R.Jacobson 翻译的分类
翻译研究笔记 重要

Chapter 1:Main issues of translation studies:1. Jacobson’s categories of translation:a. Intralingual;b. Interlingual;c. Intersemiotic (verbal- non-verbal).2.History of the discipline:a. From the late 18th to the 1960s – grammar-translation method (replaced by communicative approach in the 1960s and 1970s);b.The USA 1960s –translation workshop concept based on Richards’reading workshops and practical criticism approach that began in 1920s; running parallel to this approach was that of comparative literature;c.The USA 1930s-1960s/70s – contrastive analysis;d.More systematic, and mostly linguistic-oriented, approach 1950s-1960s:i.J.-P. Vinay and J. Darbelnet (French/English);ii. A. Malblanc (French/German);iii.G. Mounin (linguistic issues of translation);iv. E. Nida (based on Chomsky generative grammar).v.James S. Holmes’“The name and nature of translation studies”is considered to be the founding statement of a new discipline.vi.Hermans Manipulation Schoolvii.Vieira Brazilian cannibalist school Postcolonial theoryviii.Venuti cultural-studies-oriented analysisThe Holmes/Toury map of translation studies1:Chapter 2: Translation theory before the 20th century:Traduttore, traditore = the translator is a traitorChapter 3: Equivalence and equivalent effect:In the 1950s and 1960s the place of circular debates around literal and free translation took the new debate revolved around certain key linguistic issues, among them those of meaning and equivalence, discussed by R. Jakobson in 1959. Over the following 20 years many further attempts were made to define the nature of equivalence.Jakobson:1.Meaning: the signifier=the signal of the signified (the concept).2.There is no full equivalence between code-units of different languages.3.So, we should substitute not words, but messages.4.Only p oetry is considered ‘untranslatable’ and requires ‘creative transposition’.Nida’s ‘science of translating (subjective):1.Meaning:a.Linguistic;b.Referential (dictionary meaning);c.Emotive (connotative).2.Ways of determining meaning:a.Hierarchical structuring (animal dog, cow etc);ponential analysis (grandmother, mother, cousin etc);c.Semantic structure analysis (spirit can mean demon, angel, god, ghost, ethos, alcohol etc)meaning depending on context.3.3-stage system of translation (Chom sky’s influence: deep/surface structure of a language):SL1 (analysis) X (transfer) Y (restructuring) TL24.Equivalence:a.Formal (form and content);b.Dynamic (equivalent response of: t2 reader on t2 as t1 reader on t1) (closest naturalequivalent).5.Correspondence in meaning must have priority over correspondence in style.6.Reader-based orientation.主要理论1:对等和等效(1950s-1960s)1.代表人物(1)罗曼雅各布逊A.描写了翻译的三类型:语内翻译,语际翻译和符际翻译B.提出语际翻译指用一种语言替换另一种语言种的整个信息C.强调对等的差异性(2)尤金奈达A. 提出形式对等和动态对等B. 提出著名的读者反应理论C. 他的理论以乔姆斯基的转换生成语法为基础(3)皮特纽马克A.提出语义对等和交际对等(4)韦内科勒A.区分了对应和对等B.