读《蔡元培就认北大校长之演说》

读《蔡元培就认北大校长之演说》
读《蔡元培就认北大校长之演说》

历久弥新,百年大学之我见

——读《蔡元培就任北大校长之演说》

94年前,蔡元培先生在出长北大第六天时写下了这一篇演说辞,其深刻的思想,宏丰的内容,高度的前瞻性,和大胆的创新性在当时掀起了轩然大波。

梁漱溟曾说,蔡元培从思想学术上为国人开导出一股新潮流,冲破了旧有习俗,推动了大局政治。这一点我是十分认同的。

北京大学创办于1898年,初名京师大学堂,是中国第一所现代意义上的

大学。京师大学堂的诞生,是戊戌变法的产物,变法失败后,新政措施几乎全

部被废除,京师大学堂得以保存下来。但是,此时的京师大学堂已经偏离了原

来的办学宗旨,其中招收的学生很多是京官或者八旗贵族子弟,他们不少还带

着听差,有着自备的人力车,以及其他种种不良行为,表现出浓重的封建主义

和官僚主义色彩。很多学生读书只为了升官发财,对研究学问没有什么兴趣,

只是为了混资历。1911年,辛亥革命胜利后,京师大学堂改名为北京大学,但是由于民主共和等观念的薄弱,政局的动荡,封建主义思想的残留等种种因素,导致一直到1917年蔡元培接任北京大学校长时都没有改观。民国五年(1916年)冬,正在留法的蔡元培受到当时的范源濂邀请出长北京大学。当时,有好

心的同志劝他不要去行使这一职权,广西的马君武说北大太腐败了,是个臭虫窝,大染缸,整顿不好,反而坏了一世清明。但是,退缩不是蔡老先生的性格,他致力于教育事业的决心,更使得他不会在困难面前屈服。

针对当时北大的情况,蔡元培先生在就职演说时“请以三事为诸君告”,

一曰抱定宗旨,二曰砥砺德行,三月尊爱师友,同时蔡老先生也在其中提出了

他对于工作的两点计划,一曰改良教义,二曰添购书籍。这五点要求,不仅仅

使用于当时的北大,现今细看,它们对现在的教育仍有良多的教益,可谓历久

弥新。

蔡先生首先提出的“抱定宗旨”,就是入学的明确目标。在民国初年,任

教育总长时,曾发表《对于新育之意见》,认为民国成立,全国学风应以建设

为目的,学子应以求高深学问为惟一之怀想。而面对北大学子,他明确告诉他们:“大学者,研究高深学问者也”,而不是为了养成资格,更不是为了升官

发财。当时的学生,很多志不在求学,而只是混日子,搞关系,猎取功名利禄,所以,他们读书,平时不用功,考试时要求老师划出考试范围,以便他们应付

过去。这与中国现在大学的情况何其相似,很多的学生在大学里浑浑噩噩,或

沉迷于网络,或放纵自我,必修选逃,选修必逃在大学里也屡见不鲜。一学期

下来,课本也没有翻开过几次,只有在期末考试快来临时,才尝试了临急抱佛脚,根据老师划出的范围,熬几晚夜,过了这门课程,就从此以后将之束之高阁,不闻不问。在学生中,衡量一个老师的好坏,不是其学识的高低,不是其

