人体的隐喻(十)
人体隐喻及其对英汉思维的影响

人体隐喻及其对英汉思维的影响陈旭【摘要】现代隐喻研究认为,隐喻是一种认知现象,是人类思维的重要活动.它是人类将某一领域的经验用来说明或理解另一领域的经验的一种认知活动.人类最早是通过人体隐喻认知和表述客观世界的,人体隐喻是原始人类的一种最普遍的思维方式.对英汉民族语言和思维上的共性和差异的研究,证明人体在人类的语言和思维中的确占了很重要的地位.同时,这项研究对英汉语的词汇教学具有一定的参考价值.【期刊名称】《黑龙江教育学院学报》【年(卷),期】2010(029)009【总页数】3页(P132-134)【关键词】人体隐喻;隐喻思维;英语;汉语【作者】陈旭【作者单位】黑龙江东方学院,外国语学部,哈尔滨,150080【正文语种】中文【中图分类】H315隐喻是一种极为常见的语言现象,在人们的生活中大量存在。
传统的语言学将隐喻看做是语言形式上的修辞,是语言装饰的手段,因而只是修辞学、文学和语言学研究的对象。
现代隐喻学认为,隐喻不仅是一种修辞现象,更是一种思维方式。
英语中“metaphor”一词来源于希腊语,从词源学角度讲,该词由“meta”(意为carry)和“pherein”(意为 cross)合成。
合起来的意思是“to carry over”(拿过来,带过来)。
在西方,对隐喻比较系统的研究最早可以追溯到亚里士多德。
他认为:“隐喻是一种修辞手段,用于文学作品当中。
”[1]随着语言学理论的发展,人们认识到了亚氏隐喻定义的局限性。
在其之后,人们对隐喻的研究就从未间断过。
70年代的莱考夫和约翰逊给隐喻的定义为:“隐喻就是通过另一类事物来理解和经历某一类事物。
隐喻不仅属于语言,而且属于思想、行为和活动。
”[2]这就是说,隐喻不仅仅是语言现象,更重要的是一种思维方式。
他们打破了传统的在修辞层面上给隐喻下定义,而是在认知的范畴内定义隐喻,这一点是有积极意义的。
在我国,从 20世纪 80年代起许多语言学家开始对隐喻进行尝试性研究。
人体隐喻

bring to heel
使就范,使听话
由heel的复数组成的习语有:
come/follow/trend on the heels of
紧跟在„后面
kick up one’s heels
欢跳,(工作后)轻松愉快一阵 show one‘s heels 逃走,逃离
show a clean/fair/light pair of heels
Eg.
footloose and fancy-free
单身、自由,没有生活的羁绊 。
get off on the wrong foot
某人一开始就没给人一个好印象,或一开 始由于某种行为而把事情弄糟了。
put one’s foot down
很坚定,采取严厉手段 。
put one’s foot in it/ put one's foot in one's mouth
foot note the foot of a page the foot of a wall foot line foot iron
脚注 一页的下端 墙脚处 书籍每页底部横线 戏台上用以固定布 景的“L”形金属
foot light
舞台上的脚灯
a sewing machine foot 缝纫机的压脚 板 foot dirt 沉底的脏东西
失door为了达到一个目的而迈出了第一步one?sownfeet指一个人很独立自主不依赖别人throwoneselfsomeone?sfeet为了表达对某人的爱慕之情或为了得到一些好处而拜倒在某人的脚下sweptoffone?sfeet一个人由于一件使他兴奋的事而感到不由自主don?tletgrassgrowunderone?sfeet
人体隐喻与汉语人体器官类俗语的文化内涵