描写了五种对等:外延意义,隐含意义,文本规则,语用及形式对等Newmark’s semantic and communicative translation:1.Replaces Nida’s division with semantic (resembles formal equivalence) and communicative(resembles dynamic equivalence) translation.2.Nida’s division inoperant if the text is out of TL space and time.3.Dynamic equivalence: are readers ‘to be handed everything on a plate’?4.Semantic translation differs from literal in that it ‘respects context’, interp rets and explains(metaphors). Literal translation is to be the best approach in both semantic and communicative translation. If semantic translation would result in an ‘abnormal’ TT or would not secure equivalent effect in the TL, then communicative translation should win out.Tertium comparationis, an invariant against which 2 text segments can be measured to determine variation.Chapter 4: The translation shift approach:1.Vinay and Darbelnet’s taxonomy:a)Direct (=literal) translation:(1).Borrowing(2).Calque(3).literal translation (word-for-word)b).Oblique translation:(4).Transposition(5).modulation6(6)..equivalence(7).adaptationc)The 7 categories operate on 3 levels:1.the lexicon2. 2.syntactic structures3. 3.the message 9context)4. 4.word order and thematic structure5. 5.connectors [cohesive links, discourse markers, deixis (pronouns anddemonstrative pronouns) and punctuation]d)2 possibilities:1.servitude (obligatory 4 and 5)2. 2.option (non-obligatory)2.Catford’s linguis tic approach (shifts)a.Distinction between: formal correspondence (a particular ST-TT pair) and textualequivalence (a pair of lgs).b.When the 2 concepts diverge, a translation shift occurs –a departure from formalcorrespondence in the process of going from the SL to the TL. There are 2 kinds of shift:1. A level shift (sth is expressed by grammar in one lg and by lexis in another)2. A category shift:i.Structural shifts; ii.Class shifts (word category); iii.Unit/rank shifts (sentence, clause,group, word, morpheme);iv.Intra-system shifts (systems are similar, but not always corresponding).3. van Leuven-Zwart’s microlevel/macrolever translation shifts:a.The comparative model (a detailed comparison of ST and TT and classification of allthe microstructural shifts within sentences, clauses and phrases);b.The descriptive model (a macrostructural model, designed for the analysis oftranslated literature)Chapter 5: Functional theories of translation:K. Reiss’s text typesNord adds to 3 types of language function a fourth ‘phatic’ function, covering lg that establishes or maintains contact between parties involved in the communication (e.g. greetings).Holz-Manttari’s translational action model for non-literary translations with1.its roles and players:a The initiator;b b.The commissioner (contacts the translator);c.The ST producer;d.The TTproducer;e.The TT user;f.The TT receiver.2.Content:a Factual information; b.Overall communicative strategy.3.Form: a.Terminology; b.Cohesive elements.J. Vermeer’s skopos theory: knowing the purpose and the function of translation is crucial (adequacy over equivalence).Ch. Nord’s translation-oriented text analysis:1.2 kinds of translation: a.Documentary translation(a)reader knows that he’s reading a translation;(b)Instrumental translation (a reader doesn’t know that).2.3 aspects of functionalist approaches particularly