boiler designs for the AD700 Power Plant
Company Brochure (SPE)公司图册
WATER TUBE BOILER
Suspension Burning of Bagasse Quick and Easy Ash Removal. -- No Pressure Drop During Ash Cleaning. Oil Burning Facility.-- Possible. Low Excess Air. -- Higher Efficiency. Quick Response to Load Change. -- Greater Reliability. Biogas Burning Possible along with Bagasse. Multi Fuel Simultaneous Burning. Continuous Ash Discharge. Step Less Variation of Grate Speed From 0 - 12 M/Hr. Easy Maintenance.
WE ARE SPECIALIZED IN BOILER Design & Engineering Consultancy Modification & Up gradation Manufacturing Erection & Commissioning Supply of All Boiler Accessories
SMOKE TUBE BOILERS Capacities From 1 TPH To 20 TPH for Multi Fuel/ Oil/ Gas/Oil Cum Gas Fired. Package Boilers of III Pass, Smoke Tube Type in Completely Wet Back Construction Without any Refractory at the Rear. Designed to Meet Present Day Demand of High Efficiency, Easy Maintenance, Simple Installation and Low Running Cost. The Automatic and Semi Automatic Control. Compact Design Requiring Less Space.
百思特炒冰机中英文说明书
百思特炒冰机中英文说明书本公司专业设计开发，生产销售各种炒冰机。
以市场需求为基础，凭借“诚心是我们的生命”的宗旨。
不断提高技术水平和企业综合实力。
本着以人性化，以技术为力量，以市场为前景，以质量求生存的方针，不断引进国外先进的技术和生产工艺。
从而开发出一系列技术先进，性能稳定，外观新型美观大方的炒冰机。
１.炒冰机采用先进的进口压缩机，节能，噪音小，寿命长，使用更方便。
２.炒冰机制冷速度快，制作方便，在短时间内可制作多杯冰爽可口的饮料。
３.多种品味选择；可根据顾客需要的不同品味制作不同冰品，可将水果用搅拌器打碎成汁炒入冰中，或将水果切成不同形状炒入冰中，做成纯天然的水果饮料。
味道鲜美，营养丰富，冰爽可口。
４.提供优质完善的售后服务，背后技术支援以及提供配方和原材料。
百思特炒冰机打破目前传统的饮料制作方法，可将纯净水，无菌水等加入配制好的各种饮料配方及水果制作成冰饮制品。
其特点如下：百思特炒冰机采用先进的制冷技术，其流线型结构设计。
坚固耐用，使用方便。
百思特炒冰机外壳采用不锈钢制品，经久耐用，不生锈，防水，防晒。
百思特炒冰机机身喷涂逼真的图案，生动鲜明，使整机显得美观大方。
百思特炒冰机采用名牌大功率压缩机，制冷速度快，性能稳定。
百思特炒冰机在制作炒冰时无污染，环保，对人体无任何伤害。
１.使用前保证炒冰机身放置平稳。
２.将炒冰机接通电源，电压为交流220v.３.打开炒冰机电源总开关，使用前将机器预冷１-２分钟。
４.将调配好的纯净水或凉开水量杯选量后倒入锅内５.待锅底结冰后，用锅铲顺锅底轻轻向前推炒，反复推炒将饮料搅均炒匀到冰沙状后即可铲出至杯中食用。
６.因炒冰机采用大功率压缩机，制冷速度快。
所以在制作炒冰时饮料会因过冻而贴紧锅底，利用炒制，此时应打开除霜开/关２-５秒钟直到容易铲炒时再关掉开关。
注：以上第四项内容，由于制作时炒冰等级不同，价格也不同，所以配料也有所不同。
建议分以下三个等级：一等级：调配好的纯净水或凉开水，炒制时将使用搅拌器打碎成水果汁（各种水果任顾客挑选）炒入冰中。
Bakers Pride 电子橱柜电池披萨炉操作手册说明书
Models:EP-1-2828, EB-1-2828EP-2-2828, EB-2-2828Bakers Pride Oven Company, LLC is a wholly owned subsidiary of Standex International Corporation.All gas operated Bakers Pride ® countertop deck ovens are intended for use with the type of gas specified on the rating plate and for installation will be in accordance with National Fuel Gas Code ANSI Z223.1 (latest edition).Please retain this manual for future references.This equipment is design engineered for commercial use only.BAKERS PRIDE OVEN COMPANY, LLC.1307 N. Watters Rd., Suite 180Allen, TX 75013Phone: 800.527.2100 | Fax: 914.576.0605 | TABLE OF CONTENTSDIMENSIONS & SPECIFICATIONS 1INSTALLATI N 3COUNTERTOP INSTALLATION 3FLOOR INSTALLATION 4OPTIONAL BASE FEATURE 4DOUBLE STACKED OVENS 5ELECTRICAL CONNECTIONS 5EXPLANATION OF CONTROLS 6USAGE RECOMMENDATIONS 7TR UBLESH TING 7CLEANING 8EXTERIOR CLEANING 8INTERIOR CLEANING 8MAINTENANCE 8REPLACEMENT PARTS 8WIRING DIAGRAMS 8PARTS LIST & EXPLODED VIEW 9WIRING DIAGRAMS 11WARRANTY 16DIMENSIONS & SPECIFICATIONSPeriodic inspections by your dealer or a qualified service agent is recommended. When corresponding with the factory or your service agreement regarding service problems or replacement parts, be sure to refer to the oven by the correct model number (including the prefix and suffix letters and numbers) and the warranty serial number. The rating plate affixed to the oven contains this information.IMPORTANT FOR FUTURE REFERENCEPlease complete this information and retain this manual for the life of the equipment. For Warranty Service and/or Parts, this information is required.Model Number Serial NumberDate PurchasedDIMENSIONS & SPECIFICATIONSDimensionsINSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSIt is the responsibility of the purchaser to ensure the oven is properly installed in a manner that meets all applicable codes. In the absence of local codes refer to applicable national codes. In the case of any discrepancy between this document and any local codes it is recommended you consult your local inspector.Users are cautioned that maintenance and repairs shall be performed by authorized service agents or licensed professionals only. Bakers Pride will have no obligation with respect to products that are not properly installed, adjusted, operated or maintained.Countertop InstallationThe oven may be installed directly on a counter or stand manufactured of non-flammable materials. The oven must be installed on a surface that is at least as large as the outer dimensions of the oven. The oven must be installed with adequate clearance to combustible and non-combustible walls. If legs are not used the oven must be sealed to countertop with an NSF approvedsealant.Minimum Operating ClearancesClearances to combustible surface is 1 inch [25 mm]. It is recommended the oven he at least 1 inch from any adjacent cooking appliance. Each oven shall be installed with respect to building construction and other equipment to permit access to the oven. Such clearance may be necessary for servicing and cleaning. Bakes Pride ® recommends the mounting surface for a single oven be approximately 26 inches [660 mm] from the floor so the oven decks are at a convenient working height.NOTE: Refer to illustration for all three leg configurations A. Countertop – Short Legs – 4”B. Floor Model -30” C. Floor/Double Stack -16”INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSCountertop Legs1. Turn the oven over onto its left side so you caneasily reach the bolt mounting locations base.2. Using the four corner most holes in the bottom ofthe oven insert and tighten the four countertop legs.3. Carefully turn the oven upright. Insure the twolegs that touch the floor first when you raise theoven are blocked so they do not slip away.Floor Installation1. At the floor end of each leg install the bullet footinsert or caster as required. The fit of the insert to the leg is intended to be snug, you should expect to tap them lightly in place with a mallet or rubber hammer. Using your fingers screw the ends of the bullet feet into the leg clockwise until they areat their shortest length. Or Casters mount to thebottom of the caster plate with four each: 3/8-16 bolts inserted into a split ring lock washer and flat washer.2. Turn the oven over onto its left side so you can easilyreach the bolt mounting locations in the base.3. The three holes in the top of each leg will matchthe bolt locations at each corner of the oven base.4. You will need three 3/8-16 hex head bolts andthree 3/8” flat washers to mount each leg. Alignthe leg to one of the matching bolt holes on thebase and inset a bolt and washer. Install the other bolts and finger tighten into place before using awrench to fully tighten them all.5. Be sure to tighten all bolts for each leg. Wheninstalling casters, make sure the two casters with brakes are installed at the front of the oven andthe restraining plate is inserted between the right rear leg and the oven base as shown.6. Carefully stand up the oven. Insure the two legs/casters that touch the floor first when you raise the oven are blocked and chocked so they do not slip away.7. Attach the Warning label for the restraining deviceon the face of one of the front legs as shown.8. Provide a suitable restraining chain or cable tosecurely tether the appliance to the buildingstructure. The restraining chain or cable should be of such length, that it will stop movement of theappliance before there is any strain on the powersupply cable.Optional Open Base Feature:1. Install bottom shelf and rack guide brackets wheninstalling legs -while oven is on it’s side. Refer toleg instructions in Installation/Operation Manual.2. Attach two rack support brackets to base of ovenwith three screws each bracket.3. Install two legs to lower (left) side of oven. Alignand attach bottom shelf to these legs with a boltand locking nut -One each in the front and back.4.Attach last two legs.INSALLATION INSTRUCTIONS5. Attach bottom shelf to remaining two legs with twobolts and locking nuts - One each in the front and back.6. When the oven is stood up, before moving it toit’s final location, install four remaining bolts and locking nuts to the legs -Two on left side, two on right side. Tighten all.7. Install two rack guides. Align the bottom pegs toholes in the bottom shelf. Align top hooks to cut- outs in upper support bracket. Lower into position.8. Align oven racks (order separately) to the shelfheights desired and slide into place.Electrical ConnectionsDouble Stacked OvensYour EP/EB-1-2828 or EP/EB-2-2828 may be stacked two ovens on top of one another. In order to ensure the ovens do not slide or separate, there is a stacking bracket kit required for installation at the rear of the ovens. Two brackets are installed, one at each end of the oven securing the upper oven to the bottom oven. Refer to the adjacent illustration.1. Installation must be performed by licensedelectrician.2. A separate electrical connection to the mains mustbe provided for each oven. 3. An all pole disconnect must be provided by theinstaller.4. Connection to