专八_改错_练习15篇 带答案解析

Error-correction Exercise 16

NASA is about to launch a large satellite that will monitor

the health of Earth's atmosphere in unprecedented detail, and 1____________ keeping daily track of everything from the upper ozone layer,

that guards against solar radiation, to the air near the 2____________ ground that people breathe. The $785 million mission

is to be launched Saturday from Vandenberg Air Force Base

in California. A Boeing Delta II rocket will send the 6,542-pound

spacecraft into a 438-mile-high polar orbit. That is to scan the 3____________ atmosphere for at least six years.

The craft, naming Aura, is the third and final addition to a series 4____________ of major satellites making up NASA's Earth Observing System,

an initial set of spacecraft that designed to study all of the processes 5____________ that affect the Earth's climate and weather. Terra, which monitors

land-based processes, was launched in 1999; Aqua, which observes

the oceans and water cycle of Earth, sent up in 2002. These flagship 6____________ spacecrafts, joined by more than a dozen of other satellites launched by 7____________ the United States and several other nations, allow long-term studies

of the factors that influence climate change, using many different

instruments. The launching is fundamentally a mission to understand

and protect the very air we breathe. In conjunction with the 8____________ climate observatories, Aura should make a major contribution to

determine the causes, extent and consequences of global change. 9____________ The spacecraft carries four instruments that will survey the

atmosphere from top to bottom, including monitoring ozone

in its good and bad forms. In the upper atmosphere, ozone in the

stratosphere provides a protective barrier for harmful ultraviolet 10___________ radiation from the Sun. In the troposphere, the atmospheric layer

that goes from the ground up to about six miles, ozone produced

by combustion is a major pollutant in smog.

Error-correction Exercise 17

Mars has provoked much speculation on the possibilities 1___________ of life on Earth than any other planet in the Solar System. 2___________ The presence of water is a prerequisite for

existing of life. Therefore, “follow the water” has 3___________ been NASA’s chief guideline for the exploration of 4___________ a red planet. Although Mars experiences seasons like

on Earth an has polar caps which composed of 5___________ carbon dioxide and water ice, today it is bone-dry and

frigidly cold. But evidence is rapidly accumulating that

Mars is once much wetter, with a more clement climate. 6___________

This evidence comes from orbiting satellites and from

data collected by roving landers.

Since the 1970’s, space probes of Mars have revealed 7___________ numerous features apparent carved by flowing water, 8___________ such as winding, branched valleys resembling

driedout streambeds and giant outflow channels gouged

by catastrophic floods. Recent high-resolution imagery

from the Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Orbiter Camera

and the Mars Odyssey Themis reveal numerous examples 9___________ of branched valleys that form tightly-packed integrated

drainage system. There channels origins at topographic

high points; the valleys widen “downstream”, some

even displaying inner valleys. The valley networks

exhibit morph metric characteristics, including networks

densities, comparative to those of terrestrial drainage basins. 10__________ These features were most likely produced by rainfall, during

wetter, warmer periods in the past.

Error-correction Exercise 18

The word petroleum has its root in the Latin word oleum, 1___________ which means oil, and the Greek word petra, which means rock..

The word petrified shares with the same Greek root. As the 2___________ price of oleum has soared up, the links between fear and petroleum 3___________ have become clear to economists as well as etymologists.

Fears of heating-oil shortage this winter helped to push the

benchmark price of crude over $55 per barrel, a new record, on

Monday October 18th. The spike in oil prices, up by over

60% since the start of the year, is by turn, raising fears for the 4___________ global recovery. Even oil exporters are worried. The high prices

they currently enjoy will slow economic growth next year,

warned the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries

(OPEC) on Monday. If oil remains expensive, cartel 5___________ Pointed out, people will by less of it. The last week, for the 6___________ first time since June, American motorists paid more than $2

average for a gallon of petrol. To fill their tank these days,

they must shell out almost 30% more than last year. Therefore 7___________ the anxiety is not confined to the petrol pump. About 7.7m

American households, most of whom in the north-east, rely 8___________ on oil to warm their homes. In a cold snap, they draw on

stockpiles of heating oil, amassed at various points around the

country.

Inflation remains at bay, for the moment, most workers 9___________ expect it to stay that way. There is a little sign yet that higher 10___________

oil prices are feeding into higher wage demands. It would thus

be too much to say that central bankers are petrified by petroleum.

But as the price of oil sets new records, their rock-like confidence

is beginning to crumble.

Error-correction Exercise 19

When an invention is made, the inventor has three

possible courses of action open for him: he can give the 1___________ invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea

secrete, or paten it.

A granted paten is the result of a bargain between

an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a

limited period of monopoly and publishes full details

of his invention to the public after that period terminates.

Only in the most exceptional circumstances are the life-span 2___________ of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.

