chap7中级宏观经济学答案 华中科技大学
Microeconomics, 4e (Perloff)
Chapter 7 Costs
7.1 Measuring Costs
1) Economic costs of an input include
A) only implicit costs.
B) only explicit costs.
C) both implicit and explicit costs.
D) whatever management wishes to report to the shareholders.
Answer: C
Topic: Measuring Costs
2) The cost of waiting two months for health care to address a debilitating problem in Canada is most accurately described as
A) an explicit cost.
B) an accounting cost.
C) no real cost.
D) an opportunity cost.
Answer: D
Topic: Measuring Costs
3) Sarah earns $40,000 per year working for a large corporation. She is thinking of quitting this job to work full time in her own business. She will invest her savings of $50,000 (which currently has an annual 10% rate of return) into the business. Her annual opportunity cost of this new business is
A) $0.
B) $40,000.
C) $45,000.
D) $90,000.
Answer: C
Topic: Measuring Costs
4) The Nifty Gum Co. has purchased a large parcel of land for $1 million. The company recently discovered that the land is contaminated and is worthless to all possible buyers. The opportunity cost of the land is
A) $0.
B) $1 million.
C) some amount greater than $0 but less than $1 million.
D) equal to the cost of the factory that was planned to be built there.
Answer: A
Topic: Measuring Costs
5) Johnny has worked as a CPA for five years and wants to open his own public accounting practice. The cost of his college degree in accounting represents
A) the opportunity cost of this endeavor.
B) a sunk cost.
C) an expense.
D) a variable cost.
Answer: B
Topic: Measuring Costs
6) Economists proclaim that competitive firms make zero economic profit in the long run. This shows how
A) detached economists are from the real world.
B) unrealistic economic theory is.
C) firms cover all their cost, both monetary and non-monetary.
D) firms cover only monetary cost when economic profits are zero.
Answer: C
Topic: Measuring Costs
7) If a firm buys a building so as to have office space for its workers, the monthly opportunity cost of the building is best measured as
A) the monthly mortgage payment the firm must pay.
B) the price the firm paid divided by twelve.
C) zero.
D) the rent the firm could earn if it rented the building to another firm.
Answer: D
Topic: Measuring Costs
For the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.
8) When buying a piece of equipment, it is always best for the firm to pay cash instead of borrowing the funds since this renders the equipment less costly.
Answer: False. It depends. The opportunity cost of the capital when paying cash is the interest the firm receives on its cash reserves. This is an implicit cost. The opportunity cost of the capital when the funds are borrowed is the interest the firm must pay to the lender. This is an explicit cost. If the rate the firm receives on its cash reserves exceeds the rate at which it borrows, the firm is better off borrowing the funds to buy the equipment.
Topic: Measuring Costs
9) Four years after graduating from college you must decide if you want to go on as an accountant (your college major) or if you want to make a career change and become a singer. The cost of your education will matter for your decision.
Answer: False. At this point the cost of your education represents a sunk cost and therefore should not figure into your decision. You incur it no matter what decision you make.
Topic: Measuring Costs
10) An accountant may amortize the expense of a durable good by dividing the total amount spent on the good by the number of years the good is expected to last. An economist may amortize the expense of a durable and never fully account for the total expense.
Answer: True. The accountant uses a set of predetermined rules to amortize the total expense of the good. The economist amortizes based on the opportunity cost of the good, which may never sum to the total expense of the good.
Topic: Measuring Costs
11) Your company makes copper pipes. Over the years, you have collected a large inventory of raw copper. The production process involves melting the copper and shaping it into pipes. You also have a large stockpile of pennies. Suppose the price of copper rises so much that the copper in the penny becomes worth more than one cent. Should you melt down your pennies?
Answer: This problem appeared as a puzzle in the Journal of Economic Perspectives (Winter, 1988). It is true (in this problem) that the pennies when melted currently have a value greater than one cent. Yet, the price of copper can fluctuate. If the price of copper stays high, it does not matter if you melt pennies or not. However, if the price of copper falls so that the value of the copper in the penny falls below one cent, your unmelted pennies are still worth one cent. Your melted pennies would be worth less than one cent. Thus, as long as you have some other source of copper, you are better off melting that copper and not the pennies.
Topic: Measuring Costs
12) You have two career options. You can work for someone else for $50,000 a year, or, you can run your own business, with an annual revenue of $100,000, and explicit costs of $40,000 annually. Explain which career option a profit-maximizer would select and why.
Answer: In the absence of other implicit costs a profit-maximizer will run their own business. The business owner will receive $100,000 - $40,000 = $60,000. The opportunity cost is only $50,000.
Topic: Measuring Costs
7.2 Short-Run Costs
1) A firm's marginal cost can always be thought of as the change in total cost if
A) the firm produces one more unit of output.
B) the firm buys one more unit of capital.
C) the firm's average cost increases by $1.
D) the firm moves to the next highest isoquant.
Answer: A
Topic: Short-run Costs
2) Fixed costs are
A) a production expense that does not vary with output.
B) a production expense that changes with the quantity of output produced.
C) equal to total cost divided by the units of output produced.
D) the amount by which a firm's cost changes if the firm produces one more unit of output.
Answer: A
Topic: Short-run Costs
3) Variable costs are
A) a production expense that does not vary with output.
B) a production expense that changes with the quantity of output produced.
C) equal to total cost divided by the units of output produced.
D) the amount by which a firm's cost changes if the firm produces one more unit of output.
Answer: B
Topic: Short-run Costs
4) Which of the following statements is NOT true?
A) AC = AFC + AVC
B) C = F + VC
C) AVC = wage/MP L
D) AFC = AC - AVC
Answer: C
Topic: Short-run Costs
5) Joey's Lawncutting Service rents office space from Joey's dad for $300 per month. Joey's dad is thinking of increasing the rent to $400 per month. As a result Joey's marginal cost of cutting grass will
A) increase by $100 divided by the amount of grass cut.
B) increase by $100.
C) decrease by $100.
D) not change.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
6) Suppose a firm can only vary the quantity of labor hired in the short run. An increase in the cost of capital will
A) increase the firm's marginal cost.
B) decrease the firm's marginal cost.
C) have no effect on the firm's marginal cost.
D) More information is needed to answer the question.
Answer: C
Topic: Short-run Costs
7) Suppose the total cost of producing T-shirts can be represented as TC = 50 + 2q. The marginal cost of the 5th T-shirt is
A) 2.
B) 10.
C) 12.
D) 60.
Answer: A
Topic: Short-run Costs
8) Suppose the total cost of producing T-shirts can be represented as TC = 50 + 2q. The average cost of the 5th T-shirt is
A) 2.
B) 12.
C) 52.
D) 60.
Answer: B
Topic: Short-run Costs
9) Suppose the total cost of producing T-shirts can be represented as TC = 50 + 2q. Which of the following statements is TRUE at all levels of production?
A) MC = AVC
B) MC = AC
C) MC > AFC
D) All of the above.
Answer: A
Topic: Short-run Costs
10) Suppose the short-run production function is q = 10 * L. If the wage rate is $10 per unit of labor, then AVC equals
A) q.
B) q/10.
C) 10/q.
D) 1.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
11) Suppose the short-run production function is q = 10 * L. If the wage rate is $10 per unit of labor, then MC equals
A) q.
B) q/10.
C) 10/q.
D) 1.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
12) If average cost is decreasing
A) Marginal cost equals average cost.
B) Marginal cost exceeds average cost.
C) Marginal cost is less average cost.
D) Not enough information
Answer: C
Topic: Short-run Costs
13) If average cost is positive
A) Marginal cost equals average cost.
B) Marginal cost exceeds average cost.
C) Marginal cost is less average cost.
D) Not enough information
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
14) Suppose the short-run production function is q = L0.5. If the marginal cost of producing the tenth unit is $5, what is the wage per unit of labor?
A) $1
B) $0.5
C) $0.25
D) It cannot be determined without more information.
Answer: C
Topic: Short-run Costs
15) Suppose the short-run production function is q = 10 * L. If the wage rate is $10 per unit of labor, then AFC equals
A) 0.
B) 1.
C) 10/q.
D) It cannot be determined from the information provided.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
16) When a firm produces one unit, the variable cost is $3. When the firm produces two units, the variable cost is $6. What is the marginal cost associated with two units of production?
A) $2
B) $0.5
C) $6
D) $3
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
17) In the short run, the point at which diminishing marginal returns to labor begin is the point at which the marginal cost curve
A) peaks.
B) bottoms out.
C) is upward sloping.
D) is downward sloping.