the electrical service must begrounded in accordance with local codes. In the absence of local codes refer to the National Electric Code, ANSI/NFPA 70 or the Canadian Electric Code, CSAC22.2 as applicable.5. Only bare copper conductors with a minimuminsulation temperature rating of 90°C to be used.6. The installer must supply a properly sized strainrelief bushing for the mains connection that meets 7. The oven shall be installed using flexible conduit.8. The restraint cord must be securely attached tothe rear of the oven and to the building structure to prevent transmitting unnecessary stress to the flexible conduit.INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSExplanation Of ControlsThe oven has a main power switch at the bottom portion of the control panel. This switch must be on for the oven to operate. When switched to the ON position the lamps in each cavity light.Each cavity has separate temperature controls. The thermostat dial may be adjusted from 200°F (100ºC) to 700°F (370ºC).Heat Selector Switches:To better control the ratio of Top and Bottom Heat, these ovens have two heat selector switches, one controlling the Top Heat, the other controlling the Bottom Heat. Each allows a setting from #1 (low = 20% on/80% off) through #9 (80% on/20% off) to #10 (high = 100% on). In order to maximize the potential of the oven and to get maximum power, both heat selector switches should be set to #10 (high). This will be the best setting most of the time for most of the products. However, if, after some experimenting, one of the two proves to be too hot, only that one should be reduced while the other one stays on high. There is no need to reduce both at the same time. If less heat is required, lower the thermostat setting.Each cavity has a timer that may be used when cooking product. The timer DOES NOT control the oven. Toset a cook time turn the dial clock-wise to the desired setting. The timer will count down until the time expires.A buzzer will sound continuously until the dial is turned to the “OFF” position slightly to the left of “0”.Ovens with Steam Option:Never activate the steam timer when the oven is cold, since the steam will immediately condense and turn to water.a) The steam timer can be adjusted from 1 to 60seconds and has been factory set for 3-5 seconds.To change this time, insert a small screw driverthrough the 1/4” diameter hole below the steamswitches and turn the timer shaft clock-wise toincrease or counter-clockwise to decrease thistime delay setting. b) Press both steam switches simultaneously. The redindicator lamp will illuminate, the solenoid coilwill be activated and the solenoid valve will openand allow steam to enter the baking chamberfor the duration of the selected time. After thatperiod, the power to the red indicator lamp andsolenoid coil will be cut off and the solenoid valve will shut down the flow of steam to the oven.Hook-UpControl Panel: E-1-2828Control Panel: E-2-2828INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONSUsage Recomenations1. Pre-heat the oven thoroughly before use. Allow onehour and fifteen minutes for pre-heat. 2. Pre-heat ovens @ 75°F (24°C) BELOW desiredcook/bake temperature.3. Do not move baking location in the middle of abake, but spinning is okay. 4. Keep decks clean of flour, cheese, etc using a deck/scraper brush. 5. During idle periods, reduce heat by 75°F (24°C). 6. Minimize water content of products for faster cook/bake times. 7. For larger & thick products, reduce temperature &increase bake/cook time. 8. Cooking times and temperatures will vary dependingupon such factors as size of the load, temperature, mixture of products (particularly moisture) and density of products.9. Keep a record of the times, temperature and loadsizes you establish for various products. Once you have determined these, they will be similar for succeeding loads. 10. When practical, start cooking the lowesttemperature product first and gradually work up to the higher temperatures. 11. When loading the oven, work as quickly as possibleto prevent loss of heat. 12. Oven will continue to heat even though the timergoes off. Product should be removed from the oven as soon as possible to avoid overcooking. 13. When baking, weigh or measure the product in eachpan to assure even cooking. 14. Only bread and pizza may be placed directly on astone baking hearth.TroubleshootingThere are no user serviceable components behind the covers. Contact your service agent.OPERATING INSTRUCTIONSCleaningWhen the oven is new, operate it for at least one hourat a setting of at least 500°F (250ºC). Due to normal manufacturing processes, a small amount of steam and/ or smoke will exit the oven from moisture and oils on the oven components. Shut off and allow the oven to cool. After cooling wipe down the interior of the oven witha clean damp cloth. Brushing of the baking hearth is recommended.Exterior CleaningIt is recommended that a regular cleaning schedule be maintained to keep your oven operating and looking its best. Spills should be cleaned immediately.The oven should always be allowed to cool sufficiently before cleaning. Exterior surfaces should be wiped with a soft cloth and mild detergent. Stubborn stains may be cleaned with a light weight, non-metallic cleaning pad. Apply only light pressure and rub in the direction of the surface grain.The control panel surface is easily cleaned with a soft cloth and mild detergent. Do not use abrasives, solvent cleaners or metallic scouring pads on the control panel. They may scratch or damage the label surface.Never spray steam or water directly onto or into the oven. This could adversely affect the ceramic cooking hearth and/or electrical components.Interior CleaningInternal metallic surfaces should be allowed to cool before cleaning. Wipe interior surfaces with a wet cloth or light weight scouring pad.Food particles or spills that accumulate on the baking hearth may be brushed off with a normal oven brush. Stubborn spills should be heated to a maximum temperature for approximately one hour to burn the spill so it will crumble and easily brush out afterwards. Do not use oven cleaners, caustic solutions or mechanical means that may damage the interior of your oven.MaintenanceUsers are cautioned that maintenance and adjustments should only be performed by authorized service agents using Bakers Pride replacement parts.Minor periodic maintenance to your oven should provide many years of useful service to you. Any time the unit is serviced it is recommended all components be checked and their performance verified. At least once each year your oven should be inspected by a qualified service provider to insure your oven is operating at its peak performance.Replacement PartsEnclosed in this booklet are diagrams of likely replacement parts that may be required for normal maintenance. Specifications are subject to change without notice. Be sure to verify the current specification with your qualified service provider or Bakers Pride before ordering replacement parts.Wiring DiagramsThe current wiring diagram at the date of your oven’s manufacture was affixed to the unit for reference. Copies of the proper wiring diagrams effective on the date this booklet is printed are enclosed. Specifications are subject to change without notice. If there is any uncertainty or discrepancy between the wiring diagram and your oven refer to Bakers Pride Technical Service for clarification.OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS Exploded View & Parts ListOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSOPERATING INSTRUCTIONS Wiring DiagramsOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSOPERATING INSTRUCTIONSBAKERS PRIDE LIMITED WARRANTYWHAT IS COVERED This warranty covers defects in material and workmanship under normal use, and applies only to the original purchaser providing that:• The equipment has not been accidentally or intentionally damaged, altered or misused;• The equipment is properly installed, adjusted, operated and maintained in accordance with Nationaland local codes and in accordance with the installation instruction provided with the product;• The serial number rating plate affixed to the equipment has not been defaced or removed.WHO IS COVERED This warranty is extended to the original purchaser and applies only to equipment purchased for use in the U.S.A.COVERAGE PERIOD Cyclone Convection Ovens: BCO Models: One (1) Year limited parts and labor; (1) Year limited door warranty.GDCO Models: Two (2) Year limited parts and labor; (2) Year limited door warranty.CO11 Models: Two (2) Year limited parts and labor; (5) Year limited door warranty.All Other Products: One (1) Year limited parts and labor. Warranty period begins the date of dealer invoice to customeror ninety (90) days after shipment date from Bakers Pride - whichever comes first.WARRANTY This warranty covers on-site labor, parts and reasonable travel time and travel expenses of the authorized service COVERAGE Representative up to (100) miles, round trip, and (2) hours