现代语言学自考题-3
2020年年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题
xx年10月全国高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ。
Directions：Readeachofthefollowingstatementscarefully.Decidewhichoneoft hefourchoicesbestpletesthestatementandputtheletterA，B，CorDinthebrackets.（2%×10=20%）1.Chomskyusestheterm（）torefertotheactualrealizationofalanguageuser‘sknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinlinguisticmunication.ngueB.petenceC.paroleD.performance2.Intermsoftheplaceofarticulation，thefollowingsounds[t][d][s][z][n]sharethefeatureof（）。
A.palatalB.alveolarC.bilabialD.dental3.TransformationalGenerativeGrammarwasintroducedby（）in1957.A.L.BloomfieldB.F.SaussureC.N.ChomskyD.M.A.K.Halliday4.Naturallanguagesareviewedtovaryaordingto（）setonUGprinciplestoparticularvalues.A.AdjacentConditionB.parametersC.CaseConditionD.Caserequirement5.Synonymsareclassifiedintoseveralkinds.Thekindtowhich “girl”and“lass”belongiscalled（）synonyms.A.stylisticB.dialectalC.emotiveD.collocational6.Theillocutionarypointof（）istoexpressthepsychologicalstatespecifiedintheutterance.A.representativesB.missivesC.expressivesD.declaratives7.ModernEnglishwordsman，woman，child，eat，fight，ect.originatefrom（）。
自学考试《现代语言学》备考练习题及答案
自学考试《现代语言学》备考练习题及答案考试复习最忌心浮气躁，急于求成。
为帮助自考生们顺利备考，以下是店铺搜索整理的一份2017自学考试《现代语言学》备考练习题及答案，供参考练习，希望对大家有所帮助!想了解更多相关信息请持续关注我们店铺!I. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×5=15%)1.duality2. root3. reference4. hyponymy5. perlocutionary actⅡ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×15=30%)( )1. As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the language peopleactually use, and not to lay down rules for "correct" linguistic behavior,it is said to be ___________.A、 prescriptiveB、 sociolinguisticC、 descriptiveD、 psycholinguistic( )2. In English, “pill” and “bill” are ___________.A. a phonemic contrastB. complementary distributionC. assimilation D a minimal pair( )3. Of the three branches of phonetics, the longest established, and until recently the most highly developed, is___________phonetics.A. auditoryB. acousticC. articulatoryD. none of the above three( )4. What the element ‘-es’ indicates is third person singular, present tense, the element ‘-ed’ past tense, and ‘-ing’ progressive aspect. Since they are the smallest unit of language and meaningful, they are also___________.A. phonemesB. morphemesC. allophonesD. phones( )5 .In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of ___________.A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental( )6.The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is good proof that human language is ___________.A. arbitraryB.non-arbitraryC. logicalD.non-productive( )7.The pair of wor ds “lend”and “borrow”are ___________A.gradable antonymsB.converse antonymsC.co-hyponymsD.synonyms( )8.The function of the sentence “A nice day, isn't it?”is ___________rmativeB.phaticC.directiveD.performative( )9.The semantic components of the word “gentleman” can be expressed as___________.A.+animate,+male,+human, +adultB.+animate,+male,+human,-adultC.+animate,-male,+human,-adultD.+animate,-male,+human,+adult( )10.The utterance "We're already working 25 hours a day, eight days a week."obviously violates the maxim of ___________.A.qualityB.quantityC.relationD.manner( )11. The sentence “The baby smiled.” is a___________.A. two-place predicationB. three-place predicationC. no-place predicationD. one-place predication( )12. “John killed Bill but Bill didn’t die” is a (n) ___________.A. entailmentB. presuppositionC. anomalyD. contradiction( )13. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is whether in the study of meaning _________ is considered.A. referenceB. speech actC. contextD. practical usage( )14. A sentence is a _________ concept, and the meaning of a sentence is often studied in isolation.A. pragmaticB. grammaticalC. mentalD. conceptual( )15. The sentence structure is _________.A. only linearB. only hierarchicalC. complexD. both linear and hierarchicalⅢ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)( )1. In modern linguistic studies, the written form of language is givenmore emphasis than the spoken form for a number of reasons.( )2. The compound word "bookstore" is the place where books are sold. Thisindicates that the meaning of a compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components.( )3. Only when a maxim under Cooperative Principle is blatantly violatedand the hearer knows that it is being violated, do conversational implicatures arise.( )4. All words may be said to contain a root morpheme.( )5.The word “photographically” is made up of 5morphemes.( )6. A general difference between phonetics and phonology is thatphonetics is focused on the production of speech sounds while phonology ismore concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.( )7. The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a part to the whole.( )8.“The student” in the sentence “The student liked the linguistic lecture”, and “The linguistic lecture” in the sentence “The linguistic lecture liked the student.” belong to the same syntactic category.( )9. “It is raining hard” is a one-place predication sentence.( )10. Componential analysis is based on the belief that the meaning of a word cannot be dissected into meaning components, called semantic feature.Ⅳ. Answer the following questions. (35%)1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English. (5%)[k][z][w][u:][i]2. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? (5%)3. According to the ways antonyms differ, how many groups can we classify antonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. (5%)4. Paraphrase the sentence “The boy saw the man with the telescope.” by drawing the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation. (10%)5. What are the four maxims of the CP? Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle: A: Where’ve you been?B: Out.参考答案I. Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×5=15%)1. Duality : The duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings. At the lower or the basic level, there is the structure of sounds, which are meaningless, discrete, individual sounds. But the sounds of language can be combined according to rules into units of meaning such as morphemes and words2. root: A root is the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity. That is to say, it is that port of the word when all the affixes are removed.3. reference: Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. hyponymy: Hyponymy refers to the sense relation betweena more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word.5. perlocutionary act: A perlocutionary act is the act per-formed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something.Ⅱ. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C or D in the brackets. (2%×15=30%)1-5 CDCBB 6-10 ABBAA 11-15 DDCBDⅢ. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. (2%×10=20%)1-5 FFTTF 6-10 TTTFFⅣ. Answer the following questions. (35%)1. Give the description of the following sound segments in English. (5%)[k]: voiceless, stop, velar[z]: voiced, alveolar, fricative[w]: bilabial, approximant[u:]: back, lax, rounded, high[i]: front, tense, unrounded, high2. What are the major distinctions between langue and parole? (5%)Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which language users all have to follow while parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use, but parole is concrete; it refers to thenaturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable. it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.3. According to the ways antonyms differ, how many groups can we classify antonyms into? Illustrate them with examples. (5%) Gradable antonymy Complementary antonymy Converse antonymy4. Paraphrase the sentence “The boy saw the man with the telescope.” by drawing the constituent structure trees for each possible interpretation. (10%) omitted5. What are the four maxims of the CP? Comment on the following conversation in terms of Grice’s Cooperative Principle: (10%)A: Where’ve you been?B: Out. Quality maxims Quantity maxims Manner maxims Relation maxims。
全国自考《现代语言学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】
全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》历年真题及详解【圣才出品】2015年10⽉全国⾃考《现代语⾔学》真题及详解课程代码：00830选择题部分I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.A study of the features of the English language used in Charles Dickens’time can be regarded as a _____study.A.diachronicB.prescriptiveC.synchronicD.historical【答案】C【解析】研究某⼀时期的语⾔特征属于共时研究，故选C项。
2.Of the following consonants,_____is dental.A.[t]B.[p]C.[?]D.[θ]【答案】D【解析】[θ]是⾆齿⾳，故D项正确。
[t]是齿龈⾳（alveolar），[p]爆破⾳（plosive），[?]是腭⾳（palatal）。
3.The inflectional morpheme in the word“deforestated”is_____.A.de-B.forestC.-ateD.-ed【答案】D【解析】曲折词素指的是不改变单词意思⽽改变单词词性的词素，-ed将单词由动词变为形容词，属于曲折词素，故D项正确。
de-和-ate是派⽣词素，forest是词根。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are_____in number,and yet there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers of that language are able to produce and comprehend.A.finiteB.non-finiteC.infiniteD.definite【答案】A【解析】任何语⾔的句法规则都是有限的，但是⼈们能够制造并理解⽆数句⼦，这是由语⾔的递归性和⼆重性决定的，故A项正确。
《现代语言学》试题
《现代语言学》试题2018年4月高等教育自学考试课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof theour choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET.1. Language is a system of arbitrary symbols used for humancommunication.A. visualB. vocalC. writtenD. spoken2. The English sounds [j] and [w] areA. liquidsB. glidesC. affricativesD. nasals3. The optimum age for second languageacquisition isA. early teenageB. 7 years oldC. 6 years oldD. 20 years old4. modify the meaning and in manycases change the part of speech of the original word.A. Prefixes 13. Roots C. Suffixes D. Stems5. Neurolinguists have concluded that threeareas of the left hemisphere are vital to language, namely, Broca's area, Wernicke's area andA. neuronsB. cerebral cortexC. Exner's areaD. the angular gyrus6. A clause that takes a subject and a finiteverb, and at the same time stands alone is known as a finite clause.A. semanticallyB. structurallyC. sociolinguisticallyD. phonologically7. is a linguistic situation in whichtwo standard languages are used by an individual or by a group of speakers,such as the inhabitants of aparticular region or a nation.A. CreoleB. VernacularC. BilingualismD. Diglossia8. The sense relation that holds between the twowords piece and peace isA. polysemyB. homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. As an important theory in the pragmatic studyof language, speech act theory was originated with in the late 50's of the 20thcentury.A. Paul GriceB. John SearleC. Noam ChomskyD. John Austin10. Ingeneral, linguistic change in the system and the vocabulary of a language is more noticeable than thatin other systems of the grammar.A. syntacticB. morphologicalC. soundD. semanticII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note thatyou are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.11.According to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of r about his language, which enableshim to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences.12. Englishvowels may be distinguished as front, c and back.13. B learning theory suggested that achild's verbal behavior was conditioned through association between a stimulusand the following response.14. I morphemes manifest variousgrammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree,and case.15. Thelocalization of cognitive and perceptual functions ina particular hemisphereof the brain is called I16.Syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic knowledgeof a language speaker is known as linguisticc17. A p is a variety of language that isgenerally used by native speakers of other languages as a medium ofcommunication.18. S refers to the sameness or closesimilarity of meaning.19.According to J. Austin, a I actis the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveyingliteral meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of Old English, M Englishand Modem English.IIIDirections: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.21. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary.22. [s] and[z] are two alveolar fricatives in English.23. Ingeneral, language learning refers to children's development of their firstlanguage.24. The wordupdate is formed by derivation.25. The caseof Genie demonstrates that the language facultyof an average human degeneratesafter the critical period.26.Constituents that can be substituted for one another without loss ofgrammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.27. Of thetwo sounds/b/and/1/, children are more likely to acquire/1/first rather than/b/.28. Theconceptualist view of meaning was further strengthened by Bloomfield, who drew onbehaviorist psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic form.29.Utterance is based on sentence meaning; it is the realization of the abstractmeaning of a sentence in a real situation of communication.30. Language change is essentially a matter ofchange in the grammar.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate.31.displacement32. phoneme33.interlanguage34. root35. thecritical period hypothesis36.Universal Grammar37. slang38. hyponymy39.perlocutionary act40. semanticchangeV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41.Linguistics is generally defined as "the scientific study oflanguage". Describe briefly the process of linguistic study.42. What isthe Cooperative Principle? Please make ananalysis of what maxim is violated byB and what implicature is produced in the following conversation.A: Thespeaker is an awful bore. Don't you think?B: Thelecture hall is spacious, isn't it?(This issaid when it is known to both A and B that it is entirely possible for B tomake a comment on the speaker. )2018年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statementscarefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (2% ×10=20%)1. According to F.de Saussure, refers to theabstract linguistic system shared byall members ofa speech community.petenceB. performanceC. langueD. parole2. The Englishsound [u:] is aA. close vowelB. semi-close vowelC. semi-open vowelD. open vowel3. Which of thefollowing factors is NOT a learner factor?A.AcculturationB. PersonalityC. InteractionD. Motivation4. The words"take" and "table" are called because they can occur unattached.A. freemorphemesB. boundmorphemesC. formwordsD.inflectional morphemes5. What can bedrawn safely from the case of Genie is thatA. it confirmsthe critical period hypothesisB. human'slanguage acquisition device is independent of other intellectual abilitiesC. languagecannot be acquired at all after the critical periodD. the languagefaculty of an average human degenerates after the critical period and, asa result,most linguistic skills cannot develop6. Constituentsthat can be substituted for one another without loss of grammaticality belongto the sameA. syntacticcategoryB.phonological categoryC.morphological categoryD.semantic category7. Sociolinguistics is primarily concerned with the social significance oflanguage and language usein different speech communities.A.variationB. changeC. structureD. form8. In semanticanalysis of a sentence, the basic unit is called , which is the abstraction of themeaning of a sentence.A.predicationB. predicateC. argumentD. sense9. The notion of is essential to the pragmatic studyof language.A.utteranceB. sentenceC. contextD. speech act10. The first and most widely investigated languagefamily of the world isA. theSino-Tibetan FamilyB. theIndo-European FamilyC. theAustronesian FamilyD. theAfroasiatic FamilyII. Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET ineach of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which isalready given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and youare not allowed to change theletter given. (1% × 10=10%)11. Cultural t means that language can be passed on from one generation to the nextthrough teaching and learning, rather than by instinct.12. When pitch, stress, and sound length are tied to thesentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as i13. Language acquisition is concerned with languaged in humans.14. Semantically, the meaning of a compound is often i , not always being the sum total ofthe meanings of its components.15. The relationship between the name and the meaning ofa word is quite .a16. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionallycalled t rules, whose operationmay change the syntactic representation of a sentence.17. A creole language is originally a p that has become established as anative language in some speech community.18. P refersto the phenomenon that the same word may have more than one meaning.19. If one contributes more information than is requiredin a conversation, he/she violates the maxim of q20. Many of the most basic terms in the English languageoriginate from O English.III. Directions: Judge whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so andthen give the correct version. (2%~10=20%)21. The description of a language at some point in timeis adiachronic study.22. [0] and [6] are two dental fricatives in English.23. Although there are individual differences in onsetand rate of language development, children across cultures follow the sameorder of language development.24. "Plural" is a morpheme.25. Language is the only means for thought.26. Parameters are syntactic options of UG that allowgeneral principles to operate in one way or another and contribute tosignificant linguistic variations between and among natural languages.27. A regional dialect is usually spoken by a group ofpeople living in the same community.28. Contexualism is based on the presumption that one canderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.29. The twosentences "Tom smokes." and "Tom is smoking." have the samepredication.30. Modemlinguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken.IV. Directions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate. (3% × 10=30%)31. duality32. word stress33. second language acquisition (SLA)34. stem35. cerebral plasticity36. AUX-movement37. speech community38. sense39. pragmatics40. historical linguisticsV. Directions: Answer the followingquestions. (10% × 2=20%)41. Name and describe 5 of the core branches oflinguistics.42. How are semantics and pragmatics related, and how dothey differ?2019年4月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the four choices best completes the statement and blacken the correspondingletter A, B, C orD on the ANSWER SHEET. (2%×10=20%)1. Linguistics is generally defined as the study of