ramp generator原理

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rf generator 原理

rf generator 原理

rf generator 原理RF信号发生器(RF generator)是一种用于产生射频信号的仪器设备。

它在无线通信、雷达、无线电广播等领域起着重要作用。

本文将详细介绍RF信号发生器的原理和工作方式。

引言概述:RF信号发生器是一种能够产生射频信号的设备,它可以用于测试和校准射频设备、无线通信系统以及其他射频应用。

它的工作原理基于射频信号的合成和调制技术。

本文将从三个方面详细阐述RF信号发生器的原理和工作方式。

正文内容:1. 射频信号的合成技术1.1 频率合成器频率合成器是RF信号发生器中的关键部件,它能够根据需要产生特定频率的射频信号。

常见的频率合成器有直接数字频率合成(DDS)和锁相环(PLL)技术。

DDS技术通过数字信号处理器(DSP)生成射频信号,具有高精度和快速调频特点。

PLL技术则通过反馈控制实现频率合成,具有较高的稳定性和抗干扰能力。

1.2 相位合成器相位合成器用于控制射频信号的相位,它可以实现相位调制和相位连续调节。

常见的相位合成器有直接数字相位合成器(DPSK)和相位锁定环(PLL)技术。

DPSK技术通过数字信号处理器(DSP)对信号进行相位调制,具有高精度和灵活性。

PLL技术则通过反馈控制实现相位合成,具有较高的稳定性和抗干扰能力。

1.3 幅度合成器幅度合成器用于控制射频信号的幅度,它可以实现幅度调制和幅度连续调节。

常见的幅度合成器有直接数字幅度合成器(DAS)和幅度锁定环(ALC)技术。

DAS技术通过数字信号处理器(DSP)对信号进行幅度调制,具有高精度和灵活性。

ALC技术则通过反馈控制实现幅度合成,具有较高的稳定性和抗干扰能力。

2. 射频信号的调制技术2.1 调频技术调频技术是一种常用的射频信号调制技术,它通过改变信号的频率来传输信息。

调频技术可以实现宽带信号的传输,具有抗干扰能力强的优点。

常见的调频技术有频率调制(FM)和直接数字频率调制(DFM)。

2.2 调幅技术调幅技术是一种常用的射频信号调制技术,它通过改变信号的幅度来传输信息。

专业英语1201-1350

专业英语1201-1350

ram compressor 冲压式压气机ram cylinder 柱塞式油缸,活塞式油缸ram drag 冲压阻力Ramey circuit 拉米逻辑电路(一种磁心逻辑电路)ram feeder 活塞给煤机,推煤柱塞ramification 分支,分叉,分派,门类,支线,支流ramify 分支RAMIS (rapid access management information system) 快速存取管理信息系统rammed clay 夯实粘土rammed-earth 素土夯实rammed-earth house 干打垒rammer 夯土机ramp 倾斜,斜面,坡道,滑台,倾斜端头;接线夹;瞬变的ram pack 基础垫铁ramp characteristic 加速特性曲线ramp function 直线上升函数ramp generator 斜坡发生器;斜波发生器ramping 主汽压跃升过程ramp input 瞬变输入ramp input signal 瞬变输入信号ramp insertion of reactivity 反应性线性引入ramp load change 负荷线性变化ramp power change 功率线性变化ramp rate 缓变率,倾斜率;等变率ramp reactivity insertion 反应性线性引入ram pressure 冲压压力;冲压;速度头;全压力ramp voltage 斜坡电压ram steam pile driver 汽锤打桩机ram the earth 把土夯实Ramzin(-sin) boiler 拉姆辛锅炉(管圈盘旋上升的直流炉)RAN (read-around numbers) 周围读数RANDAM (random-access nondestructive advanced memory) 随机存取非破坏性的先进存储器random 随机的,无规则的,机遇的,随便的,随机过程;任意的,偶然的random access 随机存取,随机访问;随即存取random access and correlation for extended performance 扩展性能的随机存取及相关性random access card equipment 随机存取计算机装置random access control 随机存取控制器random access discrete address 随机存取离散地址random access discrete addressing system 随机存取离散编址系统random-access disk file 随机存取磁盘文件,随机访问磁盘文件random access file 随时存取外存储器random-access input/output 随机存取输入/输出random-access memory 随机存取存储器random-access memory(RAM) 随机存取存储器;随机访问存储器random access method 随机存取法random access method of accounting and control 计算和控制的随机存取法random-access nondestructive advanced memory 随机存取非破坏性的先进存储器random access parallel tape 随机存取并行带random access programming 随机存取程序设计,随机访问程序设计random access storage 随机存取存储器,随机取数存储器random access storage and control 随机存取存储器和控制器random access storage and display 随机存取存储器和显示器random access storage device 随机存取存储装置random access time 随机存取时间random addressing 随机寻址,随机编址random check 抽查random-coding bound 随机编码限random coincidence 偶然符合random correlation method 随机相关法random counting error 无规计数误差random crack 不规则裂纹;不规则裂缝random defect 不规则缺陷,杂乱缺陷random diffusional motion 无规则扩散运动random distribution 随机分布;随机分配random disturbance 随机扰动,随机骚扰random error 随机误差;偶然误差;无规误差random-error-correcting 纠正随机错误random event 随机事件,偶然事件random excitation 无规则扰动;随机激振random failure 随机故障,偶然故障random fatigue 随机疲劳random fault 偶然故障random fluctuation 随机起伏;随即起伏;不规则起伏,随机变动random forcing function 随机强制函数random function 随机函数random Gaussian number 随机高斯数random incidence 随即入射random inhomogeneous medium 随即不规则介质random inspection 抽查random item 无规则件randomization 随机化,无规则化randomize 使不规则化,使随机化randomizer 随机数发生器random jump motion 随机跳跃运行randomly fluctuating 随机起伏randomly fluctuating data 随机涨落数据randomly oriented flaw 随即取向缺陷randomly packed bed 随机堆积床randomly time-varying linear system 随机时变参数线性系统;随机时变线性系统random motion 随机运动random multiple access 随机多路存取randomness 随机性random neutron density wave 随机中子密度波random noise 杂乱噪声,无规则噪声,随机噪声random noise background 随机噪声背景random noise level 随机噪声级random-number 随机数random-number generator 随机数发生器random order 任意状态,任意顺序,随机位random oscilation 随即振动random packing 随机填料,无规则填充random paralleling 非同期并车,自同期,不规则并联random phase 随机相位random process 随机过程,随机处理random processing 随机存取数据处理random pulse 随机脉冲,杂乱脉冲;随即脉冲,无规脉冲random pulse sequence 随机脉冲序列random quantity 随机量random reactivity 随机反应性random red dots 不规则的红点(显示)random rubble wall 乱石墙random sampling 任意取样,随机取样,抽样,随机采样;随即采样;随机抽样random scanning 随机扫描random search 随机搜索random sequence 随机序列random signal 随机信号random signal analysis technique 随机信号分析技术random superimposed coding 随机叠加编码random surface renewal 无规则表面更新random synchronizing 自同期,不规则同步random turbulence 无规则湍流random variable 随机变数,随机变量random vector 随机矢量random vibration 随机振动;随即振动,无规振动random walk model 随机行走模型random winding 不规则线圈,散下线圈,散嵌绕组random wound coil 散绕线圈randon-access memory 随机存储器range 范围,距离,量程,整理,排列,域;区间,区段range ability 幅度变化范围(被调量的)range adjustment 范围调整range arithmetic (interval arithmetic) 区间运算range calibration 距离校正range change-over switch 量程[转换]开关range changing 变量程range changing switch 量程变换开关range coal 块煤(25~50毫米的无烟块煤)range control switch 量程控制开关range conversion 距离变换range correction 距离校正range coverage 覆盖量程,覆盖区段range determination 距离测定range extension 范围扩大,量程扩展range finder 测距计range finding 测距range-gate generator 距离选通脉冲发生器range indicator 距离指示器range interval 间距range measurement 测距range of adjustment 调节范围,调节区域range of allowable error 容许误差范围range of a loop 循环的区域range of hearing 听觉范围range of heat-supply service 供热半径range of indication 指示范围range of instability 不稳定区,不稳定范围range of instrument 仪表量程range of linearity 线性范围,线性区域range of load fluctuation 负荷波动范围range of loading 负荷范围range of nominal tension 额定电压范围range of operation 操作范围,工作范围,运行范围range of price 价格范围,价格变动range of regulation 调节范围range of sensitivity 灵敏度范围range of speed 转速范围range of speed control 转速控制范围,变速范围range of stability 稳定范围;稳定阶段range of stress 应力范围;应力幅度range of temperature 温度范围range of transmission 发送范围,传输范围range of use 使用范围range of variation 偏差范围,变化范围,变化区域range resistor 量程电阻器range scope 距离指示器range selection 量程选择range selector 波段开关,距离转换开关range span 量程范围range switch 量程开关,波段开关range system 母管制range-to-go 到达目标的距离range unit 测距装置ranging 