travel time. The purchaser, however, shall be responsible for all expenses related to travel, including time, mileage and shipping expenses on smaller counter models that may becarried into a Factory Authorized Service Center, including the following models: PX-14, PX-16, P18, P22S, P24S, PD-4,PDC, WS Series and BK-18.EXCEPTIONS All removable parts in Bakers Pride® cooking equipment, including but not limited to: Burners, Grates, Radiants, Stones and Valves, are covered for a period of SIX MONTHS. All Ceramic Baking Decks are covered for a period of THREEMONTHS. The installation of these replacement decks is the responsibility of the purchaser. The extended Cyclone doorwarranty years 3 through 5 is a parts only warranty and does not include labor, travel, mileage or any other charges.EXCLUSIONS• Negligence or acts of God,• Failures caused by erratic voltages or gas supplies,• Thermostat calibrations after (30) days fromequipment installation date,• Unauthorized repair by anyone other than a BakersPride Factory Authorized Service Center,• Air and Gas adjustments,• Damage in shipment,• Light bulbs,• Alteration, misuse or improper installation,• Glass doors and door adjustments,• Thermostats and safety valves with broken capillary tubes,• Fuses,• Char-broiler work decks and cutting boards,• Tightening of conveyor chains,• Adjustments to burner flames and cleaning of pilot burners,• Tightening of screws or fasteners,• Accessories — spatulas, forks, steak turners, grate lifters, oven brushes, scrapers, peels. etc.,• Freight — other than normal UPS charges,• Ordinary wear and tear.INSTALLATION Leveling and installation of decks as well as proper installation and check out of all new equipment —per appropriate installation and use materials — is the responsibility of the dealer or installer, not the manufacturer.REPLACEMENT PARTS Bakers Pride genuine Factory OEM parts receive a (90) day materials warranty effective from the date of installation by a Bakers Pride Factory Authorized Service Center.This Warranty is in lieu of all other warranties, expressed or implied, and all other obligations or liabilities on the manufacturer’s part. Bakers PrideIMPORTANT FOR FUTURE REFERENCEPlease complete this information and retain this manual for the life of the equipment. For Warranty Service and/or Parts, this information is required.Model Number Serial Number Date Purchased NOTESNOTESNOTES19Be sure to keep up with new product announcements and events on social media!。
海卓帕斯水处理器节能原理
海卓帕斯水处理器节能原理
海卓帕斯水处理器节能原理是什么，（郑州洛斯机电）作为海卓帕斯在中国区域的总代理，不仅为广大用户提供除垢、防垢的服务，更加有义务让大家了解其中的详细知识。
水垢导致能耗增加：
水垢的导热系数约为0.5-1W/mK,和换热器的铜管（370-420 W/mK）相比，导热系数相差300倍以上。
水垢的形成将会导致制冷机组内冷媒的冷凝温度与冷却水的出口温度之差（冷凝器端差）增大，使得冷水机组的制冷效率下降。
一般运行5年左右的常规冷却系统，端差温度在3℃以上。
所以，海卓帕斯交变电场水处理器至少可以帮助企业节省大约5%的电能。
如果再计算水垢造成水泵等设备所增加的能耗，就更客观了。
仅计算因海卓帕斯水处理器实现的节能减排，所节约的费用，海卓帕斯交变电场水处理器在工业冷却系统上投资回报周期6-12个月。
（不计算灭藻杀菌等价值，和节省的药剂费，各项管理费用以及设备的维护成本。
）。
迪尔·700型号冷热水系统用户操作手册说明书
3–37CDS-PRM001-EN • TRACE 700 User’s Manual Cooling and Heating Plants Purchased chilled water Purchased chilled waterPurchased chilled water is water that is typically chilled in aremote location and piped to individual buildings as a source ofcooling. A utility company will generally create the chilled waterin a central plant and charge the building owner and/or occupantsfor the water. There are several advantages to this type ofoperation: low first cost for the building owner, increased floorspace (because the chillers are not located in the building),possible lower environmental impacts due to the high efficiencyof large chillers, and so on. In addition, thermal storage can beused by the utility to allow generation of the chilled water atnight, when off-peak energy rates may be available, anddistribute it during the day, when needed by the customers.Application considerationI Purchased chilled water can offer lower first costs, but life cyclecosts may be higher.Related readingI Purchased chilled water, purchased district steam, andpurchased district hot water are all modeled similarly inTRACE 700. Refer to “Purchased district steam and purchaseddistrict hot water” on page 3–40.3–38Cooling and Heating PlantsTRACE 700 User’s Manual • CDS-PRM001-EN Purchased chilled water Sample scenarioIn this example, the building being modeled purchases chilledwater from a central chilled-water plant owned by the local utility.The building owner pays only for the chilled water and theelectrical use of the chilled-water pump. 1Start by clicking CreatePlants .2From the EquipmentCategory section on theleft side of the screen, clicka Water-Cooled Chiller and drag it over to thecooling plant.3–39CDS-PRM001-EN • TRACE 700 User’s Manual Cooling and Heating PlantsPurchased chilled water Note: The COP of purchased chilled water should be1.0 or less. A COP of 1 indicates that for every Btu ofcooling load, 1 Btu of purchased chilled water shouldbe consumed. Refer to “Frequently asked questions,”which begins on page 6-20, for additional details.3Click the cooling plant, clickEdit , and rename the plant.4Click the CoolingEquipment tab.5In the Equipment T ype list,click Purchased ChilledWater . It is alsorecommended to changethe Equipment Tag to amore appropriate name.6Because pumping energy isrequired in this scenario,input the pump type and the full-load energy rate.。
英文-富氧燃烧对燃煤发电与二氧化碳捕获的机遇和挑战
OXYFUEL COMBUSTION FOR COAL-FIRED POWER GENERATION WITH CO2 CAPTURE –OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGESKristin Jordal1, Marie Anheden1, Jinying Yan1, Lars Strömberg21Vattenfall Utveckling AB, 162 87 Stockholm, Swedene-mail: kristin.jordal@, Phone: +46-8 739 69 57, Fax: +46-8-739 68 022Vattenfall AB, 162 87 Stockholm, SwedenAbstractOxyfuel or O2/CO2 recycle combustion is a highly interesting option for lignite-based power generation with CO2 capture, due to the possibility to use advanced steam technology, reduce the boiler size and cost and to design a zero-emission power plant. This technology, however, also poses engineering challenges in the areas of combustion and heat transfer, boiler design, boiler materials, energy-efficient oxygen production and flue gas processing. The overall challenge is to design a robust plant that has a sufficiently low total cost of electricity so that it is interesting to build, but it must also have a sufficiently low variable cost of electricity so that it will be put in operation as a base load plant once it is built.IntroductionGlobal warming is one of the largest environmental challenges of our time. Increased carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is the dominating contributor to increased global warming. Carbon dioxide is emitted to the atmosphere through combustion of fossil fuels in power plants, automotive engines, for industrial use and for heating purposes. The world is currently depending on the use of fossil fuels for its energy supply, and will continue to be so for a long time yet to come, due to the abundant sources of in particular bituminous coal and lignite. Small-scale renewable electricity production is available on the market today, but the cost of avoiding CO2 emissions through renewables (e.g. wind power) is at present very high. In addition, instabilities (with an increased risk of power outages) are usually induced in a power grid when a significant proportion of the power production comes from a large number of small generators. In the very long term, large-scale heat and power production technologies based on sustainable energy sources will have to be developed. These technologies are not commercially available, and the opportunity to find time for their commercialization will be given through near-term development of technology for emission-free fossil-fuel utilization.The three main options for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil-fuel based energy conversion are 1) increasing the fuel conversion efficiency 2) switching to a fuel with a lower fossil carbon content and 3) capturing and storing the CO2 emitted from the fossil fuel. Vattenfall is actively investigating all three options and is prepared to apply any of them whenever found to be technically and economically possible. In order to make alternative 3 feasible, Vattenfall has taken the strategic decision to play a leading role in the development of emission-free fossil-fuel based power generation and has started the project “Carbon-Dioxide Free Power Plant”. The project deals with CO2 capture, transport and storage, with main focus on lignite-fired power plants with CO2 capture. The aim is to develop a commercially viable concept until 2015. Furthermore, Vattenfall is taking part in the development of CO2 capture technologies as the coordinator of the EU Framework 6 project ENCAP (ENhanced CAPture of CO2). Vattenfall is also a partner in the EU-projects CO2STORE and CASTOR.The concepts for power generation with CO2 capture are usually divided into three different groups, post combustion capture, pre-combustion capture and oxyfuel combustion capture, as shown in Figure 1 and as widely