国际经济学1-2

国际经济学Chapter 1 PrefaceThe Importance of International EconomicsThe Subject Matter of International EconomicsPurpose of International Economic TheoriesStructure & Reference BooksThe subject matter of international economics:International economics deals with economic interactions that occur between independent nations. It analyzes the flow of goods, services, payments, and money between a nation and the rest of the world, the policies directed at regulating these flows, and their effect on the nation’s welfare.P1－2The subject matter of international economics:(1) International trade theory(2) International trade policy(3) Foreign exchange markets(4) Balance of payments(5) Open economy macroeconomicsQ: What are they about?Key ConceptsInternational trade theory analyzes the basis and the gains from trade.International trade policy examines the reasons for and the effects of trade restrictions and new protectionism. Foreign exchange markets are the framework for the exchange of one national currency for another.Balance of payments measures a nation`s total receipts from and the total payments to the rest of the world. Open economy macroeconomics deals with the mechanisms for adjustment in balance of payments disequilibria (deficits and surplus) as well as the the effects of the macroeconomics interdependence among nations under different international monetary systems , and their effect on a nation`s welfare.⏹The Gains from TradeMany people are skeptical about importing goods that a country could produce for itself.When countries sell goods and services to one another, all countries benefit.Trade and income distributionInternational trade might hurt some groups within nations.Trade, technology, and wages of high and low-skilled workers.⏹The Pattern of Trade (who sells what to whom?)Climate and resources determine the trade pattern of several goods.In manufacturing and services the pattern of trade is more subtle.- International difference in labor productivity.- The relative supplies of national resources such as capital, labor, and land on one side and the relative use of these factors in the production of different goods on the other.- A substantial random component.国际贸易理论的发展重商主义托马斯·曼17世纪绝对优势理论亚当-斯密18世纪比较优势理论大卫-李嘉图19世纪要素禀赋理论赫克歇尔-俄林20世纪初新古典贸易理论里昂惕夫、林德、波斯纳、维农20世纪初-20世纪70年代国际贸易理论的发展新贸易理论克鲁格曼20世纪70年代-今[1．产业内贸易的迅速发展格鲁贝尔、劳埃德2．产业组织理论的发展迪克希特、斯蒂格利茨]垄断竞争理论克鲁格曼、埃塞尔20世纪80年代⏹Protectionism?Many governments are trying to shield certain industries from international competition.This has created the debate dealing with the costs and benefits of protection relative to free trade.Advanced countries’ policies engage in industrial targeting.Developing count ries’ policies promote industrialization.⏹Exchange Rate DeterminationThe role of changing (floating)exchange rates is at the center of international economics.⏹The Balance of PaymentsSome countries run large trade surpluses.For example, in 1998 both China and South Korea ran trade surpluses of about $40 billion each.Is it good to run a trade surplus and bad to run a trade deficit?⏹International Policy CoordinationA fundamental problem in international economics is how to produce an acceptable degree of harmonyamong the international trade and monetary policies of different countries without a world government that tells countries what to do.⏹The International Capital MarketThere are risks associated with international capital markets:Currency Value FluctuationNational default国际金融理论的发展价格铸币流动机制大卫-休谟16世纪金本位制纳克斯第一次世界大战前金块本位制、金汇兑本位制——两次世界大战之间布雷顿森林体系凯恩斯第二次世界大战后-20世纪70年代最佳货币区理论罗伯特-蒙代尔20世纪60年代-今国际金融理论的发展浮动货币体系托宾、弗里德曼20世纪80年代-今[1．国际收支的货币分析法；[2．资产组合理论模型；[3．长期国际收支分析。

理性预期学派和跨时选择理论布兰查德20世纪80年代Purpose of international economic theories and policiesThe purpose of economic theory in general is to predict and explain.Learning Structure－1Learning Structure－2Reference Books多米尼克·萨尔瓦多.《国际经济学》（第9版）.清华大学出版社。

保罗·克努格曼.《国际经济学（理论与政策）》（第6版）.中国人民大学出版社。

罗伯特.J.凯伯.《国际经济学》(原书第8版）.机械工业出版社。

Chapter 2 The Law of Comparative AdvantageQuestions we seek to answer in this chapter:(1) What is the basis for trade and what are the gains from trade?(2) What is the pattern of trade?Assumptions in international trade theory(1)two-nation, two-commodity world;(2)no trade restrictions to begin with;(3)perfect mobility of factors within the nations but no international mobility;(4)perfect competition in all commodity and factor markets;(5)no transportation costs.2.1 The Mercantilists’ Views on TradeA nation should export more than import to be rich and powerful, so the government have to do all in its power to stimulate the nation’s exports and discourage and restrict imports (especially the import of luxury consumption goods).托马斯·曼：《贸易带给英格兰的财富》2.2 Trade Based on Absolute AdvantageAbsolute advantageWhen one nation is more efficient than another in the production of one commodity but is less efficient than the other nation in producing a second commodity, then both nations can gain by each specializing in the production of the commodity of its absolute advantage and exchanging part of its output with the other nation for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage.The Law of Absolute advantage所有国家都可以通过自由贸易获利，倡导自由放任（laissez-faire，即政府尽可能少的干涉经济活动）。