useful in translator training:a)The importance of the translation commission;b)The role of ST analysis;c)The functional hierarchy of translation problemsChapter 6: Discourse and register approaches:Halliday’s model of language and discourse b ased on systemic functional grammar (lg=communication):Influence:House’s model of translation qu ality assessment:1.Scheme for analyzing and comparing original and translation texts:Translation: a.Overt;b.Covert.Baker’s text and pragmatic level analysis:1.Textual function2.Cohesion3.Pragmatics:a.Coherence (depends on receiver’s expectations and experience of theworld);b.Presupposition (what the speaker supposes a listener shouldknow);c.Implicature (what the speaker implies).Hatim and Mason’s semiotic level of context and discourse:Text elements:1.Stable (translated fairly literally);2.Dynamic (not).Chapter 7: Systems theories:脚注:1.What is being written about.2.Who is communicating and to whom.3.The form of communication e.g. writtenEven-Zohar’s polysystem theory: a literary work as apart of a literary system in the social, cultural, literary and historical framework. It’s important [for choosing the translation strategy] if translated literature has a primary or secondary position in given literature.Toury and descriptive translation studies (DTS):1.Situate the text within the target culture system, looking at its significance oracceptability;2. pare the ST and the TT for shifts, identifying relationships between ‘coupled pairs’of ST and TT segments, and attempting generalizations about the underlying concept of translation;3. 3.Draw implications for decision-making in future translating.Norms of translation behaviour can be reconstructed from:1.The examinations of texts;2. 2.The explicit statement made about norms by translators, publishers, reviewers and otherparticipants in the translation actNorms:1.Initial norm (general translator’s choice):a.Subjection to source culture norms adequate translation;b.Subjection to target culture norms acceptable translation.2.Preliminary norms:a.Translation policy (text selection);b.Directness of translation (ST TT; ST t2 TT).3.Operational norms (the presentation and linguistic matters of the TT):a.Matricial norms (completeness of TT);b.Textual-linguistic norms (TT linguistic material).‘Laws’ of translation:1.Of growing standardization (tending to TT common options);2.Of interference (ST options transferred to TT, negatively or positively).Chesterman’s translation norms:1.Product or expectancy norms;2. 2.Process or professional norms:a.The accountability norm (an ethical norm);b.The communication norm (a social norm);c.The‘relation’ norm (a linguistic norm).Other DTS models:1.Manipulation School (‘a continual interplay between theoretical models and practical casestudies’);mbert and van Gorp – the scheme for the comparison of the ST and TT literary systems andfor the description of relations within them:a.Preliminary data;b.Macro-level;c.Micro-level;d.Systemic context (data compared andnorms identified)Chapter 8 "Varieties of cultural studies" examines