自考现代语言学试卷
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与(00830)_2
自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与（00830）自考现代语言学2022年10月真题试题与答案解析（00830）1.[单选题] In distinguishing competence and performance, Chomsky looks at language from a ____ point of view, and to him competence is a property of the mind of each individual.A.sociologicalB.psychologicalC.historicalD.cultural2.[单选题] Of the following speech sounds, is represented in narrow transcription.A.[i]B.[i:]C.D.[l]3.[单选题] All the following morphemes can be definitely regarded as derivational morphemes EXCEPT________.A.-iumB.-ingC.semi-D.-ly4.[单选题] In the X-bar theory, the head of the phrase “quite above the desk” is .A.quiteB.aboveC.theD.desk5.[单选题] If you say that there is no direct connection between a linguistic form and what it refers to, you hold a view of meaning study.A.namingB.conceptualistC.contextualD.behaviorist6.[单选题] The notion of________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language. It is generally considered as constituted by the knowledge shared by the speaker and the hearer.A.contextB.utteranceC.conversational implicatureD.speech act7.[单选题] During the Renaissance movement, many of _______words became part of the educated English lexicon.A.Germantin and GreekC.ItalianD.French8.[单选题] The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its ________.A.accentB.morphemese of wordse of structure9.[单选题] The case of Phineas Gage shows us that___________.A.human language ability is not located in the brain because Phineas’ brain was not so damaged that he could still speakB.human language ability is located in the right hemisphere of the brainC.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is situated right at the frontD.if human language ability is located in the brain, it is not situated right at the front10.[单选题] There are a number of factors pertaining to the learner that potentially influence the way in which a second language is acquired. Which of the following is NOT an individual learner factor? .A.InstructionB.MotivationC.PersonalityD.Age11.[案例题] A d ________study of language is a historical study, which studies the development of language over a period of time.12.[案例题] To describe the physical properties of speech sounds, a___ phoneticians use spectrographs to record the sound waves.13.[案例题] According to their position in the new words, a _______are divided into two kinds: prefixes and suffixes.14.[案例题] Universally found in the grammars of all human languages, syntactic rules comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledge of a language speaker known as linguistic c________?15.[案例题] According to the b____________ view of meaning study, the meaning of a linguistic form is the situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer.16.[案例题] According to Austin’s new model of speech act theory, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, i ______ act and pcrlocutionary act.17.[案例题] Sound a _______refers to the physiological effect of one sound on another.18.[案例题] Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard or v ______languages.19.[案例题] The c __________period hypothesis refers to a period in one's life experience extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language and language learning can proceed easily, swiftly, and without explicit instruction.20.[案例题] Although they lack grammatical morphemes, t _______sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words that are randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.21.[案例题] Linguistics can be defined as the scientific study of any particular language such as English, Chinese and Latin.22.[案例题] Chinese is a typical tone language, which has four tones.23.[案例题] Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often the sum total of the meanings of its components.24.[案例题] Combinational rules are rules that group words and phrases to form grammatical sentences.25.[案例题] sense and reference are two important notions associated with lexical meaning.26.[案例题] What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning the context of use should be taken into consideration.27.[案例题] The division of English language into the periods of OldEnglish, Middle English and Modem English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.28.[案例题] language itself is not sexist, but it reflects sexism in society as it can connote sexist attitudes as well as attitudes about social taboos or racism.29.[案例题] When we say that language provides a means for the expression or communication of thought, we mean that language is the only means of expressing thought.30.[案例题] Like overt teaching, imitation plays at best a very minor role in the child’s mastery of language.31.[案例题] arbitrariness32.[案例题] suprasegmental features33.[案例题] morphology34.[案例题] finite clause35.[案例题] stylistic synonyms36.[案例题] constatives37.[案例题] cognate38.[案例题] language planning39.[案例题] interpersonal communication40.[案例题] language acquisition41.[案例题] Which enjoys priority in modern linguistics, speech or writing? Why?42.[案例题] What are the four maxims under the cooperative principle? And illustrate with one example how the violation of the maxim of quality gives rise to conversational implicature.。
现代语言学自考题-23
现代语言学自考题-23(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：21，分数：21.00)1.Just as life continues in a process of change, all living languages change with time.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 正如生命要在变化中延续一样，所有活的语言也在随着时光的流转变化着。
除了那些在社会中不为大多数人所使用的语言之外，如拉丁语，语言的变化都是不可避免的。
2.The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not arbitrary.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 大家都能接受英语被划分为古英语、中世纪英语和现代英语3个历史阶段的划分方法。
这种划分是随意的、约定俗成的。
历史语言学家们之所以把语言划分为不同的历史时期，是因为他们想有一个更方便的、更切合实际的研究语言变化的方法。
这绝不意味着古英语是在某一特定的时间阶段转化成中世纪英语的。
