迈克尔孙干涉仪测空气折射率实验报告
利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报告

利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报告英文回答:Michaelson Interferometer for Gas Refractive Index Measurement Experiment Report。
Introduction:The Michelson interferometer is a highly precise instrument that can be used to measure the refractive index of gases. It works by splitting a beam of light into two paths, one of which passes through the gas sample. The two beams are then recombined, and the resulting interference pattern is used to calculate the refractive index of the gas.Experimental Setup:The Michelson interferometer is a relatively simpleinstrument to set up. It consists of two mirrors that are mounted on a rigid frame. A beam of light is split into two paths by a beam splitter, and one of the beams is directed through the gas sample. The two beams are then recombined by a second beam splitter, and the resulting interference pattern is observed on a screen.Procedure:To measure the refractive index of a gas using a Michelson interferometer, the following procedure is followed:1. The interferometer is set up as described above.2. A beam of light is shone into the interferometer.3. The gas sample is placed in the path of one of the beams.4. The interference pattern is observed on the screen.5. The refractive index of the gas is calculated using the following equation:```。
利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报告

利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报告英文回答:Introduction。
The Michelson interferometer is a device that can be used to measure the refractive index of a gas. It consists of two arms of equal length, each of which is terminated by a mirror. A beam of light is split into two beams, and each beam is sent down one of the arms. The beams are then reflected back by the mirrors and recombined. If the refractive index of the gas in one of the arms is different from the refractive index of the gas in the other arm, the beams will be out of phase when they are recombined, and this will produce an interference pattern.Procedure。
I set up the Michelson interferometer and aligned themirrors so that the beams were recombining in the center of the screen. I then introduced a sample of gas into one of the arms and observed the interference pattern. I measured the distance between the bright bands and used this to calculate the refractive index of the gas.Results。
实验十一 迈克尔逊干涉法测量空气折射率

实验十一 用迈克尔逊干涉光路测空气折射率光的干涉是重要的光学现象之一,是光的波动性的重要实验依据。
两列频率相同、振动方向相同和位相差恒定的相干光在空间相交区域将会发生相互加强或减弱现象,即光的干涉现象。
光的波长虽然很短(4×10-7~8×10-7m 之间),但干涉条纹的间距和条纹数却很容易用光学仪器测得。
根据干涉条纹数目和间距的变化与光程差、波长等的关系式,可以推出微小长度变化(光波波长数量级)和微小角度变化等,因此干涉现象在照相技术、测量技术、平面角检测技术、材料应力及形变研究等领域有着广泛地应用。
相干光源的获取除用激光外,在实验室中一般是将同一光源采用分波阵面或分振幅2种方法获得,并使其在空间经不同路径会合后产生干涉。