Lefevere (1992), who treats translation as "rewriting" and identifies ideological pressures on translated texts. This chapter also looks at the writing of Simon (1996) on gender in translation, and at postcolonial translation theories which stress the part that translation has played in the colonization process and the image of the colonized (cf. Bassnett and Trivedi 1999).Lefevere (1992) treats translation as "rewriting" and identifies ideological and poetological pressures on translated texts. Translation functions are controlled by the following factors:1.Professionals within the literary system;2.Patronage outside the literary system:a.The ideological component;b.The economic component;c.The status component.d.If a-c come from the same source – patronage is undifferentiated; if not – differentiated.3.The dominant poetics:a.Literary devices;b.The concept of the role of literature.Simon compares the status of translation throughout the centuries to that of women’s and presents pro-feminist methods in translation.Postcolonial translation theories:1.Spivak: ‘translationese’ eliminates the identity of politically less powerful individuals andcultures.2. 2.Spivak: compares the status of translation throughout the centuries to that of colonies.3.Power relations : trans lation as the colonizer’s device used against the colonized.4.S. Bassnett and H. Trivedi’s translational linked to transnatio nal (translation=battleground).Brazilian cannibalism: the colonizers and their lg are devoured, their life force invigorating the devourers, who transform it according to their needs.The Irish context: postcolonialism in Europe.Chapter 9: Translating the foreign:the (in)visibility of translation: A. Berman’s ‘negative analytic’ of translation that prevents the foreign coming thr ough. ‘Deforming tendencies’:1.Rationalization;2.Clarification;3.Expansion;4.Ennoblement;5.Qualitative impoverishment;6.Quantitative impoverishment;7.The destruction of rhythms;8.The destruction of underlying networks of signification;9.The destruction of linguistic patternings;10.The destruction of vernacular1 networks or their exoticization;11.The destruction of expressions and idioms;12.The effacement of the superimposition of languages.‘Positive analytic’ = literal translation.Venuti:1.The invisibility of the translator in contemporary Anglo-American culture.2. 2.Domestication (dominant in connection with the translator’s invisibility) –‘the authortowards the reader’.3. 3.Foreignization –‘the reader towards the writer’ – resistancy – minoritizing (desirable).4. 4.‘Call for action’ –‘visibility’ + ‘foreignization’.Chapter 10: Philosophical theories of translation:Steiner’s hermeneutic1 approach to translation as ‘the act of elicitation and appropriate transfer of meaning’. The parts of the hermeneutic moti on:1.Initiative trust;2. 2.Aggression (penetration);3. 