词汇学Unit 5
词汇学Chapter 5 补充练习
I. Choose the best answer and put the letter of your choice in the brackets.1. The minimal meaningful units are known as _____.A. morphsB. stemsC. morphemesD. roots2. The word ‘shortenings’ contains _____ morphemes.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six3. Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as _____.A. morphsB. phonemesC. lexemesD. allomorphs4. Words like cat, dog, tree and so on are called ______ words.A. stemB. polysemousC. polymorphemicD. monomorphemic5. Free morphemes are the same as _____ words.A. clippedB. stemC. nativeD. root6. In the word “contradiction”, the morpheme “-dict-“ is _____.A. a free rootB. a bound rootC. an affixD. a free morpheme7. In the word “international”, “nation” is not a _____.A. free morphemeB. stemC. bound morphemeD. free root8. A bound morpheme has to combine with other _____ to make words.A. morphemesB. allomorphsC. phonemesD. Lexemes9. Bound morphemes are chiefly found in _____ words.A. derivedB. convertedC. inflectionalD. compound10. _____ affixes can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.A. InflectionalB. BoundC. DerivationalD. Converted11. A _____ is a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.A. rootB. morphC. morphemeD. stem12. The word _____ contain an inflectional affix.A. workerB. happierC. formalD. enrichII. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions given in the course book.1. A _____ is not the smallest unit because many words can be separated into even smaller meaningful units.2. The plural morpheme has a number of _____ in different sound context.3. There is no _____ morpheme in the word “dictation”.4. Free morphemes and free _____are identical.5. Affixes added to other morphemes to create new words are called _____ affixes.6. The word “internationalists” has _____ morphemes.7. According to the _____ of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.8. Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and _____.III. Decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound.2. Inflectional morphemes indicate grammatical relationships.3. Free morphemes can be used as words alone.4. What remains of a word after the removal of all affixes is a stem.5. A word is the minimal meaningful unit of a language.6. The word “prisoners” has two morphemes.7. There is an inflectional morpheme in the word “easier”.8. Free morphemes are also known as free roots.IV. Answer the following questions.1. What are the differences between a bound morpheme and a bound root? V. Analyze and comment on the following.1. Analyze the morphological structures of the following words.Point out the types of morphemes.prediction strawberries encouragement。
英语词汇学课件 Unit 5
Folk/popular etymology
plantar wart （足疣）：a wart on the sole of the foot (from Latin planta) → planter’s wart
5.2 Semantic features
Semantic components: an element of a word’s meaning. e.g. girl→ ‘young’, ‘female’, ‘human’ Semantic features e.g. girl: [+human, -male, -adult] boy: [+human, +male, -adult] Distinctive features e.g. [±male] (binary feature)
Four kinds of motivation Onomatopoeic motivation • Primary onomatopoeia Cuckoo, coucou, Kuckuck • Secondary onomatopoeia hiss, buzz, bleat, neigh, squeak, croak, quack, crow Bump, dump, thump
5.1.2 Motiห้องสมุดไป่ตู้ation
Relation between the word-form and the meaning Arbitrariness Conventionality Motivation: A word is motivated if its whole meaning can be ascertained from the sum of the meanings of its individual elements. opaque words & transparent words
unit 5 答案(词汇学)
Key to Unit 5.The Semantic Types of English WordsPre-Class ReadingCheck Your Understandinga. Fb. Tc. Td. Fe. FIn-Class Activities1. a. rush, hurry, stumble, dance, sail, moveb. bumpy, winding, stony, muddy, slipperyc. whimper, sweep, moan, groan, yelld. glimpse, watch, examine, glance, stare,2. concrete words:(1) Sunlight, trees, birds, corn, people, harvest; night, wind, rain, singer; deeds, work(2) Beauty is an abstract concept, yet by using the above concrete words, the author creates vivid images about “what beauty consists of”, i.e. beauty exists in the nature and in our daily life.3. (1) Proper nouns: Government of Victoria, Professor Liu Kang, Parliament House, Melbourne, Monday, International Community Education Conference Common nouns: reception, delegates(2) “International Community Education Conference”can be converted intocommon nouns if they are used in small letters, and refer to general international community education conferences. In much the same way, “Delegates” here refers to THOSE delegates who are going to attend the particular conference, thus can be regarded as a proper noun.4. (1) Proper nouns have a certain degree of specificity, i.e. they are used in a contextshared by the speaker and the hearer. Phonological information helps clarify the context. These words do not apply to other general cases. Sentences (e – h) either violates the specificity, or the background information can not be recovered.a. Mary is a person both of them know.b. There is a person called Mary who called you. (And the implied meaning alsoincludes “I don not know this girl.)c. Both of us know Which Plymouth I mean.d. There are many places called Plymouth.(2) Different languages have different working mechanisms of reference. There may be similar cases in Chinese, but we rely on other modifiers (or specifiers) to clarify the information.a. 玛丽喜欢语言学。
英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件chapter 5
of the speaker.