Answer: B
Topic: Short-run Costs
18) If the marginal cost of producing a good is increasing as a firm produces more of the good, then which of the following must be TRUE?
A) AFC is rising.
B) AVC is rising.
C) MC > AVC.
D) MPL is falling.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
19) If the average cost of producing a good is increasing as a firm produces more of the good, then which of the following must be TRUE?
A) AFC is falling.
B) AVC is rising.
C) MC > AVC.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
20) If a particular production process is subject to diminishing marginal returns to labor at every level of output, then at every level of output
A) AC is upward sloping.
B) MC exceeds AVC.
C) AFC is constant.
D) All of the above.
Answer: B
Topic: Short-run Costs
21) Marginal Cost is equal to
A) the increase in total cost from increasing the amount of labor by one unit.
B) the increase in average cost from increasing the amount of labor by one unit.
C) Both A and B.
D) Neither A nor B.
Answer: C
Topic: Short-run Costs
22) Suppose each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the short run, an increase in the price of shovels will result in
A) fewer shovels being purchased.
B) more workers being hired.
C) a decrease in the firm's output.
D) no change in the firm's output.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
23) Which of the following will cause the marginal cost curve of making cigarettes to shift?
A) A $5 million penalty charged to each cigarette maker.
B) A $1 per pack tax on cigarettes.
C) A $1 million advertising campaign by the American Cancer Society.
D) All of the above.
Answer: B
Topic: Short-run Costs
24) Which of the following will cause the average cost curve of making cigarettes to shift?
A) A $5 million penalty charged to each cigarette maker.
B) A $1 per pack tax on cigarettes.
C) A $1 an hour wage increase paid to all cigarette production workers.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Topic: Short-run Costs
25) Which of the following will cause the average fixed cost curve of making cigarettes to shift?
A) A $5 million penalty charged to each cigarette maker.
B) A $1 per pack tax on cigarettes.
C) A $3 per hour wage increase.
D) An increase in the demand for cigarettes.
Answer: A
Topic: Short-run Costs
26) A specific tax of $1 per unit of output will affect a firm's
A) average total cost, average variable cost, average fixed cost, and marginal cost.
B) average total cost, average variable cost, and average fixed cost.
C) average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost.
D) marginal cost only.
Answer: C
Topic: Short-run Costs
For the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.
27) The "Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns" could also be termed the "Law of Increasing Marginal Costs."
Answer: True. Since MC = w/MP L in the short run, the fact that MPL eventually declines means that MC must eventually increase.
Topic: Short-run Costs
28) The marginal cost curve intersects the average fixed cost curve at its minimum.
Answer: False. Marginal cost intersects average variable cost (and average cost) at its minimum.
Topic: Short-run Costs
29) A consumer purchases a book by driving across town to a bookstore, standing in line for five minutes to pay the cashier, and then pays $5. The same book is purchased by another consumer who spends 2 minutes placing the order over the internet for $10. The book necessarily cost the first consumer less.
Answer: False. The opportunity cost of driving across town and standing in line may have raised the total cost of the book to the first consumer to more than $10.
Topic: Short-run Costs
30) A firm's production function for pretzels is shown in the above figure. If the firm's fixed cost equals $100 per time period and the wage rate equals $1 per unit of labor per time period, calculate the firm's MC, AVC, and AC schedules. Do these cost functions follow the general rules concerning the relationships between MC, AVC and AC?
Answer:
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MC > AVC, AVC is rising.
MC < AC, AC is falling.
Topic: Short-run Costs
31) Explain why the marginal cost curve intersects a U-shaped average cost curve at its minimum point. Answer: At low quantities, the average cost curve declines as the quantity increases. The marginal cost is below the average cost. The marginal cost represents the cost of an additional unit of production. Thus, as the marginal cost curve declines, this pulls the average cost down from its previous level. Then, the marginal cost curve will begin to rise. However, the marginal cost is still below the average cost, which will continue to lower the average cost. When the two costs are equal the marginal cost will leave the average cost unchanged. Then, the marginal cost will be above the average cost so it will start to pull up the average cost. Thus, the marginal cost curve will intersect the average cost curve at its minimum point.
Topic: Short-run Costs
7.3 Long-Run Costs
1) In the long run, fixed costs are
A) sunk.
B) avoidable.
C) larger than in the short run.
D) not included in production decisions.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
2) The slope of the isocost line tells the firm how much
A) capital must be reduced to keep total cost constant when hiring one more unit of labor.
B) capital must be increased to keep total cost constant when hiring one more unit of labor.
C) more expensive a unit of capital costs relative a unit of labor.
D) the isocost curve will shift outward if the firm wishes to produce more.
Answer: A
Topic: Long-run Costs
3) Which of the following does NOT represent a possible shape of the long-run average cost curve?
A) downward-sloping
B) upward-sloping
C) U-shaped
D) vertical
Answer: D
Topic: Long-run Costs
4) The slope of the isoquant tells the firm how much
A) output increases when labor increases by one unit.
B) output increases when capital and labor are doubled.
C) capital must decrease to keep output constant when labor increases by one unit.
D) a unit of capital costs relative to the cost of labor.
Answer: C
Topic: Long-run Costs
5) If an isocost line crosses the isoquant twice, a cost minimizing firm will
A) use a different isocost line to select the bundle of inputs.
B) use the input bundle associated with the intersection on the higher point of the isoquant.
C) use the input bundle associated with the intersection on the lower point of the isoquant.
D) Both B and C.
Answer: A
Topic: Long-run Costs
6) When the isocost line is tangent to the isoquant, then
A) MRTS = w/r.
B) the firm is producing that level of output at minimum cost.
C) the last dollar spent on capital yields as much extra output as the last dollar spent on labor.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Topic: Long-run Costs
7) A firm can minimize cost by
A) picking the bundle of inputs where the lowest isocost line touches the isoquant.
B) picking the bundle of inputs where the isoquant is tangent to the isocost line.
C) picking the bundle of inputs where the last dollar spent on one input gives as much extra output as the last dollar spent on any other input.
D) All of the above.
Answer: D
Topic: Long-run Costs
8) When the isocost line is tangent to the isoquant, then
A) MPL = MPK.
B) the firm is producing that level of output at minimum cost.
C) the firm has achieved the right economies of scale.
D) All of the above.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
9) If the wage in increases the isocost line will
A) stay the same.
B) shift outward in parallel fashion.
C) rotate inward around the point where only capital is employed in production.
D) shift inward in parallel fashion.
Answer: C
Topic: Long-run Costs
10) If the isoquants are straight lines or L-shaped, then a cost-minimizing firm will
A) not be able to minimize costs.
B) find the lowest isocost line touching the relevant isoquant.
C) find the highest isocost line touching the relevant isoquant.
D) choose not to produce any output.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
11) If the marginal rate of technical substitution for a cost minimizing firm is 10, and the wage rate for labor is $5, what is the rental rate for capital in dollars?
A) .5
B) 1
C) 2
D) 10
Answer: A
Topic: Long-run Costs
12) Suppose MPL = 0.5 * (q/L) and MPK = 0.5 * (q/K). In the long run, the firm will hire equal amounts of capital and labor
A) all of the time.
B) only when w = r.
C) only when w = 0.5 * r.
D) at no point in time.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
13) Suppose that each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the long run, an increase in the price of shovels will result in
A) fewer shovels being purchased to produce the same number of trenches.
B) more workers being hired to produce the same number of trenches.
C) the firm wishing to produce more trenches.
D) no change in the firm's input mix.
Answer: D
Topic: Long-run Costs
14) Suppose that each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the long run, the firm will experience
A) increasing returns to scale.
B) constant returns to scale.
C) decreasing returns to scale.
D) The returns to scale cannot be determined from the information provided.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
15) Suppose that each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the long run, the firm's cost function is
A) TC = (w/r) * q.
B) TC = (w + r)/q.
C) TC = (w + r).
D) TC = (w + r) * q.
Answer: D
Topic: Long-run Costs
16) At the XYZ Co., a unit of capital costs 3 times as much as a unit of labor. If the isoquants are convex, and the firm does not change its input mix in the long run, we can conclude that
A) MPK = 3 * MP L.
B) the firm will not hire any capital.
C) the firm will hire 3 times as much labor as capital.
D) the firm will hire 3 times as much capital as labor.
Answer: A
Topic: Long-run Costs
17) The production of cigarettes is highly automated; however, a worker is required to monitor each machine. Machines and workers do not interact with one another. Given this information, there are most likely
A) economies of scale.
B) economies of scope.
C) constant returns to scale.
