paragraph 2, what is the relationship between permeability and porosity?O The more pores a rock has, the higher its porosity but the lower its permeability.O Rocks with many internal spaces that are not connected with each other will have high porosity but low permeability.O If water flows through a rock easily, it has high permeability but low porosity.O Rocks that have high permeability have high porosity and vice versa.Paragraph 3: Sediment sorting and compaction influence permeability and porosity. The more poorlysorted or the more a sediment is ,the lower its porosity and permeability. Sedimentary rocks----the most common rock type near the surface----are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water. Sandstones generally make good aquifers, while finer-grained mudstones are typically impermeable. Impermeable rocks are referred to as aquicludes. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are more compact, commonly crystalline, and rarely contain spaces between grains. However, even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as groundwater reservoirs if extensive fracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnected.O hardO compressedO heavyO deeply buried8.According to paragraph 3, when can igneous rock serve as an aquifer?O When it has many connected fracturesO When it lies next to metamorphic rockO When it lies relatively near the surfaceO When it is crystallineParagraph 4: The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reaches Earth’s surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. Typically, though, the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. Above the water table is theleaving behind a of water on mineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water.O streamO barrierO amountO layer10.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the roots of plants?O They prevent water from reaching the vadose zone.O They mark the boundary between the vadose zone and the water tableO They do not typically get their water from the water table.O They help keep the water table from dropping farther.Paragraph 5: Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls withGroundwater commonly collects in stream drainages but may remain entirely beneath the surface of dry stream-beds in arid regions. In particularly wet years, short stretches of an otherwise dry stream-bed may have flowing water because the water table rises to intersect the land surface.11. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.O Groundwater only flows out of the ground if the water table intersects the land surface.O If the land surface and the water table intersect, groundwater can flow underground.O Groundwater may be drained if springs occur where the water table intersects the land surface.O Where the water table meets the land surface, groundwater flows out through surface springs.12.Paragraph 5 implies which of the following about the level of the waterO It may rise or fall from year to year, depending on annual rainfall.O It does not vary in arid regions.O It rarely intersects the land surface of most regions.O It is unrelated to the rate at which groundwater flows.Paragraph 4: The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reaches Earth’s surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. ■Typically, though, the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. ■The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. ■Above the water table is the vadose zone, through which rainwater percolates. ■Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.This is a consequence of the slow rate of movement of the groundwater, which often prevents the water table from attaining a flat (horizontal) level.Where would the sentence best fit?14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Most of the world’s potable water is stored as groundwater in the pores and fractur es of underground rock, much of it at depths of less than 1,000 meters.●●●Answer ChoicesO Sedimentary rock may make poor aquifers because of tightly compacted sediment, which reduces porosity and permeability.O Porosity is a measure of the empty space within rock while permeability measures the degree to which water can flow freely through rock.O In arid regions, the water tables remain at a constant level far below the surface, preventing stream-beds from filling up even during wet years.O Groundwater reservoirs are characterized by the porosity and permeability of the rock in which theylie, and these factors vary according to the type of rock.O The vadose zone is typically dry because water does not stay in it, but instead percolates down to aquifers below or drains out through springs and streams.O Although the water table usually follows the contours of the land surface, its level may vary from year to year and may intersect to the surface in places.参考答案1.○42.○33.○34.○25.○26.○27.○18.○29.○410.○311.○412.○113.○314. Porosity is a measure of the…In arid regions, the water …Although the water table usually …。