测距,距离调整,广泛搜索rank 排,列,级;分级,入列;煤的品位Rankine cycle 朗肯循环Rankine (vapor)cycle 郎肯循环Rankine-cycle efficiency ratio 朗肯循环效率比(与朗肯循环相比的相对效率)Rankine cycle power plant 朗肯循环发电设备Rankine scale 朗肯温标(以华氏温度数表示的绝对温标)Rankine(-cycle) thermal efficiency 郎肯循环热效率rank of matrix 矩阵的秩RANSER (resource allocation and network scheduler) 资源分配及网络调度程序RAP (reliability assurance program) 可靠性保证程序RAP (resource allocation processor) 资源分配处理机RAPID (relative address programming implementation device) 相对地址程序设计装置;相对地址程序执行装置rapid access 快速存取rapid access data 快速存取数据rapid access device 快速存取设备rapid access disc 快速存取磁盘rapid access loop 快速存取回路rapid access management information system 快速存取管理信息系统rapid access memory 快速存取存储器rapid access storage 快速存取存储器,快速取数存储器rapid action valve 快动阀rapid-activity loss 快速活性损耗rapid aging 快速老化rapid analysis method 快速分析方法rapid automatic checkout equipment 自动快速检查装置rapid circuit etch 快速电路蚀刻rapid circulation 快速循环rapid control rod insertion 控制棒快速插入rapid cooling 快速冷却rapid emergency insertion of the control rods 控制棒的紧急快速插入rapid filter 快滤池(器);高速过滤器rapid filtration 快滤rapid fluctuation 急剧波动rapid forcing voltage 快速强励电压rapid-hardening cement 快干水泥,快硬水泥rapid infiltration 快速渗滤rapid information technique for evaluation 快速信息鉴定技术rapid insertion 快速插入rapid internal storage 快速内存储器rapidity 迅速;速度rapidly extensible language 可快速扩充语言rapid mix and flocculation basin 快速混合絮凝池rapid permeability 快速渗透rapid printer 快速打印机,快速打印装置,快速印刷装置rapid random access memory 快速随机存取存储器rapid record oscillograph 快速记录示波器rapid replacement 快速置换rapid response motor 快速响应电动机rapid-rise test 快速升压试验rapid sand filter 快速砂滤器;快速沙滤池rapid screw 大节距螺钉rapid shutdown 快速停堆rapid start 快速起动rapid start lamp 快速起动灯,瞬时起动灯rapid storage 快速存储器,高速存储器RAPIT (record and process input table) 记录及进程输入表raplot 等点绘图法(荧光屏上的)rapper 振动器rapping 振动,(除尘器)集尘电极的定期振打rapping device 振动装置rapping gear 振动装置RAPTAP (random access parallel tape) 随机存取并行带rare earth 稀土的,稀土族rare earth element 稀土元素rare element 稀有元素rarefaction 稀疏,稀化,稀薄rarefaction state 稀疏状态rarefaction wave 稀疏波rarefied gases 稀薄气体rarefy 抽空,抽稀,稀薄化;抽真空rare gas 稀有气体;稀薄气体rare metal 稀有金属rare metal couple 稀有金属温差热偶RARP (reverse address resolution protocol) 逆地址解析协议RAS (reliability,availability,serviceability) 性能最佳性(可靠性、可用性及可修性) Raschig (ring) 拉西环(填料)Raschig ring 拉西环;拉希环RASP (reactor analysis support package) 反应堆分析支持包RASTAC (random access storage and control) 随机存取存储器和控制器RASTAD (random access storage and display) 随机存取存储器和显示器raster 光栅,扫描区(荧光屏)raster scope 光栅式阴极射线管ratchet 棘轮[机构],棘爪,棘轮ratchet-and-pawl mechanism 棘爪机构ratchet blocking system 棘轮闭锁装置ratchet coupling 棘轮联结器,爪形联轴节ratchet cyclometer 棘轮回转计ratchet demand 计费基准最大需量ratchet drill 棘轮扳钻ratcheting 棘轮效应;离合器,联轴节ratcheting deformation 棘轮效应变形ratchet pawl 棘轮掣子,棘轮卡子(步进电机的)ratchet relay 棘轮式继电器ratchet strain 棘齿应变ratchet wheel 棘轮rate 率,比率,比例,速度,[定]等级,定额,评定,程度,计算RATE (remote automatic telemetry equipment) 自动遥测装置rate action 速率作用,比率作用,微分[导数]作用rate aided signal 定标信号Rateau nozzle 渐缩喷嘴,拉托喷管Rateau turbine 压力多级冲动式汽轮机rate control 比例控制,速度控制,速率控制,按被调量变化率调节,微分控制,微商控制rate controlling regime 速度控制系统rate controlling step 速度控制步骤rated 额定的,计算的,设计的,标称的,额定[的]rated accuracy 额定精确度rated back-to-back capacity bank breaking current 额定背靠背电容器组开断电流rated bleedoff temperature 设计的抽汽温度rated breaking 额定遮断功率rated burden 额定负荷,额定负载,额定功耗rated cable-charging breaking current 额定电缆充电开断电流rated capability 额定出力rated capacitance 标称电容量rated capacity 额定功率,额定蒸发量;额定容量;额定容量[能力];计算容量;额定能力,设计能力rated coil current 额定线圈电流rated coil voltage 额定线圈电压rated condition 额定工况;额定条件rated conditions 额定参数;额定状态;额定工况[条件]rated consumed power 额定消耗功率rated consumption 额定耗量;额定消耗量;额定消耗,计算消耗rated contact current 额定触点电流rated contact voltage 额定触点电压rated continuous capacity 额定持续功率rated continuous current 额定持续电流rated continuous working voltage 额定连续工作电压rated current 额定电流rated current of generator 发电机额定电流rated current of switch 开关额定电流rated duration of short-circuit 额定短路持续时间rated duty 额定负载,额定功率,额定工作方式,额定工况,额定税[费]率rated efficiency 额定效率rate-determining step 速度决定步骤rated excitation 额定励磁rated fire-resistive period 额定耐火时限rated flow 额定流量rated frequency 额定频率rated frequency range 额定频率范围rated fuel power 额定燃料比功率rated governor 调速器rated heating capacity 额定供热量(热水锅炉);额定供热量rated high voltage 额定高[电]压rated horsepower 额定功率,额定马力rated impedance 额定阻抗rated impulse protective level 额定冲击保护水平rated impulse withstand voltage 额定耐冲击电压rated input 额定输入rated insulation class 额定绝缘等级rated kilovolt-ampere 额定千伏安,额定容量rated KVA 额定千伏安rated KVA tap 额定千伏安抽头rated life (time) 额定寿命rated line-charging breaking current 额定线路充电开断电流rated load 额定负荷;额定负载rated load condition 额定[负载运行]工况;额定负载状态rated load excitation 额定负载励磁rated load operation 额定负荷运行rated load torque 额定负荷转矩rated operating conditions 额定运行条件rated operational current 额定工作电流rated operational voltage 额定工作电压rated out-of-phase breaking current 额定失步开断电流rated output 额定功率,额定出力,额定输出[功率]rated performance 额定性能rated power 额定功率rated power density 额定功率密度rated power factor 额定功率因数rated power operation 额定功率运行rated power output 额定输出功率rated pressure 额定压力rated primary current 一次侧额定电流rated primary voltage 一次侧额定电压rated quantity 额定量rated reliability 额定可靠性rated resistance 标称电阻,额定电阻rated revolution 额定转数,额定转速rated ripple current 额定纹波电流rated ripple voltage 额定纹波电压rated rupturing capacity 额定遮断容量rated secondary voltage 二次侧额定电压rated short-circuit current 额定短路电流rated short-line fault breaking current 额定近区故障开断电流rated-short-time current 额定短时电流rated single capacitor bank breaking current 额定单个电容器组开断电流rated slip 额定转差率,额定滑差rated specific speed 额定比转速rated speed 额定转速,额定速度rated steam condition 额定蒸汽参数rated temperature 额定温度;标称温度;规定温度rated temperature coefficient 标称温度系数rated temperature-rise 容许温升rated thermal power 额定热功率rated throughout 额定出力,额定生产能力rated torque 额定转矩rated tube current 额定管电流rated uninterrupted current 额定持续电流rated VA 额定伏安(数)rated value 额定值rated voltage 额定电压rated voltage drop 额定[电]压降rated watts input 额定输入功率rated withstand voltage 额定耐压rate equation 速率方程rate equations 比率方程型rate feedback 速度反馈rate generator 比率发电机rate-grown 变速生长的rate gyroscope 速率陀螺仪rate indicator 速率指示器rate integrating 