色或 白色的生理特征 , 而是融入 了京剧艺术 的内容。我 国戏 曲脸谱艺术 中红色象征着 忠勇坚毅等品德 , 白色象征着奸邪 阴险等品德 ,红脸 ” “ 代指 正面人物 , 白脸 ” 指反 面人 物。 “ 代
面看 佛 面 ” “ 、 一个 唱红 脸 , 个 唱 白脸 ” “ 小人 之 心 , 君 一 、以 度
如 田地“ 渴” 狂风 “ 吼” 饥 、 怒 等。人体 隐喻是 以人 的身 体器
官各部位为喻体来 比拟其他 事物 , 观形象 , 直 易于使人 接受
并感悟其蕴含 的道理。汉语 中形成 的“ 毛胡子 一把 抓” 眉 、
第一 , 无修饰语人 体器官类俗语隐喻意义 的实现。无修 饰语 的人体器官类俗语 是指俗语 内部人体词语 无任何修饰 语 的俗语 , 这类俗语常 常由人体词语和 动词 构成 , 形象生动 地刻画描述人 的动作状态 或动作的后果 。如“ 胡子眉毛一把
然与人民群众 的 日常生 活息息相关 。人体器 官类俗语 在 日
喻得到 了实际意义。只有字面意义的人体器官类俗语 , 的 有
个人扮演红脸的角色 , 一个 人扮 演 白脸 的角色” 的文化意
是表述性的 , 讲一个道理 , 耳听为虚 , 为实 ” 明了听 如“ 眼见 说
到 的不 如 亲 眼见 到 的 真 实 可 靠 这 样 一 个 简 单 的 道 理 ; 病 从 “ 口入 , 从 口出 ” 祸 则说 明疾 病 的 发生 常 因 为饮 食 不 卫 生 、 害 祸
俗语 反映 的是 人 民群 众 的 生 活方 式 和 价值 观 念 , 因此 必
的类别的也是多种多样。 由于人体器 官类俗语 中的人体词语 的构 词方式多种多
探析人体隐喻的认知特点

南 昌教 育 学院 学报 文 学艺术
21年 0O
探析 人体 隐喻 的认 知特 点
周 游
( 阳 师范 学院公 外部 河 南洛 阳 4 12 ) 洛 70 2 摘 要 :当代认 知语言学认为隐喻是一种人类的认知现象 ,而基于人类认 知的基 本规律 ,人 体及其器官是人类认知世界 的基础 ,其隐
在日常生活中人们往往参照他们熟知的有形的具体的概念来认识和思考那些无形的难以定义的概念形成了一个不同概念之问相互联系的认知方式即隐喻概念metaphoricalconcepts2006概念隐喻是莱考夫隐喻理论的重要概念是认知语言学的重要组成部分是对一般隐喻表达式的概括和总结
V 1 5 N . 0. o4 2
莱考夫和约翰逊(9 0在 《 1 8 ) 我们赖以生存 的隐喻》一 书中指 发 展过 程 中基本 的认 知 方式 。汉 英语 言 中此类 结构投 射形 式的广泛 出: “ 隐喻无所 不在 ,在我 们 的语 言 中、思想 中。其 实 ,我们人 类 应 用 ,说 明了早 期 人 类 在形 成 和 表达 概 念过 程 中对 自身 体认 和人 c vni a m t hr ,其意 义 o o a ) 的概 念 系统就是建 立在 隐 喻之上 的 。”在 日常生 活 中 ,人们 往往 参 体 词 的极大依 赖 性 。这 类常 规隐 喻 ( net nl e pos 照他们熟知的、有形的、具体 的概念来认识和思考那些无形的、难 经过无数次反复的使用和联想 ,已成为约定俗成的字面意义 ,有的 1 i le) eci 以定义 的概念 ,形成 了一个 不 同概 念 之 间 相互 联 系 的认 知方 式 , 已作为 固定的义项收入辞典之中( x azd。这不仅丰富了语言, 而 且也 是人类 对不 同范 畴的事 物强 加一 种关 联 的方式 ,是简化 语言 即隐喻概 念(eahr a cne to ocp a m t hr( 艳芳 , m t oi l o cps r net l e po)赵 p c c u a .
