国际商务英语
国际商务英语(英文版)
International Business English国际商务英语Lesson 1 International Business第一课国际商务*International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. Sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as business between Hong Kong and Taiwan.*International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. The following are some major differences between the two.1). The countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust themselves to operate in compliance with the foreign law.2). Different counties usually use different currencies and the parties concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. Uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a foreign currency.3).Cultural differences including language, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitute challenges and even traps for people engaged in international business.4). Countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards foreign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*With the development of economic globalisation, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.*International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. This form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. Later a different kind of trade in the form of transportation, communication, banking, insurance, consulting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. This type of trade is called invisible trade. Today, the contribution of service industries of the developed countries constitutes over 60% of their gross domestic products and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. *Another important form of international business is supplying capital by residents of one country to another, known as international investments. Such investments can be classified into two categories. The first kindof investments, foreign direct investments or FDI for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*The host country is a foreign country where the investor operates, while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home country. The second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. Such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.Stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. Bonds are papers issued by a government or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. The maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. Certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand US dollars *Besides trade and investment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. In licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. Such intellectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or technology. Firms choose licensing because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltyBesides, they can benefit from locational advantages of foreign operation without any obligations in ownership or management. The use of licensing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. However it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement.*Franchising can be regarded as a special form of licensing. Under franchising, a firm, called the franchisee, is allowed to operate in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. In comparison with the relation between the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*The franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business with established products or services. Franchising is fairly popular especially in hotel and restaurant business.*Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.*Under a management contract, one company offers managerial or other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flat payment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. Sometimes bonusesbased on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.Government policies often have a lot to do with management contracts. When a government forbids foreign ownership in certain industries it considers to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*By contract manufacturing, a firm can concentrate on their strongest part in the value chain, e.g. marketing, while contracting with foreign companies for the manufacture of their products. Such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages from production in host countries. However, loss of control over the production process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*For an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facility equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. Such projects are often large and complex and take a long period to complete. Payment for a turnkey project may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. The latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *BOT is a popular variant of the turnkey project where B stands for Build, O for operate and T for transfer. For a BOT project, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finally transferring it to a foreign company. Making profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between BOT and the common turnkey project. Needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*Some Words and Expressionscustoms area 关税区in compliance with 遵从，遵照conversion n.货币兑换visible trade 有形贸易resale n.转售invisible trade 无形贸易gross domestic product 国内生产总值for short 缩写为account for 占……比例headquarters n.总部trap n.陷阱，圈套portfolio investment 证券投资stocks n.股票bonds n.债券maturity n.（票据等）到期，到期日certificate of deposit 大额存单other than 而不是licensing n.许可经营franchising n.特许经营n.商标advisable adj.可行的，适当的patent n.专利royalty n.专利使用费，许可使用费，版税copyright n.版权licensor n.给予许可的人licensee n.接受许可的人franchiser n.给予特许的人franchisee n.接受特许的人logo n.标识，标记management contract 管理合同expertise n.专门知识bonus n.红利，奖金，津贴flat adj.一律的，无变动的contract manufacturing 承包生产value chain 价值链turnkey project 交钥匙工程BOT(Build, Operate, Transfer）建设，经营，移交Stand for 表示，代表variant n.变形，变体Lesson twoIncome Level and the World Market第二课收入水平和世界市场This lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets.Special analyses are made on Triad, i.e. the markets of North America,European Union and Japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with China.The first two paragraphs mainly deal with GNP and GDP, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy. GDP, Gross Domestic Product, stresses the place of production while GNP, Gross National Product, on the ownership of production factors.GDP is used by most countries now where as GNP was more popular before the 1990s. The actual figures of a country’s GNP and GDP are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever figure that is available.TEXT:In assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents. The concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interest is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usually a year. The differenceis only in their emphasis. The former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the product s themselves. Gross National Product, GNP, and Gross Domestic Product, GDP, are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. This term was used by most governments before the 1990s国民生产总值(GNP)是最重要的宏观经济指标,它是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期（一般1年）内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。
自考国际商务英语课件
International Business English
LESSON TWO Income level and the world market
Business Knowledge
GNP and GDP are two important concepts used to indicate a country’s total income. GNP (gross national product) refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy.(国民原则). GDP measures the market value of all goods and services produced within the geographic area of an economy（国土原则）. The major difference between them is that the former focuses on ownership of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes place; the former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter ,the value of the products themselves. And we can use them interchangeable. Per capita income and per capita GDP Per capita income is calculated by dividing its national income by its population. per capita GDP is calculated by dividing its total GDP by its population. Per capita GDP reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables.