迈克尔逊干涉仪是1883年美国物理学家迈克尔逊和莫雷合作,为研究“以太”漂移而设计制造出来的精密光学仪器。
它是利用分振幅法产生双光束以实现干涉。
在近代物理和近代计量技术中,如在光谱线精细结构的研究和用光波标定标准米尺等实验中都有着重要的应用。
利用该仪器的原理,研制出多种专用干涉仪。
一、实验目的1、掌握迈克尔逊干涉光路的原理和调节方法。
2、学会调出非定域干涉条纹、等倾干涉条纹、等厚干涉条纹。
3、学习利用迈克尔逊干涉光路测量常温下空气的折射率。
二、实验仪器He-Ne 激光器及电源,扩束镜(短焦距凸透镜),全反镜,温度计,小孔光阑,密封玻璃管,气压计等。
三、实验原理1、迈克尔逊干涉光路图11.1是迈克尔逊干涉光路原理图,从光源S 发出的一束光射到分束板1G 上,1G 的后表面镀有半反射膜(一般镀金属银),光在半反射膜上反射和透射,被分成光强接近相等的两束光,一束为反射光1,一束为透射光2。
当激光束以45°角射向分束板1G 时,被分成相互垂直的两束光。
这两束光分别垂直射向两平面反射镜1M 和2M ,经它们反射后再回到分束板1G 的半反射膜上,又汇聚成一束光,射到光屏E 处。
迈克尔孙干涉仪测空气折射率实验报告

实验室所提供的气压计有一些问题,多多少少影响了实验测量数据的准确性。另外由于室内温度的变化,折射率也会有一定的变化,参考结果是在室温为14摄氏度时测量的,但是在实验过程中室内温度在20摄氏度左右,温度对于折射率有影响,因此测量结果和参考结果有一些差距。
§实验的总结:
调整光路的时候可以采用”自准直”法(包括调整光阑位置的时候),可以比较快地调好光路;还有调节彩色干涉条纹时如果调过了由弯变直的那个区域,那么最好的方法是用粗调倒过去再用微调回来慢慢的找,否则因为螺距差的缘故,会耽误很多时间;因为用的是老式仪器,做工很精细,调节起来比较方便快捷,而且受外界因素影响较少,实验比较顺利。每个仪器底下都由三个螺丝可以用来调平,这三个螺丝很好用,调节等倾条纹的时候,可以分别在调节让当眼睛眼相互垂直两个方向移动时都没有条纹吞吐。
这次调节白光彩色条纹是一个很细致的操作,很多同学都表现的很不耐烦,我认为这次实验很需要耐心,以后的研究实验也是一样,如果自己做实验室不够耐心的话就很可能错过很多重要的现象,从而影响到实验的结果。
最后感谢段老师在本次实验过程中的耐心指导!
【思考题】
1.试验中怎样才能观察到非定域的直条纹和双曲线条纹?
调节U12,使M1和M2成一个小角度,转动手柄使M1移动
.(vi)
在交棱附近,可忽略.因此在交棱附近看到的是直条纹,离棱远就慢慢变成弧形,且弯曲方向是凸向交棱方向的.
2.测量空气折射率
.(vii)
公式给出了气压为p时的空气折射率n.其中N为条纹吞吐量,△p为气室气压变化.
【实验步骤和过程记录】
1.
(略)
2.
错误!未定义书签。粗调M-干涉仪,使M1和M2’大致平行;
【实验数据】
迈克尔逊干涉仪测空气折射率

实验四 用迈克尔逊干涉仪空气的折射率一、实验目的用分离的光学元件构建一个迈克尔逊干涉仪。
通过降低空气的压强测量其折射率。
二、仪器和光学元件光学平台;HeNe 激光;调整架,35x35mm ;平面镜,30x30mm ;磁性基座;分束器50:50;透镜,f=+20mm ;白屏;玻璃容器,手持气压泵,组合夹具,T 形连接,适配器,软管,硅管三、实验原理借助迈克尔逊干涉仪装置中的两个镜,光线被引进干涉仪。
通过改变光路中容器内气体的压强,推算出空气的折射率。
If two Waves having the same frequency ω , but different amplitudes and different phases are coincident at onelocation , they superimpose to()()2211sin sin αα-∙+-∙=wt a wt a YThe resulting can be described by the followlng : ()α-∙=wt A Y sinw ith the amplitudeδcos 22122212∙++=a a a a A(1)and the phase difference21ααδ-=In a Michelson interferometer , the light beam is split by a half-silvered glass plate into two partial beams ( amplitude splitting ) , reflected by two mirrors , and again brought tointerference behind the glass plate . Since only large luminous spots can exhibit circular interference fringes , the Iight beam is expanded between the laser and the glass plate by a lens L . If one replaces the real mirror M3 with its virtual image M3 /, , Which is formed by reflection by the glass plate , a point P of the real light source appears as the points P / , and P " of the virtual light sources L l and L 2 · Due to the different lightpaths , using the designations in Fig . 2 , 图 2the phase difference is given by :θλπδcos 22∙∙∙=d (2)λis the wavelength of the laser ljght used .According to ( 1 ) , the intensity distribution fora a a ==21 is2cos 4~222δ∙∙=a A I (3)Maxima thus occur whenδis equal to a multiple ofπ2,hence with ( 2 )λθ∙=∙∙m d cos 2;m=1,2,….. ( 4 )i. e . there are circular fringes for selected , fixed values of m , and d , sinceθ remains constant ( see Fig . 