人体隐喻

The difference of body-part metaphor in Chinese andEnglishAbstract: The sense of people is originate ourselves and extend to our round. This way of perceive things in language is metaphor. When it reflects on bodies of people is called the body-part metaphor. The record is according to the cognitive view and rule of metaphor. From the study, I discovered that there were externalization and internalization in body-part metaphor. Subject and object have not been completely separated. The world human knows is not the world itself, but a humanized world.K eyword: body-part metaphor, externalization, internalization, humanization world.Ⅰ, Externalization in body-part metaphor1, The metaphor of head1.1, Head is the top of somethingFor example, in Chinese, 山顶(the head of mountain),针头(head of needle)绳子的两头(a rope has two heads). In English, head of a match, head of page, head of a queue, head of flower, head of stairs, head of a bed,1.2, Head is starting point and terminal poin tIn Chinese”head “ has many meanings. For example, in Chinese, 起头(it means start). 从头做起(it means start all over again from the beginning). 从头再来(it means start all over again). 从头到尾(it means from beginning to the end). 从头开始(it means start anew).1.3, head is the firstFor example, in Chinese, 头等(it means the first). 首都(it means capital of one country). 首屈一指(it means second to none). 首当其冲(it means throw one self into the breach).1.4, head is aspectIn Chinese, it means one person do something need to give consideration to two or more things.1.5, head is lifeIn Chinese, 抛头颅洒热血(it means one person contribute his or her life to something). In English, for example it cost him his head. Put one’s head in/into noose.1.6, head is ability of thinkingIn Chinese, for example, 头脑灵活(it means one person is so clever). In English, for example, He is weak in the head. He lost his head. He doesn’t have a head for mathematic. Use your head. The phrase has keep one’s head screwed on the right way. It means the thinking of one person is clearly. Have a good head for something, it means a person can control something.A level head, it means a person is dispassionate. Scratch one’s head, it means one person is confused to something. Go off one’s head, it means one person is crazy. A wolly head, it means one person is confused.1.7, head means personFor example, in English hot head means a person of impatient disposition. A head/per head means everyone or one person.1.8, head is the leader of a groupIn Chinese, 首领,头领,元首,首脑mean a leader of the group. In English, the head of the department and the head of a class.1.9, head is the keyFor example, in English it comes to a head. It means this is very serious moment in time.1.10, head means feelingFor example, in Chinese, 垂头丧气(it means one person’s mood is down).In English, for example, to hold one’s head high, to be off one’s head, to go to somebody’s head, to lose one’s head, hot-headed, to have a swelled head.2, The metaphor of “face”2.1, The face is something or external appearanceF or example, in Chinese 版面(the appearance of the book), 路面(the appearance of the road), 桌面(the appearance of the table),. I n English, face ofa mountain, face of a building, face of the earth, face of a clock.2.2, The face means peopleF or example, in C hinese, 新面孔(it means new people).In English, a new face, different, a famous/well-known face.2.3, Face of a person or organization performance their way to other peopleF or example, in Chinese, 面貌(it means the appearance of one person).In English, the acceptable face of Soviet foreign policy. He may have difficulty persuading the security force to adopt a more human face.2.4, The face is the dignity and reputationFor example, in Chinese, 有面子(have dignity), 要面子(want to have dignity), 丢脸(lose one’s dignity).In English, lose face, save face, have the face to do something.2.5, The face is the focus of interaction and relationshipFor example in Chinese, 当面(face to face).In English, face to face. For example, They call their teacher ’Fatty’, but never to his face.2.6, Face the emotional responseFor example, in Chinese, 愁眉苦脸(it means one person’s mood is down), 笑脸(it means one person is so happy), 脸色(it means complexion). In English, a happy face, a smiling face, an angry face, be double-faced, pull/put on/have/wear a long face.2.7, Face reflected in the spatial domainFor example, in Chinese, 前面(in front of something), 东面(east), 南面(south),西面(west), 北面(north).In English, in the face of , the north face of the mountain.3, The metaphor of “eye”3.1, The eye is the hole of one thingFor example, in Chinese, 龙眼(it means the source of water), 泉眼(it means the source of spring), 枪眼(it means The loophole).In English, the eye of the storm(a storm’s center), eye of potato, eye in a flower, hooks and eyes, eye of a hurricane, the eye of a needle.3.2, Eye means lookFor example, in Chinese, 眼见为实(Seeing is believing), 亲眼所见(see), 