explained in the literature. Vattenfall has chosen to focus its main efforts within CO2 capture on the oxyfuel area, in particular on the O2/CO2 recycle combustion of lignite. This does not necessarily mean, however, that the O2/CO2 recycle combustion will be Vattenfall’s preferred technology when it is time to build power plants with CO2 capture. As a producer of electric power rather than of power plants, however, Vattenfall has identified both the opportunities with O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture, and the challenges that must be faced, in order to make this technology a viable alternative the day a decision will be made on what capture technology to actually build. The present paper gives a structured overview of both opportunities and challenges with the O2/CO2 recycle combustion, mainly from a technology point of view, but also economic aspects are treated. In particular, attention has been given to describe problems connected to the flue gas cleaning that must be resolved, a topic that has often been omitted in earlier power plant studies.Figure 1: The three basic concepts for power generation with CO2 captureO2/CO2 recycle combustion of ligniteThe principle of O2/CO2 recycle combustion of e.g. lignite in a pulverised fuel (PF) boiler can be seen in Figure 2. This kind of concept is related to the investigations that Vattenfall have been performing together with university partners so far and is described by Andersson et al. [1]. Instead of air, oxygen (95% purity or higher) is fed to the boiler, and a major part (70-80%) of the CO2-rich exhaust gas is recycled back to the boiler to control the combustion temperature. The remaining part of the flue gas, (consisting mainly of CO2 and water vapour and small quantities of Ar, N2, NO x, SO x and other constituents from air leakage and fuel) is cleaned, compressed and transported to storage or another suitable application, such as enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Provided that the gas is dry, it might be possible to sequester the sulphur with the CO2, although this is needs further investigation. The steam power cycle is of the standard type that can be found in conventional coal-fired steam power plants.Other studies of the power plant cycle with O2/CO2 recycle combustion can be found in [2-8]. The concept has attracted much interest for retrofit studies, both for coal [3-8] and for refinery fuel gas and heavy fuel oil [9,10], often in a context where the CO2 is intended for EOR [4,8-10]. Since power plants grow old and must be replaced, and with the advent of CO2 emission penalties, Vattenfall has its focus on O2/CO2 recycle combustion applied in new built power plants with advanced steam data where, unlike in the retrofit cases, an optimized process design based on best available technology can be made.Figure 2: The principle of O2/CO2 recycle combustion in a PF boiler.Opportunities with O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coalThe advantage of ongoing technology development for enhanced steam cycle efficiencyOne of the main opportunities with O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coal in new plants is that the steam cycle is able to take advantage of the ongoing development to increase steam cycle efficiency through the use of advanced steam technology and lignite drying. This advantage is shared with coal-fired post-combustion capture power plants. The development of advanced steam technology is not specifically linked to the CO2 capture field but more in general to the development of materials for extremely high pressures and temperatures, in combination with new boiler and turbine designs. During the 1990’s, power plants were built with very advanced steam data, such as Vattenfall’s lignite-fired units in Germany. Also several hard-coal fired and natural-gas fired plants have been built. Data for some plants are shown in Table 1. All data in Table 1except for the Lippendorf and Niederaussem are from [11].TABLE 1: DATA FOR SOME ADVANCED STEAM POWER PLANTS WITHOUT CO2 CAPTUREPower Station Capacity(MW) Steam parameters Fuel Efficiency(% LHV)CommissioningyearLippendorf 2*920 260bar/554°C/583°C Lignite 42.6 1999 Niederaussem K 950 275 bar/580°C/600°C Lignite 45.2 2002 Haramachi 2 1000 259 bar/604°C/602°C Bituminous1998 Nordjylland 3 400 290 bar/580°C/580°C/580°C Bituminous47 1998Skærbæk 3 400 290 bar/580°C/580°C/580°C NG 49 1997Avedøre 2 400 300 bar/580°C/600°C NG 49.7 2001For the ferritic materials used in the power plants in Table 1, the limit for the materials lies just above 600°C. Therefore, to go further in the development of steam data, the project AD700 has been initiated within the VGB organization. The project is in its second phase (2002-2005) and 50% financed by the EU and the Swiss government. Vattenfall is one of the 35 companies taking part. The technical objective of the project is development and demonstration of an economically viable, pulverised coal-fired power plant technology with a net efficiency of more than 50% (without CO2 capture) to be available shortly after 2010. The long-term target after year 2020 is net efficiency above 55% (without CO2 capture) based on steam temperatures above 800°C.AD700 covers new materials (Ni-based superalloys, austenitic steels), new materials manufacturing methods and new welding methods. Also boiler, turbine and other plant design issues will be addressed using these of these new and expensive materials. The project has recently decided on a large-scale test facility in the German Scholwen power plant.Raw lignite contains roughly 50% of moisture, meaning that a non-negligible amount of the heat released during combustion is employed to evaporate water. Future lignite-fired plants will probably include lignite drying by using low-temperature heat from the steam power cycle or the flue gas. This will boost the efficiency to levels comparable with bituminous coal. The additional investment cost for lignite drying is likely to be balanced by the increase in plant efficiency so that the specific investment cost in EUR/MWh e is unaffected.Reduced boiler heat losses and compact boiler designIn the air-fired boiler, large quantities of inert nitrogen is heated as a consequence of the combustion process, and although this nitrogen is cooled down again, it has a temperature above the ambient as the exhaust gas is released. The heat loss with the flue gas in a conventional air-fired boiler amounts to up to 10%. A significant part of this loss is the heat energy that leaves with the nitrogen in the flue gas. In the O2/CO2 recycle combustion boiler, there is no bulk nitrogen in the gas path, which in turn means that the heat losses with the flue gas can be significantly reduced. With the development of lignite drying through the use of low-temperature process heat, the inert flow through the boiler and thus the heat loss from the boiler will be further reduced.Many studies, both theoretical and experimental, that are related to the combustion of coal in an O2/CO2 atmosphere have been focusing on retrofit of existing PF boilers [3-8], where the boiler geometry is determined by the air-firing case, and where it has been a target for the O2/CO2 recycle case to obtain combustion conditions (flame temperature, heat transfer) as similar as possible to those of the air firing case. Therefore, the recirculation of CO2 from the boiler exhaust has been rather significant (typically around two thirds of the flue gas), in order to imitate the conditions during air firing, when nitrogen is present as an inert. Most likely, a firstgeneration of new oxyfuel boilers will also adapt this boiler design philosophy. With increasing knowledge and refined tools for modelling of combustion of lignite in an O2/CO2 atmosphere, it will be possible to refine the boiler design for the second and third generations of boilers. A major target will be to reduce the rate of, or even entirely avoid externally recycled flue gas. To maintain the flame temperature within acceptable limits, internal recycling of flue gas inside the boiler can be used. This will reduce the size of the boiler significantly, which means that the efficiency loss due to thermal radiation to the environment will be reduced (this loss is already today quite small though, around 1% of the fuel thermal energy), and also reduce the electric power requirement for the flue gas recirculation fans. A significant reduction of the boiler size will also lead to a reduction in boiler investment cost, since the cost of the boiler is more or less proportional to the weight of the boiler parts.Almost pure oxygen will be available for the combustion process in the boiler. This means that it will be possible to control and optimize the combustion process through the injection of oxygen in dedicated areas inside the boiler, which is not possible in air-fired boilers [6]. This means that the boiler design will have an additional degree of freedom compared to conventional air-fired boilers, which can