托福阅读TPO28（试题+答案+译文）第1篇：Groundwater
托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Groundwater为了帮助大家备考托福。
提高阅读成绩，打有准备的仗，下面小编给大家带来托福阅读TPO28(试题+答案+译文)第1篇:Groundwater，希望大家喜欢。
托福阅读原文【1】Most of the world’s potable water—freshwater suitable for drinking is accounted for by groundwater, which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface. Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth. At greater depths within Earth, the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close, reducing the space that pore water can occupy, and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers. The greatest water storage, therefore, lies near the surface.Aquifers, Porosity and Permeability【2】Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer. We can effectively think of an aquifer as a deposit of water. Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer: porosity and permeability. Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water. This pore space is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume. Porosity is important for water—storage capacity, but for water to flow through rocks, the pore spaces must be connected. The ability of water, or other fluids, to flow through the interconnected pore spaces in rocks is termed permeability. In the intergranular spaces of rocks, however, fluid must flowaround and between grains in a tortuous path; this winding path causes a resistance to flow. The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is related to the permeability of rock.【3】Sediment sorting and compaction influence permeability and porosity. The more poorly sorted or the more tightly compacted a sediment is, the lower its porosity and permeability. Sedimentary rocks—the most common rock type near the surface—are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water. Sandstones generally make good aquifers, while finer-grained mudstones are typically impermeable. Impermeable rocks are referred to as aquicludes. Igneous and metamorphic rocks are more compact, commonly crystalline, and rarely contain spaces between grains. However, even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as groundwater reservoirs if extensive fracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnected.The Water Table【4】The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reaches Earth’s surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. Typically, though, the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. Above the water table is the vadose zone, through which rainwater percolates. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water.【5】Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls with topography, groundwater is affectedby gravity in the same fashion as surface water. Groundwater flows downhill to topographic lows. If the water table intersects the land surface, groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs, weather to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage. Groundwater commonly collects in stream drainages but may remain entirely beneath the surface of dry stream-beds in arid regions. In particularly wet years, short stretches of an otherwise dry stream-bed may have flowing water because the water table rises to intersect the land surface.[Glossary]Sediment: materials (such as sand or small rocks) that are deposited by water, wind, or glacial ice.Topography: the shape of a surf ace such as Earth’s, including the rise and fall of such features as mountains and valleys.托福阅读试题1.In paragraph 1, why does the author mention "the pressure of the overlying rock"?A.To show how water can be forced deep under Earth's surface.B.To show why groundwater is more plentiful than surface freshwater.C.To correct a commonly made error about the location of groundwater.D.To explain why most groundwater lies near Earth's surface.2.According to paragraph 1, groundwater differs from the water in riversand lakes in terms of itsA.portability.efulness.C.abundance.D.cost.3.The word "extracted" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toed.B.poured.C.removed.D.kept out.4.The word "termed" in the passage(paragraph 2)is closest in meaning toA.considered.B.called.C.limited to.D.caused by.5.According to paragraph 2, what does porosity determine?A.The rate at which the aquifer's water overcomes resistance to flow.B.The amount of water that the aquifer can hold.C.The likelihood that fractures and joints will occur in the aquifer.D.The depth underground at which the aquifer lies.6.According to paragraph 2, what is the relationship between permeability and porosity?A.The more pores a rock has, the higher its porosity but the lower its permeability.B.Rocks with many internal spaces that are not connected with each other will have high porosity but low permeability.C.If water flows through