国际商务英语课后答案
Unit 1 GlobalizationPart I Business V ocabularyDirections: There are 20 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center. This part totals 20 points, one point for each sentence.1 There are too many examples in aviation and other _____ B _____ of what has happened to companies that have tried to do that.A sectionsB sectorsC segmentsD components2 It would not _______ A ________ earlier mistakes such as attempting to enter the train or boat-building business.A repeatB makeC recognizeD produce3 He is impressed, he says, by the way in which oil companies have ____ D _____ from losing national images.A obtainedB gotC reachedD benefited4 Royal Dutch/Shell is another group which manages to ______D_________ itself asa local company in which it operates.A displayB exhibitC showD present5 When the Japanese tyre group Bridgestone entered the US market, it made an _________ C _______, buying the local production base of Firestone.A saleB purchaseC acquisitionD overpayment6 If a company wishes to enter the Chinese market, it usually looks for a local ________ D ________ who will cooperate in setting up a joint venture.A manB talentC managerD partner7 If you’re ______ C ______ don’t go to Oslo – it’s Europe’s most expensive city.A hardB hardyC hard upD hard down8 A survey has _______A_________ with some interesting information about the cost of living in our major cities.A come upB show upC put upD live up9 Meals at restaurants cost a _________ C ________ and drinks are very pricey.A expenseB priceC fortuneD fate10 Being kept waiting, being connected to voice mail or being passed on to someoneelse are all common ________ D _______.A flashesB firesC firecrackersD flashpoints11 Reasons for this are ________ B _________, according to Reed.A three piecesB threefoldC threeD triple12 Increasing numbers of transactions take place entirely by phone, from ___ D ____insurance to paying bills.A doingB sellingC buyingD arranging13 As companies move towards ‘remote working’, the need for the right tone of voice_______ A _______ to every level of the organization.A extendsB stretchesC expandsD attaches14 However, globalization has brought problems in the compan y’s overseas plants,and this is having a bad ________ A _______ on its share prices.A effectB influenceC affectD consequence15 A journalist from the Eastern Economist Review suggested recently that thecompany could become the _______ B _______ of a takeover if it didn’t sort out its problems soon.A aimB targetC objectiveD purpose16 Although this helps to lower costs, the materials are often of poor quality. This hasresulted in _______ C _______ orders.A placedB placingC cancelledD canceling17 Recently, a German distributor refused a D of 50,000 blouses.A dealB transactionC cargoD consignment18 When customers want last-minute changes to clothing, the plants cannot meetcustomers’ tight _______ D ______.A timesB periodsC datesD deadlines19 Its latest _______ B ______ were described by a famous fashion expert as ‘boring,behind the times and with no appeal to a fashion-conscious buyer’.A seriesB collectionsC sequencesD present20 Factory workers complain about their wages. They are often expected to work_______ C ________ without extra pay.A overB timeC overtimeD timelyPart II Phrase TranslationDirections: Directions: There are 20 Chinese