be taken advantage of to control combustion conditions, emission formation and temperature distribution.When oxyfuel combustion is applied to a CFB boiler, opportunities to significantly reduce the amount of flue gas recycle exist. In a CFB boiler, the combustion temperature can be controlled through the recirculation of bed material, meaning that CO2 recycle need not be very high, and that the boiler size and cost can be reduced in an easier manner than for the PF case. Alstom [12] have reported that pilot scale testing of oxyfuel CFB with O2 concentrations of up till 70% is being performed.Zero-emission power plantIn pre-combustion and post-combustion capture, it is the CO2 that is removed from a mixture of gases. Typically, it is estimated in these cases that 85-90% of the CO2 from the power plant can be captured. In the oxyfuel case, on the other hand, it is water and non-condensable gases that are removed from the CO2-rich stream. Fractions of CO2 may be dissolved in the water as it is condensed out from the CO2 rich exhaust, and some more CO2 may be lost during the process of removal of non-condensable gases. Nevertheless, almost all of the CO2 will be captured, and if deemed desirable, there may be a possibility for co-capture of other pollutants, mainly sulphur oxide. Should co-capture not be possible, the absence of bulk nitrogen in the flue gas means that the equipment for flue-gas desulphurization (FGD) and nitrogen oxide removal (deNO x) will have a smaller volume, and thus be cheaper, than the corresponding equipment for air-fired power plants. Furthermore, acid water-soluble pollutants will be dissolved in the water condensed from the process and not emitted to the atmosphere, which may very well be the case in atmospheric coal-fired boilers. The cleaning of the condensed water can be done with methods already commercially available. Also the particles that remain in the flue gas after the particle removal unit will to a large part be removed with the flue gas condensation. Altogether, with careful design, the O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant may offer a possibility for zero-emission or close-to-zero-emission not only of CO2 but also of other harmful substances.Challenges with O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coalBoiler designAs described above, opportunities have been identified for boiler efficiency improvement and cost reduction for the O2/CO2 combustion with or without recycle of flue gas. In order to be able to develop and take advantage of these opportunities, there are several challenges related to the boiler that must be faced.Fundamentals: Combustion of coal in an O2/CO2 atmosphere has been investigated experimentally on laboratory and pilot scale to increase the knowledge of combustion characteristics, and to support development of CFD modelling tools. A review of some studies can be found in [13] Many studies have a retrofit objective. There is a need for more experimental and modelling work enabling scale-up and optimization of the operating conditions of PF boilers with internal recycle, and reduced external recycle. Flame properties must be determined, as well as the combustion process, heat transfer, gas phase kinetics, behaviour of sulphur and nitrogen in an O2/CO2 atmosphere, ash-behaviour, slagging and fouling, and composition of deposits. Evaluation of the resulting emissions has been made and a general conclusion appears to be that no major operational difficulties are encountered when recirculating a large amount of flue gas. Another frequently encountered conclusion is that NO x formation is reduced compared to combustion in air, but it is not clear how the NO x formation from fuel nitrogen is depending on the combustion process.Unlike the N2 molecule, the CO2 and H2O molecules are emitters of thermal radiation, meaning that when N2 is substituted with CO2 in the boiler, the heat transfer characteristics will change. There will be a need for verification and validation of reliable heat transfer models that include the changed thermal radiation characteristics. Concerning combustion and heat transfer, it is desirable that not only manufacturers’ in-house codes but also commercial codes are developed and validated to fit the boiler performance in an O2/CO2 atmosphere.Design: Combustion of coal in pure oxygen gives a high flame temperature, which will cause ash melting and enhance the formation of NO x. The suggested solution to this in a PF boiler is usually an external recirculation of flue gas, as shown in Figure 2. Since it is desirable to reduce the external recirculation rate to reduce the boiler size and increase the efficiency, the challenge is to design a boiler with internal recirculation of cooled gases inside the boiler to cool down the flame. This is very much the same as the thousands of existing oxyfuel applications in industry. As long as there is an external recirculation, it must also be decided at which point in the flue gas stream this recycle should be extracted. Most likely the recirculated stream should be extracted after a primary particle removal, to avoid extensive build up of particulates. Usually it is assumed that the stream is extracted before the flue gas condenser, although this is not obvious. Furthermore, a strategy for adding the oxygen in the boiler must be developed, so that NO x formation and CO-levels can be kept low. Another challenge is related to the air leakage into the boiler. It must be determined how the boiler should be sealed or even work with overpressure to minimize air leakage, or if leakage air should be dealt with in the downstream gas cleaning process.Materials: Higher CO2 contents in the flue gas means that the heat flux to the walls and superheaters will be higher and high-temperature corrosion is therefore likely to occur more rapidly in an O2/CO2 combustion boiler than in an air-fired boiler. The reported increase of fouling and of SO3 in the deposits [5] will also increase the risk of corrosion. Corrosion testing is therefore necessary. Also, field-testing of an existing boiler before and after retrofit to O2/CO2 combustion would be a useful way to investigate the increased corrosion risk. With increased knowledge of corrosion behaviour, requirements of boiler materials can be determined more accurately.Oxygen productionIn general, studies of the oxyfuel technology for CO2 capture from coal assume that the oxygen is produced with a cryogenic air-separation unit (Cryo-ASU), although membranes and chemical looping are sometimes mentioned for future concepts [14], Cryo-ASU is the only available large-scale technology for oxygen separation from air at present. It will most likely be the technology employed in the first generation of O2/CO2 recycle combustion capture of CO2. The Cryo-ASU may be either of the low-purity kind, producing oxygen with 95% purity (the remaining 5% being mainly argon) or of the high-purity kind that produces oxygen of more than 99% purity. The high-purity Cryo-ASU is more expensive and more energy consuming than the low-purity Cryo-ASU. Roughly, the electric power consumption of a Cryo-ASU may amount to 20% of the plant gross power output for the O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant, which of course is very detrimental to plant efficiency.In Figure 3, the main flows of mass, thermal energy and electric power are shown for the coal-fired O2/CO2 recycle combustion power plant. The gross electric power output, which is produced by the electric generator, is partly consumed by the power plant internal consumption to drive e.g. feedwater pumps and flue gas recirculation fans. The two main consumers of energy in the plant are however the CO2 compression and the compression of air to the Cryo-ASU, which severely penalizes the plant net efficiency. Through optimisation of the CO2 compressors and introduction of intercooling between the compressor stages, the energy consumption for CO2 compression can be minimised. In many studies the compressers are assumed to use electric power from the grid or internal electric power. Since the motor drives are very large, almost two hundred MW in a 1000 MW plant, most likely they will be steam turbine drives. This means that a new optimization factor is introduced, namely the steam consumption in these drives. More efficient heat integration between the Cryo-ASU and the rest of the power plant will be a necessity. In [1] this was shown to be some 60 MW saving in a typical 1000 MW unit, including SO x removal.The replacement of the Cryo-ASU with some other means of less energy consuming oxygen separation from air has not been fully explored. As can be seen in Figure 3, there are three major sources of low-temperature heat in the plant. If any of this heat, in particular the low temperature heat that may otherwise be a loss, could be employed for oxygen production, this might reduce the efficiency penalty caused by the oxygen production.”2222 symbolizes that the streams may contain more than their