The longest extension never granted was to Georges Vlensi; 3___________ his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended

until 1971 because for most of the patent’s normal life there

was no colorful TV to receive and thus no hope of reward to 4___________ the invention.

Because a patent remains permanently public after

it has terminated, the shelves of the library attaching to the 5___________ patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas

that are free for anyone advise to use and, if older than

half a century, sometimes even patent,. Indeed, patent 6___________ experts often advise anyone wishing to avoid the high

cost of conducting a search through live patent that the

one sure of avoiding violation of any other inventor’s

right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likely, because 7___________ publication of an idea in any other form permanently

invalidates further patent on that idea, it is traditionally 8___________ safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern

technological advance is based on these presumptions of

legal security.

Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions

soon learn that most “new” ideas are, in fact, as old as the

hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, neither 9___________ through necessity or dedication, or through the availability

of new technology, which makes news and money. 10___________ Error-correction Exercise 20

How can an organization’s sales operation be

improved? One of the key to becoming more effective 1___________ is to first determine the type of “selling process” which

needs to be used. With other words, the role the salesperson 2___________ must play has to be identified. There are three different

processes sales staff can adapt: narrative, suggestive and 3___________ consultative.

The narrative approach depends on the salesperson

move quickly into a standardized presentation. Every buyer 4___________ receives the same presentation. Emphasis is to highlighting 5___________ benefits and how the product or services can help the buyer.

This is an effective approach if the buying motive for all

customers is basically the same. This process is well suited

which there are a great number of prospects to be called on. 6__________ The suggestive approach depends on the seller

being in a position to offer alternated recommendations. 7__________ This is quite different from the narrative approach as the

presentation is tailored to the individual customer. Here,

the salesperson must initiate some discussion in order to

get the buyer in a negative frame of mind. 8__________ The consultative approach requires the salesperson

to have a thorough understanding of the customer and what

the customer is trying to achieve. The role of the salesperson

is to become an adviser or consultant and she/he must acquire a

great deal of informations from the customer. With this information 9__________ the salesperson can plan what to offer the customer.

Hiring, training, motivating and rewarding salesperson

need to be linked the type of sales process being used and 10__________ that where the problem starts. A key issue in developing a

professional sales organization is in first establishing the

sales process. When the decision has been made, all other

sales decisions, including hiring, training and rewards can

be linked to it.

Error-correction Exercise 21

Ethnography is the study of a particular human

society or the process of making such a study.

Contemporary ethnography is based almost entirely

on fieldwork and requires the complete immersion

of the anthropologist on the culture and everyday life 1___________ of the people who are the subject of this study. Ethnography,

by virtue with its intersubjective nature, is necessarily 2___________ comparative. Giving that the anthropologist in the field 3___________

necessarily retains certain cultural biases, his/her

observation and description must, to certain degree, 4___________ be comparative. Thus the formulating of generalization

about culture and the drawing of comparisons inevitably

becomes components of ethnography. 5___________ Modern anthropologists usually identify the

establishment of ethnography as a professional field and 6___________ the pioneering work of the Polish-born British anthropologist

Bronislaw Malinowski in the Trobriand Islangs of Melanesia.

Ethnographic field word has since become a sort of rite of

passage into the profession of cultural anthropology. Many

ethnographers reside above the field for a year or more, learning 7___________ the local language or dialect and, to the greatest extent

possible, participating in everyday life while at the same

time maintain an observer’s objective detachment. 8___________ Contemporary ethnographies usually adhere to a

community, rather than individual, focus and concentrate

on the description of current circumstance rather

than historical event. Traditionally, commonalities among

members of the group have been emphasized, because recent 9___________ ethnography has begun to reflect an interest in the

importance of variation within cultural systems. Ethnographic

studies are no longer restricted to small primitive societies but

may also focus on such social units as urban ghettos. The tool

of the ethnographer have changed ra dically since Malinowaski’s

time, while detailed notes are still a mainstay of field word,

ethnographers have taken full advantage over technological 10___________ development such as motion pictures and tape recorders to

argument their written accounts.

Error-correction Exercise 22

Unlike those other notoriously missing items - the weapons of

mass destruction - television's missing young men appear to

have found, back in front of their TV sets. 1___________ The case of the missing young men began roiling the television

industry a year ago. Droves of men from ages 18 to 34, one of

the groups most coveted by advertisers, had seemly stopped 2___________ watching television, according to the sole ratings arbiter, Nielsen

Media Research. Commentary abounded that a significant cultural

shift had taken place and that a generation of men were steadily 3____________ quitting television-viewing, forsook both network and cable 4____________ programs in favor of video games, DVD's and the Internet.