3.Incorporation (embodiment);4. pensation (restitution)Ezra Pound’s energy of language: translation as a tool in the cultural struggle, and the revitalization of the past.W. Benjamin’s task of the translator: translation gives the original ‘continued life’; pure language = coexistence of SL and TL; literal rendering of the syntax.J. Derrida’s deconstruction: capturing the meaning? No stability in the signified-signifier (meaning-sign) relationship; the opposition between SL and TL.1.Letter=Judaism=justice;2.Spirit=Christianity=mercy.Chapter 11: Translation studies as an interdiscipline:M. Snell-Hornby’s integrated approach.Harvey’s combination of linguistic analysis and critical theory.。
翻译基础知识

翻译基础知识一、翻译的分类1.按所涉及的两种代码的性质,可分为语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingualtranslation)、语符翻译(inersemiotic translation)。
2.按翻译主体的性质,可分为人工翻译、机器翻译(Machine Translation)两类。
3.按翻译的工具和成品形式,可分为口译和笔译。
4.按翻译的客体,亦即所译资料的性质,可分为文学翻译(literal translation)和实用翻译(pragmatictranslation)。
二、译家译论1.支谦:在三国时期,支谦的《法句经序》中提出了“因循本旨,不加文饰”的译经原则。
2.道安:晋、前秦时道安在《革卑婆沙序》中提出,“案本而传,不令有损言游字;时改倒句,余尽实录。
”道安涉及译论的佛经序文较多,最有名的是提出“五失本”、“三不易”之说。
其意思是,翻译佛经在五种情况下会失去本来面目,有三件事决定了译事是很不容易的,因此必须慎之又慎。
3.彦琮:北朝末年及隋初,彦琮著《辨证论》,它可以看作是我国第一篇翻译专论,他主张译经“宁贵朴而近理,不用巧而背源”。
可见他是坚持忠实第一并倾向于直译的。
4.玄奘:唐代僧人玄奘的指导原则是:“既须求真,又须喻俗”。
“求真”即追求准确,要力求“忠实原作”,这是一切认真负责的翻译工作者的共同理想。
同时必须“喻俗”,亦即使群众理解,这就是说要“通顺”。
玄奘在译经中成功地运用了补充法、省略法、变位法、分合法、译名假借法、代词还原法等等翻译技巧。
5.马建忠:清末,马建忠在其《马氏文通》中提出“善译”之说:“必先将所译者与所以译者两国之文字,深嗜笃好,字栉句比,以考彼此文字孳生之源,同异之故。
所有当相之实义,委曲推究,务审其声音之高下,析其字句之繁简,尽其文体之变态,及其义理精深奥折之所由然。
”6.林纾:林纾强调在翻译时译者应该投入自己的主观感情,译者须与原作者或作品中人物的心灵相交流。
关于Unit J-clean环

关于Unit J-clean环沈洪地;陈焕艮【期刊名称】《杭州师范大学学报(自然科学版)》【年(卷),期】2016(015)002【摘要】An element a∈ R right (left) unit J‐clean if there is a unit u∈ R such that au (ua) is J‐clean .A ring R is called right (left) unit J‐clean if each element is right (left) unit J‐clean .In this paper ,we get the re‐sults that every J‐clean ring is unit J‐clean ,every unit J‐clean is unit clean and every2‐good ring is unit clean but the converse of all the three conclusions are not true .Further ,we prove that for a unit J‐clean ring R is 2‐good if and only if 1= u+ v for some u ,v∈U(R) .Also when R is an abelian ring ,I is an ideal of R and I J(R) ,then R is unit J‐clean if and only if (1) R/I is unit J‐clean .(2)Idempotents lift modulo J(R) .%一个元素叫做右单位J‐clean(左单位J‐clean)如果在 R中存在一个单位u ,使得 au(ua)是J‐clean的。
一个环R叫做右单位J‐clean(左单位J‐clean)环当且仅当环中的每个元素都是右单位J‐clean(左单位J‐clean)的。
雅可布森的语言学诗学

雅可布森的语言学诗学目录1.雅可布森及其学术背景2.雅可布森的语言学理论3.雅可布森的诗学理论4.雅可布森语言学诗学的影响与评价正文1.雅可布森及其学术背景雅可布森(Roman Jakobson)是一位享有国际声誉的语言学家和诗学家,他的研究领域广泛,涉及语言学、文学、哲学等多个学科。
他生于 1886 年,在 20 世纪初的俄国接受了良好的教育,后来成为莫斯科语言学派的代表人物之一。
在学术生涯中,雅可布森曾先后任教于莫斯科大学、美国哥伦比亚大学等著名学府,培养了一大批优秀的学者。
2.雅可布森的语言学理论雅可布森在语言学领域的贡献非常突出。
他提出了许多具有创新性的理论和观点,如“语音中心主义”、“符号功能”等。
其中,他对语言符号的划分具有重要意义。
他认为,语言符号可以分为声音符号和意义符号,这两者相互作用,共同构成了语言的基本功能。
此外,雅可布森还对语言的语音、语法、语义等方面进行了深入研究,为现代语言学的发展奠定了基础。
3.雅可布森的诗学理论除了在语言学领域的贡献,雅可布森还在诗学领域取得了卓越的成就。
他将语言学原理运用到诗歌研究中,提出了许多独到的见解。
他的诗学理论主要包括以下几个方面:(1)诗歌的功能:雅可布森认为,诗歌的功能在于揭示语言的内在规律和结构,让人们意识到语言作为一种符号系统的多元性和丰富性。
(2)诗歌的结构:他强调诗歌的结构与语言的结构密切相关,诗歌的韵律、节奏、形式等因素都与语言的基本特征紧密相连。
(3)诗歌的解读:雅可布森认为,解读诗歌需要深入了解诗歌的语言特点,挖掘诗歌中的隐喻、象征等修辞手法,从而领悟诗人的创作意图和诗歌的内在含义。
4.雅可布森语言学诗学的影响与评价雅可布森的语言学诗学理论对后世产生了深远的影响。
他的理论不仅丰富了语言学的研究领域,也为文学批评和诗歌研究提供了新的方法和视角。
许多后来的学者,如索绪尔、乔姆斯基等,都受到雅可布森的影响,并在其基础上进一步拓展和发展了相关理论。