language.A. synchronicB. scientificC. specificD. diachronic2. aimsto discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these soundsare used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.A. PhoneticsB. PhonologyC. PhoneD. Phoneme3. The American SLA scholar proposed the distinction betweenacquisition and learning.A. F. de SaussureB.N. ChomskyC.S. KrashenD.B.F.Skinner4. The basic unit in the study of morphology isA. phoneB. wordC. phonemeD. morpheme5. One of major mental functions controlled bythe right hemisphere of the brain isA. temporal orderingB. holistic reasoningC. calculationD. analytic reasoning6. Traditionally the three major types ofsentences are , and sentences.A. full / partial / incompleteB. affirmative / interrogative /imperativeC. positive / negative / neutralD. simple / coordinate or compound /complex7. Insociolinguistics, the more standard variety is called the variety, which is used for more formalor serious matters, such as speeches made in government, the media, school, orchurch.A. IowB. highC. authoritativeD. official8. The sense relation that holds between the twowordsfiower and rose isA. polysemyB.homonymyC. hyponymyD. synonymy9. While the meaning of a sentence is abstract,and decontextualized, the meaning of a(n)is concrete,and context-dependent.A. wordB. phraseC. idiomD. utterance10. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies language change, therefore, it mainly adopts a approach.A. diachronicB. synchronicC. descriptiveD. prescriptiveII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the followingstatements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue.Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to changethe letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. D features refer to the definingproperties of humanlanguage that distinguish it from any animal system ofcommunication.12. Englishconsonants can be classified either in terms of m of articulation or in terms of placeof articulation.13. Languageacquisition is concerned with language d in humans.14. Boundmorphemes include two types: roots and a15. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.16. Thetheory of Case Condition accounts for the fact that n phrases appear only in subject andobject positions.17. Aparticular r may be used bya particular group of people, usually sharing the same occupation like doctors,teachers, and lawyers, or the same interests, such as stamp collectors,football fans.18. R means what a linguistic form refersto in the real, physical world; it deals with the relationship between thelinguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.19.According to John Austin, p weresentences that did not state a fact or describe a state and were notverifiable.20. It isgenerally accepted that the history of the English language is divided into theperiods of O English, MiddleEnglish and Modem English.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T for true or F for false on the ANSWER SHEET. If you think a statementis false, you must explain why you think so and then give the correct version.(2%×10=20%)21.According to F. de Saussure, parole is concrete, while langue is abstract.22. Thereare two nasals in English: [m] [n].23. Studiesof the effect of formal instruction in general support the hypothesis that instructiondecides SLA.24. Since acompound is a word, its components cannot be written separately.25. For mostindividuals, the left hemisphere is dominant for language, regardless of handiness.26. Thearrangement of words in a linear sequence entails that sentences are simply linearly-structured.27. Aeuphemism is a mild, direct or less offensive word or expression substitutedwhen the speaker or writer fears more indirect wording might be harsh,unpleasantly offensive.28. When twowords are identical in spelling, they are homophones.29. If onesays what he believes to be false, he violates the maxim of quantity.30. The mostvigorous and on-going change in the historical development of a language is thechange in its vocabulary.IV.Directions: Explain the following terms and give examples for illustrationwhere appropriate. (3%×10=30%)31. appliedlinguistics32.International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)33. languagetransfer34.inflectional affixes35.linguistic lateralization36.branching nodes37.semantics38.illocutionary act39.historical linguistics40. linguafrancaV.Directions: Answer the following questions. (10%×2=20%)41. Of thetwo media of language, speech and writing, which is more basic in the view of modemlinguistics? Explain the reasons.42. What arethe major views concerning the study of meaning? Explain them briefly.2019年10月高等教育自学考试《现代语言学》试题课程代码：00830I.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which oneof the fourchoices best completes the statementand blacken the corresponding letter A, B, C or D onthe ANSWER SHEET.1. provides speakers with anopportunity to talk about a wide range of things, free from barriers caused byseparation in time and place.A. ArbitrarinessB. ProductivityC. DualityD. Displacement2. [ɜ:] [Ə] and [ʌ] are the vowels in English.A. frontB. semi-openC. centralD. back3. The root of the word carelessness isA. careB. carelessC. -lessD. -ness4. Syntax is a subfield of linguistics thatstudies the structure oflanguage.A. soundB. wordC. sentenceD. meaning5. The sense relation between the twowordsfiower and roseisA. antonymyB. hyponymyC. homonymyD. polysymy6. The study ofhow speakers of a language use sentences to effect successful communication iscommonly calledA. semanticsB. syntaxC. pragmaticsD. sociolinguistics7. Historical linguistics is the subfield oflinguistics that studies languageA. changeB. factC. grammarD. presence8. Variation in language use which is associatedwith the sex of individual speakers isA. ageB. genderC. registerD. slang9. The language center that is responsible forconverting a visual stimulus into an auditory form and vice versa is calleda(n)A. Broca's areaB. Wemicke's areaC. motor areaD. angular gyms10. Inlanguage learning, isdefined in terms of the learner's overall goal ororientation.A. motivationB. aptitudeC. acculturationD. personalityII.Directions: Fill in the blank on the ANSWER SHEET in each of the following statementswith one word, the first letter ofwhich is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fillin ONE word only, and you are notallowed to change theletter given.11. Chomskydefines p as the actualrealization of the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language inlinguistic communication.12. Thearticulatory organs of a human being are contained in three important areas or cavities:the pharyngeal cavity, the oral cavity and the n cavity.13.Morphemes that can not stand alone, but must be combined with other morphemesto form words are calledb morphemes.14.Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s and its predicate.15. The c view holds that there is no directlink between a linguistic form and what it refers to.16. If yousay what you believe to be false in a conversation, you violate the maxim of q17. Many of the most basic terms, such as man, eat andhouse in the English language originate from O English.18. Asociolinguistic situation in which two different varieties of language co-existin a speech communication, each with a distinct range of purely social functionand appropriate for certain situations, is called d19. Thebrain is divided into two roughly symmetrical halves, called h , one on the right and one on theleft.20. Ingeneral, language acquisition refers tochildren's development of their f language.III.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false.Put a T fortrue or F for false on the ANSWERSHEET. If you think a statement is false, you mustexplain why you think so and then givethe correct version.21.Phonologists are interested in how sounds are put together and used to conveymeaning in communication.22. [p] [b][m] are the only three bilabial consonants in English.23.Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations.24. Move a(Alpha) means "move any word to any place."25. Referenceis the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.26. Aperlocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker's intention; it is theact performed in saying something.27.Linguistic change occurs in all components of the grammar, including changes inthe sound, morphological, syntactic, lexical, and semantic systems.28. A creolelanguage is originally a pidgin that has become established as a nativelanguage in somespeech community.29. Cerebralcortex in the outside surface of the brain is the most important part of thebrain.30.According to Krashen, learning refers to the gradual and subconsciousdevelopment of ability in the first language by using it naturally in dailycommunicative situations.IV. Direetions: Explain the followingterms and give examples for illustration where appropriate.31. language32. broadtranscriptionpounding34. theX-bar theory35. synonymy36. speechact theory37.diachronic linguistics38.euphemism39. thecritical period hypothesis40.interlanguageV.Directions: Answer the following questions.41. What isthe deletion rule? Explain your answer with examples.42. What doyou think are the causes of language change? Explain your answer with examples.。
现代语言学自考最新版
现代语言学自考最新版I.Directions:Read each of the following statements carefully.Decide which one of thefour choices best completes the statement and blacken the corresponding letter A,B,C or D on the ANSWER SHEET.(2%×10=20%)1.Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of__.nguenguagec.grammarD.parole2.The speech sounds are the limited range of sounds which are____in humancommunication.A.grammaticalB.audibleC.physicalD.meaningful3.Suffixes such as-er,-en and-less are examples of._.A.free morphemesB.rootsC.bound morphemesD.stems4.A sentence normally consists of at least a subject and its predicate which contains a(n)or a(n)_A.gerund...infinitiveB.finite verb...verb phraseC.entity...actD.existence...occurrence5.The linguistic symbol"dog,"while bearing the same_.has two different referencesin the following utterances:"1 was once bitten by a dog."and"Mind you.There is a dogover there.”A.signB.senseC.signatureD.system6.According to the Cooperative Principle,the following conversation violates the maxim of__·A:Shall we get something for the kids?B:Yes.But I vetol-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.A.quantityB.qualityC.relationD.manner7.In terms of language family,Chinese is a major member of the._...·A.Indo-European FamilyB.Sino-Tibetan FamilyC.Austronesian FamilyD.Afroasiatic Family8.The standard language of many countries,such as Standard English,Standard French and Mandarin Chinese,is also designated as nguage.A.officialB.vernacularC.legalD.scientificteralization refers to the localization of cognitive and perceptual function in a particular hemisphere of theA.headB.mindc.brainD.heart10.When we say that language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the grammatical system of language,we mean what is acquired by young children are some_...thatare fundamental to the grammaticality of speech.A.linguistic categoriesB.general principlesC.linguistic functionsD.specific rules非选择题部分注意事项:用黑色字迹的签字笔或钢笔将答案写在答题纸上,不能答在试题卷上。
自考《现代语言学》试题题型培训课件
自考《现代语言学》试题题型现代语言学试题题型举例Ⅰ. Define the following terms, giving examples for illustration (20%; 5 terms ):1.duality-----2.free morpheme----3.phonology ------4.context-------5.polysemy ------Ⅱ. Indicate the following statements true or false (20%; 20 statements): ( )1. While language is arbitrary by nature, it is not entirely arbitrary.( )2. Phonology is a branch of linguistics which studies the sentence pattern of a language.( )3. Phonemes are the smallest meaningful unit of language.( )4. Modern linguists regard the written language as primary, not the spoken.( )5. English is a typical tone language.Ⅲ. Fill each of the following blanks with one word which begins with the letter given (20%; 20 blanks):1. The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phoneticenvironments are called the a_________ of that phoneme.2. A linguistic study is d___________ if it describes and analyses facts observed; itis p___________ if it tries to lay down rules for correct behavior.3. Competence is the ideal language user’s knowledge of his l____________, whilep____________ is the actual realization of this knowledge in utterances.4. The two subtypes of affixes are p____________ and s_____________.5. The description of a language at some point in time is a s______________ study.6. P_______________ can be defined as the study of how speakers of a languageuse sentences to effect successful communication.7. The notion of c______________ is essential to the pragmatic study of language.8. Normally, a sentence consists of at least a s__________________ andp_________________.9. Morphology is the study of the internal s____________________ of words and the way inwhich w______________ are formed.10. G______________ antonyms may be seen in terms of degrees of the qualityinvolved.