改正：The division of English into Old English, Middle English, and Modern English is conventional and somewhat arbitrary.3.The Anglo-Saxons were migrants from the northern parts of Europe, so the words that they originally used and the words that the English vocabulary has later taken in from other languages are regarded as loan words.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 古英语可以追溯到公元5世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁-撒克逊人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析
《现代语言学》自考真题试题与答案解析卷面总分：98分答题时间：80分钟试卷题量：49题一、单选题（共39题，共78分）1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what______is and how it works.∙ ngue∙ B.linguist∙ nguage∙ D.learning正确答案：C本题解析：语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结;其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性;最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium oflanguage and individual sounds within that range as______.∙ A.vowels∙ B.consonants∙ C.sounds∙ D.speech sounds正确答案：D本题解析：在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is______.∙ A.the internal structure∙ B.morpheme∙ C.the rules by which words are formed∙ D.word正确答案：B本题解析：正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are______in number.∙ rge∙ B.small∙ C.finite∙ D.infinite正确答案：C本题解析：对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。
现代语言学自考题-5
现代语言学自考题-5(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.______ answers such question that how we as infants acquire our first language.∙ A. Psycholinguistics∙ B. Applied linguistics∙ C. Sociolinguistics∙ D. Anthropological linguistics（分数：2.00）A. √B.C.D.解析：[解析] 心理语言学研究的是语言和心理的相互关系。
它重点解决以下问题：人类运用语言时的心理过程是怎样的，我们小时候是怎样习得母语的，交际过程中我们是用什么方式来识记并加工我们所接收到的信息的。
2.In linguistics, ______ is focused on that how a speaker uses his speech organs to articulate the sounds.∙ A. acoustic phonetics∙ B. articulatory phonetics∙ C. auditory phonetics∙ D. none of the above（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 语音学从三个既相互区别又相互联系的角度来审视语音现象。
其中，从说话者的角度来研究语音，即说话者是怎样利用他们的发音器官发出声音来的，叫做发音语音学。
3.A theory of grammar must provide a complete characterization of linguistic ______ that speakers implicitly consider well-formed, or grammatical sequences.∙ A. speeches∙ B. utterances∙ C. events∙ D. sentences（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 句法规则在所有人类语言中都普遍存在，这些规则包括讲某种语言的人内在的语言知识体系，这种语言知识体系被称作语言能力。
现代语言学自考题-25_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-25(总分100,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the ______ system of language.A. phonological B. semantic C. grammatical D. communicative2. Which of the following best states the behaviorist view of child language acquisition?A. Language acquisition is a process of habit formation. B. Language acquisition is the species specific property of human beings. C. Children are born with an innate ability to acquire language. D. Humans are equipped with the neural prerequisites for language and language use.3. Children follow a similar ______ schedule of predictable stages along the route of language development across cultures.A. learning B. studying C. acquisition D. acquiring4. In general, children's holophrastic sentences begin ______.A. in the late part of the first year or the early part of the second year B. in the second half of the second year C. between two and three years old D. between four and five years old5. In general, the ______ stage begins roughly in the second half of the child's second year.A. babbling B. one-word C. two-word D. multiword6. In the ______ stage, children begin to produce longer utterances with **plex grammatical structures.A. prelinguistic B. one-word C. two-word D. multi-word7. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of the inflectional morphemes.A. telegraphic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word8. Basically all the following categories except ______ are always missing in the children's telegraphic speech stage.A. the copula verb "be" B. inflectional morphemes C. function words D. content words9. It is suggested that children begin to develop the articulatory movements needed to produce the phonemic distinctions of their language ______.A. after they master the phonemic contrasts B. before they master the phonemic contrasts C. long before they master the phonemic contrasts D. while they were mastering the phonemic contrasts10. Children are learning to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language during the period that ______.A. children start to produce babbling sounds B. children have just learned to produce babbling sounds C. children's babbling has become the same as the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring D. children's babbling becomes more similar to the sound pattern of the language they are acquiring11. Children learning the Chinese language usually start to produce some of the tonal patterns typical of the language ______.A. before they utter any genuine words B. after they utter any genuine words C. while they are uttering any genuine wordsD. none of the above12. At the ______ stage negation is simply expressed by single words with negative meaning.A. prelinguistic B. multiword C. two-word D. one-word13. Negative words occur at the beginning of expressions in child language acquisition ______.A. at some point during the late multiword stage B. at some point after the multiword stage C. when children's language develops towards the early multiword stage D. when children's language develops after the early multiword stage14. In children's utterances, "two feets", "goed", "corned", etc. occur although some children are aware of the irregular forms of them. These inflectional errors are the result of ______.A. children's carelessness B. improper instruction C. the wrong input D. children's overgeneralizing a constructed rule15. ______ is defined as a conscious process of accumulating knowledge of a second language usually obtained in school settings.A. Acquisition B. Learning C. Studying D. Acquirement16. ______ transfer is a process that is **monly known as interference.A. Intentional B. Positive C. Negative D. Interrogative17. A focal point of SLA research has been the nature and development of L2 learners' ______.A. second language B. first language C. foreign languageD. interlanguage18. The Chinese sound /d/ in English interlanguage pronunciation of "dat" for "that" belongs to ______ error.A. fossilization B. transfer C. interference D. overgeneralization19. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on SLA show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks except ______.A. planned speech B. writing C. career-oriented exam D. casual and spontaneous conversation20. ______ motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order to communicate with native speakers of the target language.A. Instrumental B. Functional C. Integrative D. SocialPART TWOⅡ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.1. The development of a first or native language is called first language a______.2. All normal human beings acquire their n______ language at a given time of life and in an appropriate linguistic environment.3. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, the natural acquisition of l______ as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for **munication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.4. C______ speech refers to the simple, modified speech used by parents, baby-sitters, etc. when they talk to young children who are acquiring their native language.5. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i______ on the part of adults.6. R______ has been found to occur usually in children's pronunciation or reporting of the truthfulness of utterances, rather than in the grammaticality of sentences.7. Imitation plays at best a very m______ role in the child's mastery of language.8. It is normally assumed that, by the age of f______, with an operating vocabulary of more than 2,000 words, children **pleted the greater part of the language acquistion process.9. The emergence of articulatory skills begins around the age when children start to produce b______ sounds.10. The pre-school years are a c______ period for first language acquisition.11. It is estimated that the number of basic words known by English-speaking school children of age s______ is around 7800, counting word stems and their inflectional derivatives as single words.12. Linguists often use the term native language or mother tongue instead of first language, and t______ language instead of second language in second language acquisition literature.13. In order to acquire a second language, learners will subconsciously use their first language knowledge in learning a second language. This is known as language t______.14. According to the Contrastive Analysis approach, L2 errors were predominantly the result of n______ transfer.15. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, i______ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference, overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning **municative strategies of the learner.16. A learner has i______ motivation when he learns a second language in order to use it functionally, while integrative motivation occurs when the learner's goal is social.17. When learners take a second language in order to integrate themselves with the second**munity, their motivation in the second language learning is called i______ motivation.Ⅲ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false1. Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.A. 正确B. 错误2. There is no biological basis for humans to prefer one particular language over any other. Our language faculty permits us to acquire any human language to which we are exposed.A. 正确B. 错误3. Linguists have arrived at an understanding that some children are more capable of acquiring their first language than others.A. 正确B. 错误4. The Error Analysis approach shows that there are striking similarities in the ways in which different L2 learners acquire a new language.A. 正确B. 错误5. The acquisition of case and gender forms of nouns in French seems more difficult than those in English, so French is more challenging to be acquired as a native language.A. 正确B. 错误6. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language.A. 正确B. 错误7. Human beings are genetically predetermined to acquire language, and this is sufficient for language development.A. 正确B. 错误8. Conscious knowledge of linguistic rules does ensure acquisition of the rules and therefore an immediate guidance for actual performance.A. 正确B. 错误9. In natural settings, parents always correct young children's utterances that violate the rules of the grammar.A. 正确B. 错误10. Instruction and correction are key factors in child language development.A. 正确B. 错误11. According to the coursebook, conscious instruction on the part of adults is altogether futile in child language development from the stage of a babbler to that of a fluent speaker.A. 正确B. 错误12. According to Behaviorist learning theory, children are believed to gradually assume correct forms of the language of **munity when their "bad" speech gets corrected and when their "good" speech gets positively reinforced.A. 正确B. 错误13. Children learn language by simply imitating the speech of the people around them.A. 正确B. 错误14. The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language.A. 正确B. 错误15. One-word utterances sometimes show an overextension or underextension of reference.A. 正确B. 错误16. During the two-word stage of language acquisition, two-word expressions are absent of syntactic or morphological markers.A. 正确B. 错误17. Children make virtually no word order errors at the multiword stage.A. 正确B. 错误18. When children learn to distinguish between the sounds of their language and the sounds that are not part of the language, they can acquire any sounds in their native language once their parents teach them.A. 正确B. 错误19. Interference from one's first language may occur at all levels of grammar.A. 正确B. 