a rock easily, it has high permeability but low porosity.D.Rocks that have high permeability have high porosity and vice versa.7.The word "compacted" in the passage(paragraphy 3)is closest in meaning toA.hard.pressed.C.heavy.D.deeply buried.8.According to paragraph 3, when can igneous rock serve as an aquifer?A.When it has many connected fractures.B.When it lies next to metamorphic rock.C.When it lies relatively near the surface.D.When it is crystalline.9.The word "coating" in the passage(paragraph 4)is closest in meaning toA.stream.B.barrier.C.amount.yer.10.Paragraph 4 implies which of the following about the rootsof plants?A.They prevent water from reaching the vadose zone.B.They mark the boundary between the vadose zone and the water tableC.They do not typically get their water from the water table.D.They help keep the water table from dropping farther.11.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage paragraph 5 ? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Groundwater only flows out of the ground if the watertable intersects the land surface.B.If the land surface and the water table intersect, groundwater can flow underground.C.Groundwater may be drained if springs occur where the water table intersects the land surface.D.Where the water table meets the land surface, groundwater flows out through surface springs.12.Paragraph 5 implies which of the following about the level of the waterA.It may rise or fall from year to year, depending on annual rainfall.B.It does not vary in arid regions.C.It rarely intersects the land surface of most regions.D.It is unrelated to the rate at which groundwater flows.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Where would the sentence best fit? This is a consequence of the slow rate of movement of the groundwater, which often prevents the water table from attaining a flat (horizontal) level.The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracksand pores are filled with water. In some cases, the water table reaches Earth's surface, where it is expressed as rivers, lakes and marshes. ■【A】Typically,though,the water table may be tens or hundreds of meters below the surface. ■【B】The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of the topography. ■【C】Above the water table is the vadose zone, through which rainwater percolates. ■【D】Water in the vadosezone drains down to the water table, leaving behind a thin coating of water onmineral grains. The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface withwater.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Most of the world's potable water is stored as groundwater in the poresand fractures of underground rock, much of it at depths of less than 1,000 meters.A.Sedimentary rock may make poor aquifers because of tightly compacted sediment, which reduces porosity and permeability.B.Porosity is a measure of the empty space within rock while permeability measures the degree to which water can flow freely through rock.C.In arid regions, the water tables remain at a constant level far below the surface, preventing stream-beds from filling up even during wet years.D.Groundwater reservoirs are characterized by the porosity and permeability of the rock in which they lie, and these factors vary according to the type of rock.E.The vadose zone is typically dry because water does not stay in it, but instead percolates down to aquifers below or drains out through springs and streams.F.Although the water table usually follows the contours of the land surface, its level may vary from year to year and may intersect to the surface in places.托福阅读答案1.在高亮部分的描写之后，本段的最后一句出现了，therefore。
TPO28 R 1 解析
overcomes resistance to flow B. The amount of water that the aquifer
can hold C. The likelihood that fractures and joints
will occur in the aquifer D. The depth underground at which the
Q7 According to paragraph 3, when can igneous rock serve as an aquifer? A. When it has many connected fractures B. When it lies next to metamorphic rock C. When it lies relatively near the surface D. When it is crystalline Paragraph 3 is marked with an arrow>
Comment [l2]: 正确答案：C。对应原 文第二句话，也就是将地下水和江河 湖泊水进行比较的那句话。原句说 more than 50 times。就证明是地下水 的水量大。这里 A 是饮用性，原文并 没有说江水不能喝。B 是有用，同理。 D 是代价。这个就更没提到了。所以 答案为 C 丰富。
TPO28听力解析—徐小欣自制
TPO28听力解析：C1：1、解析：老师见到学生说的第一句话：“you have good structure..but critical thinking…”包括之后老师一直在说学生需要加哪些东西，需要删掉哪些东西，所以—D排除法：A. 学生文章中critical的具体细节不选B. 这是最后才提到的，属于细节不选C.有change一般不选，但这个题错的离谱，C选项就是典型的迷惑选项，recent changes 完全没有说到，reference却在后边的对话中时常提到，所以这就是ETS迷惑人的地方2、解析：开头第一句，学生说，I am sorry for late, I went to medical center .. soccer..这句就可以判断出他是因为去看医生所以迟到了C选项典型的迷惑选项，如果没有听到medical 只听到了soccer 很有可能就直接奔着C 去了，所以一开始还是要认真听得3、解析：这个题呢其实就是把老师说的改正的地方都包括了，<做一二题时候还好奇怎么这篇文章信息量如此大第二题还出这么无聊的考点>，额，看到第三题瞬间明白了。
其实这个题算是比较好做，因为三个点基本上都重复了至少两遍。
A．老师说more influences critical thinking，然后学生反问了一句一样的，得到了老师确认B．最开始老师说过学生的great sketch，只是不连贯所以不需要改动，B错C．这个地方也是一问一答之后，老师在问过他有没有写完之后回看了一遍，学生说没有。
