机械化英语翻译法[钟平老师2013版]

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增译法在机械英语翻译中的应用

ENGLISH ON CAMPUS2023年10期总第658期增译法在机械英语翻译中的应用摘　要：随着“中国制造2025”的推进，机械制造业的发展越来越重要，而机械英语翻译的重要性同样不言而喻。

由于英汉两种语言之间的差异，译者必然面临翻译挑战。

本文通过研究机械英语汉译的具体实例，着力分析增译这一种翻译方法在机械英语翻译中的应用，力求为机械英语文本的翻译提供借鉴。

关键词：科技英语；增译；机械英语作者简介：文虹，熊叶，胡永珊，罗志良，江西工业工程职业技术学院；官小飞，汕头大学文学院。

一、引言在科技日新月异的时代，全球的科技信息交流也日趋频繁，因此科技英语的翻译越来越重要。

由于科技英语文本本身的特殊性“表达客观、逻辑严密、行文规范、用词正式、句式严谨”，科技英语（EST）的翻译与通用英语（GE）的翻译有所不同，须根据其特定的文本特征提供专业准确的译文。

因此，在翻译时，为了使译文更加流畅自然地道，译者应基于英汉两种语言的语言结构和表达方式之间的差异，使用适当的翻译方法。

虽然简洁是语言的一大“美德”，但是在汉语中，有时候适当增补却是非常有必要的。

译者在做英汉翻译的过程中，为实现译文表达完整、语义清晰明确、符合汉语表达习惯，往往会在译文中适当增补不影响信息的词汇或表达。

这种翻译方法就是增译法。

二、机械英语文本的特点及翻译标准（一）机械英语文本的词汇特点机械英语用词正式，主要词汇特点表现为：缩略语使用频率高，如EV（electric vehicle）—电动汽车、NC（numerical control）—数控、CAD（computer-aided design）—计算机辅助设计；专业术语多，如gear（齿轮）、cam（凸轮）， crank （曲轴）；复合词多，如pig iron（生铁）、machine tool（机床）、headstock（主轴箱）；普通名词含义术语化，如die（模具，通用英语作动词一般表示“死亡”）、finish（光洁度，通用英语作动词一般表示“完成”）、feed（进给，通用英语作动词一般表示“喂养”）。

李海平老师笔译全书

英汉翻译教案Unit 1 翻译概述1.1 翻译的定义与分类翻译是把一种语言文字所表达的思维内容用另一种语言表达出来的双语转换过程或结果。

翻译是一种语言活动过程，又是该活动的结果。

翻译是创造性实践活动，它形成于社会、文化和语言现实之中，同时又为促进社会、文化和语言发展服务。

语言是文化的载体，翻译过程涉及两种语言、两种社会文化；是通过语言机制的转换连接或沟通自身文化和异国文化的桥梁；是具有不同语言文化背景的人互相交际、交流思想，达到相互了解的媒介。

翻译属于交叉学科，它与语言学、符号学、修辞学、心理学、人类学等有着密切联系。

它正在发展成为一个自成体系的独立学科——翻译学。

翻译又是一门艺术。

翻译美学是翻译学的不可分割的组成部分。

翻译是一种融理论、技能、艺术于一体的语言实践活动。

翻译一般分为三类：（1）按翻译手段可分为：口译（interpretation）、笔译（translation）和机器翻译（machine translation）。

（2）按源出语（sourced language）和目的语（target language）的关系，可分为：a）语际翻译（interlingual translation：指发生在不同语言之间的翻译活动，诸如英汉互译、法英互译等。

）b）语内翻译（intralingual translation：指同一语言内部进行的翻译，如方言与民族共同语，古语与现代语等。

）c）符际翻译（intersemiotic translation：指不同符号之间进行的翻译，此类翻译往往只限于通讯及保密等工作。

）（3）按翻译题材，可分为政论翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译、文学翻译等。

不同类型的翻译有着不同的要求，学习时应注意它们的共性和个性。

1.2 翻译的过程1.3 翻译的标准Unit 2 翻译标准练习练习1： It may be safely assumed that, two thousand years ago, before Caesar set foot in southern Britain, the whole countryside visible from the windows of the room, in which I write, was in what is called ‘the state of nature’.(1)赫胥黎独处一室之中，在英伦之南，背山而面野，槛外诸境，历历如在目下。