• Affective meaning and context:
• He is bright and ambitious. • One who is filled with ambition usually works hard. • Knowledge of inequality has stimulated envy, ambition and greed. • The reactionary’s chief ambition is to become the emperor.
• Definition: the connection between word-symbol and
its sense.
• Three major types of motivation:
• Phonetic motivation: Words motivated phonetically are called
• Advantages and disadvantages of componential
analysis:
• Advantages:
• Componential analysis enables us to have an exact knowledge of the
conceptual meaning of words. It has proved its usefulness in characterizing meaning relations such as synonymy, antonymy, and polysemy.
词汇学 第五章
4. What is sense语义? sense语义? The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language. 词语的意义是它在语义关系系统中同其它词 语相对的位置。
夏洋邵林主编英语词汇学教程unit5
蟋蟀、蜘蛛、葡萄、蜈蚣、人、天 人民、机器、不吃 扩音机、水仙花、三轮车
Morpheme vs. Character 词素与字
▪ “X帝”是词素还是语素？ ▪ 词素对于汉语分类是一个关键问题。如果解决汉语中的词素问题，即发现词素的表征特点，这对于汉语词类 研究应该有很重要的作用。 ▪ In Chinese, a morpheme is usu. a character. ▪ I. one character may be correspondent to more than one morphemes.一个汉字代表着几个不同的词素。 如：“副”这个字就起码代表三个词素——“副1”：表示“第二的、次级的”的意思；“副2”：表示“相配、相称”的意 思；“副3”：表示某种事物的计量单位。 ▪ II. One morpheme may be represented by more than one character.同一词素可以同时由不同的汉字来表示 如：“来吧”的“吧”也可以写成“罢”。 ▪ III. One character may involve two morphemes.一个汉字可以包含两个词素。
eg1: Give the noun forms of the following words. invent describe justify decide
Allomorph
key: invent + ion justify + cation
describe + tion decide + sion
re + act + ion act + ion re + act act
base
Practቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱce
英语词汇学第5章课件
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
Words whose sounds suggest their meanings = onomatopeic words
Two types of words according to their resemblance of sound:
Characteristics: 1. Different lexical items, which have
different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning: tables, men, oxen, potatoes
5. 1. 1. Concept
the meaning triangle
concept/idea
tnce
5.1.2 Concept
It is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on, whereas meaning belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.
1. Primary onomatopoeia
bow wow
ha ha
ping-pong miaow
cuckoo
tick-tuck
5. 2. 1. Onomatopoeic Motivation
2. Secondary onomatopoeia cock—crow duck—quack frog—croak mice—squeak horse—neigh goat—bleat
词汇学
第一单元英语词汇概说英语单词的结构⒈词word: It is a minimal free form of language which has given sound and meaning andsyntactic function. Eg: book, red …..⒉词条entry: It is a term used by dictionary compilers. It refers to all the information aboutword that appears in a dictionary.It includes the headword, the pronunciation, definition, irregular plural forms, comparative and superlative form, irregular forms of verbs, part of speeches, even derivatives of the headword, etc.⒊词位lexeme: In linguistic study, every entry (specifically the headword) which are collectedinto a dictionary is called a lexeme by linguists. An lexeme is an abstract unit in linguistics that roughly corresponds to a set of forms taken by a single word. Eg: run, runs, ran, running. 原形大写表示词位，词位相当于词条中的headword.⒋词形word form: Different forms of a word which are caused by the change of tense, number,point of view, part of speech, etc. are called word form.⒌词汇vocabulary/ lexicon: all the words in a language are termed as it. However, vocabularycan also be used to refer to all the words in a book or in a particular historical period of time, or in a dialet, or in a particular discipline, or eben to all the words that a person possesses.⒍词汇单位lexical unit/ item: is a single word or chain of words that are the basic elements of alanguage’s lexicon. Eg: cat, traffic light, take care of, by-the-way, it’s raining cats and dogs. The entire store of lexical items in a language is called its lexis(词库).Ⅱ、classification of English wordsBy origin: native words 本土词; loan words外来词.By use frequency: basic word stock基础词; non-basic word stock非基础词.By the level of usage: common words 常用词；literary words 书面词；colloquial words口语词；slang words 俚语；technical words 术语.By notion(function): content words 实义词；function words 功能词.Ⅲ、⒈词素morpheme: is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, not divisible oranalyzable into smaller forms. Word is composed of morphemes. 词素是词的组成部分，是语言中语音和词义的最小结合体。
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Unit 5 词的语用意义Pragmatic Meaning of Word
一、语用意义的定义
I. Linguistic Meaning and Pragmatic Meaning
Linguistic Meaning contains two aspects:
lexical meaning and grammatical meaning.