之后老师就说cut…make..clear，所以就说remove unnecessary contentD．这个点应该算是最好听清楚的，学生提问老师强调，老师说the most important thing is consistent reference 不管什么new system什么的E．Individual这个点也提到了，在最开始老师要求学生加上critical thinking处，但是老师说的是学生individual section 位置不对，应该在整篇文章的最后Ps：重复多的是考点，这个题明显体现，答案中的关键词都是听力中多次重复的内容4、解析：最后提到了political science club，让学生去lead meeting，学生很开心的答应了5、解析：重放录音题对我一向很坑爹！但是这个题因为我是笔记上有重点标注的所以印象深刻。
托福TPO28听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO28听力Conversation1文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO28听力Conversation1文本 Narrator: Listen to part of a conversation between a student and a professor.Student: I am so sorry I am late. Professor Mills. I just finished at the student medical center.I twisted my ankle playing soccer this morning. It took longer than I expected to see the doctor. Professor: That’s okay. Don’t worry about it. David. So let’s get started. Your paper on John Dewey’s political philosophy has a few issues I’d like to cover. You gave a great biographical sketch in the beginning. Okay. But then as you get into his political philosophy, I don’t think you’ve done enough to situate his philosophy within the time period. In other words, you haven’t connected Dewey’s philosophy to the thinking of other intellectuals of the time. Student: So I haven’t captured the most critical influences, the influences that were most significant to his political thinking? Professor: Exactly. OK. Now, look back up at the section here, where you wrote about Dewey’s view of individuality. This is all good content. But you haven’t presented the information in a systematic way. I really think this portion on individuality needs to come later, after your paragraphs on Dewey’s intellectual influences Student: After my revised paragraphs on what influenced them. Professor: Yes. Revised. Let me ask. Uh. When you were finished writing, did you go back and ask yourself if all of the material was relevant? Student: Well, no. Professor: I do think there are areas that can be cut. I guess what I am saying is that your paragraphs aren’t really presented in a logical order. The direction of your argument isn’t crystal clear. And there’s some unnecessary material getting in the way. Student: OK. Sounds like I have a lot to do. Professor: And one more thing, do you have a copy of the department’s document on the correct format for index, citations and references? Student: No. I mean, I look at it online when I was working on thisassignment.Professor: You really should print it out. You are going to need it for every paper you write in the political science department. It looks like you are getting it mix up with another referencing system. Student: Oh. Yeah. I used something different in high school. It’s so confusing switching to a new system. Professor: I know. But remember, everything needs to be consistent when it comes to referencing. It is a very important academic convention. Oh, also, I wanted to ask you… Will you be at the political science club meeting Saturday? Student: Definitely. The topic is John Dewey. Professor: Yes. Are you interested in leading part of the discussion? Tom Hayward is looking for someone to help out. I think you’ll have a lot to contribute. Student: That’ll be fun. I will give him a call. 托福TPO28听力Conversation1题目 1.What is the conversation mainly about? A. Criticisms of Dewey's political philosophy. B. Methods for leading a discussion group. C. Recent changes made to a reference document. D. Problems with the organization of a paper. 2.Why is the student late for his meeting? A. Seeing the doctor took longer than expected. B. No nearby parking spaces where available. C. His soccer practice last longer than usual. D. He had problems printing his paper. 3.What revisions does the student need to make to his paper? Click on 3 answers. A. Describe the influences on Dewey in more detail.。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文TPO 28—3 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes
托福考试 复习TPO 28—3 Buck Rubs and Buck Scrapes原文：【1】A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is a buck rub. A male deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark (outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. A rub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree. The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States. 【2】Adult male deer usually produce rubs in late summer or early autumn when the outer velvet layer is being shed from their antlers. Rubs are created about one to two months before the breeding season (the rut). Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut. However, biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.