main constituentsIn the EU-project ENCAP, three non-cryogenic options for O2 separation from air are being investigated: 1) Membrane separation through ceramic oxygen-ion transfer membranes 2) Ceramic Auto-Thermal Recovery [14] and 3) Chemical looping combustion [15].The application of any of these technologies to the O2/CO2 recycle combustion of coal must lead to a closer integration of the oxygen production with the rest of the power plant process. It is too early to definitely judge these methods and determine which is the most suitable for O2/CO2 combustion capture. It is at present not obvious that there is a benefit in terms of efficiency, investment cost and, in the end, the cost of electricity with these technologies compared to the Cryo-ASU.CO2 purity requirements and flue gas cleaningDepending on the target for the CO2 (EOR or storage), the requirements on the purity of the CO2-rich stream that leaves a power plant with CO2 capture will probably differ. This topic has not been much dealt with in process analyses of power plants with CO2 capture, and there are several question marks in this area that require attention. One major challenge is the technical and economical optimum specification. Economically, for the O2/CO2 recycle combustion, it may be preferable if SO x, NO x, non-condensable gases and the last fractions of water in the CO2 rich stream need not be removed, since this will reduce the plant investment required, and also most likely reduce the energy penalty caused by the CO2 capture. This might, however, require use of more expensive materials in e.g. CO2 compressors and pipelines. Technically, it is a question about how clean the CO2 must be for transport and further usage/storage, but also about how clean CO2 it is possible to obtain with different purification steps such as particle removal, water condensation, dehydration, SO x removal and removal of non-condensable gases, and how to minimize the loss of CO2 to the atmosphere during the purification process.Particle removal after the boiler is primarily a question of reducing deposits in the recirculation of the flue gas and what can continue with the flue gas stream from the process. This particle removal will probably be by cyclones in a primary step within the recirculation loop and with electro-static filters (ESP) or fabric filters thereafter in the reduced gas stream. The choice depends on system configuration, operating requirements, energy and economical analyses. Not all particles will be removed in an ESP though, but most of the remaining particles in the stream that is not recycled will end up in the flue gas condensate.Flue gas condensation is a well-known method for heat recovery from moist flue gases to improve the overall efficiency in combined heat and power plants, and to remove pollutants in the case of waste incineration [16].Usually, flue gas condensation technology is focused more on heat recovery than on efficient removal of moisture and pollutants. Also, there is an issue of scale-up. The fuel thermal input in a lignite-fired power plant boiler may very well be above 2000 MW th, whereas existing flue gas condensers are connected to boilers where the fuel thermal input is an order of magnitude smaller. It should be noted that with the introduction of lignite drying, the water contents of the flue gas will be reduced, but still significant residual moisture will be condensed and removed from the CO2-rich flue gas. In addition, the concentration of acid gases in the flue gas from oxyfuel combustion should be higher than in conventional flue gas. Corrosion-related issues must therefore be carefully handled for the flue gas path way and for the flue gas condenser.SO2 removal from the flue gas is well-known technology for large lignite-fired power plants, but it is also rather costly. There are two main issues that need to be resolved in the O2/CO2 recycle combustion case. The first issue is whether it is possible to co-capture SO2 with CO2 and if the resulting stream has a composition that is acceptable for transport and storage, and is compliant with legal demands. If the answer is yes, the expensive desulphurisation system could be omitted. Theoretically, the critical constants of SO2 lie close to those of CO2, therefore SO2 with the concentrations found in the flue gas should be easily mixed with CO2 under most operating conditions of the CO2 processing. The main obstacles for the co-capture of SO2 with CO2 will be related to corrosion problems in connection to transport and storage, the concerns of safety, environmental regulation and legal related issues. The second concern is if it is possible to remove SO2 from the flue gas in a process that is integrated with other gas cleaning processes, for example flue gas condensation, in a way that is more compatible with the requirements on both SO2 removal and CO2 recovery. Presently, both issues are open questions.Dehydration to remove the water still remaining in the flue gas after the flue gas condenser may very well be necessary to avoid corrosion and hydrate formation, in particular if the SO2 is not removed from the CO2-rich stream. The dryer the CO2 stream, the higher the allowance for the corrosive components in the CO2 stream. The final dehydration of CO2 should be integrated into an intermediate stage in the CO2 compressor train, exactly where is depending on the water solubility in the CO2 under various pressures. Based on physicochemical properties of the CO2 stream, including the choice of the dehydration processes, it will be possible to make an optimisation of primary water removal and further dehydration.Removal of non-condensable gases, including N2, Ar, excess O2 and NO x will take place as an integrated part of the CO2 compression train if necessary. A phase transfer of CO2 to the liquid state may be performed and thereafter the non-condensable gases are flashed from the liquid CO2. A high selectivity of the non-condensable gases for the separation is required in order to achieve a high CO2 recovery and avoid that CO2 is emitted to the atmosphere. Connected to this is the lack of knowledge of physical properties for mixtures of high-pressure CO2 and non-condensable gases. To avoid emission of NO when releasing the stream of removed non-condensable gases to the atmosphere, it is important to ensure either that the fuel nitrogen is mainly converted to N2 in the combustion process or that the stream of non-condensable gases is treated to convert the NO to N2 through for instance ammonia injection at an appropriate gas temperature.Another issue related to the non-condensable gas content in the flue gas is how much effort should be made to avoid that these gases enter the power plant. N2 and NO formation from the fuel-nitrogen during the combustion cannot be avoided. There may also be some air leakage into the boiler, in particular with the fuel feed. The excess O2 in the combustion should from this point of view be kept as low as possible, but some excess O2 will be necessary to ensure complete combustion. Depending on the oxygen separation method, the oxygen that enters the O2/CO2 recycle boiler may also very well contain argon and minor fractions of nitrogen. An overall economic and technical analysis will be necessary combined with boiler and combustion designs in order to decide whether to avoid as much as possible of the non-condensable gases upstream of the CO2 processing or to separate them during the CO2 processing.Process integration – the overall technical challengeThe opportunities and challenges described above all sum up to the overall technical challenge, which is the overall power plant layout. Generally speaking, a power plant with CO2 capture has a lower thermal efficiency than the equivalent plant without CO2 capture. Energy-efficient integration of lignite drying, O2 production, flue gas cleaning and recirculation in combination with boiler design and steam cycle layout will be necessary in order to minimize the negative impact of CO2 capture. One issue that must be considered is that there are large quantities of low-temperature heat available, as indicated in Figure 3. Clever use of this heat so that the heat loss to the environment can be minimised will be a challenge. In the case where oxygen is produced with a Cryo-ASU, use of the cold waste N2 for reduced temperature of the cooling water or for flue gas condensation could。
B700、D700和T700 ASHCROFT