Ⅳ. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement (20 %; 20 statements):1._______ are produced when the obstruction is complete at first, then releasedslowly with friction resulting from partial obstruction.A. NasalsB. GlidesC. FricativesD. Affricates2.The words “autumn” and “fall” are ____________.A. synonyms differing in emotive meaningB. collocationally-restrictedsynonymsC. dialectal synonymsD. synonyms differing in styles3.The word “unhappiness” has ____________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4.The word “girls” has ______________ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four5.In English, “un-” and “dis-” are called ______________.A. prefixesB. suffixesC. infixesD. grammatical words6. A word with several meaning is called _____________.A. an abnormal wordB. a polysemous wordc. a synonymous word D. none of the abovenguage is _________________, which means that there is no logicalconnection between meanings and sound.A. productiveB. arbitraryC. dualD. universal8.Which of the following sounds is a voiceless bilabial stop?A. [p]B. [m]C. [b]D. [t]9.The pair of words “buy” and “sell” are ___________.A. gradable antonymsB. relational antonymsC. synonymsD. co-hyponyms10.F. de Saussure is a(n) _________________.A. AmericanB. BritishC. SwissD. RussianⅤ. Answer the following questions as comprehensively as possible, giving examples if necessary (20%; 5 from 7 questions):1.What are the differences between a root and a stem?2.What does pragmatics study? How are pragmatics and traditional semanticsrelated, and how do they differ?3.What are the major differences between modern linguistics and traditionalgrammar?4.What is the semantic triangle?5.Exemplify the CP and maxims proposed by P. Grice?6.Why is speech considered prior to writing in modern linguistics?7.Draw a tree diagram for each of the following statements:(1)He lives a tranquil life in the country.(2)I know he will come tomorrow.。
(全新整理)10月现代语言学全国自考试卷及答案解析
全国2018年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830I. Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A, B, C, or D in the brackets. (2% ×10=20%)1. Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any _______________system of communication.A. artificialB. non-linguisticC. animalD. abstract2. If you put a finger in each e ar and say “z-z-z-z-z”, you can feel the vibrations of the _______________.A. glottisB. windpipeC. larynxD. vocal cords3. In the word suitable, “-able” is a _______________morpheme.A. derivationalB. inflectionalC. rootD. stem4. _______________is a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structure of language,i.e. how words are arranged in a sentence and in what order.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. PhonologyD. Semantics5. Whether a sentence is semantically meaningful is governed by rules called _______________.A. selectional restrictionsB. grammatical rulesC. phrase structure rulesD. phonological rules6. If a sentence is regarded as what people actually utter in the course of communication, it becomes a(n) _______________ .A. clauseB. speechC. utteranceD. predication7.The discovery of Indo-European began with the work of ____________, who delivered an important paper in 1786 in which he suggested that Sanskrit bore a stronger affinity to Greek and Latin.A. the British scholar Sir William JonesB. the German linguist Franz BoppC. the Danish scholar Rasmus RaskD. the German scholar Jacob Grimm8.The important characteristic of a speech community is that the members of the group must,in some reasonable way, interact _______________with other members of the community.A. geographicallyB. linguisticallyC. sociallyD. psycholinguistically19. Th e view that human brain is the source of human language and cognition goes back _______.A. less than 1000 yearsB. over 2000 yearsC. less than 2000 yearsD. over 3000 years10. Language acquisition is primarily the acquisition of the _________system of language.A. phonologicalB. semanticC. grammaticalD. communicativeII. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given. (1%×10=10%)11. L is generally known as the scientific and systematic study of language.12. Speech sounds can be described in physical or a terms. Physically, sounds are transmitted through the air from one person to another.13. The morphemes that are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves are called f morphemes.14. A simple sentence consists of a single c which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its own sentence.15. C analysis is based upon the belief that the meaning of a word can be divided into meaning components.16. According to Searle, s acts fall into five general categories, i.e., there are five general types of things we do with language.17. In historical linguistics, language change refers to the study of the d processes of change in language elements and language systems.18. Dialectal diversity develops when people are separated from each other g and socially. The changes that occur in the language spoken in one area or group do not necessarily spread to another.19. Language functions are believed to be lateralized primarily in the 1 hemisphere of the brain.20. For the vast majority of children, language development occurs spontaneously and requires little conscious i on the part of adults.llI. Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2%×10=20%)21. ( ) Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.22. ( ) We use dark [] at the end of a word after a vowel or before a consonant, such as feel [fi:] and little [l I t], and clear [1] before a vowel, such as loaf [l υf]. From the phonological point of view, dark [] and clear [1] are the two different sounds.23. ( ) Theoretically speaking, a compound can be a combination of two words of any parts of speech.224. ( ) The level of syntactic representation before the operation of necessary movement is what we call deep structure.25. ( ) Sense and reference are of the same thing in meaning study.26. ( ) Paul Grice thought that in making conversation, the participants must first of all be willing to cooperate.27. ( ) The word knight once meant “youth”, but was elevated in meaning in time for the age of chivalry. This is an example of semantic broadening.28. ( ) In medieval times, a trade language came into use in the Mediterranean ports. It consisted of Italian mixed with French, Spanish, Greek, Arabic, and Turkish, and it was called Lingua Franca, “Frankish language.” The term lingua franca was generalized to other languages similarly used. Thus, any language can be a lingua franca.29. ( ) Aristotle suggested that thought was the soul’s discourse with itself.30. ( ) Some languages are more challenging to acquire as a first language.Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration. (3%×10=30%)31.duality32.producrivity33.fricative34.affix35.recursiveness36.the naming theoryplementary antonyms38.conversational implicaturenguage planning40.psycholinguisticsV.Answer the following questions.(10%×2=20%)41．Explain the Great V owel Shift in the history of English, and give at least two examples of both Middle English and Modern English in phonetic transcription.42.Discuss the different theories of child language acquisition with reference to the behavioristlearning model and the nativist biological model.3。
2020年10月全国现代语言学自考试题及答案解析
全国2019年10月高等教育自学考试现代语言学试题课程代码：00830Ⅰ.Directions: Read each of the following statements carefully. Decide which one of the four choices best completes the statement and put the letter A,B,C or D in the brackets.(2%×10=20%)1.Chomsky uses the term ( ) to refer to the actual realization of a language user’s knowledge of the rules of his language in linguistic communication.A. langueB. competenceC. paroleD. performance2.In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds [t][d][s][z][n] share the feature of( ).A. palatalB. alveolarC. bilabialD. dental3.Transformational Generative Grammar was introduced by ( ) in 1957.A. L. BloomfieldB. F. SaussureC. N. ChomskyD.M. A. K. Halliday4.Natural languages are viewed to vary according to ( ) set on UG principles to particular values.A. Adjacent ConditionB. parametersC. Case ConditionD. Case requirement5. Synonyms are classified into several kinds. The kind to which“girl”and“lass” belong is called ( ) synonyms.A. stylisticB. dialectalC. emotiveD. collocational6. The illocutionary point of ( ) is to express the psychological state specified in theutterance.A. representativesB. commissivesC. expressivesD. declaratives7. Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, ect. originate from ( ).A. Middle EnglishB. Old EnglishC. FrenchD. Norman French8. In a diglossic country, the two diglossic forms of a language are generally two varieties of thesame language, but there are situations in which the H-variety may have no ( ) relationship with the L-variety.1A. geneticB. socialC. directD. close9.Many aphasics do not show total language loss. Rather, different aspects of language are impaired. Aphasics in ( ) area reveal word-finding difficulties and problems with syntax.A. Werniker’sB. visualC. motorD. Broca’s10. ( ) motivation occurs when the learner desires to learn a second language in order tocommunicate with native speakers of the target language.A. InstrumentalB. FunctionalC. IntegrativeD. SocialⅡ. Directions: Fill in the blank in each of the following statements with one word, the first letter of which is already given as a clue. Note that you are to fill in ONE word only, and you are not allowed to change the letter given.(1％×10=10％)11. If a linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to bed .12. Stops, fricatives, affricates, liquids, and glides all have some degree of o and aretherefore consonants.13. M is the smallest meaningful unit of language.14. A is the movement of an auxiliary verb to the sentence-initial position, such as “be”,“have”, “do” etc.15. R is what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it is a matter of therelationship between form and the reality.16. In Austin’s early speech act theory, c were statements that either state or describe,and were thus verifiable.17. In the process of first language acquisition, children usually construct their personal grammars,and their language develops in stages until it a the grammatical rules of the adult language.18. A s community is one group, all of whose members share the same language or atleast a single language variety.19. People may communicate their feelings or thoughts via n signals such as facialexpressions, gestures, postures, or proxemic space.20. Although the development of a communicative system is not unique to human beings, thenatural acquisition of l as a system of highly abstract rules and regulations for creative communication is what distinguishes humans from all other animal species.Ⅲ.Directions: Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement. If you think a statement is2false, you must explain why you think so and give the correct version. (2％×10=20％) 21. ( ) The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech;thus there are still many languages in today’s world that can only be spoken, butnot written.22. ( ) In such sound combinations as /bi:p/, /geip/ and /su:p/, the voiceless stop /p/,occurring in the final position, is unaspirated, i.e. pronounced with the strong puffof air withheld to some extent.23. ( ) The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech ofthe second element, without exception.24. ( ) The relationship between the embedded clause and its matrix clause is one of a partto the whole.25. ( ) The contextualist view of meaning holds that meaning should be studied in termsof the situational context and linguistic context.26. ( ) Searle’s classification of illocutionary acts is based on the classification ofperformative verbs.27. ( ) One kind of language change results in an increase of the number of exceptional orirregular morphemes. This kind of change has been called internalborrowing—that is, we “borrow” from one part of the grammar and apply the rulegenerally.28. ( ) There are differences in the way people of various age categories speak. Thedifferences most easily noted by the layman are likely to be grammatical innature.29. ( ) The left hemisphere of the brain is superior to the right hemisphere because the lefthemisphere is language-dominant.30 ( ) A child born to a Chinese or English speaking family takes about the same numberof years to acquire their native tongue, regardless of their general intelligence. Ⅳ.Directions: Explain the following terms, using one or two examples for illustration.