D) increasing returns to scale.
Answer: C
Topic: Long-run Costs
18) Suppose that capital and labor must be kept in a fixed proportion to produce a particular good. For example, digging a trench requires one worker who has one shovel. What does this imply about returns to scale?
A) There are constant returns to scale.
B) There are increasing returns to scale.
C) There are decreasing returns to scale.
D) Nothing.
Answer: A
Topic: Long-run Costs
19) A change in relative factor prices will always result in
A) a change in the slope of the isoquants.
B) a tangency between the new isocost line and a new isoquant.
C) a rotation of the isocost lines.
D) All of the above.
Answer: C
Topic: Long-run Costs
20) Assuming that w and r are both positive, if the long-run expansion path is horizontal, then
A) MP K = 0.
B) MRTS is a function of capital only.
C) w = r.
D) All of the above.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
21) The above figure shows the long-run expansion path. The long-run average cost curve will be
A) horizontal.
B) downward sloping.
C) upward sloping.
D) vertical.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
22) The long run average cost curve may initially slope downward due to
A) decreasing average fixed costs.
B) increasing marginal returns.
C) economies of scale.
D) All of the above.
Answer: C
Topic: Long-run Costs
23) If a production function is represented as q = LαKβ, the long-run average cost curve will be horizontal as long as
A) a + b = 0.
B) a + b = 1.
C) q > 0.
D) L = K.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
24) If there are diseconomies of scale within a given range of output, which of following is(are) TRUE?
A) The short-run average cost curve must be upward sloping within that range of output.
B) The long-run average cost curve must be upward sloping within that range of output.
C) Long-run average cost must equal short-run average cost.
D) All of the above.
Answer: B
Topic: Long-run Costs
25) The total cost of producing one unit is $50. The total cost of producing two units is $75. At a production level of two units, the cost function exhibits
A) economies of scale.
B) rising average costs.
C) increasing marginal costs.
D) constant returns to scale.
Answer: A
Topic: Long-run Costs
For the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.
26) If increasing returns to scale are present, the long-run average cost increases as more output is produced. Answer: False. Increasing returns to scale imply that with a doubling of inputs, output more than doubles. Since average cost is the ratio of total cost divided by output, this increase in inputs will cause the numerator to be just double the old value while the new denominator is more than double the old value. As a result, long-run average cost falls as more output is produced.
Topic: Long-run Costs
27) Economies of scale and Increasing Returns to Scale are the same thing looked at from either the production or cost perspective.
Answer: False. Increasing returns to scale imply economies of scale but the reverse is not true. A firm can experience economies of scale for other reasons (without increasing returns to scale)
Topic: Long-run Costs
28) Explain the difference between fixed costs in the short run and fixed costs in the long run.
Answer: In the short run fixed costs are sunk; in the long run, fixed costs are avoidable.
Topic: Long-run Costs
29) What are the functions for MC and AC if TC = 100q + 100q2? Are the returns to scale increasing, decreasing, or constant?
Answer: MC = 100 + 200q
AC = 100 + 100q
Since AC increases with an increase in output, there are decreasing returns to scale.
Topic: Long-run Costs
30) Explain how a firm can have constant returns to scale in production and economies of scale in cost. Answer: A firm can have constant returns to scale in production at every output level. If the firm doubled all inputs the output would double. However, the firm may have a decreasing average cost. As more inputs are
used and output increases, the average cost declines, which is known as economies of scale.
Topic: Long-run Costs
31) Explain why the long-run total cost curve, not the short-run total cost curve, shows the lowest cost of producing any level of output. Is there an exception?
Answer: In the long run, all costs are variable so the firm can select the least-cost mix of all inputs to produce any given quantity. The exception would be at minimum long-run cost where min. LR and min. SR costs are equal.
Topic: Long-run Costs
32) A local non-profit group prints a weekly newsletter. Professional typists earn $10 per hour and can type 2 pages per hour. Unpaid volunteers can type only 1 page per hour. Measuring hours of professional typist services on the vertical axis and hours of unpaid volunteer typist services on the horizontal axis, draw the relevant isoquant and isocost curves if the newsletter is 10 pages long. What input mix is chosen by the non-profit group if they wish to minimize the cost of the newsletter? If the group will reimburse volunteers for expenses (lunch, driving), how much must the reimbursement be for your answer to change? Answer:
See the above figure. The isoquant is a straight line with a slope of 1/2. The group can use either 5 pros, 10 volunteers, or some combination of the two. The isocost curves are horizontal since volunteers are free. As a result, the lowest isocost curve is achieved by hiring all volunteers. If the group reimbursed volunteers for expenses (lunch, driving, etc.) then the group will still hire all volunteers as long as they do not cost more than $5 per hour.
Topic: Long-run Costs
33) A firm pays $5 for each unit of capital. Labor costs $5 per hour for the first 10 hours and $10 per hour for every hour thereafter. Draw the isocost curves for total costs of $50 and $100.
Answer:
See the above figure.
Topic: Long-run Costs
34) To dig a trench, each worker needs a shovel. Workers can use only one shovel at a time. Workers without shovels do nothing, and shovels cannot operate on their own. Graphically determine the number of shovels and workers used by a firm to dig 2 trenches when:
(a) w = 10 and r = 10
(b) w = 10 and r = 5
Answer:
See the above figure. Because the production process requires fixed proportions of K and L, the firm cannot change input mix when the relative factor costs change.
Topic: Long-run Costs
35) Suppose the production function is q = 12 L0.25K0.75. Determine the long-run capital-to-labor ratio (K/L) if the cost a unit of capital (r) is three times the cost of a unit of labor (w).
Answer: The firm minimizes costs by setting MRTS = w/r. MRTS = MP L/MP K = K/3L = 1/3 = w/r. This firm will set K/L equal to one.
Topic: Long-run Costs
36) "If the wage rate paid to one form of labor is twice the cost of another form of labor, the first type of labor must be twice as productive." Comment.
Answer: This is true. Firms minimize cost by setting the ratio of marginal productivity per unit cost equally across all inputs. If one form of labor is twice as expensive as another, the firm will want the MP of the first type of labor to be twice that of the second.
Topic: Long-run Costs
37) Suppose capital and labor are perfect substitutes resulting in a production function of q = K + L. That is, the isoquants are straight lines with a slope of -1. Derive the long-run total cost function TC = C(q) when the wage rate is w and the rental rate on capital is r.
Answer: The firm will always hire the input that is cheapest. So, the function is
If w < r, TC = wq.
If w > r, TC = rq.
If w = r, either equation works.
Topic: Long-run Costs
7.4 Lower Costs in the Long Run
1) Long-run average cost is never greater than short-run average cost because in the long run
A) capital costs equal zero.
B) the firm can move to the lowest possible isocost curve.
C) wages always increase over time.
D) wages always decrease over time.
Answer: B
Topic: Lower Costs in the Long Run
2) Which of the following statements best explains why long-run average cost is never greater than short-run average cost?
A) In the long run, tangency of the isocost and isoquant is attainable. This is not necessarily true in the short run.
B) In the long run, diseconomies of scale might not occur, but in the short run diminishing marginal returns do.
C) In the long run, the cost of capital declines because the firm is able to pay down some of its debts.
D) In the long run, the average cost curve need not be U-shaped, but in the short run it is.
Answer: A
Topic: Lower Costs in the Long Run
3) In the short run, the expansion path is
A) horizontal.
B) vertical.
C) diagonal.
D) indeterminate.
Answer: A
Topic: Lower Costs in the Long Run
4) In the long run, the expansion path is
A) horizontal.
B) vertical.
C) diagonal.
D) Not enough information.
Answer: D
Topic: Lower Costs in the Long Run
5) Learning by doing will result in
A) an upward sloping long-run average cost curve.
B) a larger long-run marginal cost than long-run average cost.
C) a rotation in the isocost curves.
D) lower long-run costs than short-run costs.
Answer: D
Topic: Lower Costs in the Long Run
For the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.
6) Short-run average cost exceeds long-run average cost only when there are economies of scale. Answer: False. Short-run average costs exceed long-run average costs because the firm is locked into a certain input mix in the short run that may not be cost minimizing when all inputs are variable. This condition holds regardless of the presence of economies of scale.
Topic: Costs Lower in the Long Run
7) Short-run costs are never equal or lower than long-run cost.
Answer: False. Since the long-run curve "envelopes" all short-run curves there is always a level of output where short-run cost are equal to long-run cost. However, short-run cost can never be lower than long-run cost.