速度积分rate integrating gyro 速度积分陀螺rate integrating gyroscope 速度积分陀螺仪rate limit 速率限制rate limitation 速度限制ratemeter 速率计,测速表,速率表,测速计;计数率计rate of absorption 吸收率rate of air circulation 换气次数,空气循环率rate of blowdown 排污率rate of boiling 蒸发率;沸腾强度rate-of-change 变化率,变率rate-of-change indicator 变率指示器rate-of-change of circulation 环量变化率rate-of-change of frequency 频率变率rate-of-change relay 微分继电器,变率继电器rate-of-charge 充电[速]率,充电时间rate-of-climb 上升速度rate-of-climb indicator 爬高速度指示器rate-of-climb meter 上升速度表rate of combustion 燃烧速度rate of consumption 耗量rate of control-rod insertion 控制棒插入速率rate of conversion 转化速率rate of cooldown 冷却速率rate of cooling 冷却速度rate of cooling-air flow 冷却空气流量rate of cooling-air required 冷却空气需要量rate of corrosion 腐蚀速率rate of crack growth 裂纹扩展率rate of crack propagation 裂缝扩展速度rate of creep 徐变速度,蠕变速率rate of crystal growth 晶体增长速度rate of curve 曲线斜率rate of damaged cargo 货损率rate of decay 衰变速率,衰减速度,衰减率;衰减速率rate of deceleration 减速率rate of decent 下降速度rate of deformation 变形速率rate of deposition 沉积速率;熔敷速度rate of depreciation 折旧率,贬值率rate of diffusion 扩散速率;扩散速度rate of disappearance 消失速率rate of discharge 流量,排出率,出口流量,放电率,放电时间rate of downward gradient 下降速度rate of effusion 流出速度rate of emergency water make-up 事故补水量rate of energy loss 能量损失比rate of enthalpy increase 焓增加率rate of evaporation 蒸发率,蒸发量;蒸汽负荷rate of expansion 膨胀率rate of extension 延伸率rate of fall 塌落速度rate of feeding 投料速度rate of filtration 滤速rate of flow 流速;流率,流量rate of flow(-rate)increase 流量增加速率rate of frequency change 频率变率rate of gas flow 气体流速rate of growth 增长率,增长速度rate of heat exchange 热交换率rate of heat flow 热流强度;热流率rate of heat generation [释]热强度,热负荷rate of heating 加热速度,暖机速度rate of heat transfer 传热强度;热流率rate of incidence 入射率rate of information 信息漏失率rate of information throughout 信息传送速率rate of load change 负荷变化速率rate of load growth 负荷增长率,负载增长率rate of loading 负载率;加载速度;加负荷速度rate of load up 负荷上升率rate of loss of coolant 冷却剂丧失率rate of mass transfer 质量转移速度,传质速度rate of metal consumption 金属消耗率rate of metal corrosion 金属腐蚀速率rate of motion 控制棒移动速率;提插棒速率rate of oil flow 油流量rate of oxidation 氧化速率rate of perforation 穿孔速度rate of power change 功率变化速率rate of pressure change 压力变化速率rate of pressure reduction 降压速率rate of production 生产率rate of pulse repetition 脉冲重复频率rate of radiation 辐射强度rate of reaction 反应速率rate of reactivity change 反应性变化率rate of reading 读出速度rate of regulation 调节速度rate of repetition 重复率rate of residual information loss 残留信息漏失率rate of return 回收期限(投资)rate of return on investment 投资回收率rate of revolution 转速rate of rise 陡度,增长速度,上升斜率;增长速率,(曲线上升)斜率rate of rise of TRV 瞬态恢复电压上升率rate of rise restriking voltage 再击穿电压上升率,暂时恢复电压上升率rate of rotation 转速rate of scale formation 生垢率rate of self-purification 自净速度rate of selfregulation 自调节速度rate of settling 沉降速率rate of speed 速度变化率,速率rate of strain 应变速度;材料应变率rate of strain tensor 应变率张量rate of temperature change 温度变化率;温度变化速率rate of travel 控制棒移动速率rate-of-turn 转动速度,转速rate-of-turn gyroscope 转度陀螺仪rate-of-turn recorder 转速记录器rate of unloading 减负荷速度rate of upward gradient 上升速度rate of vacuum down 真空下降率rate of voltage rise 电压上升速度rate of volume flow 体积流动速率;体积流量rate of water loss 失水率rate of water make-up 补水量rate of wear 磨损率rate of work 功率,工作强度rate process 速率过程rate regulator 流量调节器rate response 导数反应,微商作用rate-sensitive 对速度[变化]灵敏的rate servo 速度伺服系统,速度随动系统rate signal 与速度成比例的信号rate system of electricity 电费收费制rate thermal current 额定发热电流rate time 比率时间,预调时间ratification of agents'contract 批准代理人签订的合同ratify 批准rating 额定值,额定参数;额定功率,出力;估价,评价;率;测定,流量;标称值,参数,规格;计算;定额rating curve 流量特性曲线;特性曲线rating factor 额定因数,额定值系数rating of machine 电机规格,电机定额,电机额定值rating test 评级试验,规格试验rating under air conditioning condition 空调工况制冷量ratio 比,比率,系数,比例,比值ratio (Rto) 比,比率,比例ratio adjuster 抽头变换位置,分接开关(变压器的)ratio arm 比例臂,电桥臂ratio arm box 比例臂[电阻]箱,电桥电阻箱ratio balance relay 比率平衡继电器ratio calculator 比例计算机ratio control 比例控制,比例调节ratio controller 比例调节器,比值控制器ratio control system 比例控制系统ratio correction factor 比例校正系数,变比校正系数ratio detector 比值检波器,比例检波器,比例鉴频器ratio-differential relay 比率差动继电器ratio dissipation 比率功耗ratio error 比率误差,变比误差(变压器的)ratio factor 比率系数ratio flow 流量比ratio flow controller 流量比控制器ratio meter 比率计,比率表,导数仪ratio method for telemeasurement 比率遥测法ration 限额,限定,定量,定额rational 有理的rational electrical units 合理化电单位rational expression 有理式rational function 有理函数rational integer 有理整数rational interpolating function 有理插值函数rationalization 有理化,合理化rationalize 有理化rationalized MKSA units 合理化的米-千克-秒-安制单位rationalized unit 合理化单位rationalizing denominator 有理化分母rational number 有理数rational units 合理化单位ration of coolant to fuel volume 冷却剂与燃料的体积比ratio of attenuation 衰减比ratio of blade thickness to chord 叶片厚度与叶弦之比ratio of compression 压缩比ratio of damping 阻尼系数,减幅系数ratio of distance 截距比ratio of expansion 膨胀比ratio of fluctuation (沸腾床表面)起伏比ratio of gains 增益比ratio of generating functions 生成函数比ratio of "off" to "on" impedance “断开”与“闭合”的阻抗比ratio of principal stresses 主应力比ratio of reduction 衰减率,收缩率,还原率ratio of reinforcement 钢筋比率,配筋率ratio of revolution 转数比ratio of slope 坡度比ratio of specific heat 热容比;比热比ratio of the massic heat capacities 质量热容比ratio of the specific heat capacities 比热[容]比ratio of transformation 变压比,变换比,变换系数,变比ratio of transformation of current transformer 电流互感器的变流比ratio of transformation of potential transformer 电压互感器的变压比ratio of transformer 变压器变比ratio of transmission 传动比ratio of utilization 利用系数ratio of varying capacitance 电容变化比ratio of viscosity 粘变比ratio of winding 匝数比ratio Poisson′s 泊松比ratio relay 比例继电器ratio set 比率装置ratio station 比率控制站ratio switch 比例开关ratio test 变比测定(变压器的)ratio transformer 比例变压器ratio-turn 匝数比ratio-voltage 电压比,比例电压ratproof electric installation 防鼠型电气装置rat tail 鼠尾形;天线水平部分与引下线的连接线;鼠尾(铸造缺陷)rattle 颤动raw 原始的raw air 未处理的空气,未过滤的空气raw coal 原煤raw data 原始数据;原始资料raw effluent 原废水,未经处理的废水raw gas 未经净化的气体,粗煤气;未净化气体,原料气raw information 原始信息"raw" lacquer 生漆raw material 原[材料];原材料;原料raw materials for routine consumption 日常消耗用原材料raw material storage 原料库raw mica 原云母,未加工云母raw sample 原样品raw sanitary water 未经处理的生活废水raw sewage 未经处理的污水raw sludge 未经处理的污泥raw state 原状态raw waste 