【3】Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made. These odors make buck rubs an important means of olfactory communication between deer. The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, whichnoted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached. A decade later another study reported that adult male white-tailed deer exhibited forehead rubbing just before and during the rut. It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction. This forehead rubbing behavior coincides with a high level of glandular activity in the modified scent glands found on the foreheads of male deer; the glandular activity causes the forehead pelage (hairy covering) of adult males to be distinctly darker than in females or younger males.【4】Forehead rubbing by male deer on buck rubs presumably sends a great deal of information to other members of the same species. First, the chemicals deposited on the rub provide information on the individual identity of an animal; no two mammals produce the same scent. For instance, as we all know, dogs recognize each other via smell. Second, because only male deer rub, the buck rub and its associated chemicals indicate the sex of the deer producing the rub. Third, older, more dominant bucks produce more buck rubs and probably deposit more glandular secretions on a given rub. Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area. The information conveyed by the olfactory signals on a buck rub make it the social equivalent of some auditory signals in other deer species, such as trumpeting by bull elk.【5】Because both sexes of white-tailed respond to buck rubs by smelling and licking them, rubs may serve a very important additional function. Fresher buck rubs (less than two days old), in particular, are visited more frequently by adult females than older rubs. In view of this behavior it has been suggested that chemicals present in fresh buck rubs may help physiologically induce and synchronize fertility in females that visit these rubs. This would be an obvious advantage to wide-ranging deer, especially to a socially dominant buck when courting several adult females during the autumn rut. Another visual signal produced by while-tailed deer is termed a buck scrape. Scrapes consist of a clearing (about 0.5 meter in diameter) and shallow depression made by pushing aside the leaves covering the ground; after making the scrape, the deer typically urinates in the depression. Thus, like a buck rub, a scrape is both a visual and an olfactory signal. Buck scrapes are generally created after leaf-fall in autumn, which is just before or during the rut. Scrapes are usually placed in open or conspicuous places, such as along a deer trail. Most are made by older males, although females and younger males (2.5 years old or less) occasionally make scrapes题目：1.The word "conspicuous" in the passage（paragraph 1）is closest in meaning toA.noticeable.mon.C.strange.D.particular.2.According to paragraph 1, why are small red maple trees ideal for buckrubs?A.They have smooth bark.B.They are found in the mid-eastern United States.C.They grow very slowly.D.They tend to grow in open spaces.3.The studies of forehead rubbing by deer described in paragraph 3 showed thatA.forehead rubbing encourages the growth of antlers.B.mule deer and white-tailed deer behave differently during the rut.C.the rut can occur at different times of the year.D.deer convey important information through scent.4.The word "exhibited" in the passage（paragraph 3）is closest in meaning toA.relied on.B.increased.C.displayed.D.preferred.5.Why does the author mention that "dogs recognize each other via smell"?A.T o point out the similarities between dogs and deer.B.To argue that animals communicate through scent rather than through vision.C.To support the claim that the scent of a buck rub serves to identify its maker to other deer.D.T o suggest that buck rubs can be detected by other species.6.The word "crude" in the passage（paragraph 4）is closest in meaning toA.rough.eful.C.necessary.D.obvious.7.What can be inferred from paragraph 4 about the trumpeting of bull elk?A.Trumpeting by higher-status bull elk signals their presence to other members of their species.B.Bull elk need to combine trumpeting with olfactory signals to convey information about their identity.C.Trumpeting alerts white-tailed deer to the presence of bull elk in their vicinity.D.Trumpeting provides a better measure of deer presence in a given area than buck rubs do.8.According to paragraph 4, the buck rubs occurring in a given area revealall of the following information about deer EXCEPTA.the individual identity of the deer.B.the gender of the deer.C.the likely social status of the deer.D.the number of deer in the vicinity.9.The word "induce" in the passage（paragraph 5）is closest in meaning toA.increase.B.extend.C.delay.D.stimulate.10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is true about chemicals in buck rubs?A.They have to be at least two days old for females to be able to detect them.B.They are more effective in older buck rubs than in fresher ones.C.They may affect fertility in female deer.D.They can be more easily detected by young males than