3 ) . If onealters the position of the movable mirror M 3 ( cf.Fig.1 ) such that d,e.g.,decreases , according to ( 4 ) , the ciroular fringe diameter would also diminish since m is indeed defined for this ring . Thus , a ring disappears each time d is reduced by 2λ. For d = 0 the ciroular fringe pattern disappears . If the surfaces of mirrors M 4 and M 3 are not parallelin the sense of Fig . 2, one obtains curved fringes , which gradually change into straight fringes at d = 0 . 空气衍射系数的确定To measure the diffraction n of air , an air-filled cell with plane- parallel boundaries is used . The diffraction index n of a gas is a linear function of the pressure P . For pressure P = 0 an absolute vacuum exists so that n=1.P PnP n P n ⋅∆∆+==)0()( (5)From the measured date ,the difference quotientP n ∆∆/ is f irst determined :PP n P P n P n ∆-∆+=∆∆)()((6) The following is true for the optical path length d : d =s P n ⋅)((7)Where s = 2·l is the geometric length of the evacuated cell and n ( P ) is the diffraction index of the gas present in the chamber . l is the lenght of the gas column in the glass cell . The fact that the path is traversed twice due to the reflect- ion on the mirror M4 is to be taken into consideration. Thus , by varying the pressure in the cell by the value △P , the optical path length is altered by the quantity △d :△d = n ( P +△P )·s 一 n ( P )·s ( 8 )on the screen one observes the change in the circular fringe pattern with change in the pressure ( the centre of the interference fringe pattern alternately shows maximal and minimal intensity ) . Proceeding from the ambient pressure Po,one observes the N-fold resetting of the initial position of the interference pattern (i.e. , establishment of an intensity minimum in the ring ’s centre ) until a specific pressure value P has been reached . A change from minimum to minimum corresponds to a change of the optical path length by the wavelength λ.Between the pressures P and P +△P the optical wavelength thus changes by△d = ( N ( P +△P )一N ( P ))·入 ( 9 )From (8) and (9) and under consideration of the fact that the cell is traversed twice by the light (s=2·l) , it follows : n ( P +△P )一n ( P)=()lP N P P N ⋅⋅-∆+2))((λ(10)and with(6) and)()(P N P P N N -∆+=∆ the following results :l P N P n 2λ⋅∆∆=∆∆ 四、实验步骤1、 装置建立和调整:注:下文括号中的数字表示的坐标仅适用于开始阶段的粗调。
利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报告

利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报
告
实验目的:
通过利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测量气体折射率,掌握干涉仪的原理
和使用方法,了解气体折射率与气体压强、温度的关系。
实验仪器和材料:
迈克耳逊干涉仪、激光器、气体容器、气压计、温度计、计算
机等。
实验原理:
迈克耳逊干涉仪利用干涉现象测量折射率,当激光穿过气体时,由于气体折射率的影响,光程差发生变化,进而引起干涉条纹的移动。
通过测量干涉条纹的移动距离,可以计算出气体的折射率。
实验步骤:
1. 将迈克耳逊干涉仪放置在稳定的平台上,调整仪器使得激光垂直射入气体容器。
2. 打开激光器,调整干涉仪使得干涉条纹清晰可见。
3. 逐渐增加气体压强,观察干涉条纹的移动情况。
4. 测量不同气体压强下的干涉条纹移动距离,并记录下相应的气体压强和温度。
实验结果:
根据实验数据,我们得到了不同气体压强下的干涉条纹移动距离,并计算出了相应的气体折射率。
通过分析数据,我们发现气体折射率随着气体压强的增加而增加,与温度的关系也符合一定的规律。
实验结论:
通过本次实验,我们成功利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测量了气体的折射率,并得到了一定的实验数据。
同时,我们也掌握了干涉仪的使
用方法和原理,并对气体折射率与气体压强、温度的关系有了更深入的了解。
这对于今后的相关研究和实验具有一定的参考价值。
利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报告

利用迈克耳逊干涉仪测气体折射率实验报告英文回答:Determination of Refractive Index of Gas Using Michelson Interferometer。
The Michelson interferometer is a versatile tool that can be used to measure various optical properties of materials, including the refractive index of gases. In this experiment, we employed the Michelson interferometer to determine the refractive index of an unknown gas sample.The Michelson interferometer consists of two mirrors, M1 and M2, mounted on a rigid frame in a configuration known as the "common path interferometer." A beam of light from a coherent source is split into two beams using asemi-transparent mirror, M3. One beam travels to mirror M1, while the other travels to mirror M2. The beams are then reflected back to the semi-transparent mirror, where theyrecombine to produce an interference pattern.The interference pattern is typically observed as a series of bright and dark fringes. The position of these fringes depends on the optical path length difference between the two interfering beams. By introducing a cell containing the gas sample into one of the arms of the interferometer, the optical path length is changed, resulting in a shift in the fringe pattern.The change in the fringe pattern can be used to determine the refractive index of the gas sample. The refractive index is a dimensionless quantity that describes the speed of light in a medium relative to its speed in vacuum. A higher refractive index indicates that the light travels slower in the medium.The refractive index of the gas sample can be calculated using the following formula:```。
迈克尔逊干涉仪实验报告

迈克尔逊干涉仪实验报告英文回答:Michelson Interferometer Experiment Report。
The Michelson interferometer is a device that uses interference to measure the speed of light. It was invented by Albert Michelson in 1881, and it has been used to make many important measurements, including the speed of light, the index of refraction of air, and the gravitational constant.The Michelson interferometer consists of two mirrors that are placed at a distance of about 20 meters apart. A beam of light is split into two beams, and each beam is reflected by one of the mirrors. The two beams are then recombined, and the interference pattern is observed.The interference pattern is a series of bright and dark bands. The bright bands are formed when the two beams arein phase, and the