机械工程专业英语教程(第2版)[施平主编][翻译]_lesson1

Basic Concept in MechanicsThe branch of scientific analysis which deals with motions , time , and forces is called mechanics and is made up of two parts , statics and dynamics , Statics deals with the analysis of stationary systems , i.e. , those in which time is not a factor , and dynamics deals with systems which change with time .对运动、时间和作用力做出科学分析的分支称为力学。

它由静力学和动力学两部分组成。

静力学对静止系统进行分析，即在其中不考虑时间这个因素，动力学对随时间而变化的系统进行分析。

When a number of bodies are connected together to form a group or system , the forces of action and reaction between any two of the connecting bodies are called constraint forces . These forces constrain the bodies to behave in a specific manner . Forces external to this system of bodies are called applied forces .当一些物体连接在一起形成一个组合体或者系统时，任何两个相连接的物体之间的作用力和反作用力被称为约束力。

这些力约束着各个物体，使其处于特定的状态。

从外部施加到这个物体的系统的力被称为外力。

(完整word版)钟平--英汉机械化翻译公式

机械化英语翻译法-———钟平老师基础版听课笔记简介：本方法主要是运用数学的逻辑思维，将长难句进行划分层次,然后运用所总结的公式进行翻译。

如果真正掌握后可以让语法近乎白痴的人在以后不会碰到翻译不了的句子,但切记:词汇是一切的根本。

一、英语之基本规则主干先行（主、谓、宾)，废话后置（定、状）二、主干的确定构成一句话的主要条件是：主语+谓语1〉谓语：a.划出所有动词;b.排除具有下列条件的动词:从句中的、句首状语、前面无助动词的分词、to do形式（谓语+to do除外，因为它整体作谓语）、活用的动词（如动词当名词用）* 单词的活用能通过运用简单词,让写出来的句子收到意想不到的效果。

例:Chinese economy is bettering!（中国的经济越来越好）You were，are and will be in my heart。

(你永远在我心中）2> 主语：a。

句首的第一个名词性结构；b.第一个谓语前的第一个名词性结构.名词性结构：名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、从句、It+……+从句/to do;非名词性结构：介词短语中的名词性结构、从句中的名词性结构。

3〉宾语：每个谓语后面的名词性结构。

三、复杂英文模式之计算公式：［状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语］+宾语+｛定语或状语}例：[Although not so world widely accepted],people (who are emotionally weak in daily business) are ［often］ losers ｛who are not able to fulfil any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure}。

子公式（无宾语模式)：［状语］+主语+（定语)+谓语+[小状语］＊宾语后一般都是定语，除非一开始就有表示状语的概念(如程度、方式、目的、结果、原因等)四、定状的汉化（核心）1> 前提：分别划出各定状层次，包括:a.分词结构b。

英语翻译公式

北京领航--钟平--英汉机械化翻译公式机械化英语翻译法————领航钟平老师基础版听课笔记（钟平上周末来南昌高校讲座）简介：本方法主要是运用数学的逻辑思维，将长难句进行划分层次，然后运用所总结的公式进行翻译。

如果真正掌握后可以让语法近乎白痴的人在以后不会碰到翻译不了的句子，但切记：词汇是一切的根本。

一、英语之基本规则主干先行(主、谓、宾)，废话后置(定、状)二、主干的确定构成一句话的主要条件是：主语+谓语1> 谓语：a.划出所有动词；b.排除具有下列条件的动词：从句中的、句首状语、前面无助动词的分词、to do形式（谓语+to do除外，因为它整体作谓语）、活用的动词（如动词当名词用）* 单词的活用能通过运用简单词，让写出来的句子收到意想不到的效果。

例：Chinese economy is bettering!(中国的经济越来越好）You were,are and will be in my heart.(你永远在我心中）2> 主语：a.句首的第一个名词性结构；b.第一个谓语前的第一个名词性结构。

名词性结构：名词、代词、动名词、动词不定式、从句、It+……+从句/to do;非名词性结构：介词短语中的名词性结构、从句中的名词性结构。

3> 宾语：每个谓语后面的名词性结构。

三、复杂英文模式之计算公式：[状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]+宾语+{定语或状语}例：[Although not so world widely accepted],people (who are emotionally weak in daily business) are [often] losers {who are not able to fulfil any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure}.子公式(无宾语模式)：[状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]* 宾语后一般都是定语，除非一开始就有表示状语的概念（如程度、方式、目的、结果、原因等）四、定状的汉化（核心）1> 前提：分别划出各定状层次，包括：a.分词结构b.从句c.介词短语。