错误20. Positive transfer occurs when an L1 pattern is different from the counterpart pattern of the target language.A. 正确B. 错误21. The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all be explained by mother tongue interference.A. 正确B. 错误22. Empirical studies show that the process of SLA is a process of constructing and modifying rules of communication.A. 正确B. 错误23. Now the exact causes of fossilization and the ways to unfossilize the fossilized language are well-known.A. 正确B. 错误24. By researches of language acquisition, significant relationship has been found between talkativeness on the one hand and overall proficiency in a L2 on the other.A. 正确B. 错误Ⅳ.Define the following terms, giving example for illustration if necessary.1. language acquisition2. input3. caretaker speech4. over-extension5. telegraphic speech6. interference7. language transfer8. error analysis9. interlanguage10. fossilization11. formal instruction12. acculturationⅤ.Answer the following questions.1. Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behaviorist learning model and the nativist biological model.2. Explain briefly the four main individual learner factors that affect a learner's acquisition of a second language.。
现代语言学自考题-3
现代语言学自考题-3(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.∙ A. langue∙ B. linguist∙ C. language∙ D. learning（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.∙ A. vowels∙ B. consonants∙ C. sounds∙ D. speech sounds（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.∙ A. the internal structure∙ B. morpheme∙ C. the rules by which words are formed∙ D. word（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
现代语言学自考题-27
现代语言学自考题-27(总分：58.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ.Directions:Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false{{/B}}(总题数：28，分数：28.00)1.From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a dialectal variety ofa language.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
2.When people of a community speak the same language for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.（分数：1.00）A.正确B.错误√解析：[解析] 当一个社区的人们因为不同的目的使用两种不同的地域或国家方言的时候，就会出现双言和双语之类的社会语言现象。
改正：When people of a community speak two different regional or national dialects for different purposes, sociolinguistic situations known as diglossia and bilingualism emerge.3.In Black English, when the verb is negated, the indefinite pronouns something, somebody, and some become the negative indefinites nothing, nobody, and none, as in: He don't know nothing. He don't like nobody. He don't got none.（分数：1.00）A.正确√B.错误解析：[解析] 黑人英语中一个经常遭到抨击的方面就是其中的双重否定结构。
现代语言学自考题-26_真题-无答案
现代语言学自考题-26(总分42,考试时间90分钟)PART ONEⅠ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can **plete the statement.1. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations.A. Social B. Ethnic C. Regional D. Situational2. The way in which people address each other depends on their age, sex, social group, and personal relationship. The English system of address forms frequently used includes first name, last name, title+last name, ______, and kin term.A. title+first name B. title+title C. title alone D. first name+last name+title3. Different functional speech varieties known as ______ are expected in, say, a church sermon, a diplomatic encounter, a family dinner, or a sports broadcast.A. registers B. styles C. dialects D. accents4. In a **munity people have something in common ______—a language or a particular variety of language and rules for using it.A. socially B. linguistically C. culturally D. pragmatically5. In normal situations, ______ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ______ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; male B. male; female C. old; young D. young; old6. When referred to as ______, slang does not carry any negative connotations.A. vernacular B. colloquialism C. both A and B D. neither A nor B7. A ______ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua franca B. pidgin C. creole D. national language8. A person who spends a long time going through college or university tends to speak withlanguage features which derive from one's constant use of the ______ language.A. written B. spoken C. literal D. colloquial9. In a narrower sense, an individual speaker's idiolect is made up of such factors as ______.A. voice and rhythm B. voice, pitch and rhythm C. pitch and rhythm D. voice quality and pitch10. ______ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of communication.A. Language change B. Speech variety C. Speech variation D. Speech change11. It is the ______ differences that have often been used to illustrate the "illogic" of Black English.A. phonological B. morphological C. syntactic D. all of the above12. Notable examples of creoles that have become first languages from previously pidginized languages are ______.A. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti and Louisiana B. French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone C. English-based creoles spoken in Haiti, Louisiana, and French-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone D. English-based creoles spoken in Jamaica and Sierra Leone and French-based ones spoken in Haiti and Louisiana13. No two speakers of the same language or ______ use their language or ______ in exactly the same way.A. variety, dialect B. variation, dialect C. dialect, idiolect D. dialect, dialect14. Language planning refers to any attempt by a government, etc. to choose a particular speech variety and spread the use of it, including its pronunciation and spelling systems, across ______ boundaries.A. social B. regional C. cultural D. political15. The original Lingua Franca is believed to be ______.A. Proto Germanic B. an Italian-based pidgin C. a Dutch-based pidgin D. Chinese pidgin English16. There is a gradation of ______ ranging along a continuum between two extremes of very formal and very informal.A. dialect B. register C. variation D. slang17. In English-language **munities, the most