dark bands are formed when the two beams are out of phase. The distance between the bands is inversely proportional to the wavelength of the light.The Michelson interferometer can be used to measure the speed of light by measuring the distance between the bands and the frequency of the light. The speed of light is equal to the wavelength of the light multiplied by the frequency of the light.The Michelson interferometer has also been used to measure the index of refraction of air. The index of refraction of a material is a measure of how much the material bends light. The Michelson interferometer can be used to measure the index of refraction of air by measuring the distance between the bands and the wavelength of the light.The Michelson interferometer is a very precise instrument. It has been used to make many important measurements, and it is still used today in research laboratories.中文回答:迈克尔逊干涉仪实验报告。
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系别 ___________ 班号 ____________ 姓名 ______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期 _________________________ 教师评定 ______________【实验名称】迈克耳孙干涉仪 【目的要求】1. 掌握M-干涉仪的调节方法;2. 调出非定域干涉和定域干涉条纹;3. 了解各类型干涉条纹的形成条件, 花纹特点, 变化规律及相互间的区别;4. 用M-干涉仪测量气体折射率.【仪器用具】M-干涉仪(旧仪器第3组), He-Ne 激光器及其电源, 扩束透镜, 小孔光阑, 白炽灯, 毛玻璃, 小气室, 打气皮囊, 气压表, 凸透镜.【实验原理】1.M-干涉仪光路M-干涉仪是一种分振幅双光束的干涉仪. 其光路如图. 期中M 1可以移动. G 1为分束板.2系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________2.干涉花纹的图样(1)点光源照明——非定域干涉条纹考虑虚光源S1和S2’. 若毛玻璃垂直于两者连线, 则得到圆条纹; 若毛玻璃垂直于两者的垂直平分线, 则得到线条纹; 若其它情况, 则得到椭圆或双曲线条纹.非定域圆条纹特性:∆L = 2d(1 −r22z2) ........................................................................ .(i)亮纹条件:kλ = 2d(1 −r22z2) ........................................................................ .(ii)条纹间距:∆r = r k-1 − r k≈λz22r k d.................................................................... .(iii)条纹的”吞吐”:缓慢移动M1镜, 改变d, 可以看到条纹条纹吞或吐的数目N有: 2∆d = Nλ .................................................................................. .(iv)d增大, r k增大, 即条纹”吐”; d减小, r k减小, 即条纹”吞”.(2)扩展光源照明--定域干涉条纹(a)等倾干涉条纹--定域于无穷远相邻两条纹角间距:∆θk = θk−θk+1≈λ2dθk.............................................................. .(v)(b)等厚干涉条纹--定域于镜面附近∆ = 2d cos θ≈ 2d(1 − dθ2 / 2) ............................................... .(vi)系别 ___________ 班号 ____________ 姓名 ______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期 _________________________ 教师评定 ______________在交棱附近,d θ2可忽略. 因此在交棱附近看到的是直条纹, 离棱远就慢慢变成弧形, 且弯曲方向是凸向交棱方向的.2. 测量空气折射率n = 1 + N λ2D ∙ p||∆p .................................................................. .(vii)公式给出了气压为p 时的空气折射率n. 其中N 为条纹吞吐量, △p 为气室气压变化.【实验步骤和过程记录】1.了解M-干涉仪的构造(略)2.调节干涉条纹.(1)粗调M-干涉仪, 使M 1和M 2’大致平行;把固定镜M 2的两个微动螺丝放在中间位置, 把M 1镜和M 2镜后的三个小螺丝拧合适, 不要太松或太紧.将激光束调成水平, 调整好小孔光阑的高度和位置(小孔放在比较靠近激光源的地方). 再利用”自准直”的方法, 调整M 1和M 2, 使它们各自反射像的最亮点都和小孔重合. 