机械工程专业英语课件

30. google专利搜索：/patents
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机械工程专业英语
Subject-Based English for Mechanical Engineering
机械与电气工程学院
2013-8-15
教学要求及目的
了解专业英语的语法特点，熟悉专业词汇，逐步培养学生具有比较熟练的专业文献阅读理解能力、翻译能力和英文学术论文的写作能力。掌握国外英文专利和文献资料的查询方法，能以英语为工具，获取本专业所需信息。了解国际学术交流的常用表达方式。
主要教学内容
Lesson 1 Basic Concept in Mechanics Lesson 2 Forces and Their Effects Lesson 3 Overview of Engineering Mechanics Lesson 4 Shafts and Couplings Lesson 5 Shafts and Associated Parts Lesson 6 Belts, Clutches, Brakes, and Chains Lesson 7 Fasteners and Springs Lesson 14 Physical Properties of Materials Lesson 29 Tolerances and Surface Roughness Lesson 35 Coordinate Measuring Machine Lesson 36 Lathes

考研英语(二)强化班-翻译(钟平)课件

Although not so world widely accepted, people who are emotionally weak in daily business are often losers who are not able to fulfill any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure.Science developed as an autonomous method of intellectual inquiry that successfully disengaged itself from the social constrains of organized religion and from the political constrains of the centralized modern authority.Thus, in the American economic system it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business.Private businessmen. striving to make profits, produce these goods andservices in competition with other businessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.Under a system deployed on the white house website for the first time at last time, those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the sender of the message supports the white house policy or differs with it.These comments, whether accepted, clarified the norms and requirements of the covenant which was already in power in practice and enabled the committee to make a significant contribution to the justice promotion in a particular right or issue, while other article has failed to function as has been expected in those meetings which was held with great hope.The American economic system is organized around a basicallyprivate-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems.The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind and it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned about and given precise and exact explanation.Science moves forward，they say，not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.In short，a leader of the new school contends，the scientific revolution，as we call it，was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.Over the years，tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa（反之）often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount，reliability，and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which it is interpreted.Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.During this transfer，traditional historical methods were augmented by additional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Under modern conditions，this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the farreaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century，whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so.The role of natural selection in evolution was formulated only a little more than a hundred years ago, and the selective role of the environment in shaping and maintaining the behavior of the individual is only beginning to be recognized and studied.Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with across-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science. Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”Being interested in the relationship of the language and thought，Whorf developed the idea that the structure of the language determines the structure of habitual thought in a societyWhorf came to believe in a sort of linguistic determinism which，in its strongest from，states that language imprisons the mind，and that the grammatical patterns in a language can produce farreaching consequences for the culture of a societyI shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .Traditionally, legal learning has been viewed in such institutions as the special preserve of lawyers rather than a necessary part of the intellectual equipment of an educated person.In fact, it is difficult to see how journalists who do not have a clear grasp of the basic features of the Canadian Constitution can do a competent job on political stories.he believes that this very difficulty may have had the compensating advantage of forcing him to think long and intently about every sentence, and thus enabling him to detect errors in reasoning and in his own observations.It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience ; but this effect is not a part of its original motive。

5机械工程专业英语翻译的基本方法-转换词性与改换译法-

机械工程专业英语English inMechanicalEngineering宋宜梅songym@桂林电子科技大学——机电工程学院2008.02翻译的基本方法–转换词性Skills of Translation–transform part of speech and way 转换词性是根据翻译的需要将英语某一词性的词译为汉语另一词性的方法的词译为汉语另一词性的方法。

在以下情况下可考虑转换词性在以下情况下可考虑转换词性：：当英语某一词性的词相当于汉语另一词性时当英语某一词性的词相当于汉语另一词性时；；当某词按同一词性翻译不能确切表达该词的意义时; 当某词按同一词性翻译而使得汉语句子不通顺时当某词按同一词性翻译而使得汉语句子不通顺时。

1、转译为汉语动词1）名词转译成动词名词转译成动词：：英语中往往习惯于利用动名词英语中往往习惯于利用动名词、、具有动作意义的抽象名词和由动词派生的名词来表达动作概念的抽象名词和由动词派生的名词来表达动作概念，，而在翻译中往往需要将其转译成汉语动词而在翻译中往往需要将其转译成汉语动词，，以便译句符合汉语的语言习惯句符合汉语的语言习惯。