phrases in this part. You are required to translate them into English and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, one point for each phrase.1 资本外逃fight of capita2 福利welfare beneifts3 相互让步give-and-take4 国家形象national image5 航空航天公司aerospace company6 全球化公司global company7 就业问题employment problems8 生活水准living standard9 跨文化问题cross-cultural problem10 合资企业joint venture11 本地合伙人local partner12 许可协议licensing agreement13 通货膨胀率inflation rate14 市场调研market research15 远程办公remote working16 全球会议global conference17 股票价格share price18 顾客需求customers’ needs19 低价战略low-pricing strategy20 员工流动率staff turnoverPart III Sentence TranslationDirections: There are 10 sentences in this part. You are required to translate them into Chinese and write down your translation on the Answer Sheet. This part totals 20 points, two points for each sentence.1.There are too many examples in aviation and other sectors of what has happenedto companies that have tried to do that.在航空业和其他行业中想要原地踏步而以失败告终的例子比比皆是2.People are much more likely to express anger over the phone, rather than inwriting or face to face.和书信及面对面交流比起来，人民更容易在电话上发火。
国际商务英语课程教学大纲(完整版)
国际商务英语课程教学大纲（完整版）(文档可以直接使用，也可根据实际需要修改使用,可编辑欢迎下载）《国际商务英语》课程教学大纲（Foreign Trade English）课程类型：专业必修课课程编号：N063226适用专业：国际贸易实务专业先修课程：大学英语后续课程：剑桥商务英语，商务英语写作学分：3.5分总学时：56学时其中理论学时:40学时, 实验或上机学时:16学时教学目的与要求：本课程的教学目的：本课程的教学目的是使学生打好学习国际商务英语的专业基础。
通过掌握商务英语的基本词汇，融合大学英语的功底，能熟练阅读商务英语文章。
通过本课程的学习达到以下教学要求：1、知识：结合专业英语学习，扩充有关的外贸业务知识。
熟练掌握一种专业外语，就要熟悉该专业的业务知识。
因此学生在学习本课程时，要注意掌握课文内容和有关的业务知识。
学生应通过本课程的学习，获得大量的有关国际贸易领域的知识。
2、技能：外贸英语虽然是专业课程，但英语综合技能是学好本课程的基础。
因此，在学习本课程的过程中要进一步加强基础英语训练。
没有扎实的英语基本功，“国际商务英语”也很难学好。
3、能力：通过本课程学习，加强商务英语的阅读能力。
本课程为考查课程。
考核方式为闭卷笔试，考试题型一般设有名词解释题、阅读理解题、选择题、翻译题、问答题、案例分析题等。
考核成绩采用百分制评定，平时成绩占30%，期末成绩占70%。
Lesson One The Changing World and DevelopmentText: Changing World and DevelopmentNew WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: trade, export & import, and advantages.Additional Reading: E-Life ComprehensionNew words and ExpressionsLesson Two International TradeText: International TradeNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study：Produce, Offer, Quote, Order.Additional Reading: Unique Problems in International Trade New Words and ExpressionsLesson Three Import and ExportText: Import and ExportNew WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Negotiate, Contract, Pay, ShipAdditional Reading: Shipping, Insurance and Customs News Words and ExpressionsLesson Four Letters of CreditText: Letters of CreditNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Credit, Stipulate, Confirm, DealLesson Five Trade InformationText：Trade InformationNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Market, Involve, Price, ServiceLesson Six Keeping the Customer Satisfied Text：Keeping the Customer SatisfiedNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Inform, Value, Commit, CoverLesson Seven Fortune 500Text: Fortune 500News WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Supply, Demand, Firm, StockLesson Eight The Spread of CHINA INCText: The Spread of CHINA INCNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Business, Interest, Manage, CostLesson Nine The European UnionText: The European UnionNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Average, Bid, Transact, Increase, CompeteAdditional Reading: The EuroNews Words and ExpressionsLesson