罗曼·雅各布森

(二)研究领域
罗曼·雅各布森博学多才,兴趣广泛。研
究领域涉及诗歌语言、儿童语言、音位学 和失语症等,同时对韵律学、文学史、文 化史、符号学和信息论等也有很深的造诣。 作为当代西方译学界语言学派的主要代表 人物,雅各布森的翻译理论思想具有深远 的影响和开创性意义。
(三)翻译三大类别
雅各布森从符号学的观点出发,把翻译分 为三类,即: (1)语内翻译(intralingual translation), (2)语际翻译(interlingual translation), (3)符际翻译(intersemiotic translation)。
目录
(一)生平简介 (二)研究领域 (三)翻译三大类别
(1)语内翻译 (2)语际翻译 (3)符际翻译 (四)语言的对等 (1) 性层面 (2) 体层面 (3) 语义场层面 (五)诗歌的不可译 总结
(一)生平简介
罗曼·雅各布森(Roman Jacobson, 1896-1982),是二十世纪美国杰出的 语言学家兼文论家,斯拉夫语学者,布 拉格语言学派的主要奠基人,结构主义 发展的先驱。1896年出生于莫斯科,后 移居捷克斯洛克。二战期间移居美国, 并加入美国国籍。先后在纽约高等研究 自由学院、哥伦比亚大学、哈佛大学和 麻省理工学院任教。1982年在美国波士 顿逝世。
雅各布森的这一分类方法在翻译界已成为公认
NMP-内射环

NMP-内射环陈平;宋贤梅【摘要】A ring R is called right NMP- injective if every monomorphism from a principal right ideal to R can extend to an endomorphism of R. Left NMP- injective rings are defined analogusly. In this paper, we first introduce and characterize right NMP- injective rings, which are proper generalization of right MP- injective rings. Next, some properties of right NMP- injective rings are discussed. We extend some known results of MP- injective rings and nil- injective rings.%环R称为右NMP-内射环,如果对于每个由R的幂零元生成的主右理想到R的单同态都能扩充到R的一个自同态.左NMP-内射环可类似定义.本文我们首先引入并且刻画了NMP-内射环,说明了它是MP-内射环的真推广.然后研究了NMP-内射环的一些性质,推广了MP-内射环和nil-内射环的一些已有结论.【期刊名称】《安徽师范大学学报(自然科学版)》【年(卷),期】2013(036)001【总页数】4页(P18-20,29)【关键词】NMP-内射环;n-正则环;NPP环【作者】陈平;宋贤梅【作者单位】安徽师范大学数学计算机科学学院,安徽芜湖241000【正文语种】中文【中图分类】O153.31 预备知识环的内射性一直是环论中重要的研究课题之一.国内外众多数学工作者对内射环及其推广进行了各种形式的研究([1]-[3]).P-内射环是由Nicholso和Yousif引入和研究的.环R称为右P-内射的[1],如果任意一个R的主右理想到R的同态均能扩充到R的自同态.将P-内射概念中任意R的主右理想到R的同态削弱至R的主右理想到R的单同态的话,就是所谓的MP-内射环.环R称为右MP-内射的[3],如果任意一个R的主右理想到R的单同态均能扩充到R的自同态.将条件中R的主右理想削弱至R中幂零元生成的主右理想就是文[2]引入的另一种P-内射环的推广形式nil-内射环.环R称为右nil-内射的[2],如果任意R中幂零元生成的主右理想到 R的同态均能扩充到R的自同态.本文受文[2],[3]的启发,引入NMP-内射环,主要研究NMP-内射环的一些性质,并且对NMP-内射环进行一些刻画.下面回忆一些基本概念和符号.(1)环R称为n-正则环[2],如果对于每个a∈N(R),存在b∈R,使得a=aba.(2)环R称为右NPP环[2],如果对于每个a∈N(R),aR是投射的右R-模.(3)环R称为NI环[2],如果N(R)构成R的一个理想.(4)环R称为2-素环[4],如果 N(R)=P(R).(5)环R称为约化环[5],如果R中不含非零的幂零元.(6)环R称为ZC环[6],如果对于任意的a,b∈R,ab=0,则有ba=0.(7)环R称为ZI环[7],如果对任意的ab=0,则有aRb=0.(8)环R称为拟ZI环[8],如果对于任意的a,b∈R,存在正整数n使得an≠0,且anRbn≠0.本文中 R表示有单位元的结合环,环 R上的模都是单式模,N(R),C(R),P(R),J(R)和Zl(R)(Zr(R))分别表示R中所有幂零元集合,R的中心,R的所有素理想的交,R的Jacobson根,和R的左(右)奇异理想.若Zr(R)=0(Zl(R)=0)称环 R为右(左)非奇异的.任意的a∈ R,r(a)和 l(a)分别表示a的右零化子和左零化子.2 NMP-内射环定义2.1 设R是环,M是右R-模.M称为右NMP-内射模,如果对任意的a∈N(R),任意的右R-单同态f:aR →M 能扩充到R→M.若RR是NMP-内射的,则称R是右NMP-内射环.类似可以定义左NMP-内射环.由定义可以看出,右P-内射环,右MP-内射环,右nil-内射环均是右NMP-内射环.但是右NMP-内射环未必是右 MP-内射的.事实上,取整数环Z,它是nil-内射环[2],从而是NMP-内射环;文[3]说明它不是MP-内射的.本文首先给出右NMP-内射环的等价刻画.定理2.2 下列条件等价:(1)R是右NMP-内射环;(2)对于每个a∈N(R),b∈R,由r(a)=r(b)能推出Rb⊆Ra.证明 (1)⇒(2)若r(a)=r(b),则f:aR →bR;ar|→br是单同态,由于R是右NMP-内射环,于是存在c∈R使得f=c,因此b=ca,所以 Rb⊆Ra.(2)⇒(1)任意的a∈ N(R),f:aR →R是任一单同态,则 r(a)=r(f(a)).从而f(a)∈ Ra,即存在某个c∈ R,使得 f(a)=ca.故 R是右NMP-内射环.推论2.3 设Ri,i∈I(I为指标集)是环是右NMP-内射的当且仅当对任意的i∈ I,Ri是右NMP-内射的.证明设是右NMP-内射的,任意的ai∈ N(Ri),bi∈ R,且 r(ai)=r(bi).记a=τi(ai),b=τi(bi),其中(第i个),0,…)为嵌入映射.则a∈ N(R),b ∈ R,且 r(a)=r(b),因为R是右NMP-内射的,由定理2.2得Rb⊆Ra,故Ribi⊆Riai,所以对每个i∈ I,Ri是NMP-内射的.反之,对于任意的a=(ai)i∈I ∈ N(R),b=(bi)i∈I ∈ R,若 r(a)=r(b),有 r(ai)=r(bi),对于任意的 i.又 Ri是NMP-内射的,故 Ribi⊆Riai,所以 Rb ⊆Ra.