Topic: Lower Costs in the Long Run
8) At Albert's Pretzel Company, MP L = 1/L, and MP K = 1/K. The isoquant for 100 pounds of pretzels daily is shown in the above figure. Albert minimizes the cost of producing 100 pounds of pretzels daily by hiring 5 units of labor and 10 units of capital when w = 50 and r = 25. When r rises to 100, what is the minimum cost of producing 100 pounds of pretzels daily in the short run? in the long run?
Answer: In the short run, the input mix cannot change. The short-run cost is (5 * 50) + (10 * 100) = 1250. In the long run, Albert will change the input mix. From the graph, the new mix will be L = 10 and K = 5. To check, the MRTS = K/L and costs are minimized when MRTS = w/r which equals 1/2. As a result, the long-run cost of 100 pretzels is (10 * 50) + (5 * 100) = 1000.
Topic: Costs Lower in the Long Run
7.5 Cost of Producing Multiple Goods
1) Many universities have either a top football program OR a top basketball program. Very few have both. These results suggest the presence of
A) economies of scope.
B) diseconomies of scope.
C) returns to scale.
D) the law of diminishing marginal returns.
Answer: B
Topic: Cost of Producing Multiple Goods
2) Economies of scope exist between book publishing and magazine publishing if
A) the cost of publishing a magazine is lower for book publishers than for other firms.
B) the cost of publishing a magazine is lower for firms that publish many magazines than for firms that publish only one magazine.
C) the cost of publishing a book falls over time as the publisher acquires more experience.
D) the cost of a publishing a book is not subject to diminishing marginal returns.
Answer: A
Topic: Cost of Producing Multiple Goods
3) Suppose the cost of producing two goods, x and y, can be represented as C = ax + by + cxy. If the measure of economies of scope, SC, is zero, then which of the following must be true?
A) a = b
B) a + b = -c
C) c = 0
D) a = -b
Answer: C
Topic: Cost of Producing Multiple Goods
4) Suppose the cost of producing two goods, x and y, can be represented as C = ax + by + cxy. If there are economies of scope, then which of the following must be true?
A) c > 0
B) a + b = -c
C) c = 0
D) c < 0
Answer: D
Topic: Cost of Producing Multiple Goods
5) Suppose the cost of producing two goods, x and y, can be represented as C = ax + by + cxy. If there are diseconomies of scope, then which of the following must be true?
A) a = b
B) a + b = -c
C) c > 0
D) c < 0
Answer: C
Topic: Cost of Producing Multiple Goods
6) A production possibilities frontier that is a downward-sloping straight line implies
A) economies of scale.
B) diseconomies of scale.
C) economies of scope.
D) no economies of scope.
Answer: D
Topic: Cost of Producing Multiple Goods
宏观经济学试题及答案99694
宏观经济学B卷答案 一、名词解释（10分每小题2分） 1GNP：国民生产总值。某国身份家的公民在一定时期内运用生产要素所能生产的全部最终产品的市场价值。 2、税收乘数：税收增加一个单位所引起的均衡国民收入增加的倍数。 3、货币流动偏好：由于货币具有使用上的灵活性人们宁肯牺牲利息收入来保持财富的心理倾向。 4、LM曲线：货币市场均衡时L m =，此时反映利率r和国民收入y之间对应关系的曲线。 5、扩张性的货币政策：货币当局通过改变货币供给m或利率r等金融杠杆进而使国民收入增加的政策。 二、单项选择（20分每小题2分） 1——5 DDADB 6——10 BBABC 三、简答题（20分每小题5分） 1、在其他条件不变的前提下，如果国家增加政府转移支付，IS曲线将如何移动， 请画图分析并说明理由。 答：在三部门经济中，IS曲线为 1 e g t tr r y d d αβββ ++-+- =-，当其他条 件不变，政府转移支付tr增加时，纵截距 e g t tr d αββ ++-+ 增大，斜率不变， 所以IS曲线向右上方平移。 2、什么是汇率？汇率有几种标价法？并举例说明。 答：汇率是一国货币交换另一国货币的比率。有直接标价法和间接标价法。直接标价法如：1美元=6.19人民币；间接标价法如：1人民币=1/6.19美元。 3、宏观经济政策目标是什么？为达到这些目标可采用的政策工具有哪些？ 宏观经济政策目标包括充分就业、物价稳定、经济增长和国际收支平衡。工具有财政政策和货币政策。财政政策又包括扩张性的财政政策和紧缩性的财政政策。货币政策又包括扩张性的货币政策和紧缩性的货币政策。
宏观经济学期末考试试卷及答案标准版
宏观经济学期末试题 一、名词解释题（本题型共5题。每题3分，共15分） 1．国内生产总值2．平衡预算乘数3．流动性偏好4．基础货币5．充分就业 二、单项选择题（本题型共30题。每题正确答案只有一个。每题1分，共30分） 1．下列哪一项将不计入 ．．．当年的GDP？（） A．当年整修过的古董汽车所增加的价值；B．一辆新汽车的价值； C．一辆二手汽车按其销售价格计算的价值；D．一台磨损的高尔夫球清洁机器的替换品。 2．在以支出法计算国内生产总值时，不属于 ．．．投资的是（）。 A．某企业增加一笔存货；B．某企业建造一座厂房； C．某企业购买一台计算机；D．某企业购买政府债券。 3．用收入法计算GDP时，不能计入GDP的是（） A．政府给公务员支付的工资；B．居民购买自行车的支出； C．农民卖粮的收入；D．自有住房的租金。 4．当实际GDP为1500亿美元，GDP缩减指数为120时，名义国民收入为：（） A．1100亿美元；B．1500亿美元；C．1700亿美元；D．1800亿美元。 5．一个家庭当其收入为零时，消费支出为2000元；而当其收入为6000元时，其消费为6000元，在图形上，消费和收入之间成一条直线，则其边际消费倾向为（）。 A．2/3；B．3/4；C．4/5；D．1。 6．认为消费者不只同现期收入相关，而是以一生或可预期长期收入作为消费决策的消费理论是（）。 A．相对收入理论；B．绝对收入理论；C．凯恩斯消费理论；D．永久收入理论。 7．由于价格水平上升，使人们持有的货币及其他资产的实际价值降低，导致人们消费水平减少，这种效应被称为（）。 A．利率效应；B．实际余额效应；C．进出口效应；D．挤出效应。 8．如果边际储蓄倾向为，投资支出增加60亿元时，将导致均衡GDP增加（）。 A．20亿元； B．60亿元； C．180亿元； D．200亿元。 9．在下列情况下，投资乘数最大的是（） A．MPC＝；B．MPC＝；C．MPC＝；D．MPC＝。 10．当利率降得很低时，人们购买债券的风险将会（）。 A．变得很小；B．变得很大；C．可能很大，也可能很小；D．不发生变化。 11．对利率变动反映最敏感的是（）。 A．货币的交易需求；B．货币的谨慎需求；C．货币的投机需求；D．三种需求相同。 12．如果净税收增加10亿美元，会使IS曲线（）。 A．右移税收乘数乘以10亿美元；B．左移税收乘数乘以10亿美元； C．右移支出乘数乘以10亿美元；D．左移支出乘数乘以10亿美元。 13．假定货币供给量和价格水平不变，货币需求为收入和利率的函数，当收入增加时（）。 A．货币交易需求增加，利率上升；B．货币交易需求增加，利率下降；