Ten Transnational CorporationText: Transnational CorporationNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Charge, Share, Contribute, IssueAdditional Reading: Third World PowerhousesNews Words and ExpressionsLesson Eleven The Balance of International PaymentsText: The Balance of International PaymentsNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Balance, Account, Engage, ConsiderAdditional Reading: The Securities ExchangeNews Words and ExpressionsLesson Twelve Foreign Exchange TradingText: Foreign Exchange TradingNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Exchange, Convert, Worth, RateAdditional Reading: Quarterly Market Report— Global Market Perspective News Words and ExpressionsLesson Thirteen The World Bank and the International Monetary Fund Text: The World Bank and the International Monetary FundNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Spread, Concern, Proceed, PremiumAdditional Reading: The Joint International VentureNews Words and ExpressionsLesson Fourteen Japan’s Stumbling GiantsText: Japan’s Stumbling GiantsNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Economy, Benefit, Apply, PayAdditional Reading: US Needs New Thinking on Global Trade News Words and ExpressionsLesson Fifteen WTO Agrees on New Round to Open MarketsText: WTO Agrees on New Round to Open MarketsNews WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Vary, Insure, Clear, AcceptAdditional Reading: WTO and Its IroniesNews Words and ExpressionsLesson Sixteen The Leadership Primer (I)Text: The Leadership Primer (I)News WordsSpecial TermsIdioms and ExpressionsWord Study: Agree, Limit, Favor, ClaimAdditional Reading: The Leadership Primer (II)News Words and Expressions实践教学商务英语强化实训（1周）实训技能和要求：1、英语语言技能：具备以英语为工作语言的能力。
《国际商务英语》(自考)Lesson 10
other risks
➢ political risks - war, quotas, foreign exchange control
➢ commercial risks - market change and exchange rate fluctuation
➢ language barriers
exporter
draft and the shipping document
bank
customer
importer’s bank
document will not be released to the importer until payment is affected
D/ P at sight
sales on this basis are usually paid for by periodic payment
the exporter must have sufficient financial strength to carry to cost of the goods until receiving payment
/
debtor /ˈdetə(r)/
debit /ˈdebɪt/
adj. 国内的 n. 状况 n. 汇款 n. 债务人 v. 将……记入 借方；n. 借方
financial standing standing n. 地位；级别；身份；名声
credit worthiness /ˈwɜːðinəs/ default /dɪˈfɔːlt/ ban /bæn/
fluctuation /ˌflʌktʃuˈeɪʃ(ə)n/
财务状况
资信可靠 状况
n. 违约 n./ v. 禁 止
国际商务英语课程心得(精选5篇)
国际商务英语课程心得(精选5篇)国际商务英语课程心得（篇1）商务英语的学习，还是在英语的范畴，只不过更专业化，对于商务英语，久而久之，你会发现这门学科更注重口语的运用，所以会比较偏向于口语交流。
在商务英语的学习中，要克服不善言谈的羞涩心理，抓住机会，积极表现自我，参加活动多去锻炼自己的口语。
此外，作为语言类的学科，其基本的词汇你还是需要去掌握的。
词汇量的多少决定了你对于语言的运用程度，要是单词都不全，很多语句的表达你会卡壳，从而不能很好的表达出来，在商务英语的课程中，每一课程都会出现一些重复的商务词汇，或者是词性变形等，只需要留神去总结，去稳固，你会发现阅览时陌生单词在逐渐减少，对你的阅读阻碍逐渐减少。
商务英语的学习也可以成为一个开心愉快的美差。
你想，在你以后的职业生涯，凭借现在所学到的知识驰骋在商务英语的沙场中，为自己带来一笔又一笔的财富，我们凭借自己的能力吃饭，该是件多么美好的事啊。
在幻想未来的时候，你会觉得很遥远，此时就需要你转换一下思路了，培养对于商务英语学习的兴趣，将是你学习英语最大的乐趣。
当你把学习商务英语，当成你的兴趣爱好，那么你的商务英语不好也难了。
你的兴趣爱好，指导着你把商务英语带向更美好的明天。
也正所谓兴趣是你最好的老师。
最后就是关于学习商务英语过程中，难免不会出现情绪，学习不是别人的事，今天你所学到的就是你的，别人是帮不了你学的，所以不要出现抵触心理，最终害了的还是自己。
古人说，人静而后安，安而后定，定而后慧，慧而后悟，悟而后得。
商务英语的学习过程也如此，需要克服那些影响我们学习的诸多因素，上课认真听讲，善于总结，集中注意力。
国际商务英语课程心得（篇2）在对英语几乎已经形同陌路的大三，来个商务英语口语实训，像是一个结婚已久的女子突然又有了初恋的感觉，为什么要比喻成女子呢，因为我觉得英语本来应该和女子和恋爱一般美好。
两周的商务英语口语实训已经结束了，在这短短的两周时间内真是受益匪浅。