Nielsen stands by its ratings, therefore in a development that several 5___________

Nielsen critics call utterly it predictable, the most recent evidence indicates 6___________ that the young men are back, watching television in pretty much the

same numbers they were two years before. 7___________ In July, one year after the falloff was detected, an average of 25.8

percent of men from ages 18 to 34 were watching television at any

giving moment in prime time. That figure was up from the 24.7 8___________ percent that Nielsen reported a year ago - and virtually the same as the

25.9 percent that it reported for the group in July 2002.

"It kind of went right back to what God intended it to be," the president 9___________ for research for NBC, Alan Wurtzel, said. Mr. Wurtzel's facetiousness was

matched by a real sense of vindication. He was among the most vocal

of the critics who took on Nielsen last year, saying its numbers - which

in September showed a drop in viewing by young men of more than

10 percent - could possibly be accurate because they were so inconsistent 10__________ with viewing patterns established over years of measurement.

Error-correction Exercise 23

The stunningly slow pace of job creation, which sank to growth

of just 32,000 in July, has provided new ammunition in an intense political

debate in job quality. For months, Democrats have said that the 1___________ long-delay employment recovery was concentrated in low-wage jobs 2___________ that paid far less than those that lost. White House officials replied 3___________ that the available data failed to settle the matter one way or the other.

The data is still inconclusive. But the weakness in job creation and

the apparent weakness in high-paying jobs may be opposite sides of

a coin. Companies still seem cautiously, relying on temporary workers 4___________ and anxious about rising health care costs associating with full-time workers. 5___________ Many economists say that over the long term, the most vulnerable positions

are those at the low end of the wage scale that requires fewer skills and are 6___________ easily replicated. Even now, at a time when a proportionate number of 7___________ new jobs appear to be lower-paying ones, there has been growth in some

high-income occupations like accounting, architecture and software.

Yet the earnings gap between the highest-paid employees and the rest of

the work force is still widening, as it was over most of the last 30 years. 8___________ The trend is most striking in factories, which accounted for the bulk of job

losses in the last three years and tending to pay above-average wages. 9___________ In contrast with previous recoveries, when companies rehired a large 10___________ proportion of laid-off workers, manufacturers have added only 91,000

jobs this year, having eliminated more than two million jobs in the previous

three years.

Not too many decades ago it seemed “obvious” both to the general

public and to sociologists that modern society has changed people’s

natural relations, loosed their responsibilities to 1_____________ kins and neighbors, and substituted in their place 2_____________ for superficial relationships with passing acquaintances. 3_____________ However, in recent years a growing body of research has re-

vealed that the “obvious” is not true. It seems that if you are a city

resident, you typically know a smaller proportion of your neighbors

than you if you are a resident of a smaller community. 4_____________ But, for the most part, this fact has a few significant 5_____________ consequences. It does not necessarily follow that if you know

few of your neighbors you will know no one else.

Even in very large cities, people maintain close social ties

within small, private social worlds. Indeed, the number and quality of

meaningful relationship do not differ between more and less urban 6____________ people. Small-town residents are more involved with kin than do 7____________ big-city residents. Yet city dwellers compensate by developing friend-

ships with people who share similar interests and activities. Urbanism

may produce a different style of life, but the quality of life does not

differ between town and city. Or are residents of large communities 8___________ any likely to display psychological symptoms of stress or alienation 9___________ than are residents of smaller communities. However, city

dwellers do worry more about crime, and this

leads them to a distrust for strangers. 10___________

Error-correction Exercise 25

The violence within a society is controlled through institutions

of law. The most developed a legal system becomes, the more 1____________ societies takes responsibility for the discovery, control, and punish- 2____________ ment of violent acts. In most tribal societies the only means to

dealing with an act of violence is revenge. Each family group may 3____________ have the responsibility for personal carrying out judgment and 4____________ punishment upon the person who did the offense. 5____________ But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes

personalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for 6___________ protecting individuals form violence. In cases where he cannot be 7___________ protected, the society is responsible for committing punishment. 8___________ In a state controlling legal system, individuals are removed 9___________ from the circle of revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the 10___________ state assumes responsibility for their protection.

Now, it is clear that the decline of a language must ultimately

have political and economical causes: it is not due simply to the bad 1____________ influence of this or that individual writers. But an effect can become 2____________ a cause, reinforce the original cause and producing the same effect 3____________ in an intensified form, and so on indefinitely. A man may take drink 4____________ because he feels himself to be a failure, and then fail all the most 5____________ completely because he drinks. It is rather the same thing that is

happening to the English language. It becomes ugly and inaccurate

because our thoughts are foolish, but the sloven of our language makes 6____________ it easier for us to have foolish thoughts. The point is that the process

is irreversible. Modern English, especially written English, is full of 7____________ bad habits which spread by imitation and which can be avoided if one

is willing to take the necessary trouble. If one gets ride of these habits

one can think more clearly, and think clearly is a necessary first 8____________ step toward political regeneration: so that the fight against bad

English is not frivolous and is not the exclusive concerning of pro- 9____________ fessional writers. I will come back to this present, and I hope that by 10____________ that time the meaning of what I have said here will have become

clearer.