宏观经济学试题及答案解析
《宏观经济学》模拟试题及参考答案 第Ⅰ部分模拟试题 一、填空题（每空1分，共10分） 1、平均消费倾向表示与之比。 2、在二部门经济中，均衡的国民收入是和相等时的国民收入。 3、宏观财政政策包括政策和政策。 4、交易余额和预防余额主要取决于，投机余额主要取决于。 5、宏观货币政策的主要内容有调整法定准备金率、、。 1、消费支出、可支配收入。 2、总支出、国民收入。 3、财政支出、财政收入。 4、国民收入、利息率。 5、调整贴现率、在公开市场上买卖政府债券。 二、判断题（下列各题，如果您认为正确，请在题后的括号中打上“√”号，否则请打上“×”号，每题1分，共10分） 1、财政政策的内在稳定器有助于缓和经济的波动。（） 2、从短期来说，当居民的可支配收入为0时，消费支出也为0。（）。 3、消费曲线的斜率等于边际消费倾向。（） 4、当某种商品的价格上涨时，我们就可以说，发生了通货膨胀。（）， 5、投机动机的货币需求是国民收入的递增函数。（） 6、当投资增加时，IS曲线向右移动。（） 7、在IS曲线的右侧，I 第九章宏观经济运行与国民收入核算 要实现宏观经济的均衡，总需求必须等于总供给。 四部门经济均衡C+I+G+X=Y=C+S+T+M S=I+(G-T)+(X-M), 私人储蓄的3个作用 1将储蓄借给企业部门 2将储蓄借给政府部门 3将储蓄借给外国部门 GDP：经济社会在一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品的市场价值 名义GDP：按当年价格计算的最终产品的价值 实际GDP：按基期最终产品的不变价格计算出来的国内生产总值 名义GDP和实际GDP的差异主要体现在最终产品的现期价格水平与基期价格水平的变动上。GDP=C+I+G+NX GDP缩减指数=名义GDP/实际GDP 通货膨胀率=GDP缩减指数变化/上一年的GDP缩减指数 生产价格指数PPI，不同时期为购买一篮子样本商品所支付的成本的价格指数 消费价格指数CPI，生产过程中各个阶段生产者索取的价格 失业的四种类型1摩擦性失业2季节性失业3结构性失业4周期性失业 以GDP为核心的国民收入核算体系并不能真实的反映一个经济体的总产出。（自产自销产品不算人GDP） 第十章总需求分析，国民收入的决定 图像横轴Y ，纵轴AD ，画出Y=AD线 Y=AD=C+I+G+NX I+G=S+T 消费需求，投资需求，净出口被称为在短期内拉动一个国家经济增长的“三驾马车” 在一个经济体中，只要实际产出偏离均衡产出，存货变动机制的作用就会使实际产出向均衡产出趋近，并最终稳定在均衡产出的水平上。 消费函数：C=C0+cY c是边际消费倾向dC/dY 平均消费倾向C/Y 储蓄函数：S=-C0+(1-c)Y (1-c)是边际储蓄倾向dS/dY 平均储蓄倾向S/Y 三部门经济均衡产出公式Y=C0+I+G/1-c 乘数，一单位总需求的变动会导致数倍均衡产出的变动，这个倍数就是乘数 投资乘数m i=1/1-c 和消费乘数一样 政府购买乘数考虑政府转移支付TR Y=C0+cTR+I+G-cT/1-c m g=1/1-c 税收乘数m t=-c/1-c 政府转移支付乘数m tr=c/1-c 税收随税率变化后，各乘数的分母改为1-c（1-t）t是税率分子C0+cTR+I+G 乘数发挥作用的条件： 1经济中必须存在闲置资源 2经济中增加的收入不能用于从外国部门购买产品 1、在以下列函数描述的经济体中，考察税收对均衡收入决定的作用。 C=50+0.8YD, I=70, G=200, TR=100, t=0.20 （1）计算模型中的均衡收入和乘数； （2）计算预算赢余； （3）设想t增加到0.25，新的均衡收入是什么？新的乘数是什么？ （4）计算预算赢余的变动。如果c是0.9而不是0.8，预算赢余是增加还是减少？ 2、在三部门经济中，已知消费函数为C=100+0.9YD，YD为可支配收入，投资I=300亿 元，政府购买G=160亿元，税收TA=0.2Y。试求： （1）均衡的国民收入水平； （2）政府购买乘数； （3）若政府购买增加到300亿元时，新的均衡国民收入。 3、考虑如下经济： （1）消费函数是) C- Y + =，投资函数是r 200T ( 75 .0 200- =，政府购买和税收都是 I25 100，针对这个经济体，画出r在0~8之间的IS曲线。 （2）在该经济下，货币需求函数是r / =，货币供给M是1000，物价水 ) (- P Y d M100 平P是2，针对这个经济，画出r在0~8之间的LM曲线。 （3）找出均衡利率r和均衡收入水平y。 （4）推导并画出总需求曲线。 4．某一两部门的经济由下述关系式描述：消费函数C=100+0.8Y,投资函数为I=150-6i，货币需求函数为L=0.2Y-4i，设P为价格水平，货币供给为M=150。 试求：（1）总需求函数 （2）若P=1，均衡的收入和利率各为多少？ （3）若该经济的总供给函数为AS=800+150P，求均衡的收入和价格水平。5．以下等式描绘一个经济（C、I、G等以10亿美元为计量单位，i以百分率计量，5%的利率意味着i=5）。 M C=0.8(1-t)Y，t=0.25，I=900-50i，G=800，L=0.25Y-62.5i, 500 = P （1）描述IS曲线的是什么方程？ （2）描述LM曲线的是什么方程？ （3）什么是均衡的收入与均衡的利率水平？ 6．在三部门经济中，消费函数为YD 20- I5 =，货币需求函数 C8.0 80+ =，投资函数为i 为i T25 G，税收Y M，充 = =，名义货币供给量90 .0 Y L10 4.0- = =，政府采购支出20 分就业的产出水平285 Y。 = （1）若价格水平2 IS-决定的均衡收入和利率各是多少？ P，则LM = （2）若总供给曲线方程为P AD-决定的均衡收入和价格各是多 =，则AS Y40 235+ 少？ （3）若通过变动政府购买来实现充分就业，则政府购买的变动量是多少？ （4）若通过变动货币来实现充分就业，则需要如何变动货币供应量？ 7．考虑一个经济，其生产函数为Y=K?（AN）1- ?，A=4K/N。假定储蓄率为0.1，人口增长率为0.02，平均折旧率为0.03，?=0.5。 （1）将生产函数化为Y=αK。α为多少？ （2）模型中产出增长率和资本增长率是多少？ （3）是什么因素使它成为一个内生增长模型？ 8．假设经济体的人均生产函数为y=k为人均资本。求： （1）经济体的总量生产函数； 宏观经济学试题库 第一单元 一、单项选择题 1、宏观经济学的中心理论是（） A、价格决定理论； B、工资决定理论； C、国民收入决定理论； D、汇率决定理论。 2、表示一国在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是（） A、国民生产总值； B、国内生产总值； C、名义国民生产总值； D、实际国民生产总值。 3、GNP核算中的劳务包括（） A、工人劳动； B、农民劳动； C、工程师劳动； D、保险业服务。 4、实际GDP等于（） A、价格水平除以名义GDP； B、名义GDP除以价格水平； C、名义GDP乘以价格水平； D、价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 5、从国民生产总值减下列项目成为国民生产净值（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 6、从国民生产净值减下列项目在为国民收入（） A、折旧； B、原材料支出； C、直接税； D、间接税。 二、判断题 1、国民生产总值中的最终产品是指有形的物质产品。（） 2、今年建成并出售的房屋和去年建成而在今年出售的房屋都应计入今年的国民生产总值。 （） 3、同样的服装，在生产中作为工作服就是中间产品，而在日常生活中穿就是最终产品。 （） 4、国民生产总值一定大于国内生产总值。（） 5、居民购房支出属于个人消费支出。（） 6、从理论上讲，按支出法、收入法和部门法所计算出的国民生产总值是一致的。（） 7、所谓净出口是指出口减进口。（） 8、在三部门经济中如果用支出法来计算，GNP等于消费＋投资＋税收。（） 三、简答题 1、比较实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值。 2、比较国民生产总值与人均国民生产总值。 3、为什么住房建筑支出作为投资支出的一部分？ 4、假定A为B提供服务应得报酬400美元，B为A提供服务应得报酬300美元，AB商定相 互抵消300美元，结果A只收B100美元。应如何计入GNP？ 第一单元答案： 一、C、A、D、B、A、D； 二、错、错、对、错、错、对、对、错； 三、1、实际国民生产总值与名义国民生产总值的区别在于计算时所用的价格不同。前者用不变价格，后者用当年价格。两者之间的差别反映了通货膨胀程度。 2、国民生产总值用人口总数除所得出的数值就是人均国民生产总值。前者可以反映一国的综合国力，后者可以反映一国的富裕程度。 