外文翻译--变形监测研究现状综述

附录：Distortion monitor research present situation summary[ Abstract ] this article on from distortion monitor technology, monitor data thick difference recognition, displacement analysis and distortion forecast and so on several aspects, summary distortion jail Measured the research the present situation, carries on the thorough analysis to the existing distortion monitor theory and the technical method serviceability and its the existence question, and discusses its development tendency.[ Key word ] distorts the monitor；The displacement analyzes；Distortion forecast；Research present situation1 introductionThe distortion (Deformation) is refers to the deformable body in under each kind of influence factor function, its shape, size and position in time air zone change. The nature has each kind of form the distortion, like the earth's crust deformation, the landslide, mining cave in, the high-rise construction swings as well as the dam distortion and so on. Studies and in the project domain distortion said, when the distortion quantity does not surpass the certain scope, cannot cause the harm, but when the distortion quantity surpasses the permission scope which the deformable body can withstand, then often can bring the serious disaster. The earthquake, the volcaniceruption, the crag collapse, the landslide, the dam and the bridge breaks down collapses and so on, all is the typical distortion destruction phenomenon. These disasters occurrences, seriously harm humanity's life and property security, the various countries every year therefore suffers massive loss. Because many disaster soccurrences and the distortion have the extremely close relation, thus, the distortion monitor research in domestic and foreign has received the widespread value.2 distortions monitors technologyAlong with the science and technology progress and to the distortion monitor request unceasing enhancement, the distortion monitor technology also in unceasingly develops. Before 1980s, the distortion monitor mainly is uses the convention ground survey technology and certain special survey methods. The convention ground survey, is uses routine measurement instrument station the and so on the altazimuth, level, distance gauge, entirestation meter distortion value. Its merit：(1) Can provide the deformable body whole the strained condition；(2) Is suitable to the different monitor precision request, the different form deformable body and the different monitor renvironment；(3) May provide the absolute deformation information. But field operation work load big, the stationing the topographical condition influence, is not been easy to realize the automate dmonitor. The special survey method including the strain-gauging, surveys and inclines the survey, it has the survey process simply, may monitor the deformable body interior the distortion, is easy to realize merit and so on automated monitor, but usually only provides partial and the relative distortion information.In the recent 10 years, the short distance photo grammetry in the tunnel, the bridge, the dam, the landslide and aspect and so on high-rise construction distortion monitor obtained the wide spread application, its monitor precision may achieve the mm level. Short distance photo grammetry merit：(1) May absorb under the instantaneous precise recording the object the information and the position relations；(2) May use in the rule, is irregular or can contact the object the distortion monitor；(3) In the picture information rich, is objective and also may the long-term preservation, is advantageous tocarries on the distortion the contrast analysis；(4) The monitor work simple, fast, is safe. In recent years develops numeral photo graphic survey technology, also in distortion monitor and so on the building and landslide obtained the successful application, and demonstrates the good application prospect. At present distorts the monitor newest technology is the distortion monitors the robot the application.The GPS global positioning system application has brought a profound revolution for the survey technology. According to the material in troduced that, overseas starts from the 1980s with GPS to carry on the distortion monitor. In recent years, our country in carried on the landslide using GPS to distort, the dam distorts, mining area aspect and so on ground settlement and earth's crust deformation monitor, has done the massive research work. The GPS distortion monitor mainly has following merit：(1) The precision is higher, is bigger than 10km when the base length, its relative accuracy may achieve 10-6~10-7,obviously surpasses the tradition geodetic survey monitor technology；(2) The monitor the weather condition limit, may not carry on the all-weather monitor；(3) The monitor, the record, calculated entire automatically completes, has guaranteed monitor achievement objective andthe reliability, simultaneously greatly reduced monitoredpersonnel's labor intensity；(4) Between the test point does not need the inter visibility, the point sort not the topographical condition limit；(5) The test point three dimensional coordinates may also determine；(6) Its fishing net expense approximately for convention geodetic survey technology fishing net expense 1/6~1/3. Along with the computer technology, the wireless communication technology, the spatial technology and the geoscience rapid development, "3S" (GPS,GIS, RS) the technology has developed from respective in dependence enters mutually integrates the fusion the stage. "3S" the technical integration may for analyze and studies between each kind of information the reciprocity provide the technical strut, specially tense GIS (Temporal GIS, is called TGIS) the technical application, it may describe the four-dimensional space geological phenomenon, besides has general GIS the function, but also can record studies in the region each geological phenomenon as necessary between deductive process, this to geological disaster the and so on the landslide monitor forecast has the count for much function. Therefore, studies based on "3S" the integrated distortion monitor system, is distorts a monitor technology important development tendency. Moreover, carries on the engineering structure using the survey robot the automated distortion monitor, generally may select two methods according to the actual situation：One kind is fix edentire automatically continues to monitor the way；One kind moves the periodic net observation way. In The engineering structure distortion automation monitor aspect, surveys the robot gradually to become the first choice the auto mated survey technical equipment.3 displacements analysis method. After the distortion monitoring network two issues obtain the coordinates difference, possibly moves the quantity, also possibly is the observation error reflection (namely test point moves by no means). Therefore, must carry on the displacement analysis in the distortion monitor data processing. The existing distortion monitoring network displacement analysis method, may in duce into the simple point displacement analysis, the whole displacement analysis and the steady iteration power estimates 3 methods.The simple point displacement analysis