Error-correction Exercise 27

This brings us to a seeming paradox. Acutely aware of the smallest

constitution particles of time, industrialized man has to a great 1____________ extent lose the old awareness of time in its larger divisions. The 2____________ time which we have knowledge is artificial, machine-made time. 3____________ Natural, cosmic time, as is measured out by the sun and the moon, 4____________ we are for the most part almost wholly unconscious. Pre-industrial

people know time in its daily, monthly and seasonal rhythms. They

are aware of sunrise and of spring and summer, autumn and winter.

All the old religions, including Catholic Christianity, has insisted on 5____________ this daily and seasonal rhythm. Pre-industrial man was never allowed

to forget the majestic movement of cosmic time.

Industrialism and urbanism have changed all this. One can live

and work in a town without aware of the daily march of the sun 6____________ across the sky. Broadway and Piccadilly are our Milky Way；our

constellations are outlined in neon tubes. Even changes of season

affect the townsman very a little. He is the inhabitant of an artificial 7____________ universe that, to a great extent, walled off from the world of nature. 8____________ Outside the walls, time is cosmic and moves with the motion of

the sun and stars. Within, it is an affair of revolving wheals and is

measured by seconds and minutes----at its longest, in eight-hour days 9____________

and six-day weeks. We have a new conscience, but it has been pur- 10____________ chased at the expense of the old.

Error-correction Exercise 28

Culture in general is concerned about beliefs and values on the 1___________ basis of which people interpret experiences and behave, individually

and in groups. Broadly an d simply putting, “culture” refers to a 2___________ group or community with that you share common experiences that 3___________ shape the way how you understand the world. Culture is the “lens” 4___________ through which you view the world. It is central to what you see,

how you make sense of what you see, and how you express your-

self. Culture is often at the root of communication challenges. Explo-

ring historical experiences and the ways in which various cultural

groups have related to each other is key to open channels for cross- 5___________ cultural communication. Becoming more beware of cultural differ- 6___________ ences, as well as exploring cultural similarities, can help you com-

municate with the others more effectively. Next time you find your- 7___________ self a confusing situation, ask yourself how culture may be shap- 8___________ ing your own reactions, and try to see the world from the other’s

point of view. Anthropologists discovered that, when faced by inter-

action that we do not understand, people tend to interpret the others

involved as “abnormal”, “weird” or “wrong”. Awareness of cultural

differences and recognizing where cultural differences are in 9___________ work is the first step toward understanding each other and establish 10___________ a positive working environment. Use these differences to challenge

your own assumptions about the “right” way of doing things and as a

chance to learn new ways to solve problems.

Error-correction Exercise 29

In May, dozens of factory workers and landscapers lined up outside a

three-story concrete building here on Drift Street, snaking around

the block to register their children for classes at a preschool that run by 1___________ the Puerto Rican Action Board, a private nonprofitable group. 2___________ On Monday, many of them will gather together at the State House in Trenton 3___________ to try to keep their beloved school from closing. They plan to protest

that they claim is a form of institutional bias. The New Jersey Department 4___________ of Education, they argue, wants to eliminate the community-based,

most nonprofit private preschool programs like the one that the 5___________ Puerto Rican Action Board runs.

The group, which started offering preschool in 1973, maintains that

the state is refusing to cover raising costs in violation of a 1998 6___________ state Supreme Court ruling mandating that 30 poor districts will receive 7___________

everything they need to create "well-planned, high-quality" preschools.

Without the money, it says, it will have to close its three preschools here.

The Department of Education says the Puerto Rican Action Board

receives plenty of money - about $9,700 for each of its 225 children,

close to $1,000 on average than the state's public preschools, and 8___________ more than twice what public preschools receive in New York.

At the heart of the battle, however, it lies a much larger debate about 9___________ the role of private nonprofit agencies in a public system. The Puerto Rican

Action Board and other social service agencies have been offering preschool

for decades, and the court decision explicitly states that any school

unable to meet the court's education standard "should be supplied with 10__________ the necessary funding to be able to do so."

Error-correction Exercise 30

For many materials the process of turning them back into useful

raw materials are straightforward: metals are shredded into pieces, 1____________ paper is reduced to pulp and glass is crushed into cullet. Metals

and glass can be remelted almost indefinitely without any loss

of quality, while paper can be recycled up to six times. 2____________ Plastics, which are made of fossil fuels, are somewhat different. 3____________ Because they have many useful properties—they are flexible, 4____________ lightweight and can be shaped into any form—there are many

different types, most of them need to be processed separately. 5____________ In 2005 less than 6% of the plastic from America's municipal

waste stream was recovered. And of that small fraction, the only

two types recycling in significant quantities were PET and HDPE. 6____________ For PET, food-grade bottle-to-bottle recycling exists. But plastic

is often “down-cycled” into other products such as plastic lumber,

drain pipes and carpet fibres, which tend to end up in landfills and 7___________ incinerators at the end of their useful lives.