obvious taboo words are related to ______.A. religion, sex, sex organs B. religion, sex, excrement C. sex, sex organs, excrement D. religion, sex organs, excrement18. When a ______ comes to be adopted by a population as its primary language and children learn it as their first language, it becomes ______.A. creole, pidgin B. pidgin, creole C. regional dialect, lingua franca D. lingua franca, regional dialect19. The variety of ______ diglossia is used for more formal or serious matters.A. formal B. informal C. high D. low20. Black English is probably the most widespread and most familiar ______ variety of theEnglish language.A. regional B. ethnic C. social D. lower class21. The differences between standard and non-standard, are different language varieties in a ______ situation, and are parallel but not identical.A. diglossic B. bilingual C. linguistic D. sociolinguistic22. The goal of ______ is to explore the nature of language variation and language use among a variety of **munities and in different social situations.A. psycholinguistics B. sociolinguistics C. historical linguistics D. general linguistics23. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of language are generally two varieties of the same language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ______ relationship with the L-variety.A. genetic B. social C. direct D. close24. A particular register often distinguishes itself from other registers by all the following except ______.A. having a number of distinctive words B. using words or phrases in a particular way C. showing special social identities D. using such special grammatical constructions as scientific or legal language, etc.PART TWOⅠ.Fill in each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given.25. The two (or possibly more) groups use their native languages as a basis for a rudimentary language of few lexical items and "straightforward" grammatical rules. Such a m______ language is called pidgin.26. A s______ community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or at leasta single language variety.27. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g______ and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.28. A e______ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression substituted when the speaker or writer fears more direct wording might be harsh, unpleasantly direct, or offensive.29. German-speaking Switzerland is described as a d______ community, where the distinct varieties are Standard German and Swiss German.30. In sociolinguistic studies, speakers are treated as members of group s______.31. Most languages have sets of lexical items similar in meaning but ranked differently according to their degree of f______.32. Speakers of an ethnic dialect usually regard the language they speak as the major s______ of their socio-cultural identity.33. A pidgin is generally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium of communication. As a c______ language, a pidgin may contain significant grammatical features oftwo or more languages.34. R______ are language varieties appropriate for use in particular speech situations.35. In Black English, the double negation structure provides a very effective means of emphasizing the n______ part of a message.36. S______ are varieties of language used by people belonging to particular social classes.37. Wherever the standard language can use a contraction (h e+is→he's), Black English can d______ the form of "be".38. B______ refers to a linguistic situation in which two standard languages are used either by an individual or by a group of speakers.39. A personal dialect is referred to as idiolect. It shows idiosyncratic varieties **bines aspects of all the elements regarding regional, social, and s______ variation, in one form or another.40. The avoidance of using t______ language mirrors social attitude, emotions and value judgements.41. One mark of an informal style is the frequent occurrence of s______ words and expressions, which make sense only to the people of particular social groups and serve as a mark of membership and solidarity within a given social group.42. The use of s______ language does not mean that it is the language that is sexist but rather the social attitudes connoted in the language that is sexist.。
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全国2009年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions：Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A，B，C，or D in the brackets. (2%×10=-20％)1. Phonetics provides the means to describe the speech sounds，showing how they differ；phonology tells us that they function as ______，acting to contrast words. ( )A. sounds unitsB. sound featuresC. phonemesD. allophones2. Alphabetic spelling represents the pronunciation of words；but it is often the case that the sounds of the words in a language are rather unsystematically represented by ______· ( ) A. writing B. orthographyC. transcriptionD. phonology3. ______morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with other morphemes，either free or bound，to form a word. ( )A. BoundB. FreeC. InflectionalD. Derivational4. _______ categories refer to combination of words of different categories，such as noun phrases(NP)，verb phrases(VP)in English. ( )A. LexicalB. PhrasalC. SemanticD. Logical5. In semantic analysis of a sentence，a(n)______ is a logical participant in a predication，largely identical with the nominal element(s)in a sentence. ( )A. argumentB. subjectC. objectD. attribute6. Of the three speech acts a speaker might be performing simultaneously when speaking，linguists are most interested in the ______ act because it is identical with the speaker’s intention. ( )A. performativeB. constative浙00830# 现代语言学试题第1 页（共12 页）C. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. Middle English began with the arrival of the Norman French invaders in England under William the Conqueror in 1066. For about a century and a half after the Norman Conquest，Middle English was heavily influenced by French，most noticeably in large and central areas of ______. ( )A. vocabularyB. pronunciationC. morphologyD. syntax8. Depending on the demands of a particular communicative situation，bilingual or multilingual speakers may change between language varieties in the middle of speech or even in the middle of a sentence. Such a situation is known as ______. ( )A. bilingualismB. multilingualismC. diglossiaD. code-switching9. Language disorder resulting from a damage to ______ area in the brain reveals word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax. ( )A. Wernicke’sB. Broca’sC. Gage’sD. Genie’s10. Studies on the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition show that formal instruction may help learners perform some types of tasks EXCEPT ______. ( )A. planned speechB. writingC. career-oriented examD. casual and spontaneous conversationII. Directions：Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word，the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)l1. M linguistics，unlike the linguistic study normally known as “grammar” which sets models and rules for language users to follow，is mostly descriptive，i.e.，it attempts to describe the language people actually use，be it “correct” or not.12. Many languages，including English，have vowels called d ，which could also be described as a sequence of two vowels.13. A r is often seen as part of a word；it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning；it must be combined with another similar form or an affix to form a word.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第2 页（共12 页）14. In a complex sentence，the incorporated，or subordinate，clause is normally called ane clause.15. In the English vocabulary there are two categories of words：n words and borrowed words.16. “Your money or your life!” aims to threaten，and it is a specific instance of d ·17. Back formation refers to a process by which new words are coined from already existing words by taking away an a thought to be part of the old word，for example，edit derived from editor on the mistaken assumption that “-or” was the agentive suffix.18. In the 1969 edition of the American Heritage Dictionary，examples used to illustrate the meaning of words include “manly courage’’ and “masculine charm. ’’Women do not fare as well. as exemplified by “womanish tears’’ and “feminine wiles.’’ This indicates that language reflectss in society.19. The c period hypothesis refers to a period in one’s life extending from about age two to puberty, during which the human brain is most ready to acquire a particular language.20. Although they lack grammatical morphemes，t sentences in the multiword stage are not simply words randomly strung together, but follow the principles of sentence formation.III. Directions：Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false，you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. (2%×10=20％) 21. ( )Animal communication system also possesses the feature of displacement. In other words，it can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations.22. ( )Vowels usually constitute the nucleus of syllable，so they are typically syllabic. Consonants cannot be syllabic. The same is true of English consonants.23. ( )X-bar theory and phrase structure rules are similar, and they play the same roles in explaining the internal structures of language.24. ( )Transformational rules are the rules that we use to generalize the syntactic movement that occurs when a constituent in a sentence moves out of its original place to a new position.25. ( )A grammatically well-formed sentence may be a semantically ill-formed sentence.26. ( )While conversation participants nearly always observe the Cooperative Principle，they do not always observe these maxims strictly.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第3 页（共12 页）27. ( )The Great V owel Shift did not lead to the discrepancies between the pronunciation and the spelling system of Moden English.28. ( )Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation，in which there exists a strict grammatical differentiation between a high variety or H-variety and a low variety or L-variety. 29. ( )Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the right hemisphere of the brain.30. ( )No language is inferior or superior to any other language，and no single human，except those with mental or physical impairments，is a better or worse language acquirer than any other human.IV. Directions：Explain the following terms，using one or two examples for illustration，if necessary. (3％×10=30％)31. arbitrariness32. distinctive features33. Universal Grammar34. Move35. contextualism36. comparative reconstruction37. speech community38. interpersonal communication39. 1inguistic determinism and relativism40. 1anguage acquisitionV. Directions：Answer the following questions. (10％×2=20％)41. Use appropriate phrase structure rules to draw a labeled constituent structure tree diagram for each of the following sentences.1) The naughty boy cheated his teacher.2) The old man put the book on the table.3) I think that you are from the South.42. Distinguish sentence meaning and utterance meaning by using examples.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第4 页（共12 页）全国2009年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.