待处理的废物,原废物raw wastewater 未经处理的废水raw water 原水,生水;未处理水raw water pumps 生水泵ray 射线,光线,照射,辐射,辐射线,线ray acoustic 几何声学ray-control electrode 射线控制电极ray displacement 射线位移ray effect 射线效应ray filter 射线过滤器rayl 雷[耳](声阻[抗]率的值)Rayleigh distribution 瑞利分布Rayleigh fading 雷利衰落(散射通信的)Rayleigh number 雷利数;瑞利数Rayleigh number for mass transfer 传质瑞利数Rayleigh Scattering 瑞利散射ray modulation 射线调制Raymond bowl mill [雷蒙]碗式磨煤机ray-proof 防辐射的,防射线的ray-proofing device 防射线设备Raysistor (Raytheon tube) 雷通管,全波整流管Raytheon tube 雷通管,全波整流管ray tracing 射线轨迹RB (reactor building) 反应堆厂房RB (read backward) 反向读出RB (read buffer) 读缓冲器R/B (release to birth ratio) 释产比,裂变气体释放量与产生量之比RB (return to bias) 归零制RB (roller bearing) 滚柱轴承RB (run back) 快速减负荷,快速返回RBCW (reactor building chilled water system) 堆厂房冷冻水系统RBD (reliability block diagram) 可靠性方块图RBE (relative biological effectiveness) 相对生物效应RBE (remote batch entry) 远程成批输入RBE dose 生物学效应剂量RBH (relative biological hazard) 相对生物危害RC (product of resistance times capacitance) 电阻乘电容之积RC (ray-control electrode) 射线控制电极RC (read and compute) 阅读和计算RC (reader code) 阅读器代码R.C. (reinforced concrete) 钢筋混凝土RC (remote control) 遥控,远距离控制RC (resistance-capacitance) 电阻电容RC (resistor-capacitor) [电]阻[电]容RCA (Regional Co-operative Agreement) 地区合作协定(指亚洲几国与国际原子能机构签订的核科技研究,发展和培训协定) RCB (reactor containment building) 反应堆安全壳建筑物RCC (Radiochemical Co.) 放射化学公司(加拿大RCC (read channel continue) 读通道继续RCC (remote communication complex) 远程通信复合系统RCC (remote communication console) 远程通信操作台RCC (rod-cluster control) 棒束控制RCC assembly 棒束控制组件,控制棒组件RCC drive shaft 束控制驱动轴RCC element 棒束控制元件;控制元件RCC element actuation 控制元件动作(装置)RCC element insertion limit 控制元件插入限度RC coupling 阻容耦合RCDT (reactor coolant drain tank) 反应堆冷却剂排放箱RCDTL (resistor-capacitor diode transistor logic) 电阻电容二极[管]晶体管逻辑RCE (rapid circuit etch) 快速电路蚀刻RCFC (reactor containment fan cooler) 反应堆安全壳风扇冷却器RCGM (reactor cover gas monitor) 反应堆覆盖气体监测器RCI (read channel initialize) 读通道开始(初始化)RCIC (reactor core isolation cooling) 反应堆堆芯隔离冷却RCIC (reactor core isolation cooling system) 反应堆堆芯隔离冷却系统RCIC pump 反应堆堆芯隔离冷却水泵RCIC pump turbine 反应堆堆芯隔离冷却水泵汽轮机RCIC system 反应堆堆芯隔离冷却系统R-C integrating network R-C积分网络RC ladder network RC梯形网络RCM (reliability-centered maintenance) 以可靠性为核心的维修RCO (remote control oscillator) 遥控振荡器RCO (representative calculating operation) 典型计算操作RCP (reactor cooling pump) 堆冷却泵,主泵RCPB (reactor coolant pressure boundary) 反应堆冷却剂压力[边]界(包括压力容器、管道系统、泵、阀门等高压设备) RCR (reader control relay) 阅读器控制继电器RCS (reaction control system) 反应控制系统RCS (reactor coolant system) 反应堆冷却剂系统RCS (rearward communications system) 后向通信系统RCS (reloadable control storage) 可写控制存储器RCS (remote control system) 遥控系统RCS-NAA (radiochemical separation-neutron activation analysis) 放射化学分离中子活化分析RCTL (resistor-capacitor transistor logic) 电阻电容晶体管逻辑RCTL (resistor-coupled transistor logic) 电阻耦合晶体管逻辑RCU (recovery control unit) 恢复控制器RCW (return control word) 返回控制字R&D (research and development) 研究与开发RD (rotating disc) 叶轮RD (run down) 降负荷,自动减负荷,负荷迫降RDC (remote data collection) 远程数据收集RDCHK (read check) 读出检查RDF (relational data file) 关系数据文件RDF (resource data file) 资源数据文件RDH (radioactive drain header) 放射性疏水总管RDM (rod drive mechanism) 控制棒驱动机构RDS (reactor diagnostic system) 反应堆诊断系统RDT (remote data transmitter) 远程数据发送器RDT (resistance temperature detector) 电阻温度计RDT&E (research,development,test and evaluation) 研究、研制、试验与鉴定RE (real number) 实数Re(Renolds number) 雷诺数REAC (radiological emergency assessment center) 放射性应急评价中心reach decision through consultation 决议通过协商达成决定reactance 电抗,反应性reactance amplifier 电抗耦合放大器reactance arm 电抗臂,电抗支路reactance bond 电抗耦合,电抗搭接,接合扼流圈reactance breaker 有电抗线圈的分段开关reactance bridge method 电抗桥接法reactance capacity 无功功率reactance coil 电抗线圈,扼流圈reactance compensation 电抗补偿reactance coupling 电抗耦合reactance drop 电抗压降reactance-drop compensation 电抗[电]压降补偿reactance EMF 电抗电势reactance factor 无功功率因数,电抗因数reactance frequency multiplier 电抗式倍频器reactance function 电抗函数reactance grounded 电抗接地[的]reactance in direct axis 直轴电抗,纵轴电抗reactance meter 电抗计reactance modulation system 直接调制方式,电抗调制方式reactance network 电抗网络reactance of opposite phase sequence 反相序电抗,逆序电抗reactance protection 电抗保护装置reactance relay 电抗继电器reactance relays 电抗型继电保护装置reactance resistance ratio 电抗电阻比reactance starter 电抗起动器reactance synchronizing method 电抗同步法(小型发电机的同步方法) reactance theorem 电抗原理reactance-to-resistance ratio 电抗-电阻比,品质因数reactance transformer 电抗变换器reactance triangle 电抗三角形reactance-tube 电抗管reactance-tube modulator 电抗管调制器reactance voltage 电抗电压,电抗电势reactant 反应物;成分,组分reactant ratio 反应物比reactatron 一种晶体二极管,低噪声微波放大器reactimeter 反应性测定仪reacting field 反应场,反作用场reacting space 反应间隔reacting system 反应系统,反应体系reaction 反应,作用,反作用,反馈,反动,反动度,反作用力reaction alternator 反应式同步发电机,无功发电机reaction balance 反动[力]平衡,反作用[力]平衡,反应平衡reaction blade 反动式叶片reaction classification 反应分类reaction coefficient 反馈系数reaction coil 反馈线圈,反作用线圈reaction component 电抗分量,无功分量,复阻抗的虚部reaction control 反馈控制reaction coupled 电抗耦合的reaction coupling 电抗耦合[反馈]reaction energy 反应能reaction exergy 反应reaction force 反作用力reaction force from thermal compensator 热补偿器反力reaction motor 反应式电动机,反作用式电动机,磁阻电动机reaction of combustion 燃烧反应reaction of supports 支点反力,支反力reaction period 反应期;反应周期reaction principle 反作用原理reaction product 反应产物reaction rate 反应速度;反应速率;反应率reaction rate constant 反应速度常数reaction ring 止推环reaction stage 反动级reaction thrust 反推力reaction time 反应时间reaction timer 反应速度测定器,反应计时器reaction turbine 反动式汽轮机,反击式涡轮reaction type stage 反动级reaction velocity 反应速度reaction vessel 反应器reaction wheel 反动叶轮reaction winding 反作用绕组,反作用绕法reaction zone 反应区,[反应堆]活性区reactivation 再生,复原,恢复活性,重激活reactivation of catalyst 催化剂再活化reactive 反应的,活性的;反作用的,反馈的;无功的,电抗性的reactive capability 无功容量,无功功率reactive circuit 电抗电路,反馈电路reactive coil 电抗线圈,扼流圈reactive compensation 无功补偿reactive compensation equipment 无功补偿装置reactive component 无功分量,电抗部分,复阻抗(的)虚部reactive component of current 电流无功分量reactive current 无功电流,电抗性电流reactive current compensation 无功电流补偿reactive current compensator 无功电流补偿器reactive current meter 无功电流计reactive DC voltage drop 电抗性直流电压降reactive drop 无功电压降,电抗电压降。