And so, plastics are being used more and more, not just for packaging, 8___________ but also in consumer goods such as cars, televisions and personal

computers. Because such products are made of a variety of materials

and can contain multiple types of plastic, metals and glass, they are

especially difficult and expensive to dismantle and recycle.

Europe and Japan have initiated “take back” laws that require

electronics manufacturers recycle their products. But in America 9___________ only a handful of states have passed such legislation. That has caused

problems for companies that specialise in recycling plastics from

complex waste streams and dependent on take-back laws for getting 10___________ the necessary feedstock.

Key to Error-correction Ex. 16

1．答案：去掉and，语法辨析题。

详解：考查现在分词的使用。And作并列连接词时，句子前后结构需一致，即keep应与monitor在结构形式上保持一致，否则，keep只能用现在分词形式，在定语从句中作状语。

2．答案：将that改为which，语法辨析题。

详解：考查定语从句的引导词。That和which作关系代词时，前面的先行词均可表事物，但that只能用在非限制性定语从句中，所以此处应使用which。

3．答案：将that改为it，词汇辨析题。

详解：考查代词的使用。此处代词指代的是前面的spacecraft，that一般作指示代词或关系代词使用，it则指代前面提及过的事物。

4．答案：将naming改为named，语法辨析题。

详解：考查分词的用法。name作动词时，意思是“命名、取名”，因此，craft同它应是被动关系，表示“命名为…”，故应使用过去分词起补充说明的作用。

5．答案：去掉that或在that后添加is，语法辨析题。

详解：考查察后置定语的用法。后置定语可由分词充当，也可由从句充当。spacecraft 同design是被动关系，因此可用过去分词来作后置定语，或者使用完整的定语从句。6．答案：在sent前加was或者将sent改为went，词汇题。

详解：Send up意思是“使…上升、把…往上送”，在此句中作谓语动词，主语Aqua和它是被动关系。go up的意思是“上升、升起”，表主动，和主语的语法要求一致。7．答案：去掉of，词汇题。

详解：考查固定短语及其后续结构。dozen作数词时，有两种用法：1）同基数词搭配，如a dozen, two dozen。后面接名词。2）同of构成短语，表示“许多”。

8．答案：在with the后面添加other，语篇题。

详解：考查对前后句子的整体意义的把握。前面讲到Aura是用来监测地球气候的卫星，即它也属于climate observatory，因此，需用other来表明它们之间的关系。

9．答案：将determine改为determining，语法辨析题。

详解：考查to作介词时，后续动词的形式。make contribution to意思是“在…做出贡献”，to是介词，后面的动词须转化为动名词。

10．答案：将for改为to，词汇题。

详解：考查介词搭配。For表目的，而此处barrier是用来阻挡紫外线的，所以应使用to 才符合全句意思。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 17

1．答案：把much改为more，也可以在much后面加more，语法辨析题。

详解：句法错误，固定句型误用。此句的后半句部分出现了than的字样，前部分应该使用比较级。

2．答案：把on改为beyond，词汇题。

详解：词汇错误，介词误用。本句的意思应该是：火星引起的对地球以外存在生命的可能性的猜测比太阳系的任何其他行星都多。Life on Earth无疑与句意矛盾，应该把on 改为beyond，才能表达“地球以外的生命”。

3．答案：把existing改为existence，词汇题。

详解：词汇错误，词性混淆。Existing是形容词，意为“现存的，存在的”，在此要表示“生

命的存在”，因此需用名词形式existence。

4．答案：把a改为the，词汇题。

详解：词汇错误，冠词误用。此处red planet应该是火星的代名词，所以要用特指，应使用定冠词the而非不定冠词a。

5 答案：删除which或在which后面加are，语法辨析题。

详解：句法错误，关系代词误用。用compose修饰caps时应采用过去分词形式，此处如用which引导的从句，则缺少系动词are，所以应该添加are或者直接去掉which。处于句子简洁考虑，删除which更合适一些。

6．答案：把is改为was，语法辨析题。

详解：句法错误，时态错误。虽然主句的时态是现在进行时，但从句有时间壮语once，所以此句中要用的是be动词的过去时而非现在时。

7．答案：把of改为to，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，固定短语误用。probe作为名词的时候，无论意思是“探针、探测器”

还是“探索、调查”，都与介词to或者into搭配。本句的意思是：从20世纪70年代以来，火星探测器显示（火星上）许多显然是由于流水蚀刻而成的特征，如蜿蜒分叉得谷地，这与干枯的河床以及大洪水造成得巨大流水通道相似。