此时M 1和M 2’基本平行.(2)非定域干涉条纹:上面的调整完成后, 在小孔光阑上应该看到类似干涉的条纹. 此时拿走小孔光阑, 换上一短焦距小透镜, 并调整其高度和位置使光束能比较均匀得照亮M 2. 用两块毛玻璃在E 处作为干涉屏. 此时应该可以在屏上看到干涉条纹. 调节M 2的微动螺丝, 可以系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________调整中心的位置和倾角, 当位于光斑中心时, 可以在毛玻璃上观测到非定域圆条纹.转动M-干涉仪的粗调手柄, 使M1镜移动, 可以观察到非定域圆条纹的变化. 如果条纹”吞”, 说明d减小, 此时条纹变粗变疏, r k变小; 如果条纹”吐”, 说明d变大, 此时条纹变细变密, r k变大. 此观察结果与理论相符.将d减小, 再细调M1和M2倾角, 然后使毛玻璃垂直于两者的垂直平分线, 则得到线条纹; 此时稍微改变倾角和毛玻璃的取向, 可以得到双曲线条纹.(3)观察定域干涉条纹:(a)等倾条纹把两块毛玻璃重叠放在小透镜与G1板之间, 获得扩展光源. 在上面圆条纹的基础上将d调得很小(使条纹很粗很疏), 用眼镜代替接收屏, 进一步调节微动螺丝, 使得眼镜上下左右移动的时候, 圆心随着眼镜移动, 但各圆的大小不变, 条纹不吞不吐. 因为眼镜聚焦的无穷远, 所以干涉定域于无穷远, 因此我们看到的就是严格的等倾条纹.d一定时, 越靠近中心的干涉圆环, 间距越大, 即干涉条纹中间疏边缘密; 改变d时, 条纹随着d的减小而变得稀疏. 此观察结果与理论相符.将凸透镜放在E的位置, 找到凸透镜成像的位置. 观测到此位置与凸透镜的距离大概等于凸透镜的焦距. 因此可以判断等倾条纹大约定域在无限远.(b)等厚条纹扩展光源照明. 在非定域圆条纹的基础上将d调得很小(使条纹很粗很疏), 调整微动螺丝使得M1和M2’成一小倾角. 调整粗调手柄使条纹往”吞”, 在视场中出现了直线干涉条纹(不一定是竖直线). 调节M1和M2’的倾角可以使条纹变得不太密, 便于观察. 如系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________果慢慢调整粗调手柄, 可以看到干涉条纹再变弯曲.在干涉条纹从弯曲变得接近直线的附近, 加上白光光源, 继续朝一样的方向, 用细调螺旋慢慢调整M1. 在变成直线再开始变弯的时候, 观察到了彩色的白光干涉条纹. 记录此时M的位置.3.测量空气的折射率.一边放气一边数”吃掉”的圆干涉条纹数目, 每吃掉一次, 由气压表读出∆p 值.放掉气室的气, 使∆p 回到0, 再测量下一组数据. 然后由原理中的公式计算出一个大气压下空气的折射率n.【实验数据】1.非定域干涉条纹的调节与观察:转动粗调手柄:转动E大概65°之后,观察到了椭圆条纹。
操作:调节U12 ,使M1 和M2成一个小角度,转动手柄使M1移动系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________ 实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________现象:首先,观察到圆条纹变粗,逐渐消减接着调节,转动把手若干圈后,观察到干涉条纹弯曲,变为:接着转动粗调手柄,条纹变为:发现调节过度,换档之后,用细调手柄向相反方向转动得到:调节U2’,使条纹最终成为:系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________此时测得M1的位置:X=11.77902 mm2.定域干涉条纹的调节与观察:等倾条纹:操作:把两块块毛玻璃重叠放在小透镜与G1板之间, 获得扩展光源. 在上面圆条纹的基础上将d调得很小(使条纹很粗很疏),减小d ,调节U2’,使各圆大小不变,不吞不吐。
用眼镜代替接收屏, 进一步调节微动螺丝。
现象眼睛上下左右移动的时候, 圆心随着眼睛移动, 但各圆的大小不变, 条纹不吞不吐.粗略验证焦距:f =14.9 cm3.等厚和白光条纹的调节和观察等厚条纹的调节和观察:系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________操作:转动粗调手柄,观察到圆条纹粗而疏现象:调节U2’,再转动粗调手柄,出现直线干涉条纹。
继续调节U2’,M1与M2之间的夹角增大,条纹变密M1与M2之间的夹角减小,条纹变疏再调节粗调手柄可以观察到干涉条纹从直变弯再变直。
彩色条纹的调节和观察:操作:加上白光光源,然后调节粗调手柄,再条纹由弯变直的距离仔细观察。
现象:经过长时间的调节,观察到了彩色条纹。
条纹中心有三条紫黑色的线,中间那条较其他两条黑的是对称轴,沿轴向外彩色条纹的颜色分别是深黄色,紫黑色,深绿色,棕黄色,红色,紫色,浅绿色,桔黄色,淡红色,紫红色,浅绿色……和单色光源比较之后发现,彩色光源形成的干涉条纹的特点是:距离对称轴越远,条纹的色散现象越明显。
测得此时M1的距离读数:X’=11.66593 mm系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________ 实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________4. 空气折射率测量数据:λ = 632.8nmD = 3.53cmp0 = 760mmHg 室温T= 20°C数据表格如下:次数P1 mmHg P2 mmHg 折射率n6 220 64 1.000267 230 38 1.000255 210 60 1.000247 238 44 1.000257 279 92 1.000248 280 60 1.00025平均243 60 1.00025【实验结果】1.观测到所有要求观测的干涉条纹.2.M1位于11.66593mm处时得到等厚白光干涉条纹:3.由公式(vii)计算,求得一个标准大气压下空气的折射率为: n = 1 + 2.5×10-4 】系别___________ 班号____________ 姓名______________ 同组姓名 __________实验日期_________________________ 教师评定______________【分析与讨论】§误差分析:1.对于X与X’不相等的分析:在寻找直条纹的时候由于第一次错过了直条纹的出现,粗调手柄调节过度,不得不向相反方向调节,因此产生了螺距差。