© Ashcroft Inc., 250 East Main Street, Stratford, CT 06614 USA, Tel: 203-378-8281, Fax; 203-385-0408, All sales subject to standard terms and conditions of sale. b-d-t-700_switch_im_RevC_(009-10120-ATEX) 11-05-181. Installation Requirements • T he equipment may be used with flammable gases and vapors with apparatus groups IIC and with temperature class T6 in the ambient temperature range –20ºC to +60ºC.• B 7 and D7 Switches, Process Temperature: – 20 to 60°COther temperature limits are possible with different diaphragm materials • I nstallation shall be carried out by suitably-trained personnel in accordance with the applicable code of practice e.g. IEC/EN 60079-14.• R efer to appropriate datasheet for materials of construction and te c hnical information.• T hese switches are precision instruments and should never be left with internal components exposed. During installation insure that covers are in place and conduit openings are closed except when actually working on the switches.• T o minimize the risk of injury, the switches must be installed according to the required safety and electrical codes.• T o attain the degree of protection listed on the switch it may be necessary to add required conduit fittings.• T he switch must be protected from moisture, shock and/or extreme vibration.• M ounting position: Switch can be mounted in any position. It is recommended that unit be set in intended operating position.• R efer to tag on product to for product catalog number, electrical rating, pressure/temperature range, wetted materials, proof pres-sure/proof temperature rating and switch deadband.2. Cautions • T he certification of this equipment relies upon the following mate-rials used in its construction: aluminum and stainless steel. If the equipment is likely to come into contact with aggressive sub-stances, then it is the responsibility of the user to take suitable precautions that prevent it from being adversely affected, thus ensuring that the type of protection provided by the equipment is not compromised. For compatibility questions contact Ashcroft.• A lways install the cover after wiring the switch and before power is supplied.• B efore removing the cover in hazardous areas be sure there is no explosive atmosphere present and the power supply is turned off.• F or ATEX/IEC approved switches all safety locking devices and electrical earthing must be installed or connected before operat-ing.• N ever carry a temperature switch by holding only the stem, bulb or capillary.• D o not push any foreign objects (ex. Screwdrivers) against the diaphragm.• Do not exceed ranges, current and/or voltage limits.3. Mounting • T hree holes external to the enclosure for surface mounting. Location of these holes is shown in the general dimension drawing.• U nits may also be mounted directly on the pressure line using the pressure connection. When tightening control to pressure line, always use the wrench flats or hex on the lower housing.4. Electrical Connections • B efore operating the switch all conduit entries and/or junctionboxes need to be closed according to the required safety andelectrical codes. a ) S tandard product has two ¾ NPT conduit holes one of whichis fitted with a suitably certified blanking device. ¾ NPT conduit holes can be adapted with suitably certified reducers. b) ATEX/IEC approved cable glands can be used.• I t is recommended that Teflon tape or other sealant be used on conduit, bushing, gland or plug threads to ensure integrity of the enclosure.• O nly trained and skilled personnel are allowed to install the wires to the electrical terminals of the switch.• C able couplers, glands and conduit connectors must have the correct electrical approvals.• A lways follow safety and electrical regulations when connecting these devices.• T he system ground of the device is marked with a green colored screw and/or by the ground symbol.• A TEX approved switches have and external ground screw that must be connected.• Micro switch terminals and wire color codes: NO (Normally Open) Blue NC (Normally Closed) Red C (Common) White • S PDT – Wire directly to the switch according to circuit require-ments.• 2 SPDT – Wire to front switch terminal block (left) and rear switch terminal block (right) as marked. Strip insulation 5⁄16˝, insert in prop-er terminal connector and tighten clamping screw to secure.MICRO SWITCH CODEELECTRICAL RATING SingleDualVa cVdc 20 61 15A, 250V 0.4A, 120V 21 65 5A, 250V 22 67 5A, 250V 2.5A, 28V 23 N/A 22A, 250V 24 64 15A, 480V 0.25A, 250V 25 N/A 10A, 250V 10A, 250V 26 62 15A, 250V 0.4A, 120V27 63 15A, 250V 28 N/A 15A, 250V 29 N/A 15A, 250V 31 70 1A, 250V 50mA, 60V 32 68 11A, 250V 5A, 30V42 71 1A, 125V 50 N/A 15A, 250V35N/A10A, 250V0.3A, 250VTABLE 1: MICRO SWITCH ELECTRICALRATINGSThis product complies with the following standards: IECEx ATEX IEC 60079-0:2011 Ed 6 EN 60079-0:2012 IEC 60079-1:2014 Ed 7 EN 60079-1:2014 IEC 60079-31:2013 IEC 60079-31:2013© Ashcroft Inc., 250 East Main Street, Stratford, CT 06614 USA, Tel: 203-378-8281, Fax; 203-385-0408, All sales subject to standard terms and conditions of sale. b-d-t-700_switch_im_RevC_(009-10120-ATEX) 11-05-185. Adjustment of Setpoin Note – As indicated below, adjustment of setpoint is made by use of 7⁄8˝ nut. Precision switch element mounting screws and bracket adjusting screw are factory sealed and should not be tampered with.B700 Series – A single setpoint adjustment nut (7/8˝) is located centrally at the bottom on the inside of the enclosure.For accurate setpoint calibration, mount the switch on a calibration stand, a pump or catalog No. 1305 deadweight gauge tester. A suitable reference standard such as an ASHCROFT Duragauge or Test Gauge is necessary to observe convenient changes in pressure.As received, the pressure switch will normally be set to approx-imately 90% of the indicated range. Pressurize the s ystem torequired setpoint and turn the adjustment nut until switch changes mode. Direction of turning is indicated on a label affixed to the inside of the switch enclosure. When setpoint has been achieved raise and lower pressure to insure that setpoint is correct.After installation of the switch replace cover to insure electrical safety and to protect internal parts from the environment.Note – Since vacuum models are already above setpoint at atmo-sphere, the Normally Open (NO) circuit will be closed as received.D700 Series – A single setpoint adjustment nut (7/8˝) is located centrally at the bottom on the inside of the enclosure.The direction of turning is indicated on a label affixed to the inside of the switch enclosure.A typical calibration procedure would be as follows: Static Working Pressure - 600 psig Adjustable Differential Range - 5/200 psid Differential Setpoint - 150 psi above static working pressure.Simultaneously raise the high and low side pressure to 600 psig. Maintain the low side pressure at 600 psig. Raise the high side pressure to 750 psig to obtain 150 psi differential.Turn the adjustment nut until the switch changes mode at 150 psi differential. When the setpoint has been achieved, raise and lower the high side pressure to ensure that the differential setpoint is correct.D700 Series (low range differential) – A single setpoint adjust-ment nut (7⁄8˝ ) is located centrally at the bottom on the inside of the enclosure.The direction of turning is indicated on a label affixed to the inside of the switch enclosure. XG5 switches have a setpoint indication scale adjacent to the adjustment nut. To adjust the switch, align the top of the adjustment nut hex with the indicator line on the scale. Do not force adjustment or attempt to ex-ceed the maxi-mum setting shown on the scale or nameplate.For accurate setpoint calibration or for switches without a scale mount the switch on a calibration stand so that the HIGH and LOW pressures expected under operating conditions may be obtained. Suitable reference standards are necessary for each pressure.Note – During calibration an approximate setpoint under operating conditions can be obtained by setting the operating point with the low side open to atmosphere. A final setpoint adjustment can be made after installation.Apply LOW pressure. Then apply HIGH pressure to the required setpoint and turn the adjustment nut until the switch operates. When the setpoint has been achieved, raise and lower HIGH pres-sure to ensure that the differential pressure between the HIGH and LOW pressures is correct.After installation of the switch, replace the cover to ensure electri-cal safety and to protect the internal parts from the e nvironment.T700 Series – A single setpoint adjustment nut (7⁄8˝ ) is located cen-trally at the bottom on the inside of the enclosure.The bulb of the switch should be immersed in a bath at the desired setpoint temperature. Optimum performance will be obtained if the bulb is fully immersed. Allow five minutes for initial stabilization.As received, the temperature switch will normally be set to approx-imately 90% of the indicated range. After stabilization, turn the adjustment nut until switch changes mode. Direction of turning is indicated on a label affixed to the inside of the switch enclosure. When setpoint jas been achieved raise and lower temperature to insure that the setpoint is correct.After installation of the switch replace cover to insure electrical safety and to protect internal parts from the environment.B750, D750 and T750 Variable Deadband Switches – Deadband is varied by rotating the wheel on the precision switch. Whenviewed from the front of the enclosure, rotation to the left increases deadband – rotation to the right decreases