课程的好坏,而是他点不点名,期末考试给的分数高不高。这不得不说是今日

大学的一个悲哀。94年前,蔡先生说出“试验既终,书籍束之高阁,毫不过问,

敷衍三四年,潦草塞责,文凭到手,既可借此活动于社会”的话语,时光荏苒94载,今日状况依旧如出一辙,是什么原因导致了这样的原因呢?一是从小到大长达十多年

的应试教育,导致很多考试二字深深的烙印在学生们的心中,仿佛考试成了衡量一个

人优秀与否的标准,进入大学以后,很多人依旧没能转变转变这一观念。二是长久的

应试教育的压抑,导致学生从小到大学习着的更多的是各种各样的应试技巧,最终失

去了教育的真正本意——传道,授业,解惑。这样造就的不是具有独立思考能力的真

正意义上的学生,而是考者。因此,进入大学之后,相对宽松自由的环境,让在重压

之下的考者失去了原本的奋斗目标,进而缺乏动力,便浑浑噩噩度日。

蔡先生曾说:“果欲达其做官发财之目的,则北京不少专门学校,入法科者尽可肄业于法律学堂,入商科者亦可投考商业学校,又何必来此大学?”天下

熙熙,皆为利来;天下攘攘,皆为利往。西方经济学中将人假设成追求利益最

大化的理性人,或者说换一句话说,人性是贪婪的。或者我们不能一概而论,

但是总体来说,热门专业挤破头,冷门专业招生困难,这种现象在国内普遍存在。归本溯源,这与我们国家几千年来的科举制度有关,寒窗苦读数十载,一

朝高中跃龙门。虽然在1905年废除了科举制度,但是,这种一种观念似乎深

深根植在国人心里,现在的高考,在很多人看来就是一个变相的科举。考到好

成绩,选到所谓的好专业,就仿佛踏上了通向成功的阶梯。改革开放后,拜金

主义盛行,折射在教育上就产生了这样一种观念:社会需要什么专业,大学就

办什么专业,这样才能提高大学的招生率,以便获得国家更多的预算或者荣誉等。这种观点不仅仅抽调了大学的灵魂,而且也取消了知识的尊严。以利禄的

观念办学就只能培养出功利之人、利禄之徒,而培养不出完善的人格。

那么大学应该培养什么样的人才呢?儒家经典《大学》第一篇讲到:“大

学之道在明明德,在亲民,在止于至善。这正是蔡先生提出的第二个观点:砥

砺德行。德行又是什么呢?应该是道德行为的准则,包括:人格、精神、良知、信义等,这分别在他的著述中得到论证,如在《师范学会章程》中把宗旨定为:使被教育者传布普通之知识,陶铸文明之人格。师范学校就是要造就文明的人格。在《爱国学社章程》提出:重精神教育,为锻炼精神、激发志气之助。重