8．答案：把reveal改为reveals，语法辨析题。

详解：句法错误，主谓不一致。本句的主语是单数名词imagery，而from the Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Orbiter Camera and the Mars Odyssey Themis都只是imager的定语而已，并非此动词的主语。

9．答案：把origins改为originates，词汇题。

查详解：词汇错误，此行混淆。origin是名词，意思为“起源、由来、缘由“，无法作谓语动词，其动词形式为originate，意思为“引起、发起、起源、发生”，在此句中刚好作谓语动词。

10．答案：把comparative改为comparable，词汇题。

详解：词汇错误，形近词混淆。comparative意思是“和……相当的、可比较的（属于、基于或包括比较的）”，这与句意不相符。由此推测可能因形近词混淆造成表义错误，与此词相似的形容词是comparative，意为“可比较的（允许与另一或其他的事物进行比较）、比得上的”，符合句意：谷地网络呈现变种度量特征，包括与陆地流域盆地相似的网状密度。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 18

1．答案：把root改为roots，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，名词误用。此处根据上下文，提到的是两个root（词根），即oleum 和petra，根据句子关系中的一致原则，需要的是root的复数形式，采用复数形式才符合句子语法的一致关系。

2．答案：把介词with删掉，词汇题。

详解；词法错误，介词误用。句子中的意思是：单词petrified和petroleum有一个共同的希腊词根，即petra。动词share的意思为“共享、共有、分配”，经常与介词with搭配，

A share sth with B意为“和……共享……、和……分享……”，此结构和A and

B share sth

的意思相同，本句的结构为后者，所以应把介词with去掉。

3．答案：删除up，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，副词误用。本句的意思是指石油价格涨的非常快，甚至超出了正常的水平或速度，而Soar本身的意思就是是“ to ascend suddenly above the normal or usual

level.。”因此在表达此意思时，毋需在soar后添加任何的介词或者副词。

4．答案：把介词by改为in或者把turn改为turns，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，固定短语混淆误用。本句要表的意思是“轮流、依次”。而在英文里面，有两个固定in turn或者by turns。原文中就是混淆了此两个短语的用法。

5．答案：在cartel前面添加定冠词the，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，冠词缺失。根据上下文可知，此处的cartel特指前面的OPEC，在英文语法里面，当用一般名词作专有名词用时，通常要在这些一般名词前面加上定冠词the，表特指。

6．答案：删除last week前面的定冠词the，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，冠词误用。Last week指“上一周”，即过去的一周，与之相连的谓语动词用过去时，the last week指“过去7天来”，指一直延续到当前的一周时间，也就是包括今天在内的7天时间，与之相连的谓语动词要用现在完成时。因此本题要把定冠词the去掉。

7．答案：把therefore改为but，语篇题。

详解：句法错误，连词误用。根据文章的上下文，此处要表达的是转折的关系，而非因果关系，因此要把连词改为表转折关系的but。

8．答案：把most of whom后面的whom改为them，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，代词误用。此处most of …连接的并非一个定语从句，而只是个代词本身，只要简单加上代词them即可。

9．答案：在most前面添加上and，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，连词缺失。根据上下文，此处要表达的是并列关系，通货膨胀和工人们的期望之间是属于并列的关系。在英文里面，如果是完整的两句话放在一起，必须两句中间在上句号，或者添加合适的连词，否则就是违反了语法规则。

10．答案：删除a，语篇题。

详解：词法错误，冠词误用。根据表示转折关系的连词yet后面的内容可以得知，此处要表达的是否定的意思。而在英文里面a little的意思是“一点点”，而little表示的是“几乎没有的”意思。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 19

1．答案：把for改为to，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，固定搭配误用。Open for sth的意思为“为……而公开或者开放”，而open to sth/sb的意思经常是“为……可利用/可取得”。根据原文的意思，此处要表达的后一个意思，因此应该用介词to而不是for。

2．答案：把are改为is，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，主谓不一致。此句是典型的only +状语前置形成的倒装句结构，主语后面为单数的名词life-span，而不是前面的复数名词circumstances，根据英语语法中主谓一致的原则，此处需要be动词的单数形式is而非are。

3．答案：把never改为ever，语篇题。

详解：句法错误，副词误用。根据上下文，句子要表达的意思是要说明Georges Vlensi 是有史以来获得专利最长延期的人，而不是没有获得，never一词的使用使得意思完全与要表达的相背，因此应该用ever。

4．答案：把colorful改为color，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，形容词误用。在英语语法中，形容词和名词都是可以作名词的定语用的。但是在修饰同一个名词时，在意思上会有一些差别。Colorful的意思是“华美的, 色