MX321自动电压调节器(AVR)规格、安装和调整说明书

MX321自动电压调节器(AVR)规格、安装和调整说明书

Instruction ManualI n s t a l l a t i o n • O p e r a t i o n • M a i n t e n a n c eVoltage RegulatorRuitai industry Co.,Ltd.Tel: +86 577 56784310Fax: +86 577 56667563Email: *******************MX321-AMX321 AUTOMATIC VOLTAGEREGULATOR (AVR)SPECIFICATION, INSTALLATION AND ADJUSTMENTS General description Technical specificationMX321 is a three phase sensed Autom atic Voltage Regulator and form s part of the excitation system for a brush-less generator. Excitation power is derived from a three-phase perm anent m agnet generator (PMG), to isolate the AVR control circuits from the effects of non-linear loads and to reduce radio frequency interference on the generator term inals. Sustained generator short circuit current is another feature of the PMG system.The AVR senses the voltage in the main generator winding and controls the excitation to maintain the generator output voltage within the specified lim its, com pensating for load, speed, tem perature and power factor of the generator. Three phase RMS sensing is em ployed for superior voltage regulation.Adjustable Soft start circuitry is included to provide a smooth controlled build up of generator output voltage.A frequency m easuring circuit continually m onitors the shaft speed of the generator and provides under-speed protection of the excitation system by reducing the generator output voltage proportionally with speed below a pre-settable threshold. A further enhancem ent of this feature is an adjustable volts per Hertz slope and voltage recovery tim e, to im prove the response of turbo charged engines.Current lim iting m ay be included to allow control over the amount of sustained short circuit current.Maxim um excitation is lim ited to a safe period by internal shutdown of the AVR output device. This condition remains latched until the generator has stopped.The AVR includes an over-voltage protection feature with internal shutdown of the AVR output device, plus the ability to trip an optional excitation circuit breaker if required.Provision is made for the connection of a remote voltage trim m er, allowing the user fine control of the generator's output.An analogue input is provided allowing connection to a Newage Power Factor controller or other external device with compatible output.The AVR has the facility for droop CT connection, to allow parallel running with other similarly equipped generators. SENSING INPUTVoltage 190-264V ac max, 2 or 3 phaseFrequency 50-60 Hz nominalPOWER INPUT (PMG)Voltage 170-220V ac max, 3 phase, 3 wireCurrent 3A/phaseFrequency100-120Hznom inalOUTPUTVoltage max 120V dcCurrent continuous 3.7 A (see note 1)Intermittent 6A for 10 secs.Resistance15ohm sm inim umREGULATION+/- 0.5% RMS with 4% engine governing (see note 2) THERMAL DRIFT0.02% per deg. C change in AVR ambient (note 3) SOFT START RAMP TIME0.4 - 4 secondsTYPICAL SYSTEM RESPONSEAVR response 10 msFiled current to 90% 80 msMachine Volts to 97% 300 ms EXTERNAL VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENT+/-10% with 5 k ohm 1 watt trimmer (see note 4) UNDER FREQUENCY PROTECTIONSet point 95% Hz (see note 5)Slope 100-300% down to 30 HzMax. Dwell 20% volts/S recoveryUNIT POWER DISSIPATION18 watts maximumANALOGUE INPUTMaximum input +/- 5 Vdc (see note 6)Sensitivity 1v for 5% Generator Volts (adjustable)Input resistance 1k ohmQUADRATURE DROOP INPUT10 ohms burdenMax. sensitivity: 0.22 A for 5% droop 0PFMax. input: 0.33 ACURRENT LIMIT INPUT10 ohms burdenSensitivity range: 0.5 – 1AOVER VOLTAGE DETECTOR INPUTSet point: 300v. Time delay: 1 Sec (fixed)CB trip coil volts: 10-30 vdcCB trip coil resistance: 20-60 ohmsOVER EXCITATION PROTECTIONSet point 75 V dcTime delay 8-15 seconds (fixed) ENVIRONMENTALVibration 20-100Hz 50mm/sec100Hz–2kHz3.3gOperating temperature -40 to +700CRelative Humidity 0-700C 95% (see note 7)Storage temperature -55 to +800CNOTES1. Derate linearly from 3.7A at 50°C to2.7A at 70°C2. The stated voltage regulation may not be maintained in thepresence of certain transmitted radio signals. Any change in regulation will fall within the limits in Criteria B ofBS.EN.61000-6-2 : 2001.3. After 10 minutes.4. Applies to Mod status E onwards. Generator de-rate mayapply. Check with factory.5. Factory set, semi-sealed, jumper selectable.6. Any device connected to the analogue input must be fullyfloating (galvanically isolated from ground), with aninsulation strength of 500V ac.7. Noncondensing.DESIGN DETAILThe main functions of the AVR are:Potential Divider and Rectifier takes a proportion of the generator output voltage and attenuates it. The potential divider is adjustable by the AVR Volts potentiom eter and external hand trim m er (when fitted). The output from the droop CT is also added to this signal. A rectifier converts the a.c. input signal into a d.c. signal representing generator voltage.The DC Mixer adds the Analogue input signal the generator voltage signal.The 3 Phase Rectifier converts the output of the current limit CT’s into a dc signal representing generator current. The Am plifier (Am p) com pares the generator voltage or current signals to the Reference Voltage and amplifies the difference (error) to provide a controlling signal for the power devices. The Ram p Generator and Level Detector and Driver infinitely control the conduction period of the Power Control Devices and hence provides the excitation system with the required power to m aintain the generator voltage within specified limits.The Stability Circuit provides adjustable negative ac feedback to ensure good steady state and transient performance of the control system.The Power Supply provides the required voltages for the AVR circuitry.The Low Hz Detector m easures the period of each electrical cycle and causes the reference voltage to be reduced approxim ately linearly with speed below a presettable threshold. The Dip and Dwell circuits provide adjustm ents for greater voltage roll off and recovery tim e. A Light Em itting Diode gives indication of underspeed running.The Synchronising circuit is used to keep the Ram p Generator and Low Hz Detector locked to the Permanent Magnet Generator waveform period.Power Control Devices vary the amount of exciter field current in response to the error signal produced by the Amplifier.The Circuit Breaker provides circuit isolation of the control system in the event of an over excitation or over voltage condition.The Over Excitation Detector continuously monitors the exciter field voltage and turns off the power device if this rises above the reference leve,l for greater than the stated tim e period. An external signal is also provided to trip the Circuit BreakerThe Over Voltage Detector continuously m onitors the generator stator voltage and turns off the power device if this rises above the reference level, for greater than the stated tim e period. An external signal is also provided to trip the Circuit BreakerStator Voltage Sensing Hand Trimmer Analogue Input Droop Current Limit InputSUMMARY OF AVR CONTROLSCONTROL FUNCTION DIRECTIONVOLTS TO ADJUST GENERATOR OUTPUT VOLTAGE CLOCKWISE INCREASES OUTPUT VOLTAGESTABILITY TO PREVENT VOLTAGE HUNTING CLOCKWISE INCREASE THE DAMPING EFFECTUFRO TO SET THE UFRO KNEE POINT CLOCKWISE REDUCES THE KNEE POINT FREQUENCY DROOP TO SET THE