3、由于能长期居住，提供服务，它比一般耐用消费品的使用寿命更长，因此把住房的 第一章结论 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：超长期；总供给曲线；实际GDP的趋势线；长期；总需求曲线；产出缺口；中期；菲利普斯曲线；潜在产出；短期；增长率；通货膨胀；增长理论；经济周期；消费价格指数；总供给-总需求模型 2．长期中为什么产出水平只取决于总供给？ 3．短期中为什么产出水平只取决于总需求？ 第二章国民收入核算 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：GDP；GNP；GDP缩减指数；CPI；PPI；生产要素；最终/中间产品；名义GDP/实际GDP；通货膨胀；名义利率/实际利率 2．下列交易的价值是否应当计入国内生产总值（GDP）？为什么？ （1）顾客在饭店支付餐费。 （2）一家公司购买一幢旧楼。 （3）一家供应商向制造个人计算机的公司出售计算机芯片。 （4）一位消费者从交易商手中买进一辆汽车。 3．国内生产总值（GDP）高是否一定意味着福利状况好呢？在评价经济福利状况时还应考虑哪些因素？ 4．.假定某经济社会有A、B、C三个厂商，A厂商年产出5000美元，卖给B、C和消费者。其中B买A 的产出200美元，C买2000美元，其中2800美元卖给消费者。B年产出500美元直接卖给消费者，C年产6000美元，其中3000美元由A买，其余由消费者买。 （1）假定投入在生产中用光，计算价值增加； （2）计算GDP为多少； （3）如果只有C有500美元折旧，计算国民收入。 5．假定GDP是6000美元，个人可支配收入是5100美元，政府预算赤字是200美元，消费是3800美元，外贸赤字是100美元，求： （1）储蓄S是多大； （2）投资I是多大； （3）政府支出是多大？ 第三章增长与积累 复习思考题： 1．重要概念：增长核算方程；柯布－道格拉斯生产函数；趋同；全要素生产率；索洛剩余；新古典增长理论；稳态均衡； 2．索络增长模型能否有助于解释趋同现象？ 1.MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. （1 point each，40 points total） 1) Which of the following are parts of the business cycles? 1) _______ A) inflation and recession B) peak and potential GDP C) real GDP and potential GDP D) recession and expansion 2) Macroeconomic policy tools include 2) _______ A) unemployment policy and inflation policy. B) monetary policy and fiscal policy. C) monetary policy and unemployment policy. D) fiscal policy and unemployment policy. 3) Fiscal policy involves 3) _______ A) the use of interest rates to influence the level of GDP. B) the use of tax and money policies by government to influence the level of interest rates. C) the use of tax and spending policies by the government. D) decreasing the role of the Federal Reserve in the everyday life of the economy. 4) Fiscal policy might be used to increase long-term growth in real GDP by 4) _______ A) motivating an increase in investment. B) encouraging saving. C) reducing unemployment. D) Both answers A and B are correct. 5) When U.S. imports exceed U.S. exports, the United States experiences 5) _______ A) a decrease in potential GDP. B) a government budget deficit. C) inflation. D) an international deficit. 6) The largest component of income is 6) _______ A) proprietors' income. B) corporate profits. C) compensation of employees. D) net interest. 7) Which of the following transfer payments is included in GDP? 7) _______ A) veteran's benefits B) welfare payments C) Social Security payments D) none of the above 8) Net domestic product equals gross domestic product minus 8) _______ A) depreciation. B) net exports. C) inflation. D) investment. 9) U.S. investment is financed from 9) _______ A) private saving, government budget deficits and borrowing from the rest of the world. 第二讲 配套习题及答案 1.若效用函数现为： γγ-=1),(l c l c u （10<<γ） 其他条件与实例中给出的相同，试分别求分散经济与计划经济的最优解。 计划者目标函数为： }{max 1,γγ-l c l c ..t s αα --==10 )(l h zk y c 代约束条件进目标函数，可以得到无约束的最大化问题： { }γγαα ---110])([max l l h zk l 一阶条件为： )(l FOC γγααγ γγγααγγγγα-------=--l l h k z l l h k z )1()()()1()1(011)1(0 求解可得： αγγ--=*1)1(h l αγ αγ--= *1) 1(h n 代*n 进生产函数可得： α ααγαγ-**??? ? ??--==10 1)1(h zk y c 企业利润函数为： wn k r n zk -+-=-)1(1ααπ 企业利润最大化的一阶条件为： 0)1(11=+-=??--r n k z k αααπ 0)1(=--=??-w n k z n αααπ 利用这两个一阶条件可以取得均衡的价格解，为： α ααγαγ-*?? ????--=1)1(0 h zk w 11)1(110 -?? ????--=--*α ααγαγαh k z r 2.假设行为人的效用函数如下：)ln()ln(l c U +=，其中c 是行为人的消费，l 是行为人每天用于闲暇的时间。行为人每天的时间除了用于闲暇，就是用于工作，但他既可以为自己工作也可以为别人工作。他为自己工作时的产出函数为5.0)(4s n y =，其中s n 为用于自己工作的时间。如果他为别人工作，每小时得到的报酬是工资，记为w （当然是用消费品衡量的）。试写出该行为人的最优化问题，并求解之。 )ln(){ln(max ,,l c s n l c + ..t s w n l n c s s )24()(45.0--+= 代约束条件进目标函数，分别对l 和s n 两个变量求一阶导数，并令其为零，有： )(l FOC l w n l n w s s 1 )24()(45 .0=--+ )(n FOC 0)24()(4)(25 .05.0=--+--w n l n w n s s s 求解上述联立方程，可得： w n s 4= * 第一章宏观经济学导论习题及参考答案 一、习题 1．简释下列概念： 宏观经济学、经济增长、经济周期、失业、充分就业、通货膨胀、GDP、GNP、名义价值、实际价值、流量、存量、萨伊定律、古典宏观经济模型、凯恩斯革命。 2．宏观经济学的创始人是（）。 A．斯密；B．李嘉图； C．凯恩斯；D．萨缪尔森。 3．宏观经济学的中心理论是（）。 A．价格决定理论；B．工资决定理论； C．国民收入决定理论；D．汇率决定理论。 4．下列各项中除哪一项外，均被认为是宏观经济的“疾病”（）。 A．高失业；B．滞胀； C．通货膨胀；D．价格稳定。 5．表示一国居民在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务 的市场价值的总量指标是（）。 A．国民生产总值；B．国内生产总值； C．名义国内生产总值；D．实际国内生产总值。 6．一国国内在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市 场价值根据价格变化调整后的数值被称为（）。 A．国民生产总值；B．实际国内生产总值； C．名义国内生产总值；D．潜在国内生产总值。 7．实际GDP等于（）。 A．价格水平/名义GDP；B．名义GDP/价格水平×100； C．