彩的, 有趣的”，而color的意思是“颜色, 色彩”，如果用前者修饰TV，意为“五颜六色的电视”，指的应是电视机的外观颜色丰富，而用后者的时候，指的是电视图案而非要电视基本身是彩色的。

5．答案：把attaching改为attached，语法辨析题。

详解：词法错误，非谓语动词误用。原文的意思是说图书馆的一些书架是人为地和专利局紧密联系在一起的，书架本身不可能和专利局联系的，因此需要用的是attach的过去分词作后置定语，而非现在分词。

6．答案：把patent改为repatent，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，动词误用。前文中已经提到了申请了专利，并进一步指出，有些专利申请如果超过了半个世纪，即50十年的话，可以再次申请。所以此处应该用repatent 更加合适。

7．答案：把Likely改为Likewise，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，形近词混淆。Likely作副词时意思是“或许、很可能”，这与句意不符合，由此推测可能因形近词混淆造成表义错误，与此词相似的形容词是likewise，此副词的意思是“同样地, 照样地”，符合句意。

8．答案：把patent改为patents，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，名词误用。Patent作名词时是可数的名词，根据语法规则，对于可数名词必须清楚的标明单复数形式。根据上下文可知，此处指的的任何进一步的专利权申请，而不是一个，所以改为复数形式比较合适。

9．答案：把neither改为either，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，连词误用。根据句子的逻辑，应该是要表示两者之一的意思，而不是否定。而且neither通常也是和nor连用“neither…nor…”，意为“既不……也不……”，而either则经常与or连用“either…or”意为“不是...就是..., ...或...”，因此后者符合句意。10．答案：把which改为that，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，关系代词误用。本句话是句长句，乍一看句子结构比较复杂，但仔细分析，不难看出这句是个典型的强调句型“It is….that…”的结构，因此关系词该用that 而非which。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 20

1．答案：把key改为keys，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，名词单复数误用。根据语法规则，one of…后面必须加上复数的名词或者代词，表示“……的其中之一”的意思。而本句就是典型的“one of +复数名词/代词”

的结构形式”，因而要把单数的key改为复数的keys。

2．答案：把With改为In，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，固定搭配误用。根据上下文，此处要表达的应该是“换句话说、换而言之”之意，而由此含义的词组固定搭配是“in other words”，而非“with other words”，因此需要把介词改为in。

3．答案：把adapt改为adopt，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，形近词混淆。本句要表达的意思为“销售人员可以采用3种销售方式：叙述的方式、建议的方式、商量的方式”。而动词adapt的意思是“使……适应、改编”，不符合句意，由此推测可能是形近词混淆了，与其相近的词adopt意思为“采用、收养”，符合句意，因而作此修改。

4．答案：把move改为moving，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，非谓语动词误用。Depend on后面必须加上的是名词及其短语动名词

或者代词的结构，这里用上现在分词可以和前面的salesperson构成独立主格结构形式，可充当介词on的宾语，因而要改成现在分词而不是用原形。

5．答案：把to改为on，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，介词误用。和名词emphasis习惯搭配在一起的介词为on“emphasis…on….”，表示“重点在于……、重心在……”之意，这里误用了另一个介词to，不符合固定搭配。

6．答案：在which前面添加in或者把which改为where，语法辨析题。

详解：词法错误，关系词误用。本句要表达的这一方式适合于某个场合的意思，句子需要的是个状语，因此需要关系副词而不是关系代词，根据上下文，此处改为where会更加合适。

7．答案：把alternated改为alternative，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，形近词误用。alternated的意思为“交替的、轮流的、预备的”，句子要表达是提供可供选择的建议之意，因此此词和句意不相符，由此推测可能是混淆了形近词。而与其形近的alternative则意为“选择性的、二中选一的”，完全符合句意。8．答案：把negative改为positive，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，形容词误用。Negative意为“消极的、负面的”。根据上下文，推销/销售人员的目的是得到其潜在客户的赞同或者积极正面的肯定，而不是消极的否定，因此negative一词与原文意思相悖，而positive则意为“肯定的、积极的”，正好符合原意。9．答案：把informations改为information，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，名词误用。information是个抽象名词，为不可数名词，自然没有复数形式，因而需改为单数。

10．答案：在linked后面添加介词to，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，介词缺失。link作动词时常用的搭配有“link…with/and….”，意为“把……

和……联系/连接在一起”，“…be linked to…”，意为“……和……被连接/联系在一起”。

根据上下文，此处的结构为后者，因此需添加介词to。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 21

1．答案：把on改为in，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，介词误用。immersion意为“沉浸”，其习惯性的固定搭配为“immersion…in…”，后面加的是介词in，而非on，表示“沉浸在……之中”，因此此处要改为in。