(2% × 10=20% ) 1. Saussure used ______ to refer to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community. ()A. performanceB. paroleC. langueD. competence2. In English, a phoneme may be represented by two or more allophones. The choice of the allophone is ______. ()A. randomB. rule-governedC. haphazardD. unpredictable3. In word-formation, a ______ is the smallest meaningful unit of language. ()A. phonemeB. wordC. compoundD. morpheme4. A ______ category usually refers to a word or phrase that performs a particular grammatical function, such as the subject or predicate in a sentence. ()A. lexicalB. phrasalC. syntacticD. phonetic5. In the following pairs of words, ______ are a pair of relational opposites. ()A. “buy” and “sell”B. “male” and “female”C. “hot” and “cold”D. “alive” and “dead”6. The illocutionary point of ______ has the characteristic that the successful performance of an act of this kind brings about the correspondence between what is said and reality. ()A. directivesB. declarationsC. commissivesD. representatives7. Old English had a rich case-ending system, e.g., Old English noun had four cases, i.e.,nominative, genetive, dative and ______. ()浙00830# 现代语言学试题第5 页（共12 页）A. possessiveB. vocativeC. accusativeD. locative8. ______ dialects are characteristic of a particular type of linguistic activity and appropriate for use in particular speech situations. ()A. SocialB. EthnicC. RegionalD. Situational9. Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.()A. nerve fibersB. nervesC. neuronsD. cerebral cortex10. By the time children are going beyond the ______ stage, they begin to incorporate some of theinflectional morphemes. ()A. telegraphicB. multiwordC. two-wordD. one-wordII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. ( 1%×10=10% )11. If a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct” behavior, i.e., to tell people what theyshould say and what they should not, it is said to be p .12. Languages that use the pitch of individual syllables to contrast meanings are called tlanguages. Pitch variations can be used to distinguish meaning just like phonemes.13. I morphemes are those morphemes that show various grammatical relations orcategories such as number, tense and case.14. A c sentence contains two or more clauses, one of which is incorporated into the other.15. In grammatical analysis, the sentence is taken to be the basic unit, but in semantic analysis ofa sentence, the basic unit is called p , which is the abstraction of the meaning of asentence.16. The significance of Grice’s C Principle lies in that it explains how it is possible forthe speaker to convey more than is literally said.17. The method of r of a parent language from a comparison of its daughter languages iscalled the comparative method.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第6 页（共12 页）18. The avoidance of using t language mirrors social attitude, emotions and valuejudgements.19. Genie’s case not only confirms the critical period hypothesis, but also the view that human’slanguage a device is independent of other intellectual abilities.20. If the target language functions as a foreign language, the learner is likely to benefit from ani motivation.Ⅲ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so. ( 2% ×10=20% )21. () The arbitrary nature of language is absolute, i.e., there are no words in worldlanguages that maintain a correspondence between form and sound.22. () Certain strings of phonemes are permissible and others are not. If a word beginswith an/1/or/r/, the next segment must be a vowel. That is why / 1b I k/does not sound like an English word. It violates the restriction on the sequencing of phonemes.23. () The different stresses used in a compound do not usually affect the meaning of thecompound.24. () The recursive properties of phrase structure rules enable these rules to generate aninfinite number of sentences, and sentences with infinite length.25. () Entailment is a relation of inclusion. If X entails Y, the meaning of X is included in Y.26. () Performatives are sentences that do not state a fact or describe a state, and are notverifiable.27. () Another kind of change that can be thought of as “economy of memory”results ina reduction of the number of exceptional or irregular morphemes. For example, children andadults are presently saying I dreamed last night (instead of dreamt). This kind of change has been called rule simplification.28. () One striking fact about the asymmetry between male and female terms in manylanguages is that when there are male/female pairs, the male form for the most part is unmarked and the female term is produced by adding a bound morpheme or by compounding.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第7 页（共12 页）29. () Research findings have shown that language processing centers are situated in asingle area of the left hemisphere.30. () The grammatical errors that occur in second language acquisition can all beexplained by mother tongue interference.Ⅳ. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. (3%×10=30%)31. synchronic study32. competence33. sentence stress34. free morpheme35. major lexical category36. behaviourism as a semantic view37. stylistic synonyms38. expressives39. euphemism40. Broca’s areaⅤ. Directions: Answer the following questions. ( 10% ×2=20% )41. In some dialects of English, the word “ask” is pronounced [æks], and children’s speech showsa number of cases of sound movement, for example, “aminal” for “animal”. Now explainsound movement by giving examples. State the difference between sound movement and sound addition by examples.42. Describe the distinctive features of Black English in its syntactic system by using examples.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第8 页（共12 页）全国2010年1月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I . Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the fourchoices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets.( 2% ×10=20% )1. The language behavior of particular persons on particular occasions is determined by many other factors over and above their linguistic ______. ( )A. systemB. structureC. competenceD. performance2. When we pronounce the long vowels [i:] or [u:], our ______, which is a bony structure at theend of the windpipe, is in a state of tension. ( )A. larynxB. hard palateC. glottisD. vocal cords3. The word “manuscript”is a two-morpheme cluster which contains ______. ( )A. two rootsB. a root and a prefixC. a root and a suffixD. a root and a free morpheme4. The grammatical knowledge is represented through Phrase Structure Rules, which stateexplicitly all and only the possible combinations of the ______ of a language, for example, in English, NP → ( Det ) (Adj) N (PP) (S). ( )A. phrasesB. clausesC. sentencesD. constituents5. The view that the meaning of a linguistic form is defined as the “situation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hearer”was proposed by ______. ( )A. PlatoB. Ogden and RichardsC. John FirthD. Bloomfield6. According to John Austin's theory of speech act, a(n) ______ act is the change brought about by the utterance. ( )A. prelocutionaryB. locutionaryC. illocutionaryD. perlocutionary7. In 1786, Sir William Jones suggested that ______ bore to Greek and Latin a stronger affinity than could possibly have been produced by accident.（）A. GermanicB. PersianC. SanskritD. Lithuanian8. The existence of taboo words and taboo ideas stimulates the creation of euphemism, which shows that a word or phrase not only has a linguistic denotative meaning but also has a ______.( )A. conceptual meaningB. connotative meaning浙00830# 现代语言学试题第9 页（共12 页）C. cultural meaningD. social meaning9. Dichotic listening research tells us a signal coming in the left ear will first go to the ______ hemisphere, from where it is transferred to the left side of the brain for processing. （）A. right B. leftC. frontD. back10. Studies of the effects of formal instruction on second language acquisition suggest that formalinstruction may help learners perform some of the following types of tasks except ______.( ) A. planned speech B. writingC. casual and spontaneous conversationD. career-oriented examinationII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1% ×10=10%)11. Double a refers to the property of language which means language is composed ofdiscrete units at two levels. At the lower level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. At the higher level there are morphemes and words, which are meaningful.12. In the production of v , the back of the tongue is brought into contact with the softpalate, or velum, e.g., [k] in cat, [g] in get and [η] in sting.13. Morphological rules are the rules that govern which affix can be added to what type ofs to form a new word.14. A sentence is a structurally independent unit that usually comprises a number of words. Aphrase structure tree diagram assigns a h structure to sentences.15. The words such as “pop”meaning a certain sound and “pop”meaning popular are inrelationship of c homonyms.16. The c view in the discussion of semantics is often considered as the initial effort tostudy meaning in a pragmatic sense.17. Extensive changes in rules of morphology have occurred in the history of English. English haslost most of its i endings, by which it is no longer possible to identify the functional roles of nouns.18. Diglossia describes any stable linguistic situation, in which there exists a strict fdifferentiation between a low-variety or L-variety and a high variety or H-variety.19. The localization of cognitive and perceptual functions in a particular hemisphere of the brainis called l .20. I is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of second languageacquisition.III. Directions: Judge whether each, of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version. （2% ×10=20%)浙00830# 现代语言学试题第10 页（共12 页）21.（）According to Hall (1968), language is "the institution whereby humans communicateand interact with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditory arbitrarysymbols." Most linguists today accept the view of language as a set of "habituallyused symbols."22.（）Intonation refers to a distinctive pattern of tones over stretch of speech in principlelonger than a word, in other words, when pitch, stress and sound length are tied tothe sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known asintonation.23.（）Suffixes are added to the end of stems, during the process of which they modify themeaning of the original word but usually do not change its part of speech.24.（）When we say a sentence has two levels of structure, D-structure and S-structure, wedo not mean that the syntactic representations of these two levels must be different.Since syntactic movement occurs to all sentences, so the representations of the twolevels look different.25.（）“He has been to New York”presupposes “He has been to America”.26.（）John Searle made a distinction between what he called “constatives”and“performatives”.27.（）Regularization of exceptional plural forms of nouns constantly occurs. By analogy tofoe/foes, and dog/dogs, English speakers started saying cows as the plural of cowinstead of the earlier plural kine. This analogical change does not occur when wordsare borrowed from foreign languages.28.（）The common English address terms are First Name (e.g., John), Last Name (e.g.,Smith), Title + Last Name (e.g., Dr. Green), Title + Title (e.g., Mr. President), Titlealone (e.g., Sir) and Kin term (e.g., Dad). And outside of marked settings, betweenfriends, neighbours and colleagues, first names are always preferred.29.（）Thanks to cerebral plasticity, people suffering damage to the left hemisphere are ableto transfer their language centers to the right hemisphere and to reacquire the lostlinguistic skills with relatively little disruption.30.（）The earliest sounds produced by infants can be considered as early language IV. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration, if necessary. ( 3% × 10=30% )31. design features32. narrow transcription33. bound morphemes34. deep structure35. hyponymy36. commissives37. sound assimilation38. idiolect浙00830# 现代语言学试题第11 页（共12 页）39. Wernicke's area40. interferenceV. Directions: Answer the following questions.( 10% ×2=20% )41. Please illustrate the syntactic and semantic features of compounds in English language withexamples.42. Please explicate how language and thought develop and blend each other in order tounderstand the relationship between language and thought.浙00830# 现代语言学试题第12 页（共12 页）。