国际商务英语
国际商务英语贸易术语：1.EXW （Ex Work）工厂交货2.FCA （Free Carrier）货交承运人3.FAS （Free Alongside Ship）船边交货4.FOB （Free On Board）船上交货5.CFR （Cost and Freight）成本加运费6.CIF （Cost Insurance and Freight）成本、保险和运费7.CPT（Carriage Paid to）运费付至8.CIP（Carriage Insurance Paid to）运费、保险费付至9.DAF（Delivered At Frontier）边境交货10.DES（Delivered Ex Ship）目的港船上交货11.DEQ（Delivered Ex Quay）目的港码头交货12.DDU（Delivered Duty Unpaid）未完税交货13.DDP（Delivered Duty Paid）完税后交货mercial Councilor’s Office 商务参赞处15.consignor 委托人、发货人、寄售人16.consignee 受托人、收货人、承售人17.firm 商号、商店、公司18.corporation 公司商会19.private-owned corporation 私有公司20.nonprofit corporation 非营利公司21.public corporation（state-operated corporation）国有公司22.limited liability company （股份）有限公司23.agent 代理人agency 代理代理权sole distributor 独家经销代理sole distributorship 独家经销代理权distributor 经销人distributorship 经销权24.duplicate 副本25.in duplicate 一式两份26.in triplicate 一式三份27.stipulation 规定28.rule 法则w 法律30.term 条款31.cash on delivery 货到付款（缩写C.O.D）32.m/t 公吨33.The sight L/C 即期信用证34.The usance L/C 远期信用证35.The revocable L/C 可撤销信用证36.The irrevocable L/C 不可撤销信用证37.partical shipment（s）分批装运38.Transshipment 转船39.Liner 定期班轮40.Tramp 不定期货轮41.Fragile 易碎42.Easy to Be Damaged 易损43.Easy to Be Deteriorated 易变质44.Inflammable易燃、Explosive 易爆、Poisonous有毒45.。
自考国际商务英语_句子翻译
LESSON 1 INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS国际商务1. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
International business refers to transaction between parties from different countries. It involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic countries.2. 随着经济一体化进程的发展，很少人和公司能完全独立于国际商务之外而存在。
因此，在此方面具有一定的知识是十分必要的，这既有益于企业的发展又有益于个人的进步。
With the development of economic globalization, few people or companies can completely stay away from international business. Therefore, some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises and personal advancement.3. 其他参与国际贸易的形式有管理合同、承包生产和“交钥匙”工程。
Other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.4. 国际贸易最初以商品贸易的形式出现，即在一国生产或制造商品而出口或进口到另一国进行消费或转售。
International business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another.5. 除了国际贸易和投资，国际许可和特许经营有时也是进入国外市场的一种方式。
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国际商务英语（5844）名词解释The theory of absolute advantage 绝对利益学说Free trade area 自由贸易区Creditor country 债权Quotation 报价单A counter-offer 还盘Consignment 寄售Bill of lading 提单invoice 发票Beneficiary 受益人Foreign exchange reserves 外汇储备foreign exchange control 外汇管制Agency agreement 代理合同/协议Business correspondence 商业信函Customs duties 关税Absolute quota 绝对配额承兑Gain progit 获利Futures trade 世界贸易化Knowledge industry 知识产业People’s Bank of China 中国人民银行Hague Rules 海牙规则Business reputation 商业信誉intellectual property 知识产权Packed of deal 一揽子交易CFR cost and freightCIF cost,insurance and freightexpertise 专家意见 expert knowledge or skill,esp.in a particular field; know-howGDP 国内生产总值 Gross Domestic ProductAssess 评定估定 to judge an amount or valueTap 轻打开发分接 to take what is needed from,to exploitTrade liberalization 贸易自由化 of trade, the act of government in lifting controls over imports and exports Tariff 关税 tax levied by the customsRevenue 收入 the total annual income of a stateInput 投入something that is put in businss operationSpecialization 专业化 to restrict one’s economic activities to certain particular fieldsMFN 最惠国 means most-favoured-nation which is a tariff treament.It is bilaterally given and provides for the lowest tariff