眼疾手快(Sharp eyes and agile hands or nimble fingers), 触目惊心(See the scene which is dreadful to one's mind), 一目了然(Stick out a mile).In English, for example, Would you cast your eye over these calculation to check that they are correct. His eyes fell upon an advertisement in the magazine. The government sems to be closing its eyes to the plight of the unemployed. You can’t justshut your eyes to your problems and hope they’ll go away. The manager turneda blind eye when his staff were late.3.3, Understanding is seeIn Chinese, for example, 在我看来(in my opinion), 独具慧眼(Have a special insight understanding), 鼠目寸光(Short-sighted), 世界观(World outlook), 人生观(Outlook on life), 悲观(Pessimism), 乐观(Optimistic), 客观(Objective), 宏观(Macroscopic).In English, for example, In my eyes, it is a very sound investment. The way he deceived me opened my eye to his true character. Developing an eye for a horse is not something which can be taught via a book.3.4, Eye observation, judgment ability of foodFor example, in Chinese, 有眼光(Good taste), 眼高手低(Have grandiose aims but puny abilities).In English, have a good eye for something, to my eye.3.5, For the foreseeable futureFor example, in Chinese, 目标(goal). In English, with an eye to.4, The metaphor of “ear”4.1, Ear means listenFor example, in Chinese, 耳闻(listen),耳熟能详(For having heard it many times), 耳聪目明(Have good ears and eyes).In English, She has sharp ears. He tried to give a sympathetic ear to the patient.4.2, Ear refers to the ability of a thing to understand or judge heardIn English, for example, He has always had a good ear for a tune. I’m proud of my extraordinarily good ear for accents and dialects.5, The metaphor of “nose”5.1, The surface uplift or hole part is the noseFor example, in Chinese, 门鼻儿(The door handle).In English, the nose means the head of train.5.2, The nose means discover or ability to find thingsFor example, in English, He had a nose for a situation. If there was something amiss, he sensed it. He had a nose for trouble and a brilliant tactical mind.5.3, To explore the noseIn English, for example, stick/poke your nose, it means p ut one 's finger into another's pie or To interfere in other people's private affairs.5.4, Nose means find out, the ability to recognizeIn English, for example, have a good nose for, that means A natural at for something.7, The metaphor of “mouth”7.1, Artifacts and figured partIn Chinese, for example, 瓶子口(The opening of the bottle), 碗口(bowl), 窗口(the window). In English, mouth means the opening of bottles.7.2, mouth means Exit and entranceIn Chinese, for example, 洞口(the hole), 火山口(crater), 风口(Tuyere). In English, for example, mouth of a hole, mouth of a tunnel, mouth of a cave, mouth of a river, mouth of a well, mouth of a volcano.7.3, mouth means expressFor example, in Chinese, 口吃(stutter), 口碑(word of mouth), 口才(Eloquence), 口若悬河(Talk rapidly), 口口声声( keep on proclaiming). In English, open your mouth.7.4, mouth means peopleFor example, in Chinese, 拖家带口(Have family burden), 五口之家(a family of five). I n English, a useless mouth, that means foolish. Big mouth is unusual way to use, it means A talkative person.8. The metaphor of “tongue”8,1 The object is extended part of tongueFor example, in Chinese, 帽舌(the visor), 火舌(flames). In English, a tongue of land, a tongue of a flame.8,2 tongue means sayFor example, in Chinese, 饶舌(rap), 舌战(war of words), 费口舌(Waste of breath). In English, slip of tongue, bite one’s tongue, loosen somebody’s tongue, find one’s tongue.8,3 tongue means languageIn English, Latin was for hundreds of years the common tongue to much of Europe.8,4 tongue means the way to talkFor example, in English, She has an acid tongue, she can raise laughs at other people’s expense. He was also by nature an intellectual bully with a cutting tongue.ⅡThe internal organs of metaphor1, The metaphor of “heart”1,1 heart is the center of one thingFor example, in Chinese, 中心(center), 圆心(the heart of the circle), 靶心(the bull’s eye), 球心(the center of the ball). In English, heartland, the heart of the city, the heart of a cabbage.1,2 The heart is a pointed head, shaped like a heart objectsFor example, in Chinese, “V” means Heart-shaped. In English, purple, a kind of dragon.1,3 heart means importantFor example, in Chinese, 心肝(baby).In English, sweet heart, the heart of the matter.1,4 heart means conscienceFor example, in Chinese, 良心(conscience), 扪心自问(Lay the hand on the heart and examine oneself), 问心无愧(feeling no shame). In English, search one’s heart.1,5 heart means courageFor example, in Chinese, 灰心丧气(get disheartened). In English,take/gather heart, to lose heart. In sentences, for example, Take heart, for all is not lost. And, until now he had managed to keep up his classes at the University, but he lost heart for study and dropped out of school.Except that, we can use heart like this, never the heart and keep one’s heart up.1,6 The heart is the carrier of emotionFor example, in