GENERATOR DROOP TO 5% AT 0PF CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE DROOPTRIM TO OPTIMISE ANALOGUE INPUT SENSITIVITY CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE GAIN OR SENSITIVITYEXC TO SET THE OVER EXCITATION TRIP LEVEL CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE TRIP LEVELDIP TO SET THE HZ RELATED VOLTAGE DIP CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE DIPDWELL TO SET THE HZ RELATED RECOVERY TIME CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE RECOVERY TIMEI LIMIT TO SET THE STATOR CURRENT LIMIT CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE CURENT LIMITOVER V TO SET THE OVER VOLTAGE TRIP LEVEL CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE TRIP LEVELRAMP TO SET THE NO LOAD VOLTAGE RAMP UP TIME CLOCKWISE INCREASES THE VOLTAGE RAMP TIMEADJUSTMENT OF AVR CONTROLS VOLTAGE ADJUSTMENTThe generator output voltage is set at the factory, but can be altered by careful adjustment of the VOLTS control on the AVR board, or by the external hand trim m er if fitted. Terminals 1 and 2 on the AVR will be fitted with a shorting link if no hand trimmer is required.WARNING! Do not increase the voltage above the rated generator voltage. If in doubt, refer to the rating plate mounted on the generator case.WARNING! Do not ground any of the hand trim m er terminals, as these could be above earth potential. Failure to observe this could cause equipment damage. If a replacement AVR has been fitted or re-setting of the VOLTS adjustm ent is required, proceed as follows:1. Before running generator, turn the VOLTS control fully anti-clockwise.2. Turn rem ote volts trim m er (if fitted) to m idway position.3. Turn STABILITY control to midway position.4. Connect a suitable voltmeter (0-300V ac) across line to neutral of the generator.5. Start generator set, and run on no load at nominal frequency e.g. 50-53Hz or 60-63Hz.6. If the red Light Emitting Diode (LED) is illuminated, refer to the Under Frequency Roll Off (UFRO) adjustment.Continued…..VoltsTD_MX321.GB_11.06_05Barnack Road • Stamford • Lincolnshire • PE9 2NB Tel: 00 44 (0)1780 484000 • Fax: 00 44 (0)1780 484100© 20067. Carefully turn VOLTS control clockwise until rated voltage is reached.8. If instability is present at rated voltage, refer to stability adjustment, then re-adjust voltage if necessary. 9. Voltage adjustment is now completed.STABILITY ADJUSTMENTThe AVR includes a stability or damping circuit to provide good steady state and transient perform ance of the generator.A jum per link selector is provided to optim ise the response of the stability circuit to various size generators. The link should be positioned as shown in the diagram according to the kW rating of the generator.The correct setting of the Stability adjustm ent can be found by running the generator at no load and slowly turning the stability control anti-clockwise until the generator voltage starts to becom e unstable. The optimum or critically damped position is slightly clockwise from this point (i.e. where the m achine volts are stable but close to the unstable region).UNDER FREQUENCY ROLL OFF (UFRO) ADJUSTMENTThe AVR incorporates an underspeed protection circuit which gives a volts/Hz characteristic when the generator speed falls below a presettable threshold known as the "knee" point. The red Light Em itting Diode (LED) gives indication that the UFRO circuit is operating.The UFRO adjustm ent is preset and sealed and only requires the selection of 50 or 60Hz and 4 pole or 6 pole, using the jumper link as shown in the diagram.For optim um setting, the LED should illum inate as the frequency falls just below nom inal, i.e. 47Hz on a 50Hz system or 57Hz on a 60Hz system. DROOP ADJUSTMENTGenerators intended for parallel operation are fitted with a quadrature droop C.T. which provides a power factor dependent signal for the AVR. The C.T. is connected to S1, S2 on the AVR, (see generator wiring diagram for details). The DROOP adjustm ent is norm ally preset in the works to give 5% voltage droop at full load zero power factor.Clockwise increases the am ount of C.T. signal injected into the AVR and increases the droop with lagging power factor (cos Ø). With the control fully anti-clockwise there is no droop.TRIM ADJUSTMENTAn analogue input (A1 A2) is provided to connect to the Newage Power Factor Controller or other devices. It is designed to accept dc signals up to +/- 5 volts.WARNING! Any devices connected to this input must be fully floating and galvanically isolated from ground, with an insulation capability of 500V ac. Failure to observe this could result in equipment damage.TRIM ADJUSTMENT continuedThe dc signal applied to this input adds to the AVR sensing circuit. A1 is connected to the AVR 0 volts. Positive on A2 increases excitation. Negative on A2 decreases excitation. The TRIM control allows the user to adjust the sensitivity of the input. With TRIM fully anti-clockwise the externally applied signal has no effect. Clockwise it has m axim um effect.Normal setting is fully clockwise when used with a Newage Power Factor Controller.OVER EXCITATION (EXC) ADJUSTMENTThis adjustment is set and sealed in the works and should not be tam pered with. An over excitation condition is indicated by the illum ination of the red LED which also indicates under-speed running and over-volts.The generator must be stopped to reset an over-excitation trip.DIP ADJUSTMENTThis feature is mostly used when the generator is coupled to turbo charged engines with lim ited block load acceptance. The feature works by increasing the V/Hz slope to give greater voltage roll off in proportion to speed. With the DIP control fully anti-clockwise, the generator voltage will follow the normal V/Hz line as the speed falls below nominal. Turning the DIP control clockwise provides greater voltage roll off aiding engine recovery. DWELLThis feature is mostly used when the generator is coupled to turbo charged engines with lim ited block load acceptance. The feature works by introducing a delay between speed recovery and voltage recovery and allows a greater DIP setting without instability. With the DWELL control fully anti-clockwise, the generator voltage will follow the V/Hz line. Turning the DWELL control clockwise increase the delay tim e between speed recovery and voltage recovery.CURRENT LIMIT (I LIMIT) ADJUSTMENTThis feature is mostly used to limit short circuit current or to provide a current lim it on m otor starting. To use this feature, current lim it CT’s of the correct ratio need to be connected to the AVR S1 S2 terminals. There is an internal tim e lim it of 10 seconds. Consult the factory before using this feature.OVER VOLTAGE (OVER V) ADJUSTMENTThis adjustment is set and sealed in the works and should not be tam pered with. An over voltage condition is indicated by the illum ination of the red LED which also indicates under-speed running and over-excitation.The generator m ust be stopped to reset an over-voltage trip. RAMPThe AVR includes a soft start or voltage ramp-up circuit to control the rate of voltage build up, when the generator runs up to speed. This is norm ally pre-set and sealed to give a voltage ramp-up time of approximately 3 seconds. If required, this can be adjusted between the limits defined in the specification.。