名义GDP乘以价格水平；D．价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 8．下列各项中哪一个属于流量？（）。 A．国内生产总值；B．国民债务； C．现有住房数量；D．失业人数。 9．存量是（）。 A．某个时点现存的经济量值；B．某个时点上的流动价值； C．流量的固体等价物；D．某个时期内发生的经济量值。 10. 下列各项中哪一个属于存量？（）。 A. 国内生产总值； B. 投资； C. 失业人数； D. 人均收入。 11．古典宏观经济理论认为，利息率的灵活性使得（）。 A．储蓄大于投资；B．储蓄等于投资； C．储蓄小于投资；D．上述情况均可能存在。 12．古典宏观经济理论认为，实现充分就业的原因是（）。 A．政府管制；B．名义工资刚性； C．名义工资灵活性；D．货币供给适度。 13．根据古典宏观经济理论，价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少（）。 A．产出；C．就业； C．名义工资；D．实际工资。 14．在凯恩斯看来，造成资本主义经济萧条的根源是（）。 A．有效需求不足；B．资源短缺； C．技术落后；C．微观效率低下。 宏观经济学题库及答案 1.宏观经济学的创始人是(A)。 A.斯密; B.李嘉图; C.凯恩斯; D.萨缪尔森。 2.宏观经济学的中心理论是(C)。 A.价格决定理论; B.工资决定理论; C.国民收入决定理论; D.汇率决定理论。 3.下列各项中除哪一项外,均被认为是宏观经济的“疾病”(D)。 A.高失业; B.滞胀; C.通货膨胀; D.价格稳定。 4.表示一国居民在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是(A)。 A.国民生产总值; B.国内生产总值; C.名义国内生产总值; D.实际国内生产总值。 5.一国国内在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值根据价格变化调整后的数 值被称为(B)。 A.国民生产总值; B.实际国内生产总值; C.名义国内生产总值; D.潜在国内生产总值。 6.实际GDP等于(B)。 A.价格水平/名义GDP; B.名义GDP/价格水平×100; C.名义GDP乘以价格水平; D.价格水平乘以潜在GDP。 7.下列各项中属于流量的是(A)。 A.国内生产总值; B.国民债务; C.现有住房数量; D.失业人数。 8.存量是(A)。 A.某个时点现存的经济量值; B.某个时点上的流动价值; C.流量的固体等价物; D.某个时期内发生的经济量值。 9. 下列各项中哪一个属于存量?(C)。 A. 国内生产总值; B. 投资; C. 失业人数; D. 人均收入。 10.古典宏观经济理论认为,利息率的灵活性使得(B)。 A.储蓄大于投资; B.储蓄等于投资; C.储蓄小于投资; D.上述情况均可能存在。 11.古典宏观经济理论认为,实现充分就业的原因是(C)。 A.政府管制; B.名义工资刚性; C.名义工资灵活性; D.货币供给适度。 12.根据古典宏观经济理论,价格水平降低导致下述哪一变量减少(C)。 A.产出; B.就业; C.名义工资; D.实际工资。 13.在凯恩斯看来,造成资本主义经济萧条的根源是(A)。 A.有效需求不足; B.资源短缺; C.技术落后; D.微观效率低下。 14.下列各项中不是流量指标的是(D) A.消费支出; B.PDI; C.GDP; D.个人财富。 15.在国民收入核算账户中,下列各项中除了哪一项外均计入投资需求(D)。 A.厂商购买新的厂房和设备的支出; B.居民购买新住房的支出; C.厂商产品存货的增加; D.居民购买股票的支出。 宏观经济学期末考试 试题库 Revised on November 25, 2020 宏观经济学期末考试复习题 一、填空题：在题目中的空格上填入正确答案 (每一空格1分,共12分) 1. 宏观经济学的中心理论是国民收入决定理论。 1. 宏观经济学要解决的解决问题是资源利用问题。 2. 国内生产总值（GDP）是指一个国家领土内在一定时期内所生产的全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值。 2. 国民生产总值（GNP）是指一国在某一给定时期内所生产全部最终产品和劳务的市场价值。。 3 边际消费倾向是指消费增量和收入增量之比，它表示每增加一个单位的收入时消费的变动情况。 3. 乘数是指自发总需求的增加所引起的国民收入增加的倍数，在二部门模型中乘数的大小取决于边际消费倾向。 4.货币的交易需求和预防需求与国民收入成同方向变动。 4货币的投机需求与利率成反方向变动。 5. IS曲线是描述产品市场上实现均衡时，利率与国民收入之间关系的曲线。 5. LM曲线是描述货币市场上实现均衡时，利率与国民收入之间关系的曲线。 6. 总需求曲线是描述产品市场和货币市场同时达到均衡时，价格水平与国民 收入间依存关系的曲线。它是一条向右下倾斜的曲线。 6. 总需求曲线是描述产品市场和货币市场同时达到均衡时，价格水平与国民 收入之间依存关系的曲线。它是一条向右下倾斜的曲线。 7. 当就业人数为1600万，失业人数为100万时，失业率为 % 。 7. 若价格水平1970年为80，1980年为100，则70年代的通货膨胀率为 25% 。 8. 经济周期的中心是国民收入的波动。 8. 经济周期是指资本主义市场经济生产和再生产过程中出现的周期性出现的经济扩张与经济衰退交替更迭循环往复的一种现象。 10.具有自动稳定器作用的财政政策，主要是个人和公司的所得税，以及各 种转移支付。 10.功能财政思想主张财政预算不在于追求政府收支平衡，而在于追求无通货膨胀的充分就业。 12.货币供给量增加使LM曲线右移,若要均衡收入变动接近于LM曲线的移动量,则必须LM陡峭而IS 平缓； 12. 在LM平缓而IS 垂直的情况中,增加货币供给不会影响均衡收入。 二、选择题：在所给的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，把所选答案的字母填入括号内。(每小题1分,共18分) 1. 资源的稀缺性是指（ B ） 一、概念辨析 1．国内生产总值（GDP ）与国民生产总值（GNP ） 2．政府支出与政府购买 3．消费者价格指数与GDP 消胀指数 4．实际总支出与计划总支出 5．流动性偏好与流动性陷阱 6．固定汇率制与可变汇率制 7．预算盈余与充分就业预算盈余 8．汇率上升与货币升值 9．经常账户与资本账户 10．商品市场均衡曲线（IS ）与货币市场均衡曲线(LM) 11．边际消费倾向与边际储蓄倾向 12．贸易均衡与国际收支均衡 二、简述题（图解题） 1．恒等式“储蓄等于投资”（如果是四部门经济则为“国民储蓄等于国民投资”）在传统意义上很好理解，比如你把钱存银行，银行贷款给企业投资。那么假设人把钱放枕头底下，该恒等式还成立吗？ 2．如果甲乙两个国家合并成一个国家，对GDP 总和会有什么影响（假定两国产出不变）？ 3．在实行累进税制的国家，比例所得税为何能对经济起到自动稳定器的作用？ 4．写出现代菲利普斯曲线方程，配以图形简述其如何解释经济中的滞胀现象？ 5．货币需求对利率的弹性越大，货币政策就越无效的判断是否正确? 6．凯恩斯认为人们的货币需求行为由哪些动机决定？ 7．政府采购支出增加一定会挤出私人投资和导致通货膨胀吗？ 8．古典学派和凯恩斯主义的总供给观点各自基于怎样的假定前提以及适合在什么情况下分析宏观经济问题？ 9．在国民收入核算中，NX G I C Y +++≡；在均衡收入的决定中，只有当AD Y =时，NX G I C Y +++=才会成立。这是否存在矛盾，并请说明理由。 10．名义货币存量的增加使AD 曲线上移的程度恰恰与名义货币增加的程度一致，为什么？ 11．封闭经济中的IS 曲线和开放经济中的IS 曲线哪一个更陡峭？ 12．贸易伙伴收入提高、本国货币真实贬值将对本国IS 曲线产生何种影响？ 13．凯恩斯学派认为货币政策的传递机制包含哪些环节？最主要的环节是什么？ 14．经济处于充分就业状态。若政府要改变需求构成，从消费转向投资，但不允许超过充分就业水平。需要采取何种形式的政策组合？运用IS —LM 模型进行分析。 15．考虑两种紧缩方案，一种是取消投资补贴；另一种是提高所得税率。运用IS —LM 模型分析两种政策对收入、利率与投资的影响。 16．利用IS —LM 模型分析价格沿AD 曲线变动，利率会发生什么变化？ 一、1、在一般情况下，国民收入核算体系中数值最小的是： A、国内生产净值 B、个人收入 C、个人可支配收入 D、国民收入 E、国内生产总值 2、下列哪一项应计入GDP中： A、面包厂购买的面粉 B、购买40股股票 C、家庭主妇购买的面粉 D、购买政府债券 E、以上各项都不应计入。 3、计入GDP的有： A、家庭主妇的家务劳动折算合成的收入 B、拍卖毕加索作品的收入 C、出神股票的收入 D、晚上为邻居照看儿童的收入 E、从政府那里获得的困难补助收入 4、在下列各项中，属于经济中的注入因素是 A、投资； B、储蓄； C、净税收； D、进口。 5、政府支出乘数 A、等于投资乘数 B、比投资乘数小1 C、等于投资乘数的相反数 D、等于转移支付乘数 E、以是说法都不正确 6、在以下情况中，投资乘数最大的是 A、边际消费倾向为0.7； B、边际储蓄倾向为0.2； C、边际储蓄倾向为0.4； D、边际储蓄倾向为0.3。 7、国民消费函数为C=80+0.8Y，如果消费增加100亿元，国民收入 A、增加100亿元； B、减少100亿元； C、增加500亿元； D、减少500亿元。 8、如果政府支出增加 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 9、政府税收的增加将 A、对IS曲线无响应 B、IS曲线向右移动 C、IS曲线向左移动 D、以上说法都不正确 10、位于IS曲线左下方的收入与利率的组合，都是 A、投资大于储蓄； B、投资小于储蓄； C、投资等于储蓄； D、无法确定。 