故 R 是NMP-内射的. 命题2.4 若R是右NMP-内射环,则对于任意的e2=e∈R,eRe是右NMP-内射环.证明由环R的pierce分解,对于e2=e∈ R,有R=eRe+eR(1-e)+(1-e)Re+(1-e)R(1-e).注意到R是右NMP-内射的,于是由推论2.3可以得到eRe是右NMP-内射环.由命题2.4可知,当 R是右MP-内射环,则eRe是MP-内射环,其中e是幂等元.因此文[3]中命题2.5条件ReR=R是多余的.利用定理2.2,可以得到右NMP-内射环R 中的幂零元与任意元之间有一定的对称关系.定理2.5 设R是右NMP-内射环,a∈N(R)⊆C(R),且b∈R,则下列结论成立:(1)若aR可以嵌入到bR,则Ra是Rb的像.(2)若aR ≅bR,则Ra≅Rb.证明 (1)由条件知有嵌入映射λ:aR→bR是单的,由于R是右NMP-内射的,于是存在c∈R使得λ(a)=ca,对任意a ∈ R.若 xb=0,则 xbR=0,而xca=xλ(a)∈ xbR=0.于是可以定义φ:Rb →Ra使得φ(xb)=xca,易知φ是左R-模同态.由于λ是单同态,故r(a)=r(ca).注意到a∈ N(R)⊆C(R),因此ca∈ N(R),故Ra⊆Rca.所以Ra=Rca,即φ为满同态.(2)若λ:aR →bR 为同构,由(1)φ:Rb →Ra为满同态,则下证φ单.事实上,若 xca=0,则xcaR=xλ(aR)=0,从而 xbR=0.即 xb=0,所以φ单 .故φ同构.很显然地,n-正则环一定是右NPP环,但右NPP环不一定是n-正则环.于是考虑在什么条件下这两种环等价,得到定理2.6.定理2.6 下列条件等价:(1)R是一个n-正则环;(2)每个右R-模都是NMP-内射的.(3)每个循环右R-模都是NMP-内射的.(4)R是右NPP且右NMP-内射的.证明 (1)⇒(2)设M是右R-模,f:aR→M是任意右R-模单同态,其中a∈N(R).于是存在b∈R 使得a=aba.令 e=ab,c=f(e),则 e2=abab=ab=e且a=ea,故f(ar)=f(ear)=f(e)ar=car,因此MR是右NMP-内射的.(2)⇒(3)显然.(3)⇒(4)仅需证R是右NPP环.任意的a∈ N(R),则aRR是右NMP-内射的.记I:aRR→aRR是恒等同态,则有I=c◦,c∈ aR.所以a=I(a)=ca ∈ aRa,令c=ab,b ∈ R,则 c2=cab=ab=c,所以aR=cR是投射右R-模,从而R是右NPP环.(4)⇒(1)对每个a∈N(R),由于R是右NPP环,则aR是投射的.故存在e2=e∈R,使得r(a)=eR=r(1-e).注意到 R是右NMP-内射的,由定理2.2知1-e∈ Ra,即存在c∈ R使得1-c=ca.故a=a(1-e)=aca,即 R是n-正则的.定理2.7 若R是右NPP环,则每个右NMP-内射模的同态像是右NMP-内射的.证明设f:Q →W是右R-模满同态且QR是右NMP-内射模,下证WR是右NMP-内射模.g:aR→W 是任一单同态,其中a∈N(R).由于aRR是投射的,于是存在右R-模同态h:aR→Q使得fh=g.而g是单同态,故h是单同态.注意到Q是右NMP-内射的,因此存在γ:R→Q使得γ i=h,其中i:aR→R是包含映射.记σ=fγ:R →W,则有σ i=fγ i=fh=g,所以 WR是右NMP-内射的.最后,本文讨论在右NMP-内射环的条件下,约化环,ZC环,右非奇异环以及2-素环之间的联系.命题2.8 设R是右NMP-内射环,则P(R)⊆Zr(R).证明反证法.如若不然,存在b∈P(R)但b∉Zr(R).于是存在一个非零右理想I使得I∩r(b)=0.故有0≠c∈I使得bc≠0.定义f:bcR →R;bcr|→cr.易知f是定义良好的单同态.由于bc∈P(R)⊆N(R),R是右NMP-内射环.于是存在u∈ R使得c=f(bc)=ubc,即(1-ub)c=0.而b∈P(R)⊆J(R),故 1-ub可逆,从而 c=0,矛盾.所以P(R)⊆Zr(R).引理2.9 设R是NMP-内射环,且满足下列条件之一,则 N(R)⊆Zr(R).(1)R是NI环.(2)R是2-素环.证明 (1)类似命题2.8的证明.(2)由(1)即得.定理2.10 设R是NMP-内射环,下列结论等价:(a)R是约化环.(b)R是ZC右非奇异环.(c)R是ZI右非奇异环.(d)R是拟ZI右非奇异环.(e)R是右非奇异2-素环.证明由于 ZC环是ZI环,ZI环是拟ZI环,且在文[9]证明了拟 ZI是 2-素环,所以(a)⇒(b)⇒(c)⇒(d)⇒(e)是显然的.下证(e)⇒(a).事实上,由于 R 是2-素环,由引理2.9知 N(R)⊆Zr(R).而 R是右非奇异的,因此 N(R)=0,即R约化.参考文献:[1] NICHOLSON W K,YOUSIF M F.Principally injective rings[J].J Algebra,1995,174:77-93.[2] WEI J C,CHEN J H.Nil-injective rings[J].International Electronic J Algebra,2007,(2):1-21.[3] ZHU ZHanmin.MP-injective rings and MGP-injective rings[J].India J Pure Appl Math,2010,41(5):627-645.[4] HIRANO Y.Some studies on strongly-regular rings[J].Math J Okayam University,1978,20:141-149.[5] REGE M B.On Von Neumann regular rings and SF-rings[J].Math Japanica,1986,31(6):927-936.[6] KIM N K,NAM S B,KIM J K.On simple singular GP-injectivemodules[J].Comm Algebra,1999,27(5):2087-2096.[7] HIRANO Y,TOMINAGA H.Regular rings,V-rings and their generalization[J].Hiroshima Math J,1979,9:137-149.[8] 李小龙,吴俊.拟ZI-环的强正则性[J].安徽师范大学学报:自然科学版,2011,34(1):20-22.[9] 李小龙.ZI-环的推广及应用[D].芜湖:安徽师范大学数学计算机科学学院,2011.。
参考文献正确格式的写法

参考文献正确格式的写法关于参考文献正确格式的写法一、引文的格式引文的格式可采用文中夹注、脚注和尾注的形式。
MLA和APA格式不采用脚注或尾注,而使用文中夹注的.形式,MLA格式要求标明作者的姓和页数,它们之间没有逗号。
APA要求括号里标明作者姓名、出版日期,引文的其他信息可在参考文献中找到。
1、文中夹注(Parenthetical Citation)1)引文较短时,要用双引号括起来,引文与正文融为一体。
如果作者已在文中出现,注释中就不再列作者的名字。