Lexical meaning refers to conceptual meaning or
cognitive meaning.
Grammatical meaning reveals the information conveyed by grammatical category, such as the action referred to as present tense, or past tense, or plural form or not, etc.
While linguistic meaning is used to study the static meaning of word, i.e. the adherent, fixed, unaffected meaning, pragmatic meaning is used to study the dynamic meaning of word, i.e. the meaning expressed by speakers with specific intention in specific context while using language.
II. Context
Context includes linguistic context and non-linguistic context
下列各组同义词在日常使用时所含意义的褒贬程度不一。
将它们按褒义、中性和贬义的顺序重新排列：
1. student, scholar, bookworm
2. stubborn, firm, pigheaded
3. counterfeit, replica, copy 5. unusual, bizarre, unique
6. tolerant, flexible, wishy-washy
7. caustic, penetrating, sharp 8. reserved, aristocratic, snobbish
9. buffoon, wit, comic 10. officer, policeman, cop
11. slender, skinny, thin 12. literary artist, hack, writer
13. friend, accomplice, company 14. depreciation, appreciation, perception
二、语用意义的特点
I. 原词附属性
II. 主观体验性
III. 词义不确定性
IV. 概念临时性
1.指示（deixis）现象
2.共轭搭配（zeugma）
V. 语境共生性
下列各对句子中的斜体词具有相似的语义，但它们表示的语用含义不同。
分析它们在各局中的实际意义：
1.T he thief tried to conceal the evidence.
The thief tried to hide the evidence.
2.I’m going to buy a new coat.
I’m going to purchase a new coat.
3.T hese tomatoes are large.
These tomatoes are big.
4.T his is a very loose definition.
This is a very short definition.
5.Y ou have my deep sympathy.
You have my profound sympathy.
6.I t is a very wide street.
It is a very broad street.
7.T he boy felt surprised at the happenings. The boy felt shocked at the happenings.
根据语境解释下列各句中斜体词的fish意义：
1.I like fish.
2.H e caught a fish.
3.Y ou are such poor fish.
4.H e looked eager to fish for compliments.
以下两组句子中各有一个词同时满足所给语境，猜出这个词（每一短横为一个字母）：
1. --------(8个字母)
⑴ One of the keys on the ________ is stuck.
⑵His _________ is twenty years old, but it still works.
⑶Bill Smith just bought a portable electric _______.
⑷The new girl typed her composition on the________.
⑸I don’t care what you say. I think a ________ is better than an abacus.
2.-----(5个字母)
⑴ I’m not cross, just________.
⑵ He seems to be completely______.
⑶ The news of my failure in the exam made me rather ______.
⑷ If you want to get over that_______ feeling, take a walk for a relaxation.
⑸ Some people feel most_______ in the early morning, but I get that way just before supper.
No more trustable a man who is an obsessive seducer of women
Failure or defeat in low spirits
Love which is both fresh and long lasting Cunning/ cheating, cruel
Secret , not open
1.S ituation A:
Semantic meaning: the temperature in the sitting room is rather low.
Pragmatic meaning: let’s just have dinner in the kitchen.
2.S ituation B:
Semantic meaning: the temperature in the
classroom is rather low.
Pragmatic meaning: close the window please.。