adult females.11.The word "termed" in the passage（paragraph 5）is closest in meaning toA.associated with.B.visible as.C.known as.D.provided by.12.According to the passage, in what way do buck scrapes differ from buckrubs?A.Buck scrapes are made by both male and female deer.B.Buck scrapes are purely visual signals.C.Buck scrapes are made closer to the breeding season than buck rubs.D.Buck scrapes can be smelled only by deer.13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This process can take a few hours to several days.A conspicuous sign indicating the presence of white-tailed deer in a woodlot is abuck rub. ■【A】A make deer makes a buck rub by striping the bark(outer layer) of a small tree with its antlers. ■【B】When completed, the buck rubis an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area. ■【C】Arub is usually located at the shoulder height of a deer (one meter or less above the ground) on a smooth-barked, small-diameter (16-25 millimeters) tree.■【D】The smooth bark of small red maples makes this species ideal for buck rubs in the forests of the mid-eastern United States.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are two types of markings made by white-tailed deer.A.The observation that deer sniff and lick buck rubs first led scientists to connect buck rubs with combat between adult males during the breeding season.B.Buck rubs and buck scrapes are visual signals and smells that deer use to communicate a variety of information to other deer.C.The number of buck rubs and buck scrapes in a given area changes as the density of the population of male deer in the area changes.D.As they rub the bark from trees, male deer leave behind chemicals produced by the glands in their foreheads, creating a scent that other deer can detect.E.The height of a buck rub, the type of tree used, and the direction in which the deerapplies the rub can give different kinds of information to other deer.F.Buck rubs are created close to the breeding season of deer and may affect the timing of fertility in the female deer that visit the rubs.答案：1.这里说一个XX的标志可以说明白尾鹿的存在。
TPO28 听力解析
TPO28听力解析Section1Conversation11.What is the conversation mainly about?A.Criticisms of Dewey’s political philosophyB.Methods for leading a discussion groupC.Recent changes made to a reference documentD.Problems with the organization of a paper答案：D解析：（0.26-0.48）Professor:So let’s get started.Your paper on John Dewey’s political philosophy has a few issues I like to cover.You get great biographical sketches in the beginning.OK,but then you get to his political philosophy.I don’t think you have done enough to situate his philosophy within the time period.In other words,you haven’t connected his philosophy to the thinking of other intellectuals of the time.教授说学生的paper并没有很好的将J.D的政治哲学与同时代其他知识分子的哲学所联系起来，也就是paper的organization有问题2.Why is the student late for his meeting?A.Seeing the doctor longer than expectedB.No nearby parking spaces where availableC.His soccer practice lasted longer than usualD.He had problems printing his paper答案：A解析：(0.12-0.22)Student:I’m so sorry I’m late Professor Mills.I have just been to students’medical center.I pushed my ankle playing soccer this morning.It takes longer than I expected to see the doctor.同义转换3.What revision does the student need to make to his paper?(click on3answers)A.Describe the influences on Dewey in more detailB.Expand the introductory biographical sketchC.Remove unnecessary content throughout the papere consistent references throughout the paperE.Add an explanation of Dewey’s view on individuality答案：A，C，D解析：(0.48-0.56)Student:So I haven’t catch the most critical influences,the influences that were most significant to his political thinking?Professor:Exactly.(1.30-1.50)Professor:Yes,revised.Let me ask,when you finished writing,did you go back and ask yourself if all the material was relevant?Student:Well.no.Professor:I do think there are areas that can be cut.I guess what I am saying is your paragraphs are really presenting in logical order.The direction of your argument is not crystal-clear,and there is some unnecessary material getting in the way.(2.13-2.30）Professor:It looks like you get have mixed up with another reference system. Student:Oh,yeah.I used something different in high school.It’s so confusing when switching to a new system.I know.But remember,everything needs to be consistent when comes to referencing.It’s a very important academic convention.教授认为学生的paper没有描述对Dewey政治思考最重要的影响，应该添加，对应A选项。
TPO-28 Reading 1解析
Q1正确答案：D解析：该段的最后一句therefore引导的句子表示结果“大部分的水储都在接近表面的地方”，包含the pressure of the overlying rock的句子是表述原因, “在地球较深处，重叠的岩石让孔和裂缝闭合，无法存水”，也就是文章提到它的目的。
所以提到the pressure of the overlying rock的目的就是要解释为什么地下水都位于接近地表的地方，因此选D。
Q2正确答案: C解析：对应该段第2句话，“地下水的量比江河湖泊水的量多50多倍（more than 50 times）”，对应abundance，地下水更为丰富。
potability是可饮用性，原文并没有说江水不能喝，排除A。
在usefulness和cost两方面，原文也没有对二者进行比较，排除B和D。
Q3正确答案：C解析：extract，汲取，提取，取出；近义词是remove, 移开，拿掉，去掉；从词汇所在句的下一句话“含水土层可以看作是一笔水存款”，可以推断前面应该是说“可以取出水的地下水库叫作含水层”。