Hosenfeld found that unsuccessful readers could be taught the lexical strategies of successful readers, confirming Wenden’s observation that“ineffective learners are inactive learners. Their apparent inability to learn is, in fact, due to their not having an appropria te repertoire of learning strategies.”(1985:7)2)当引文较长时(四行或超过四行),引文要另起一段,缩进五个空格,不用引号。
Results supported the notion that learners can be taught to use more effective learning strategies:Strategies training was successfully demonstrated in a natural teaching environment with second language listening and speaking tasks. This indicates that classroom instructions on learning strategies with integrative language skills can facilitate learning(O’Malley et al 1985a: 577).3)多个作者在第二次被提到时可用第一个作者的姓加et al.Finally, information type is based on contrasts such as concrete-abstract, static-dynamic, contextualized-decontextualized (Brown et al.1978).4)引文是翻译材料时要注明最初出版时间和翻译时间。
翻译的语言学派

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纽马克 (1916 ---):英国翻译理论家和翻译教育家。他提出 交际翻译、语义翻译和关联翻译。他的观点大多反映 在近二十年来发表的论文中。
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欧洲任何其他语言学团体都没有像Prague学会 那样产生了如此巨大的影响。
Dwight Bollinger
Prague 学派曾影响到美国语言学的每一项重要 发了音位学(phonology)。
他们对语言的基本观点是:
1. 语言是一个价值系统,不是千千万万毫不相干 的孤立现象的汇合。因此,要分析语言成分 与其他成分的关系,考虑语言成分在交际中的 功能,这样才能更好理解和评价成分。
该学派把对语言所持的观点御用到翻译研究上。 他们对翻译的主要观点是:
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1. 翻译必须考虑语言的各种功能,如认识功能、 表达功能、工具功能等;
2.翻译必须重视语义、语法、语音语言风格和文 学体裁方面的比较;
该翻译观在Prague学派的主要成员Jacobson和 后来的穆南、维内、马尔勃兰克、列维等重要 的翻译理论家的著作中都有不同程度的反映。
3. 准确的翻译取决于信息对等。
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首次提出了翻译中的对等概念。 在语际翻译中,我们所关注的不仅是符号与符号 之间的对应(即逐词对应),而且也关注符号与 符号组合的对等。
翻译所涉及的是两种不同符号的对等信息,因此 他把翻译定义为:
用另一种语言的语符解释语言符号
他认为双语符号之间不存在完全对等的关系,对 等关系存在于符号所承载的信息,因此语际翻译 不是符号转换。而是信息转换。
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有学者对翻译的语言学派做了起止时间的划分, 认为是从1959年Jacobson发表他的著名论文 《翻译的语言观》开始到1972年结束的。
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R.Jacobson翻译的分类
美国语言学家雅各布森从符号学的观点出发,曾明确地指出符号与意义之间的关系,他的那句名言“没有符号就没有意义”已被普遍接受。
他对翻译活动有着深刻的认识。
并基于他的符号学观。
将翻译活动分为语内翻译、语际翻译和符际翻译。
Intralingual Translation 语内翻译
Interlingual Translation 语际翻译
Intersemiotic Translation 符际翻译
所谓语内翻译是指在同一语言中用一些语言符号解释另一些语言符号。
语际翻译是指两种语言之间的翻译,即用另一种语言的语符来解释一种语言的语符。
符际翻译。
是指通过非语言的符号系统解释语言符号,或用语言符号解释非语言符号,比如把语言符号用图画、手势、数学或音乐来表达。
雅可布逊(R.Jacobson)认为翻译有狭义、广义之分。
狭义翻译仅指语际翻译;广义翻译除语际翻译外,还包括语内翻译和符际翻译。
下面是雅可布逊对广义上的三种翻译的定义:
1)语内翻译或复述是指在同一种语言中用不同的文字符号去解释某些文字符号。
(Intralingual translation or rewording is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language.)
2)语际翻译或严格意义上的翻译是指用另一种语言解释某种语言符号。
(Interlingual translation or translation proper is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of somc other language.)
3)符际翻译或嬗变是指用非语言系统的符号解释某种语言符号。
(Intersemiotic translation or transmutation is an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of nonverbal systems.) (Jacobson 1959/2000:114) 简言之,语内翻译指在同一语言内部进行的翻译;语际翻译指发生在不同语言之间的翻译活动;符际翻译指不同符号之间进行的翻译。
语内翻译虽然不如语际翻译那么引人注意,但在实际生活中,语内翻译每时每刻都在进行。
例如把一个人的话传给另一个人,用自己的话复述别人的话,或把我国的古文献译为现代汉语等,都属于这一范畴。
符际翻译常见于通讯和保密工作,也可见于日常的交流,例如用文字解释交通指示标志或用身体动作把某种文字的意思表现出来。