Chinese, 心潮澎湃(Be full of excitement ), 扣人心弦(exciting), 心乱如麻(The mind is very confused). In English, when you feel happy and excited, we can use, for one’s heart bleed for somebody, lose one’s heart to somebody, have one’s heart in the right place, wear one’s heart on one’s sleeve. When you feel sad and upset, we can use, break somebody’s heart, for one’s heart to sink, heart-ache, heart tending. When you feel scared, we can use, have one’s heart in one’s boots, have one’s heart in one’s mouth, for one’s heart to miss a beat, for one’s heart to turn.2, The metaphor of “bile”In Chinese, bile means courage. F or example, 胆量(guts), 狗胆包天(Monstrous audacity), 胆大妄为(reckless). In English, bile means have no shame.F or example, have the gall to do something.3, The metaphor of stomach3,1 stomach means interested in somethingIn English, if you want to express the thing is not conform to your hobby, you can use, it goes against my stomach. And if you do not like do something, you can say have no stomach for a fight/talk.3,2 stomach means to bear unpleasant things.F or example, don’t watch that film unless you have a strong stomach.4, The metaphor of visceral4,1 visceral means courage, willpower and determination.In English, She has guts, which is unusual in a young actress.Y ou do not need capital to start in business, you need guts and the absolute belief that you will succeed.4,2 visceral means t he instinctive reactionIn English, gut reaction/feeling/instinct and so on. For example, he had a gut feeling that Sarah was buying. W hen you want to say do something as you feel, we can use at gut level. F or example, she knew at gut level that he was guilty.5, The metaphor of blood5,1 Blood is the main genetic materialIn Chinese, 血缘(Blood kinship). In English, we can use blood as follows: My father regretted that he himself had no Jewish blood. He is got Spanish blood in him. He will be your husband’s closet blood relative.5,2 blood is natural instinctsI n English, we can say as follows: Acting is in her blood. I am a man of the countryside. I t is in my blood.5,3 blood means moodF or example, in Chinese, 热血沸腾(One's blood boils with indignation), 血气方刚(full of sap). In English, bad blood, it means one person is so angry;hot-blooded, it means The mood is very fierce.5,4 blood means peopleFor example: It is good to have some new blood in the department. T he meaning is new persons in the department is a good thing.6, The metaphor of bone6,1 bone means An object plays a supporting roleFor example, in Chinese, 伞骨(bracket of the umbrella).6,2 bone means The most basic contentIn English, if we want to say basic content, we can use the bare bones.F or example: This is just the bare bones of the plan – it is still in theearly stage.6,3 bone means limitF or example, in English, close, it means Someone has said or writtensomething they hate but the truth, so annoying. And something is cut or pared to the bones is means something was decreased greatly.7, The metaphor of nerve7,1 nerve means moodF or example, in English, get on one’s nerve, it means someone is soangry. A nd set one’s nerves on edge is means that the person is so upset.7,2 nerve means courageF or example, in English, have the nerve to do something , it takesa lot of nerve to do something and lose one’s nerve and so on. H ave a nervewas used in oral language. I t means have no shame.Based on the above, The most basic in the metaphor phenomenon of human cognition, metaphor, the most common than body metaphor. Because the basic law of the cognition of the world people are from the near to the distant, from concrete to abstract. While the human is so recent, most closely related to things, so early in the history of human civilization, people around the word know external things always cannot help, without exception, to follow the “in the body, from the objects of law” and it equals to People always put his body including the brain as a measure of the things around, the cognitive experience of human use of other objects of cognition, theconcept of projection for human to another object, so as to construct a new concept for this object. Thus,Human metaphorical thinking is one of the primitive human is one of the most widespread and important way of thinking.11402 027 闫池。
浅谈英汉人体部位隐喻

Parts of body metaphor is based on the human body as a metaphor to describe other physical objects , such as head , eye, Mouth , nose, hand, leg, liver, gall and so on .In Chinese ,for example,山头、洞口、桌腿 and so on ; in English ,for example , mouth of a well ,head of a bed and so on . In Chinese , there is a phase :”近取储身, 远取储物”,it can summarize these kinds of parts of body metaphor . Nowadays ,more and more psychologists begin to realize that it is natural phenomena to people to describe objects in their sights by using their parts of body. Psychologically ,it is called “physiognomic perception” ,现象感知,in Chinese.