The flow of electrons is from the negative plate to the positive.One of the principal rules of thelathe maintenance is timely lubrication of all friction surfaces.Let me have a look at the machine.2）形容词转译成动词由于英汉两种语言对某些要领的表达方式不。

英语句子中的形容词有时需要转译成汉语动词。

同，英语句子中的形容词有时需要转译成汉语动词 The force is perpendicular to the surface. We are grateful to you for your help.3）副词转译成动词Engineers took the machine apart yesterday.The reaction force to this action force pushes rocket ship along.课堂小练习 I am certain be saw me.2. 转译成汉语名词 1）动词转译成名词为了符合汉语习惯为了符合汉语习惯，，英语句子中某些动词不宜照译为汉语动词译为汉语动词，，而应该转译在汉语名词而应该转译在汉语名词。

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机械化英语翻译法———钟平老师2013版简介：本方法主要是运用数学的逻辑思维，将长难句进行划分层次，然后运用所总结的公式进行翻译。

如果真正掌握后可以让语法近乎白痴的人在以后不会碰到翻译不了的句子，但切记：词汇是一切的根本。

一、英语之基本规则主干先行(主、谓、宾)，废话后置(定、状)二、主干的确定构成一句话的主要条件是：主语+谓语1> 谓语：a.划出所有动词；b.排除具有下列条件的动词：从句中的、句首状语层次中的动词、前面无助动词（be/have）的分词、to do形式（谓语+to do 除外，因为它整体作谓语）、活用的动词（如动词当名词用）* 单词的活用能通过运用简单词，让写出来的句子收到意想不到的效果。

名词性结构：名词、代词、动名词(v+ing)、动词不定式(to do)、从句、It+……+从句/to do;非名词性结构：介词短语中的名词性结构、从句中的名词性结构。

3> 宾语：每个谓语后面的第一个名词性结构。

三、复杂英文模式之计算公式：[状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]+宾语+{定语或状语}例：[Although not so world widely accepted],people (who are emotionally weak in daily business) are [often] losers (who are not able to fulfil any fruitful achievements in their lifetime that they endure).子公式(无宾语模式)： [状语]+主语+(定语)+谓语+[小状语]* 宾语后一般都是定语，除非一开始就有表示状语的概念（如程度、方式、目的、结果、原因、条件、举例等）* “—”“，”“；”后的结构一般为插入语，处理方法：插入语=状语四、定状的汉化（核心）1> 前提：分别划出各定状层次，包括：a.分词结构（过分-ed、现分-ing）b.从句c.介词短语。

2> 状语的处理规则1汉化位置：句子首尾或最近的谓语前面规则2倒序 If ①②③④⑤则汉化结果为⑤④③②①规则3 并列不变序原则 If ①②③④⑤如果②、③之间的关系为并列(and)、转折(but)或选择(or)，则②、③的顺序不变。

即汉化结果为⑤④②③①；成串并列模型：如果②③、④⑤直接存在上述关系，则汉化结果为③②⑤④①即将②③、④⑤分别看成两个整体，不变序，但内部依旧变序。

规则4 If ①②③④⑤如果②、③之间的关系为动词+从句的形式，则②、③的顺序也不变。

汉化结果为⑤④②③①。

3> 定语的处理规则1位置：定语在主语或宾语后。

英语表达 n.+①②③汉语表达③②①+n.(倒序然后放在名词前) 规则2句中有并列和v.+从句形式的处理与状语的处理的规则3、4相同。

规则3逗号+定语从句形式：分开翻译，用逗号隔开，重复先行词，剩下的部分重新排序。

* 通常 which翻译成“这”，who翻译成“其”。

规则4介词+从句（如in which结构）分开翻译规则5 如果有大于等于四个的层次，则可以分开，如下例中根据汉语习惯整理过程。

（仅仅用于翻译）四六开，厚重原则。

根据以上四个步骤，对下句作如下分析：例：The boy①who has been elected ②in the meeting ③last week ④held ⑤by teachers ⑥who are working ⑦in that school ⑧which located ⑨in the center ⑩of our c i t y has announced a statement①saying that he will never give up searching ②for new materials ③to replace the present one.1>找句子主干：The boy has announced a statement ；2>句子中无状语，故分析句子中的定语层次，标记如上句。