(3％×10=30％)31. assimilation rule32. root33. bound morphemes34. surface structure35. grammaticality36. elaboration37. bilingualism38. creole339. the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis40. fossilizationⅤ. Answer the following questions.(10％×2=20％)41. The phonological features that occur above the level of individual sounds are calledsuprasegmental features. Discuss the main suprasegmental features, illustrating with examples how they function in the distinction of meaning.42. Explain and give examples to show in what way componential analysis is similar to theanalysis of phonemes into distinctive features.4。
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现代语言学自考题-3(总分：100.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、{{B}}PART ONE{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)二、{{B}}Ⅰ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.A linguistic theory is constructed about what ______ is and how it works.∙ A. langue∙ B. linguist∙ C. language∙ D. learning（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 语言的研究过程可以总结为：首先，要观察某些语言材料，从而发现一些共性并对其加以总结；其次，根据这些总结提出一些假设来解释这些语言材料，然后再通过进一步的观察来验证这些假设的正确性；最后建立一套语言学理论来说明语言的本质内容以及这些语言是如何发挥作用的。
2.We refer to the limited range of sounds as the phonic medium of language and individual sounds within that range as ______.∙ A. vowels∙ B. consonants∙ C. sounds∙ D. speech sounds（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 在语言交际中占有一席之地、由人类的发音器官所发出来的声音在数量上是有限的。
这些范围有限，但对人类交际活动意义重大、对语言学研究价值不菲的声音就是语言的音响媒介，凡是在这个范围内的每个单个的声音都叫做语音。
3.The basic unit in the study of morphology is ______.∙ A. the internal structure∙ B. morpheme∙ C. the rules by which words are formed∙ D. word（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 正如音位是音系学研究中的基本单位一样，词素是形态学研究中的基本单位。
4.The syntactic rules of any language are ______ in number.∙ A. large∙ B. small∙ C. finite∙ D. infinite（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 对于任何一种自然语言，一套句法规则可以产生出无穷多的句子，也就是说，任何语言的句法规则都是有限的，而说话人能够说出和理解的句子的数量是无限的。
5.Bloomfield drew on ______ psychology when trying to define the meaning of linguistic forms.∙ A. contextual∙ B. conceptualist∙ C. behaviorist∙ D. naming（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 布龙菲尔德在试图定义词汇意义时采用了行为主义心理学观点。
6.______ of a sentence depends on the context in which the sentence is uttered.∙ A. Sentence meaning∙ B. Utterance meaning∙ C. The reference∙ D. The meaning（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 话语意义基于句子意义，是句子意义在特定交际情景或者语境中的具体体现。
也就是说，句子的话语意义依靠的是说该句子的语境或情景。
7.Modern English words man, woman, child, eat, fight, etc, originate from ______.∙ A. Middle English∙ B. Old English∙ C. French∙ D. Norman French（分数：2.00）A.B. √C.D.解析：[解析] 古英语可以追溯到公元5世纪中叶，当时说英语的盎格鲁一撒克逊人从北欧入侵了不列颠群岛。
英语中绝大多数基本单词均来自古英语，比如man, woman, Child, house等。
8.______ moves on a scale of the national language, dialects, and individual ways of communication.∙ A. Language change∙ B. Speech variety∙ C. Speech variation∙ D. Speech change（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 言语的变异总是以国语、方言以及不同的个体交际语言等形式来进行。
从社会语言学的角度来看，一种言语变体无非是一种语言的方言变体而已。
9.Lying under the skull, the human brain contains an average of ten billion nerve cells called ______.∙ A. nerve fibers∙ B. nerves∙ C. neurons∙ D. cerebral cortex（分数：2.00）A.B.C. √D.解析：[解析] 人的大脑位于头盖骨之下，平均包括100亿个被称为神经元的神经细胞。
每个神经元至少和一千到一万个其他的神经元相联系。
这些神经参与着数不胜数的微电路性质的活动。
这些活动使得感知、思维、交流及其他类型的智力活动成为可能。
10.By "language acquisition is primarily the acquistion of the grammatical system of language", linguists mean that ______.∙ A. every specific rule allowed by the grammatical system of a language must be acquired ∙ B. the phonological rules must be acquired∙ C. the syntactic rules must be acquired∙ D. the general principles that are fundamental to the grammaticality of speech must be acquired（分数：2.00）A.B.C.D. √解析：[解析] 当我们说语言的习得基本上是语言的语法系统习得的时候，我们并不是说语言的语法系统内的每一个具体的规则都需要习得。
实际上，儿童习得的是使言语合乎语法规范所必需的一些具有普遍意义的规则。
我们注意到，在生成话语时，儿童倾向使用普遍的语法规则，而排斥个别的不规则的情况。
三、{{B}}PART TWO{{/B}}(总题数：0，分数：0.00)四、{{B}}Ⅱ{{/B}}(总题数：10，分数：10.00)11.What first drew the attention of the linguists were the {{U}}s {{/U}}used in languages. （分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：sounds。
）解析：[解析] 首先引起语言学家们注意的是语言使用中的声音现象。
这种对语言交际中声音的研究最终促成了语言学的第一个分支——语音学的建立。
12.If the vocal cords are apart, the airflow is not obstructed at the glottis and it passes freely into the vocal tract above the glottis, the sounds produced in this way are called {{U}}v {{/U}}sounds.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：voiceless。
）解析：[解析] 当声带拉得很宽的时候，气流可以畅通无阻地通过而不引起颤动，这样发出来的声音就没有被浊音化，因而它们叫做清音。
英语中像[t]，[s]，[f]之类的辅音都是清音。
13.A {{U}}r {{/U}}is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite meaning.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：root。
）解析：[解析] 词根经常被看成是单词的一部分，尽管它具有比较清晰、确切的意思，却不能够独立存在，它必须和其他词根或词缀一起才能构成一个单词。
这样的例子在英语里数不胜数。
14.A {{U}}c {{/U}}sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of which is incorporated in to the other.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：complex。
）解析：[解析] 复合句包含两个或更多子句，其中一个子句被并入另一个子句中。
也就是说，复合句中的两个子句在地位上是不同的，其中一个子句从属于另一个子句。
被合并的子句或者说居于从属地位上的子句通常叫做从属子句，而包含从属子句的这个子句被称作主句。
15.According to the {{U}}n {{/U}}theory of meaning, the words in a language are taken to be labels of the objects they stand for.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：naming。
）解析：[解析] 根据命名论观点，语言形式或标记，或者说，语言中所用的词被看成是该词所指事物的名称或标记，因此，词只是事物的名称或标记。
这种理论的局限性是显而易见的。
16.{{U}}P {{/U}}studies how meaning is conveyed in the process of communication.（分数：1.00）填空项1:__________________ （正确答案：Pragmatics。