spirit” , ”feeling“ “enthusiasm” ,and so on . (2)Liver , gall ,stomach etc. metaphor Turn one’s stomach ,让人反胃;make one’s blood boil ,让 人愤怒;feel in one’s bones ,确信 ;have a bone to pick with somebody ,与某人争执 ;the spirit is willing ,but the flesh is weak ,心有余而力不足;a thorn in one’s flesh ,眼 中钉;set one’s nerves on the edge ,是某人心烦意乱;have the gall to do something ,厚颜无耻的做某事…………… So ,in many cases , internal organs mean “appetite”, “will(意 志)”,“nature(本质)”,“sentiment” etc. These are some parts of body metaphor in English ,so next let us talk about something about the metaphor in Chinese.
人体隐喻中的认知分析

中, 鼻子可以指形状或位置像鼻子 的事物 ; 另外 , 鼻 子可用来 嗅物 ,一些高等动物有高度发达的嗅觉 ,
他 们 能够 让 嗅觉 发 挥 很重 要 的 作用 , 寻找 事 物 或 如
感知危险的来临等 , 英语 中鼻子可用来只飞机或汽
车 等 事 物 的前 部 ,如 tens a i r tns f h oe f nar a ,oe a o cf o
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第2 4卷
第 4期
・
教 学实践 与改革 ・
人体隐喻中的认知分析
李 丽丽
( 山西金融职业学院 , 山西 太原 0 0 0 ) 30 8
摘
能力。
要: 本文从认知的角度人手 , 分析 了英汉两种语言 中的人体 隐喻 , 旨在引起英语学 习者对人体隐喻 的普遍
性认识 , 帮助学 习者理解和掌握一些使用频率较高的隐喻 , 从而 有助 于提高学习者 的隐喻意识, 提高其阅读和表达 关键词 : 高职教 育; 英语教学 ; 隐喻 ; 认知
h mme , h e d o n a e h e d o t h h a r t e h a fa x ,t e h a fa mac ,t e
h a fap g , h e do efo r t e h a fa r e d o a e t eh a f h we , h e d o n a — t l
《文心雕龙》的人体隐喻研究的开题报告

《文心雕龙》的人体隐喻研究的开题报告一、选题背景及意义《文心雕龙》是中国文学史上具有重要地位的一部文论著作,它对于中国古典文学的发展做出了巨大的贡献。
其中,作者刘勰在文体分类上,虽然受到汉代《典论》和魏晋《六艺备论》的影响,但也融合了其独特的见解和思想,提出了几个重要的文体分类原则,如“本性之文”、“人事之文”、“清丽之文”、“飘逸之文”等。
其中,人体隐喻是刘勰所提出的一种文体分类原则之一。
人体隐喻是指通过把人体各种器官或身体部位加以比拟和隐喻,来表达出作品中的情感、思想和意义。
在中国古代文学中,人体隐喻被广泛应用,尤其是在诗词和文言小说中。