视人的精神,倡导激发志气。在《中学修身教科书》中,把修己作为第一章,

指出:人之生也,不能无所为,而有其所当为者,是为道德。道德者,非可以

猝然而袭取也,必有理想,有方法。道德是一种人生的过程,不可能一蹴而就,而是长期探索、实践的结果。作为一个有德之人,应该是“循良知所指,而不

挟私意于其间”。简单地说,最低的要求就是要成为一个合格的公民,大学首

先应该承担着培养合格公民的责任,公民首先是要有独立思想、高尚情操,有

社会正义之感、公益之心。

然而,现代大学的分科教育,使得知识越来越专门化,导致了知识体系上

的学科分野。同时,知识的细分,以及各种知识在社会各个职业之间的实用性

程度不一样,导致了文学,历史学,哲学等传统学科被视为无用学科。然而,

恰恰是这些传统人文学科,构成了一个国家的精神基石。记得蔡元培先生曾经

说过,英国之大学在于养成人格,德国之大学专重学问,美国之大学兼及实用,而中国的大学楞是将二者抛在一边,专重实用,使得大学成为职业培训场所,

而人格之养成得不到应有的重视。中小学时期的品德教育,更多的是口号性质

的条条框框,缺少实质性的东西。大学中虽然有着“思想道德修养课“,但是

品德的教育岂可一蹴而就,所以大学中的思修课,很多人也只是去混学分,那

么这样的课,学生们到底能得到什么呢?近几年,反贪风暴中,多少高官纷纷

落马,其中有很多人都顶着高等学府毕业的光环,他们难道不是社会的”精英“吗?但是这样的精英只会让我们徒呼奈何。这可能正是我们国家重”智“育,轻”德“育的悲哀。

“品行不可不谨严”这是蔡先生对北大学子的第二个要求,这同时也是对

于所有大学生,或者说,每一个学生的要求。

蔡元培先生提倡学生对老师要以诚相待,敬礼有加,因为他认为“师者也,授吾以经验及读书之方法,而养成其自由抉择之能力者也。”就是说,学生要

成德达才,一靠经验,二靠读书,三靠老师传道授业解惑,其中最重要的是老

师对于学生的引导。但是,这种敬爱,并不是迷信盲从。他认为学生在学识稍

进后,不宜事事待命于师,而应该学会自修。自修则学问始有兴趣,而不至畏难,自修比专恃听授者,进境尤速。当然,遇到疑难问题,还不能武断,应与

老师讨论、求教。他还提出就是学生毕业以后,还应“敬爱其师,无异于受业

之日。

俗话说:在家靠父母,出门靠朋友。蔡元培先生提出“同学同处一室,尤

应互相亲爱,属可以收切磋之效。“同学之间的友谊,能促进其相互讨论,取

长补短以促学业大成。人是社会性动物,闭门造车,出门不能合辙,孔子曾说:三人行,必有我师焉,与朋友的交流,才能增进自己的学识。

尊爱师友,或许可以划分与砥砺德行的一部分,但是却是最贴近学生的一

部分,人与人应讲究礼貌、信义,待人接物要谦让、诚恳,这不仅仅是在校园

内对待师友,也是社会中待人接物的常识。人才,先成人,后成才。一个不懂

得待人接物的人,常会被人认为是一个不会做人的人,这样的人如何立足于社

会呢?

94载光阴似箭,百年沧桑久弥新。蔡元培先生的这一篇演说,继承了中国传统儒家教育思想,吸收了西方先进理念,构建了其宏伟的教育蓝图。虽然因

为种种历史社会原因依旧没有实现,但是却为我们的教育改革指明了道路。百

年前北大的豪言壮语已难重闻,但是,百年前的光辉思想依旧闪耀,指引着我

们继续前行。

浙江省三门县珠岙中学九年级数学上册第24章教案2423 圆和圆的位置关系

教学目标 (一)教学知识点 1.了解圆与圆之间的几种位置关系. 2.了解两圆外切、内切与两圆圆心距d、半径R和r的数量关系的联系. (二)能力训练要求 1.经历探索两个圆之间位置关系的过程,训练学生的探索能力. 2.通过平移实验直观地探索圆和圆的位置关系,发展学生的识图能力和动手操作能力. (三)情感与价值观要求 1.通过探索圆和圆的位置关系,体验数学活动充满着探索与创造,感受数学的严谨性以及数学结论的确定性. 2.经历探究图形的位置关系,丰富对现实空间及图形的认识,发展形象思维. 教学重点 探索圆与圆之间的几种位置关系,了解两圆外切、内切与两圆圆心距d、半径R和r的数量关系的联系. 教学难点 探索两个圆之间的位置关系,以及外切、内切时两圆圆心距d、半径R和r 的数量关系的过程. 教学方法 教师讲解与学生合作交流探索法 教学过程 Ⅰ.创设问题情境,引入新课 [师]我们已经研究过点和圆的位置关系,分别为点在圆内、点在圆上、点在圆外三种;还探究了直线和圆的位置关系,分别为相离、相切、相交.它们的位置关系都有三种.今天我们要学习的内容是圆和圆的位置关系,那么结果是不是也是三种呢?没有调查就没有发言权.下面我们就来进行有关探讨.Ⅱ.新课讲解 一、想一想