11、当经济中未达到充分就业时，如果LM曲线不变，政府支出增加会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 12、一般地，在IS曲线不变时，货币供给减少会导致 A、收入增加、利率上升； B、收入增加、利率下降； C、收入减少、利率上升； D、收入减少、利率下降。 13、如果现行产出水平为10万亿元，总需求为8万亿，可以断定，若经济不是充分就业，那么： A、就业水平将下降 B、收入水平将上升 C、收入和就业水平将均衡 D、就业量将上升 E、就业水平将上升，收入将下降 14、在流动陷阱（凯恩斯陷阱）中 A、货币政策和财政政策都十分有效 B、货币政策和财政政策都无效 C、货币政策无效，财政政策有效 D、货币政策有效，财政政策无效 E、以上说法都不正确 15、如果实施扩张性的货币政策，中央银行可采取的措施是 A、卖出国债； B、提高法定准备金比率； C、降低再贴现率； D、提高再贴现率； 16、如果名义利率为6%，通货膨胀率为12%，那么实际利率是 A、6%； B、18%； C、12%； D、-6%。 17、自发投资增加10亿元，会使IS曲线 A、右移10亿元 B、左移10亿元 C、右移10亿元乘以支出乘数 D、左移10亿元乘以乘数 18、由于经济萧条而出现的失业属于： A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 19、如果某人刚进入劳动力队伍尚未找到工作，这是属于 A、摩擦性失业 B、结构性失业 C、周期性失业 D、自愿性失业 20、根据哈罗德的分析，如果有保证的增长率大于实际增长率，经济将： A、累积性扩张 B、累积性萧条 C、均衡增长 宏观经济学复习题及答案 一、名词解释： 1、GDP与GNP GDP国内生产总值是指在一定时期内，一个国家或地区的经济中所生产出的全部最终产品和劳务的价值。 GNP国民生产总值是指一个国家地区的国民经济在一定时期内以货币表现的全部最终产品（含货物和服务）价值的总和。 2、CPI与PPI CPI消费者物价指数是对一个固定的消费品篮子价格的衡量，主要反映消费者支付商品和劳务的价格变化情况。 PPI生产者物价指数是用来衡量制造商出厂价的平均变化的指数。 3、财政政策与货币政策 财政政策指国家根据一定时期政治、经济、社会发展的任务而规定的财政工作的指导原则，通过财政支出与税收政策来调节总需求。 货币政策指中央银行为实现其特定的经济目标而采用的各种控制和调节货币供应量或信用量的方针和措施的总称，包括信贷政策、利率政策和外汇政策。 4、经济增长与经济发展 经济增长通常是指在一个较长的时间跨度上，一个国家人均产出（或人均收入）水平的持续增加。 经济发展是一家摆脱贫困落后状态，走向经济和社会生活现代化的过程。 5、挤出效应指政府支出增加所引起的私人消费或投资降低的效果。 6、结构性失业与结构性通货膨胀 结构性失业尽管劳动市场有职位空缺，但人们因为没有所需的技能，结果继续失业，也就是由于劳动力的供给和需求不匹配而造成的失业。 结构性通货膨胀是指物价上涨是在总需求并不过多的情况下，而对某些部门的产品需求过多，造成部分产品的价格上涨的现象。 7、适应性预期与理性预期 适应性预期是指人们在对未来会发生的预期是基于过去，在估计或判断未来的经济走势时，利用过去预期与过去实际间的差距来矫正对未来的预期。理性预期是在有效地利用一切信息的前提下，对经济变量作出的在长期中平均说来最为准确的，而又与所使用的经济理论、模型相一致的预期。 二、简答： 1、简述国民收入核算的两者基本方法。 答：1、支出法核算国民收入 就是通过核算在一定时期内整个社会购买最终产品和劳务的总支出，即最终产品和劳务的总卖价来核算国民收入的方法。产品和劳务的最后使用，除了家庭部门的消费，还有企业部门的投资，政府部门的购买及外贸部门的净出口。因此，用支出法核算国民收入，就是核算经济社会（指一个国家或一个地区）在一定时期内消费、投资、政府购买以及净出口这几方面支出的总和。 2、法核算国民收入 曼昆版宏观经济学期末 考试重点 https://www.360docs.net/doc/517029900.html,work Information Technology Company.2020YEAR 单选20 判断|名词解释（提过的名词解释）10 计算（两大题 30分）细致分步给分公式 论述 40分（2大题）有把握画图 课后习题 ppt习题 第23章 1.国内生产总值（GDP） 答：在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳务的市场价值。GDP包括有形的物品，也包括无形的劳务。 GDP 只包括现期生产的物品，不包括过去生产的物品。 GDP 衡量的生产价值局限于一个国家的地理范围之内，不管是由本国的国民还是住在本国的外国人生产。 通常是一年或一个季度（3个月）。 用支出法计算的国内生产总值等于消费、投资、政府支出和净出口之和。 列出 GDP 的四个组成部分。各举一个例子。 答：GDP 的四个组成部分是消费（C ）、投资（ I ）、政府购买（G ）和净出口（ NX ）。 （1）消费是家庭用于物品与劳务的支出，如汤姆一家人在麦当劳吃午餐。（2）投资是资本设备、存货、新住房和建筑物的购买，如通用汽车公司建立一个汽车 厂。 （3）政府购买包括地方政府、州政府和联邦政府用于物品与劳务的支出，如海军购买 了一艘潜艇。 （4）净出口等于外国人购买国内生产的物品与劳务（出口）减国内购买的外国物品与 劳务（进口）。国内企业卖给另一个国家的买者，如波音公司卖给中国航空公司飞机，增加 了净出口。 2.名义 GDP和真实GDP怎样区分 答：名义 GDP：用当年的价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。 它没有考虑通货膨胀因素。由于通货膨胀等原因，价格可能会发生强烈变化，名义 GDP 并不能反映实际产量的变动。它没有经过通货膨胀校正。 真实GDP：用不变的基年价格来评价经济中的物品与劳务生产的价值。它经过通货膨胀校正。 3.GDP 平减指数（定义、计算） 答：GDP 平减指数是名义的 GDP 和真实的 GDP 的比率，它是经济学家用来考察经济平均物价水平的一个衡量指标。用公式表示为： GDP平减指数= （名义GDP/真实GDP）*100 第24章 1．消费物价指数CPI（计算、步骤、存在问题、（数据问题）怎样利用CPI 进行货币的转换） 答：指普通消费者购买的物品与劳务总费用的衡量指标。用公式来表示即为：CPI =（一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价值/一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价格）*100 如何计算消费物价指数 1）固定“篮子” 劳工统计局通过调查消费者找出普通消费者“购物篮”中的物品 宏观经济学习题集 第一章正名 本章重点： 1)经济学的规范性和实证性定义的内涵与外延。 2)凯恩斯主义（及新凯恩斯主义）与古典（及新古典）经济学的区别与联系。 本章难点： 1)微观经济学均衡与宏观经济学均衡的区别及简单的动态经济学基础。 2)经济体制和经济人行为的相互关系。 一、判断题 1.“经济学研究如何有效配置稀缺资源”这种定义将经济学纳入规范科学领域。 2.“宏观经济学是研究宏观经济变量是如何决定的。”这种定义是将宏观经济学作为一门 实证科学。 3.在新古典学派看来资本主义市场经济是不完全竞争型市场经济。 4.由于凯恩斯的宏观经济政策在面对20世纪30年代西方资本主义社会经济危机时表现出 的无能，使得人们开始对传统的凯恩斯理论重新进行审视。 5.在宏观经济学研究中，当经济处于均衡时，供给等于需求。 6.因为企业所有制（产权制度）制约企业制度的设计，所以一种企业所有制，只能对应一 种企业制度。 7.在任何经济环境下，宏观经济变量的决定必然是经济人行为的综合结果。 8.在动态系统中，如果存在不动点，那么其只能收敛于一点，即只有一个不动点。 二、选择题 1.经济学中的规范含义是什么 A. 是指经济学的研究要符合规范要求、不能随心所意 B. 是指经济学研究的目的在于解释经济现象，回答为什么等客观性问题 C. 是指经济学的研究目的在于回答“好与不好”等价值判断的问题 D. 是指经济学研究能够对各种经济现象给出规范性的解释 2.经济学中的实证含义是什么？ A. 实证顾名思义就是指经济学的理论要能够指导实践 B. 实际上实证的前提是要符合规范的要求 C. 经济学研究的目的在于能够回答“应不应该”或“好还是坏”等问题，并能得到来自实践的支持，就是实证 D. 通俗地讲，就是回答经济现象是什么？为什么？ 3.经济学的规范和实证的关系正确理解是 A. 规范和实证是彼此对立的，因而经济学要么是规范的，要么就是实证的 B. 因为经济学是社会学科，因而本质上经济学始终是规范的 C. 规范以实证为基础，实证以规范为目的，因为经济学的目的是造福于人类 D. 两者就是一回事，不过是一枚硬币的两面 4.以下那个判断属于实证经济学？ A. 通货膨胀率下降了 B. 失业率太高了 C. 经理人的工资不应该太高 D. 降低失业率比抑制通货膨胀率更重要 5.下列哪种表述属于实证表述 A. 政府应该降低税收刺激经济以防经济恶化 B. 减少货币供给将降低通货膨胀率 C. 央行应该降低货币供给 D. 社会应该要求福利领取者去找工作 6.以下各项中不属于宏观经济学中探讨的经济变量是： A、就业率 B、国民生产总值 C、通货膨胀率宏观经济学期末复习资料
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