《文心雕龙》对人体隐喻进行了深入的研究和论述,包括其分类、表现手法、作用等等。
因此,研究人体隐喻不仅有助于深入了解《文心雕龙》的文论思想和贡献,而且可以帮助我们更好地理解和欣赏中国古代文学作品中运用人体隐喻的艺术特色和文化内涵。
二、研究内容及方法本文将以《文心雕龙》为主要研究对象,分析其对于人体隐喻的研究和论述。
具体来说,研究内容包括:1. 人体隐喻的分类:叙述《文心雕龙》对于人体隐喻的分类方法,包括器官比喻、形体比喻、动态比喻、整体比喻、象征比喻等。
2. 人体隐喻的表现手法:归纳《文心雕龙》中常见的人体隐喻表现手法,例如以象部为体、比事以呼物、以喻不喻等。
3. 人体隐喻的作用:分析《文心雕龙》中提到的人体隐喻的作用,如感人肺腑、凝练意境、塑造形象等,同时探讨人体隐喻与作品主旨和文学思想的关系。
研究方法主要采用文献资料法和文本分析法。
在文献资料法中,主要收集和分析与人体隐喻相关的相关资料和文献,以充分了解人体隐喻的特点和应用。
在文本分析法中,主要选取《文心雕龙》中的相关章节作为样本,通过对样本的细致阅读和分析,深入探讨人体隐喻的分类、表现手法和作用等相关问题。
三、研究预期成果通过此次研究,预期取得以下成果:1. 充分了解、掌握《文心雕龙》中关于人体隐喻的论述和观点,理解刘勰的文学思想和贡献。
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人体的隐喻(十)
子宫
1
子宫是人类最早的地址。
子宫是人类最初的故乡。
说子宫是一个器官,其实它是一个真正的场所,空间,地理,家园。
每一个人从这里出发,通过成长,到达他想去的各种远方。
子宫是起点,人们描述这个起点却显得词穷,因为在起点里面,人们几乎没有记忆,人们也不知道这座最早容纳自己的房子,它家徒四壁的设施,它的幽暗,它的恒温,它的柔软,以及它这十个月里在一些陌生之地的移动。
作为房子,人的身体在这里得到充分的雕琢和打磨,先是头颅和躯干,然后是手、脚,手渐渐又分化出手指,手指上又长出柔软的指甲;在内部,身体也在雕琢自己,它给自己装上了
胃、脾和肾,安上了小小的生殖器,给自己布置一些细细的血管和神经。
当然,这一切只是粗加工,很多部件要到离开子宫后才能真正形成,有些细节需要考验后才能铸成,而有些缺损则必须时间来将它消除。
在子宫里,身体不过是完成它的一个雏形,好使它运转起来。
人体在这个时候,是某种确定无疑的混沌的结合物,一方面,它的宿命已经像秤砣一样沉下来,另一方面,它的很多器官却还在生长中,它的脸也没有个性,在子宫里,所有的胎儿长得都很像。
可以说,在每个成年女人的身体里,都悬着这样一座育婴房和人体雕塑工作室。
女人带着她的子宫就像带着她内部的一个异体,因为子宫是幢独立的建筑,在建筑里面,它自身有一个可以循环的系统,同时,从问世的那一天起,这个系统就要和她脱离关系,经过产道那条又黑又长的弄堂,经过钳子、刀具的粗暴拨弄之后,这个系统来到一个充满空气和焦虑的世界门口,之后它被放到一个小小的托盘上,它的第一次思考就是关于怎么向世界表态,由于它掌握的动作技能和经验不多,它本来想对世界说“你好”,可发出来的声音却是一阵令
人头痛的长嚎。
不过携带子宫的那个成年女人接纳了它,同时接纳它的还有在一边忙了好几个小时的医生护士和那几把钳子。
就这样,一个生命开始了。
对于这个新生命自身来说,它也是一个异体。
加缪在《西绪弗斯神话》里说:在一个突然被剥夺了幻象和光芒的宇宙中,人看起来是异邦的,是陌生人。
他的流亡无法医治,因为他被剥夺了一个失去的故乡或一片应许之地的记忆。