[师]大家思考一下,在现实生活中你见过两个圆的哪些位置关系呢? [生]如自行车的两个车轮间的位置关系;车轮轮胎的两个边界圆间的位置关系;用一只手拿住大小两个圆环时两个圆环间的位置关系等. [师]很好,现实生活中我们见过的有关两个圆的位置很多.下面我们就来讨论这些位置关系分别是什么. 二、探索圆和圆的位置关系 在一张透明纸上作一个⊙O.再在另一张透明纸上作一个与⊙O1半径不等的⊙O2.把两张透明纸叠在一起,固定⊙O1,平移⊙O2,⊙O1与⊙O2有几种位置关系? [师]请大家先自己动手操作,总结出不同的位置关系,然后互相交流. [生]我总结出共有五种位置关系,如下图: [师]大家的归纳、总结能力很强,能说出五种位置关系中各自有什么特点吗?从公共点的个数和一个圆上的点在另一个圆的内部还是外部来考虑.[生]如图:(1)外离:两个圆没有公共点,并且每一个圆上的点都在另一个圆的外部; (2)外切:两个圆有唯一公共点,除公共点外一个圆上的点都在另一个圆的外部; (3)相交:两个圆有两个公共点,一个圆上的点有的在另一个圆的外部,有的在另一个圆的内部; (4)内切:两个圆有一个公共点,除公共点外,⊙O2上的点在⊙O1的内部; (5)内含:两个圆没有公共点,⊙O2上的点都在⊙O1的内部. [师]总结得很出色,如果只从公共点的个数来考虑,上面的五种位置关系中有相同类型吗?

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第三道是微笑,“微笑是我的工具。”说这话时,我的心对着我微笑。这道门可真漂亮,没有自尊那么宏伟,也没有软弱那么脆弱。这道,门很精致,门上雕刻的玫瑰似乎散发出诱人的香味儿。“世上没有永恒的微笑,除非微笑者是个疯子。”我的心爱怜的抚摩着门。可我一直把微笑挂在脸上。那我……不成疯子了?我可不想有一颗疯子的心。我突然感觉很冷,冲过去想推开这道门,可它却纹丝不动。“除了我,没人能打开这里所有的门。”我的心微笑着,轻轻地推开了门。从她的眼神里,我读出了嘲笑。 门口,是一个窗子,窗帘拉着的,“窗帘后面有东西吗?”我问。我的心回答:“有,那是过去。”我打了一个冷颤,我的心冷冷地说:“既然你不愿意面对过去,那我为什么要替你把窗帘打开呢?别忘了,有你才有我。你即是我,我即是你。”我的心笑得美丽而诡异。“我不会让其他人走的像你这么远的。”这是我的心对我说的最后一句话。 你的心呢?她又有几道门?

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第一次 Why do smokers tend to weigh less than nonsmokers and gain weight when they give up the habit? Contrary to “common knowledge”, nonsmokers do not generally eat more than smokers, nor do they exercise less, studies find. Research performed on smokers at rest indicates that nicotine (尼古丁) itself can increase basal metabolic (新陈代谢的) rates, meaning smokers burn more energy than nonsmokers during periods of inactivity. But surveys suggest most smokers smoke not while completely at rest, but while performing light activities such as desk work that can increase metabolic rates by two or three times. Unless nicotine’s metabolic effects increase proportionally with metabolic rates, its influence on weight might be insignificant. ffects on body-fuel consumption indeed increase Now a study shows that nicotine’s e proportionally with increases in activity. “These results indicate that the metabolic effect of nicotine may play a greater part in accounting for body-weight differences between smokers and nonsmokers than w as previously believed,” says Kenneth A. Perkins and his colleagues at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine. The researchers gave a nicotine nose spray to individuals performing light work — in this case riding an exercise bicycle modified to allow easy riding while subjects remain seated in a comfortable armchair. The activity raised resting metabolic rates two to three times. By analyzing air breathed out, the researchers calculated energy consumption in the armchair bicyclists before and after giving the nose spray and compared the relative changes with subjects in the control group given placebo ((试验药物用的)无效对 照剂) nose sprays. Relative to their baseline bicycle expenditures, individuals in the nicotine group expended considerably more energy than did those in control group while doing the same amount of work. With nicotine, Perkins says, “It’s as if the is becoming much less efficient in using its stored energy.” While the results may seem discouraging to smokers who’d like to quit without gaining weight, Perkins notes that walking an extra mile a day should make up for the difference in metabolic efficiency. And he says smokers would have to gain “more than 50 pounds” to counterbalance the health risks of continued smoking. 1. What might “common knowledge” say about smokers and nonsmokers? A) Smokers eat more and exercise more than nonsmokers. B) Smokers eat less and exercise less than nonsmokers. C) Smokers eat less and exercise more than nonsmokers.

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