另外这个词的词缀ex-本身就有“出”的意思。
Q4正确答案：B解析：term作名词的意思是“术语”，较常用。
此处使用的是该词的动词形式，意思是“把…称为，把…叫做”，近义词是call。
term所在句的意思是“水或其它液体流过岩石之间孔隙的能力，被称为渗透性”。
Q5正确答案：B解析：根据关键词porosity（孔隙度）定位到该段第7句，porosity is important for water-storage capacity，B项的The amount of water that the aquifer can hold是对water-storage capacity的同义改写。
根据该段最后一句话，A项的内容由permeability of rock决定，排除A；fractures and joints have very high permeability，和porosity没有直接关系，排除C；含水层深度与porosity的关系在文中没有提及，排除D。
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为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO28阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
Groundwater Most of the world’s potable water-freshwater suitable for drinking is accounted for bygroundwater,which is stored in the pores andfractures in rocks.There is more than 50 times asmuch freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface.Nearly 50 percent of all groundwater is stored in the upper 1,000 meters of Earth.At greaterdepths within Earth,the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close,reducing the space that pore water can occupy,and almost complete closure occurs at a depthof about 10 kilometers.The greatest water storage,therefore,lies near the surface. 世界上绝大部分饮用水----可以饮用的淡水----都是地下水，它们储藏在岩石孔隙和裂缝中。
储藏于地下的淡水是地表淡水河流和湖泊中总水量的50倍。
大约50%的地下水存在于地下深1000m以内的地层中。
随深度增加，上覆岩层压力使岩石孔隙和裂缝闭合，减少了水的储存空间，而超过10公里深的地下孔隙几乎全部闭合。
因此绝大部分水储存于接近地表的地层中。
Aquifers,Porosity and Permeability 水层，孔隙度和渗透率 【2】Groundwater is stored in a variety of rock types.A groundwater reservoir from whichwater can be extracted is called an aquifer.We can effectively think of an aquifer as a depositof water.Extraction of water depends on two properties of the aquifer:porosity andpermeability.Between sediment grains are spaces that can be filled with water.This porespace is known as porosity and is expressed as a percentage of the total rock volume.Porosityis important for water—storage capacity,but for water to flow through rocks,the pore spacesmust be connected.The ability of water,or other fluids,to flow through the interconnected porespaces in rocks is termed permeability.In the intergranular spaces of rocks,however,fluidmust flow around and between grains in a tortuous path;this winding path causes aresistance to flow.The rate at which the flowing water overcomes this resistance is relatedto the permeability of rock. 地层水储存在多种岩石中。
可以取出的地下水的聚集层叫做水层。
我们可以认为水层即水的聚集地层。
从地层中取水取决于水层的两个因素：孔隙度和渗透率。
沉积颗粒之间的空间可以储存水，这种孔隙空间由孔隙度表征。
孔隙度是岩石孔隙体积与总体积的百分比。
孔隙度对地层储水能力尤为重要，但欲使水从岩石中流出，孔隙之间必须相互连通。
水或其它流体从相互连通的孔隙中流动的能力即为渗透率。
在粒间孔发育的岩石中，流体必须在颗粒周围的曲折通道中流动;这种曲折通道会对流动产生阻力。
水克服阻力流动的速率与岩石渗透率相关。
【3】Sediment sorting and compaction influence permeability and porosity.The more poorlysorted or the more tightly compacted a sediment is,the lower its porosity and permeability.Sedimentary rocks—the most common rock type near the surface—are also the most commonreservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water.Sandstones generally make good aquifers,while finer-grained mudstones are typicallyimpermeable.Impermeable rocks are referred to as aquicludes.Igneous and metamorphicrocks are more compact,commonly crystalline,and rarely contain spaces between grains.However,even igneous and metamorphic rocks may act as groundwater reservoirs if extensivefracturing occurs in such rocks and if the fracture system is interconnected. 沉积物的分选性和压实程度影响其渗透率和孔隙度。
岩石分选越差或压实越紧则其孔隙度和渗透率越低。
沉积岩----地表最常见的岩石----也是最常见的水储集层，因为它们常带有最多的可以储水的孔隙空间。
砂岩一般是最好的储水层，但小颗粒的泥岩则通常不可渗透。
不渗透岩层都称为隔水层。
火成岩和变质岩压实更紧，通常有结晶，并几乎没有粒间孔隙。
但是即便是火成岩和变质岩也可因裂缝大量发育并相互连接而成为储水层。
The Water Table 地下水位 【4】The water table is the underground boundary below which all the cracks and pores arefilled with water.In some cases,the water table reaches Earth’s surface,where it is expressedas rivers,lakes and marshes.Typically,though,the water table may be tens or hundreds ofmeters below the surface.The water table is not flat but usually follows the contours of thetopography.Above the water table is the vadose zone,through which rainwater percolates.Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table,leaving behind a thin coating of wateron mineral grains.The vadose zone supplies plant roots near the surface with water. 地下水位指地层岩石裂缝和孔隙充满水的边界。
某些情况下，地下水位可能到达地表，在那里它以河流、湖泊或沼泽地的形式存在。
但通常情况下地下水位位于地面数十或数百米以下。
地下水位不是水平的，而是通常沿着地势起伏。
地下水位以上称为包气带，在这里降水得以过滤。
包气带中的水会沉降到地下水位，只在矿物颗粒表面留下一层水膜。
包气带为地表附近植物根部提供水分。
【5】Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls withtopography,groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water.Groundwater flows downhill to topographic lows.If the water table intersects the land surface,groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs,weather to be collected there or tosubsequently flow farther along a drainage.Groundwater commonly collects in streamdrainages but may remain entirely beneath the surface of dry stream-beds in arid regions.Inparticularly wet years,short。