对于这个新生命来说,它是因为被给予了光芒和故乡而成为自己的陌生人的,它忽然发现,自己成了一个具体的人,有着具体的面貌,有着深重的呼吸,会哭,会笑,不久之后它还将掌握语言,以便同其余的人沟通。
同时,光线让它看见了很多东西,每一次看见都是陌生的,每一秒钟看见的东西,一秒钟后就不一样了,也就是说,它看见的世界没有一秒钟是相同的。
它生活在自己的异体里。
关于故乡,那也是一个虚拟的概念,充其量它只是一个地址,因为对于子宫它没有记忆和幻象,它“失去”了故乡,在很长的时间里,它还将在种危险的地方四处移动……
2
子宫的幽闭就是一幢建筑。
无论是把子宫看作豪华宫殿也好,世界上最简陋的房子也好,都是因为我们生命的最初十个月都是在那里度过的。
子宫每次通常允许一两名房客入住,因为子宫有意培养人们对付孤寂的能力。
子宫的房客有史以来,记录最多的是十五名,但由于营养不良,这十五名房客最后全军覆没,为了争取自己那点小小的生存空间而英勇捐躯。
1964年,巴西一名叫萨达路的农妇让这份纪录有了新的篇章,她在她腹内的方寸之地招待了十名顾客,八位女士和两位先生,并让他们幸存下来。
十个月之后,这群活蹦乱跳的房客告别这座拥挤不堪的子宫房子,兴致勃勃地来到外面叩见他们举世无二的母亲。
3
我们在子宫里学会了很多技能:自我完善的能力,等待的能力,聆听的能力,自省的能力,独处的能力。
这十个月,对于大多数人来说,子宫并非一间乏味的单人牢房,因为我们间接地在这里接纳着即
将与我们晤面的世界:模模糊糊的光亮,隐隐约约的声音,若即若离的危险,我们注意力的重心每天被它们撩拨着,在撩拨之间,我们学会了傾听和等待,之后是想象的能力,超越自我的能力,以及在很久之后才会用到的面壁思过的能力。
我们出去后并不是一直生活在人群里的,所以我们掌握这些技能利于同自己相处,特别是我们像接纳自己的肢体一样接纳了孤独,我们必须对这样的一项能力进行确认,不论我们今后与谁走在一起,都避免不了这件装备,它们是造物主为我们定制的“皇帝的新衣”,只有我们的同类才能看到。
等我们出来后,不论与谁相爱,我们与对方都不过是两支靠近的蜡烛,烛光可以合而为一,但之后其中的一支还是可以与另一支分开,我们与对方仍旧是两只蜡烛。
越是深爱的人越孤独,因为深爱的人为了装上对方的形象,把自己都清空了,他(她)对对方的爱就像光,满到只有光了之后,就碰不到任何物体了,包括他自己。
光此时犹如黑暗。
4
女人带着子宫,就像带着起点,开始,变化,带着一间会客室,
带着纪念,带着更新,带着不可知,带着未来。
在性交时,女人像场所那样是被动的;在孕育时,她就变成了主动,变成了一种功能,一个方法,一个渠道,一次出击。
是子宫使女人成为一个保存和创新自然界的价值与能量的角色的,在这方面,男人则只是消耗,一个纯粹的消费者。
男人的身体更像是一架机器,重复地、周而复始地运动,却不产生点什么。
而几乎每一个女人都带着一个无限的宇宙,在她的身体里,有一扇朝向未来打开的窗户,不可计数,无穷无尽,它形状封闭,却不可丈量。
在人类的关系里,女人就是那样一种事物,她是一种装饰物,丰富,被动,容纳却又不融合。
在男人的生活中,她像帕斯在《孤独的迷宫》中形容在美国的墨西哥的气味,她“飘荡,却不反抗;它被风吹着保持着平衡,有时像云雾一样消散,有时像升天的火箭一样突现出来。
它匍匐,重叠,膨胀,收缩,入睡或进入梦乡,支离破碎的美。
飘荡:不停地存在,不停地消失”。
子宫,让女人不停地存在,不停地消失。
子宫让人类不停地存在,
不停地消失。
牙齿
1
牙齿是我们人体里唯一的物种。