deadband. Letters on the wheel may be used as a reference. Deadbands obtainable will vary from 0.5% to 9% of pressure or temperature range depending on range segment and type of diaphragm.Adjustment of Setpoint – As received, the switch will normally be set to approximately 90% of range. Rotate the wheel on the MICRO SWITCH all the way to the right; this will provide small-est deadband. Pressurize, or increase bath temperature, to the required setpoint and turn the adjustment nut until the switch changes mode. Lower the pressure to reset the switch. Rotate the wheel on the MICRO SWITCH until the desired deadband is obtained. The upper setpoint will be changing upward with this adjustment. Lower the pressure to reset the switch. Then increase the pressure to the desired setpoint and turn the adjusting nut until the switch changes mode. Lower the pressure and check reset-point and deadband.6. Specific Conditions of Use • P rior to use, the equipment shall be subjected to a pressure test, which shall be based on the process pressure of the associated system. If available, the test shall be conducted in accordance with the requirements of an applicable industry standard. The pressure shall be applied from the system side of the diaphragm. It must be proven that there is no leakage of the test medium into the flameproof enclosure and that the flameproof enclosure does not become pressurized above ambient atmospheric pressure.• E poxy coated enclosures are non-conducting and may generate an ignition-capable level of electrostatic charges under certain extreme conditions. The user should ensure that the equipment is not installed in a location where it may be subjected to external conditions (such as high-pressure steam) which might cause a build-up of electrostatic charges on non-conducting surfaces. Additionally, cleaning of the equipment should be done only with a damp cloth. • S witch vent must not be used nor blocked.• I n accordance with clause 5.1 of IEC/EN 60079-1 the critcal dimensions of the flamepaths are:• Never use aggressive solvents.• Do not use high-pressure water to clean the switch.8. Maintenance/Troubleshooting• All ASHCROFT switches require little or no maintenance.• I nspection and maintenance of this equipment shall be carried out by suitably trained personnel in accordance with the applica-ble code of practice e.g. IEC/EN 60079-17.• Be sure that the case is closed at all times.• W hen the switch is exposed to process media that may hard-en and/or build up in the pressure port, the switch should be removed and cleaned as needed.• I f the switch does not function, only trained and skilled personnel should check on the wiring, power supply and/or mounting.• I f the problem cannot be solved, do not attempt to repair, please contact Ashcroft or Ashcroft distributor.© Ashcroft Inc., 250 East Main Street, Stratford, CT 06614 USA, Tel: 203-378-8281, Fax; 203-385-0408, All sales subject to standard terms and conditions of sale. b-d-t-700_switch_im_RevC_(009-10120-ATEX) 11-05-18。
博贝火炉产品说明书
From a statement piece to a centerpiece, set the stage for outdoor entertainment that provides theperfect amount of heat and beauty.Perfect Flame ®The centerpiece of every Bobé fire product. The largest, most natural flame you can find without building a campfire.Artisan CraftedInspect it up close – you’ll still love it. That’s our skilled TIGwelding and hand-polishing on every pot.With three shapes to choose from and your choice of material, embrace your innerdesigner to create a polished look for your backyard.Heavy-grade copper, stainless steel or Cor-Ten steel. The highest quality in any outdoor fire feature.SQUARE ROUND RECTANGLEShowcase Y our StyleAwaken the FlameThe Best MaterialsIMPORTANT: See Material Guide at /bobe-materialsCOPPER STAINLESS STEEL HAMMERED COPPER *SPECIFICATIONSELECTRICAL 12.6VDC (Auto Ignition Only) CLEARANCE 10ft Above / 4ft Around Pot Above Ground OnlyGAS TYPE Natural Gas or Liquid Propane IGNITION Automatic or Manual OptionsDRAINAGEPots should be installed with drainage for rain water. Lack of drainage can flood gas lines and require service.VENTILATION Adequate ventilation must be present around the fire feature. Read product instructions for full ventilation requirementSTAINLESS STEEL Stainless steel not recommended for salt water environments.COPPER Copper will naturally patina.GLASS/ROCKSold SeparatelyCOR-TEN STEELFire and gas can be dangerous when not handled properly. Always read installation instructions, follow local codes, and install/service with a licensed professional.A BC*******************|©2020 CMP 10000-300-505 1220abFIRE POTS ORDERING GUIDE*Non-Standard Option. May have longer order lead times. Contact for detai ls.FIRE TABLES ORDERING GUIDE1SELECT SIZE & OPTIONS2ADD "-NG" FOR NATURAL GAS ADD "-LP" FOR PROPANEEXAMPLE: CFPLPA-24-XXEXAMPLE: CFPLPA-24-NG EXAMPLE: CFPLPA-24-LP*Non-Standard Option. May have longer order lead times. Contact for detai ls.。
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n Ongoing Activities
AD700 Boiler Design
Matrix of Contractors and Boiler Types
n Design Problems / Possible Solutions n Material Selection n Critical Components
n Ongoing Activiign Conditions n Involved Partners in Boiler Design Group n Two selected Boiler Designs
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100 110
120
Effective heat pick up (%)
AD700 Boiler Design
Design Problems and possible Solutions
l Very small pinch point temperatures at ECO and RH1
700 °C . 650 °C . SH 4
600 °C
. . SH 3 . .. .. SH 2 . SH .
.
RH 1
.
550 °C
500 °C
3,200
1 Wall Evaporator Outlet
2,800
450 °C
Enthalpy
2,400
Evaporator
2,000
400 °C
375 °C
n Ongoing Activities
AD700 Boiler Design
H/P – Diagram
4,000 kJ/kg 3,600
. . . . . .
RH 2
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
750 °C
. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . .
001 1054p
1,000 MW (gross) Tower Two Pass 2RH, TF 2RH, OWF 1RH, OWF 1RH, OWF 1RH, OWF
1RH, TF 1RH, OWF 1RH, OWF 2RH, OWF
2RH = Double Reheat OWF = Opposed Wall Firing
001 1055p
Overview
n Boundary Design Conditions n Involved Partners in Boiler Design Group n Two selected Boiler Designs
n Design Problems / Possible Solutions n Material Selection n Critical Components
Evaporator
022 148p
± 0.0 m
AD700 Boiler Design
1,000 MW Two Pass Boiler
HP Steam 383 bar 702 °C 2,012 t/h IP-RH Steam 118 bar 720 °C LP-RH Steam 24 bar 720 °C Feedwater 350 °C
n Ongoing Activities
AD700 Boiler Design
400 MW Tower Boiler – Material Selection Heating Surface Header
15 Mo3
Eco
ECO: WB36
(Inlet/Outlet)
T91 S304H SB HR3C Alloy 174 Alloy 617 Alloy 617 Alloy 740 S304H SB
001 1051p
MW t/h °C bar °C bar t/h °C bar °C bar
400 991 330 401 702 358 782 424 73 720 71
AD700 Boiler Design
Steam Parameter (1,000 MW, Double RH)
Load (gross) Steam flow Feed water temperature Feed water pressure Outlet temperature Outlet pressure Steam flow Inlet temperature Inlet pressure Outlet temperature Outlet pressure Steam flow Inlet temperature Inlet pressure Outlet temperature Outlet pressure MW t/h °C bar °C bar t/h °C bar °C bar t/h °C bar °C bar 1,000 2,012 350 403 702 383 1,808 493 124 720 118 1,460 446 25 720 24
1,600
..
..
.. .
350 °C
. . .
ECO
.
80 %
300 °C
250 °C 200 °C
100 %
1,200
.
60 %
40 %
800
150 °C 100 °C
400 0
002 562py
.
50
100
150
200 Pressure
250
300
bar
400
AD700 Boiler Design
n Design Problems / Possible Solutions n Material Selection n Critical Components
n Ongoing Activities
AD700 Boiler Design
Design Coal and Coal Range
LHV Moisture Ash Fixed Carbon Volatiles Sulphur HGI
Oktober 2005
Boiler Designs for the AD700 Power Plant
G. Weissinger, Dr. Q. Chen ALSTOM Power Boiler GmbH
Overview
n Boundary Design Conditions n Involved Partners in Boiler Design Group n Two selected Boiler Designs
110 °C From 100 % to 40 % According to EN 12952 code
Overview
n Boundary Design Conditions n Involved Partners in Boiler Design Group n Two selected Boiler Designs
HP steam
IP steam
LP steam
001 1052p
AD700 Boiler Design
Design Boundary Conditions
Unit Size Emissions Flue Gas Velocity 400 MW (net) 1,000 MW (gross) 400 mg/Nm³ and 5 % unburned carbon based on design coal < 14 m/s
022 149p
Overview
n Boundary Design Conditions n Involved Partners in Boiler Design Group n Two selected Boiler Designs
n Design Problems / Possible Solutions n Material Selection n Critical Components
n Ongoing Activities
AD700 Boiler Design
400 MW Tower Boiler
Eco RH 1 SH 3 RH 2 SH 4 SH 2 SH 1 (walls)
HP Steam 358 bar 702 °C 991 t/h RH Steam 71 bar 720 °C 782 t/h Feedwater 330 °C
400 MW (net) Tower Two Pass ABB Enertech Ansaldo Babcock Kraftwerkstechnik Mitsui Babcock Siemens KWU Alstom Energy Systems Babcock Wilcox Spain Steinmüller Stork 1RH = Single Reheat TF = Tangential Firing
MJ/kg % ar % ar % ar % ar % ar -
Design Coal South Africa Kleinkopje Coal 23.9 8.3 15.9 62.5 21.6 0.7 51
Coal Range min. 22.6 7.0 5.9 50.5 20.3 0.3 44 max. 28.9 15.9 17.4 71.6 34.1 1.7 59
Flue Gas Temperature < 1,170 °C for tube transverse pitch < 350 mm Flue Gas Exit Temperature Sliding Pressure Operation Pressure Parts Design