simulink里pwm generator模块中内部电路 -回复

simulink里pwm generator模块中内部电路 -回复

simulink里pwm generator模块中内部电路-回复Simulink是一款功能强大的模块化仿真平台,广泛应用于各个领域的工程设计和系统仿真中。

PWM(Pulse Width Modulation,脉宽调制)Generator是Simulink中的一个常用模块,用于生成PWM信号。

在本文中,我们将详细介绍PWM Generator模块的内部电路,深入探讨其工作原理和应用。

PWM Generator模块的内部电路由多个关键部分组成,包括脉冲计数器、比较器和输出缓冲器。

在开始深入了解内部电路之前,我们需要先了解PWM技术的基本原理和应用。

PWM技术是一种宽度固定的脉冲信号,其脉冲宽度可以根据输入信号的变化而改变。

通过控制脉冲的宽度,PWM信号可以模拟出与输入信号强度、电压或频率相关的输出。

这使得PWM技术在电力电子转换器、电机驱动器和通信系统等领域中得到广泛应用。

PWM Generator模块的内部电路通过将输入信号与一个周期性的计数器进行比较,从而控制输出信号的脉冲宽度。

在PWM Generator模块中,我们可以设置计数器的周期和脉冲宽度的百分比,以便根据需要生成相应的PWM信号。

首先,PWM Generator模块内部电路的核心是一个脉冲计数器。

脉冲计数器是一个基于时钟信号的计数器,用于生成一个固定周期的脉冲序列。

该计数器可以根据设定的周期长度,递增并循环计数,直到重新开始计数。

每当计数器的值等于或大于设定的脉冲宽度百分比时,比较器会输出一个高电平信号。

比较器是PWM Generator模块的另一个关键组件。

比较器接收脉冲计数器的值,并将其与设定的脉冲宽度百分比进行比较。

当计数器的值达到或超过设定的脉冲宽度百分比时,比较器会产生一个高电平信号。

否则,比较器将输出一个低电平信号。

通过控制比较器的阈值,我们可以改变脉冲宽度的百分比。

输出缓冲器是PWM Generator模块的最后一个关键部分。

generator原理及用法解析——Python的生成器

generator原理及用法解析——Python的生成器

generator原理及用法解析——Python的生成器生成器是Python中的一种特殊类型的迭代器,它以一种简单且高效的方式生成迭代对象的值。

生成器的原理基于迭代器的概念,是一种惰性求值的方式,只在需要时生成值,而不是提前生成所有的值。

生成器的定义非常简单,只需要将一个函数中的返回语句替换为yield语句,这样该函数就变成了一个生成器函数。

生成器函数被调用时,并不会立即执行函数体内的代码,而是返回一个生成器对象,该对象可以通过迭代器协议逐个返回函数中的值。

下面是一个简单的生成器函数的例子:```pythondef my_generator(:yield 1yield 2yield 3gen = my_generatorprint(next(gen)) # 输出1print(next(gen)) # 输出2print(next(gen)) # 输出3```生成器函数中的yield语句用于产生一个值,并暂停函数的执行,保存函数的状态。

每次调用生成器的`next(`函数时,生成器会从上一次暂停的位置继续执行,直到遇到下一个yield语句或函数结束。

生成器的特点是节省内存空间,因为它只在需要时生成值,而不是一次性生成所有的值。

这对于处理大数据集或无限序列非常有用。

此外,生成器还可以实现惰性计算,当处理大量数据时,可以通过生成器逐个处理数据,而不是一次性加载所有数据。

生成器还可以用于实现协程(coroutine)和异步编程,其中yield语句可以接收传入的值,这样生成器可以在每次迭代中接收和返回数据,实现一种双向数据交换的功能。

生成器可以通过多种方式使用,例如:1. 使用for循环迭代生成器对象的值:```pythondef countdown(n):while n > 0:yield nn-=1for i in countdown(5):print(i)#输出:#5#4#3#2#1```2.将生成器对象转换为列表或其他类型的数据结构:```pythondef even_numbers(n):for i in range(n):if i % 2 == 0:yield inumbers = list(even_numbers(10))print(numbers) # 输出[0, 2, 4, 6, 8]```3.使用生成器表达式生成生成器对象:```pythonsquares = (x**2 for x in range(5))print(next(squares)) # 输出0print(next(squares)) # 输出1print(next(squares)) # 输出4```总结起来,生成器是一种基于迭代器实现的惰性求值的方式,可以高效地生成迭代对象的值。