The boy后有10个定语，且没有连接词，故按状语——规则2进行排序翻译：在我们市中心的坐落的那个学校工作地教师所举行的上周的会议中被选举的男孩；a statement后面有3个定语，以同样的方式翻译：为了代替当前材料的新材料的研究他将永远不会放弃。

3>根据汉语习惯整理句子：坐落于我们市中心的那所学校的一位男孩宣布了一项声明声称，他将永远不会放弃用来替代当前材料的新材料的研究，该男孩由在那个学校工作地老师们在上周举行的会议中选举产生。

例：Social science is that branch①of intellectual enquiry ②which seeks to study humans and their endeavors ③in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner ④that natural scientists use ⑤for the study ⑥of natuarl phenomena.(2003年翻译）1>找主干：Social science is that branch；2>句子中无状语，分析句子中的定语层次，标记如上句。

the branch 后有6个定语，且相互之间无连接词，做如下翻译:为有关自然现象的研究而被那些自然科学家所使用的同样充满逻辑性、道理性、系统性和中立性的方式来寻找研究人类及其行为的智力探寻的分支。

3>根据汉语习惯整理句子：社会科学是研究人类及其行为的智力探寻的分支，它同自然科学家研究自然现象的方法一样，充满逻辑性、道理性、系统性和中立性。

五、复杂英文模式之基本分类英文中经常会出现整个句子由一个或几个连接词连接而成并列、转折或选择结构，在一句话出现表示并列、转折或选择的连接词时，就要考虑它是不是双重或者多重并列，然后着手翻译。

这种情况下将各个分句用公式单独进行分析即可。

并列的判断：①形式相同②含义相关③语法功能相同大致步骤概括：1.分析句子是不是双重或多重并列；And+从句（主语+谓语），即为双重并列And+部分：分两种情况①定状内部成分，不变序②主干并列，不涉及排序，只需要标明2.找主干；3.划层次；（熟练后可以目划）4.汉化翻译。

附：例句练习：1.These comments, whether accepted,clarified the norms and requirements of the covenant which was already in power in practice and enable the committee to make a significant contribution to the justice promotion in a particular right or issue, while other article has failed to function as has been expected in those meetings which was held with great hope. （1）句子主干：These comments clarified the norms and requirements…（2）译文：这些评论，不论是否被接受，都澄清了已经在实践当中生效的公约的标准和要求，并且使得委员会对具体权利和事项的正义的促进做出了重大贡献。

而其他的条款没有起到那些带着重大的期望所召开的会议当中所期待的作用。

2.Under a system deployed on the white house website for the first time last time,those who want to send a message to President Bush must now navigate as many as nine web pages and fill out a detailed form that starts by asking whether the sender of the message supports the white house policy or differs with it.（1）句子主干：those navigate web pages and fill out a detailed form （2）译文：在上次第一次被使用到白宫网站上的一个体系下，那些想给布什总统发送消息的人现在必须浏览多达九个网页，并且填写一个详细的询问是否支持白宫政策开头的表格。

3.Great attention may be given to women's health issues in the ninth session,at which the committee devoted general discussion to the right to health and emphasized the principle of non-discrimination and of the concept that there is a minimum core content of each right which constitutes a ‘floor’below which the conditions should not be permitted to fall in any State Party of this Pact.（1）句子主干：Great attention may be given to women’s health issues（2）译文：在第九次会议上，人们强烈关注女性的健康问题。

在这次会议上，委员会对于健康权做出了基本的讨论，并且强调了无歧视原则以及每个权利都有一个构成核心内容的底线的概念；低于这个底线的情况，不能在公约的成员国家当中发生。

4.This continuum begins on a‘micro’level,that is,the norms and laws governing relationships and resources allocation within the family and the need to reform personal laws,and extends to a‘macro’level, such as the structure programs （ SP ） designed by developing states with the advice and support of international financial institutions that endeavor to sustain the process of the ongoing reforms.（1）句子主干： This continuum begins on a ‘micro’ level and extends to a‘macro’level.（2）译文：这个过程开始于一个微观的层面，也就是有关家庭当中的资源分配和关系的标准和法律，以及改革个人法律的需求；并且扩展到一个宏观的层面，比如说在那些一直致力于支持不断进行的改革程序的国际财经机构的支持和建议之下，由发展中国家所设计的结构型计划。