has the comparison test and the t inspection method. Comparison test use simple, but quite rough, the t inspection method effect is better, at present applies widely. Pelzer proposed in 1971 at present widely uses whole displacement analysis average gap law. The steady iteration power estimated the law is first carries onbythefree freedom method to two issue of nets , obtains the coordinates two groups smallest two to ride the solution and the coordinates is bad. Then, through the simple point stability examination and the selection weight function, unceasingly changes in the reference datum datum power, the gradually iterative computation, finally causes the displacement power is 1,live moving point displacement power takes according to its displacement quantity size is smaller than 1 positive number. Because steady iterates the power to estimate has the stronger localization model error the ability, uses in to move analyzes the effect well, especially when exists compares the imperial throne effect to be after a short while better. But the above each displacement analysis method has the following shortcoming：(1) Regarding the concrete deformation network, its displacement moves the situation differently, when the observation value pretreatment chooses the datum to be different, will draw the different conclusion to the displacement determination, sometimeseven will draw the wrong conclusion；(2) If two issue of monitor sprecisions are different, namely two issue of parent substances units power variance is inconsistent, then cannot apply；(3) When carries on the supposition examination, the remarkable level selection has enormously is subjective at will. Therefore, the displacementanalysis method still had further to study and the consummation.4 distortions analyzes and forecasts the methodAs a result of the deformable body structure, the constituentarchery target physics mechanical properties, the exogenic process complexity and the determinism, does not establish the appropriate indeed qualitative model to be difficult, therefore, through promulgates the distortion monitor data sequence the structure and the rule, establishes the performance forecast model, reflected the distortion characteristic, the inference change tendency, becomes one effective method. In recent years, approached with the mathematical model, simulates and promulgates changes The physique distortion and the dynamic characteristic become the new research direction, comparison has the representative model is：Definite function model, regression analysis model, time series analysis model, gray system model, nerve network model, Mar tan oak husband modelThe definite function model main characteristic is：Using the deformable body mechanical properties and the physical parameter, establish between the load and the distortion the indeed qualitative functional relation, is one kind has "first examines" the natureforecast method. The modelling does not need the massive distortions monitor material, can carry on the distortion forecast in the distortion monitor initial period. When the complex deformable body distortion uses the determination the theory relations type to express with difficulty, uses the limited unit law computation, because the deformable body is impossible is the complete elastomer, can introduce the error as a result of the elastic supposition, therefore this method has not been able to promote the application. The regression analysis model is the basis measured data with the least squares method determination regression equation parameter, after the modelling belongs to the experience model or "examines the model" the category. This kind of model modelling process simple, the easy too perate, at present is widespread in the domestic and foreign applications. If uses expands, then the forecast precision can be higher. When but less or the deformable body has the distortion situation in the monitor data which formerly not experienced, the return model forecast deviation was bigger. This model divides into following several kinds：(1) The curve draws up Gathers, this law suits to each kind of smooth curve is approximate the description thing development the basic tendency. (2)Many Yuan linearity regression analysis, this method the distortion which observes through the analysis (effect quantity) and the external factor (reason) the between correlational dependence, establishes the mathematical model which between the load - distortion relates.Gradually the linear return model is the establishment the one by one admits the remarkable factor in the F examination foundation to enter the regression equation. This method applies to distortion observation data processing is one static data processing method, establishes the model is one kind of static model. The time series analysis model uses in to distort the analysis to have a better effect, and may carry onthe analysis to "dynamic" the distortion with the Fourier method oftransformation. But this law in aspect and so on model service ability and succession spacing waits for further studies. This method is the establishment in the output equal in value in principle equal in value system mathematical model. The gray system model, the partial systems known partial systems unknown system is called the gray system. The gray system theory is studies the solution gray system analysis, the modelling, the forecast, policy-making and the control theory. The gray system model merit is when the data sample less (above 4) may the modelling forecast that, can overcome the regression analysismethod the insufficiency, when in the monitor data sequence contains has the definite exponential function rule, its forecast precision is high.But if the monitor data for does not wait for the time curve, must carry on the transformation.5 forecastsAlong with the distortion analysis research comprehensive development, in particular the cybernetics, the information theory,the operations research, system dynamics, the fuzzy mathematics and the pessimistic theory constitution systems science system emerges as well as in the distortion analysis research area significant application, in the mapping, the authority surveys the scientist generally to feel, the distortion analysis already arrived has devoted to the distortion dynamic model research and the application. Then on-line arized theory rapid development, specially changes suddenly discusses, is divided the shape to discuss, the chaos kinetic theory as well as the nerve network theory appearance and the application, brings the new method for the nature complex phenomenon research. In natural disaster forecast fore cast research aspect, the people start using the mutation theory to carry on the landslide risk judgement and the forecast around, has the dimension change with the minute fundamental research earthquake and so on. Along with the modern science and technology development and the computer application technical level enhancement, each kind of theory and the method analyzed and distorts the forecast to provide the extensive research way for the distortion.译文：变形监测研究现状综述【摘要】本文就从变形监测技术、监测数据粗差的识别、位移显著性分析和变形预报等几个方面,简述变形监测研究的现状,对现有变形监测理论和技术方法的适用性及其存在的问题进行深入分析,并探讨其发展趋势。