UC1851资料

UC1851资料
UC1851, -40°C to +85°C for the UC2851, and 0°C to 70°C for the UC3851; VIN = 20V, RT = 20kΩ, CT = .001 mfd, RR = 10kΩ, CR = .001mfd. Current Limit Threshold = 200mV, TA = TJ. PARAMETER Power Inputs Start-Up Current Operating Current Supply OV Clamp Reference Section Reference Voltage Line Regulation Load Regulation Total Ref Variation Short Circuit Current Oscillator Nominal Frequency Voltage Stability Total Ref Variation Maximum Frequency TEST CONDITIONS UC1851 / UC2851 MIN TYP MAX 4.5 15 39 5.0 10 10 -80 47 45 500 50 0.5 6 21 45 5.05 15 20 5.1 -100 53 1 55 MIN UC3851 TYP MAX 4.5 15 39 5.0 10 10 -80 45 43 500 50 0.5 6 21 45 5.1 20 30 5.15 -100 55 1 57 UNITS
DESCRIPTION
The UC1851 family of PWM controllers are optimized for offline primary side control. These devices include a high current totem pole output stage and a toggle flip-flop for absolute 50% duty cycle limiting. In all other respects this line of controllers is pin for pin compatible with the UC1841 series. Inclusion of all major housekeeping functions in these high performance controllers makes them ideal for use in cost sensitive applications. Important features of these controllers include low current start-up, linear feed-forward for constant volt-second operation, and compatibility with both voltage or current mode control. In addition, these devices include a programmable start threshold, as well as programmable over-voltage, under-voltage, and over current fault thresholds. The fault latch on these devices can be configured for automatic restart, or latched off response to a fault. These devices are packaged in 18-pin plastic or ceramic dualin-line packages, or for surface mount applications, a 20 Pin PLCC. The UC1851 is characterized for -55°C to +125°C operation while the UC2851 and UC3851 are designed for -40°C to +85°C and 0°C to +70°C, respectively.

generator编译

generator编译

generator编译【原创版】目录1.编译过程简介2.编译器的类型3.编译器的工作原理4.编译器的发展趋势正文1.编译过程简介编译程序,也称为编译器,是指把用高级程序设计语言书写的源程序,翻译成等价的机器语言格式目标程序的翻译程序。

编译程序属于采用生成性实现途径实现的翻译程序。

它与翻译外文的机器相似,不同之处在于它翻译的是用高级程序设计语言书写的源程序。

编译程序的实现方法可分为生成性实现和交互式实现两种。

2.编译器的类型编译器可以分为多种类型,常见的包括:(1)根据编程语言分类,如 C 语言编译器、C++编译器、Java 编译器等;(2)根据编译器的实现方式分类,如静态编译器、动态编译器等;(3)根据编译器的优化程度分类,如初级编译器、中级编译器、高级编译器等。

3.编译器的工作原理编译程序的工作过程分为五个阶段,分别是:(1)预处理:对源程序进行预处理,如宏替换、文件包含、条件编译等;(2)词法分析:将源程序中的字符序列转换为记号(token)序列;(3)语法分析:将记号序列转换为语法树(抽象语法树);(4)语义分析:对语法树进行语义分析,如类型检查、变量声明与引用检查等;(5)中间代码生成:将语义分析后的抽象语法树转换成中间代码。

4.编译器的发展趋势随着计算机技术的发展,编译器也在不断演进。

当前的发展趋势包括:(1)编译器优化:通过各种优化技术提高编译后的程序运行速度;(2)并行编译:利用多核处理器并行编译源程序,提高编译速度;(3)跨平台编译:使用一种编译器,可以生成在不同平台上可执行的目标程序;(4)人工智能与编译器结合:通过机器学习技术,提高编译器的智能化程度。

generator原理

generator原理

generator原理
生成器是一种能够生成连续值序列的设备或程序。

它基于某种算法或规则,通过不断计算和输出值来生成序列。

生成器可以用于各种应用,例如随机数生成、图像生成、文本生成等等。

在计算机编程中,生成器是一种特殊的函数。

它可以通过使用yield关键字来实现暂停和继续执行的功能。

当一个生成器函
数被调用时,它返回一个生成器对象。

每次调用生成器对象的`__next__()`方法时,生成器函数会从上次暂停的位置继续执行,直到遇到yield语句。

yield语句会暂停函数的执行,并返
回yield关键字后面的值作为生成器的一个值。

每次调用
`__next__()`方法,生成器都会继续执行,直到函数结束或者
再次遇到yield语句。

生成器函数可以通过生成器表达式或使用生成器语法糖来定义。

生成器表达式类似于列表推导式,但是它使用圆括号而不是方括号,并且返回一个生成器对象而不是列表。

生成器语法糖可以通过在函数定义中使用yield关键字来创建生成器函数。

生成器的优点是它们可以在需要时按需生成值,并且不需要存储所有的值。

这使得生成器在处理大规模数据集或无限序列时非常高效。

生成器还可以节省内存,因为它们一次只生成一个值。

此外,生成器还支持惰性计算,可以在需要时通过调用
`__next__()`方法来生成下一个值。

总之,生成器利用yield关键字和特殊的执行机制,可以高效
地生成连续值序列。

生成器的使用可以节省内存和提高效率,使其在各种编程应用中都具有重要作用。

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基本原理
Ramp generator(斜坡发生器)是一种电路,用于产生一个连续的线性增长或减小的电压或电流信号。

它通常由一个电容和一个电阻组成,通过改变电容或电阻的值,可以控制输出信号的斜率和幅度。

Ramp generator的基本原理是利用电容的充放电过程来产生一个线性变化的信号。

当一个电容开始充电时,电压会逐渐增加,直到达到一个设定的电压或时间,然后电容会开始放电,电压逐渐减小。

通过控制充电和放电的时间,可以得到不同斜率和幅度的输出信号。

电荷和放电过程
在理解Ramp generator的原理之前,我们首先需要了解电容的充电和放电过程。

当一个电容开始充电时,电流会通过电容,导致电容器两端的电压逐渐增加。

电流的大小取决于电压和电容的值,可以用以下公式表示:
I = C * dV/dt
其中,I是电流,C是电容的值,dV/dt是电压的变化率。

当电容充满电时,电流会停止流动,电压保持不变。

此时,电容储存了一定数量的电荷。

电荷的大小可以用以下公式表示:
Q = C * V
其中,Q是电荷,C是电容的值,V是电压。

当一个电容开始放电时,电荷会从电容中流出,导致电压逐渐减小。

放电的速率取决于电容的值和外部电路的负载。

放电过程可以用以下公式表示:
V = V0 * exp(-t/RC)
其中,V是电压,V0是初始电压,t是时间,R是电阻的值,C是电容的值。

Ramp generator的工作原理
Ramp generator通常由一个电容和一个电阻组成,如下图所示:
当电源开启时,电容开始充电,电压逐渐增加。

充电的速率由电容和电阻的值决定。

充电过程可以用以下公式表示:
V = V0 * (1 - exp(-t/RC))
其中,V是电压,V0是初始电压,t是时间,R是电阻的值,C是电容的值。

当电容充满电时,Ramp generator会触发一个开关,将电容与电源断开连接,开
始放电。

放电过程可以用以下公式表示:
V = V0 * exp(-t/RC)
通过控制充电和放电的时间,可以改变输出信号的斜率和幅度。

当充电和放电的时间相等时,输出信号的斜率为0,即输出信号为一个恒定的电压。

当充电的时间大
于放电的时间时,输出信号的斜率为正值,电压逐渐增加。

当充电的时间小于放电的时间时,输出信号的斜率为负值,电压逐渐减小。

应用
Ramp generator广泛应用于各种电子设备中,常见的应用包括:
1.频率合成器:通过控制Ramp generator的充电和放电时间,可以产生不同
频率的输出信号,用于音频合成器、通信系统等。

2.ADC测试:在模拟数字转换器(ADC)的测试中,Ramp generator可以产生
一个线性变化的模拟信号,用于测试ADC的性能和精度。

3.PWM生成器:Ramp generator可以用于产生脉冲宽度调制(PWM)信号,用
于控制电机速度、LED亮度等。

4.信号调制:Ramp generator可以用于产生调制信号,如线性调频(LFM)信
号、线性调幅(LAM)信号等。

总结:Ramp generator是一种利用电容的充放电过程来产生线性变化信号的电路。

通过控制充电和放电的时间,可以改变输出信号的斜率和幅度。

它在频率合成器、ADC测试、PWM生成器等领域有着广泛的应用。

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