in the tariffcode.Bisible trade it involves the import and export of goods.Immigrant remittance 移民汇款 it refers to the money sent back to home countries by people working in a foreign land.Tariff 关税 duties imposed on goods imported and exportedMaritme 近似的 xonnected with the sea or navigationClassification 分类 the arrangement of things by groupsContract 合同 is an agreement which sets forth binding obligations of the relevant parties.Oral business negotiations 口头商业谈判 oral and written. The former refers to direct discussions conducted at trade fairs or by sending trade groups abroad or by inviting foreign customers.Force majeure 不可抗力 social or natural calamities that take place beyond the control of a contracting party Firm offer 实盘 an offer whose terms and conditions are binding on the offerer.Inflation 通货膨胀 rise in prices bruoght about by the excess demand, expansion of monye supply, credit etc. Fluctuation 波动 irregular movement of (prices,exchange rates etc.)Drawee 付款人 the person to whom a draft is drawn.Confirming bank 保兑银行 the bank that adds its own commitment to an L/C.Bill of exchange 汇票 written order drawn by the beneficiary on the bank for the purpose of payment.The invoice 商业发票 it is the general description of the quality and quantity of the goods and the unit and total price.Transportation 运输 is defined as the movement of freght and passengers from one location to another. Distribution 分配，发行 combination of related parts or elements accepted or rejected as a single unit. Insurance 保险 is a social device in which a group of individuals transfei risk and provides for payment of losses from funds contributed by all members who transferred risk.F.P.A.(free from particular average) 平安险 is a very limited cover confining the insurer’s liability,stectly speaking, to only total loss of the insured cargo,and partial loss of or damage to the cargo is answerable only where the carrying vessel is grounded,sunk or burnt.Regional economic integration is the loosest form of regard economic intergration in which members remove barrier to the flow of goods and services among themselves while each member still adopts its own policy as regardsto trade with outsiders.翻译：1) International business involves more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. 国际贸易一般指不同国家的当事人进行的交易，它涉及到许多因素，因而比国内贸易要复杂得多。
2) 要估评某一市场的潜力，人们往往要分析其收入水平，因为它为那里居民的购买力高低提供了线索。
In assessing the potential of a market,people often look at its income level since ti provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents.3)世界各国被世界银行分为三大领域：高收入国家，中等收入国家和低收入国际。
Countries of the world are divided by the World Bank into three categories of high-income and low income.4)过去几十年，地区经济一体化越来越重要。
The past decades witnessed increasingly growing importance of regional economic integration.5)无论人们是否喜欢，经济全球化已成为世界经济发展中的一个客观趋势。
Like it or not, economic globalization has become an objective trend in world economic development.6)合同依法实施，未能履行合同义务的一方可能受到起诉，并被强制做出赔偿。
A contract is enforceable by law, and the party that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be used and forced to make compensation.7)尽管有很多好处，反向贸易可能是风险很大的事。
Despite all its advantages, couner trade can be very risky business.8)信用证付款方式对买卖双方都提供保障。
The method of payment by the letter of credit offers security to both the seller and the buyer.9）国外直接投资主要有三种形式：建立新企业，购买现有设施和建立合资公司。