2．答案：把with改为of，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，介词误用。根据上下文可得知，本句要表达出“依靠, 由于”之意，而与virtue习惯组合在一起的是介词by和of，构成“by virtue of…”，虽然with虽然也有“使用或者由于”之意，但不和virtue搭配，因而需要作出如此修改。

3．答案：把Giving改为Given，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，非谓语动词误用。根据句子结构，可以看出动词give后面接的是一句子，表示条件假设，而表示此意时，英语里常用的结构是其过去分词+句子的结构，因而此处改为given更加合适。

4．答案：在certain前面添加不定冠词a，语法辨析题。

详解] 语法错误，冠词缺失。。这里是典型的“to a/an + 形容词+degree”，表示“在……程度上”之意。而且degree作为可数名词，需要有明确的单复数表现形式，此处用了单数，因而缺了一个不定冠词a。

5．答案：把becomes改为become，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，主谓不一致。本句话的主语是“the formulating of generalization about culture and the drawing of comparisons”，应该用复数动词形式，因而要把动词改为复数形式。

6．答案：把and改为with，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，介词误用。Identify本身意思是“识别, 鉴别, 把...和...看成一样”，经常和介词with一起构成常用的短语“identify…with…”，表达的意思是“把……认同为……”。

7．答案：把above改为in，词汇题。

详解：词法错误，介词误用。reside意为“居住”，要特别表示居住在某处时，后面加的介词是“in”，与常用的表示居住的动词“live”的用法相似，构成“reside/live in”的结构，表示“居住在…….”。

8．答案：把maintain改为maintaining，语法辨析题。

详解：语法错误，所用动词形式错误。根据本句的结构，主句在前，后面有3个伴随状语，在英语语法中，常用现在分词结构来做伴随状语，因此，要和前面保持一致，就有必须把动词maintain也改为maintaining。

9．答案：把because改为though，语法辨析题。

详解：句法错误，连词误用。根据上下文，可知，此处要表达的是转折或者让步关系的意思，需要的是个表示转折或者让步的连词来连接，而不是因果关系的连词，因而要把because改为though。

10．答案：把over改为of，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。“take an advantage of …” 的意思是“充分利用……”，而词组“take an advantage over…” 意为“（尤指与他人竞争时）优越的或成功的条件或环境; 优势”，根据句意，应该前者更加符合愿意，因而把介词over改为of。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 22

1．答案：在have和found之间添加been，语法辨析题。

详解：考查动词的语态。从本句意思可以得知，missing young men和find应构成被动关系，而且从语法上看，find后面也没有宾语。本句意思应理解为：人们发现曾经不看电视的年轻人又回到了电视机前。

2．答案：将seemly改为seemingly，词汇题。

详解：考查词性转换后的结构形式。seem只能作动词，其副词形式应在形容词形式后加-ly。

3．答案：将were改为was，语法辨析题。

详解：考查主谓一致。本句的主语是a generation，而不是men，所以应作为单数处理，谓语动词应使用相应的形式。

4．答案：将forsook改为forsaking，语法辨析题。

详解：考查现在分词的用法。Forsake意思是“抛弃，放弃，离开”，前面讲到有一代人都不看电视，forsake并没有连接词同前面谓语动词构成并列关系，因此在语法功能上，它只能用作现在分词起补充说明的作用。

5．答案：将therefore改为but，语篇题。

详解：考查句子间的逻辑关系。前面谈到电视收视率大幅下降，本句中评论家的看法与此不同，认为许多人又回到了电视机旁。因此，二者构成转折关系，而非因果关系。6．答案：去掉it，语法辨析题。

详解：考查定语从句的关系代词用法。That引导的定语从句修饰development，句中代

词it的指称对象是development，属于重复使用，不符合语法规则。

7．答案：将before改为ago，词汇题。

详解：考查近义词的用法辨析。Before和ago均表“在…之前”，但二者表示的时间概念不同，before以后续时间为基准，而ago则以说话人当前时间为基准。从整个句子的时态来看，two years应该从现在推算。

8．答案：将giving改为given，语法辨析题。详解：考查现在分词和过去分词的区别。

Given 意为“特定的，假定的”，at any given moment就是“在任一时刻”的意思。9．答案：将what改为where，语法辨析题。

详解：考查宾语从句的引导词。前段谈到看电视的人数在回升，本句主语it指的是这一人数，回升到某一水平应由where来引导。

10．答案：在could后面添加not或将accurate改为inaccurate，语篇题。

详解：考查对全句意义的把握。前面谈到Wurtzel为看电视的年轻人数量上升而辩解，但统计的数据却下降了10个百分点，所以他认为这一数据可能不准确。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 23

1．答案：将in改为over，词汇题。

详解：考查介词的用法。在表示谈论或讨论的词语后面，常接over表示其内容或对象。2．答案：将long-delay改为long-delayed，词汇题。

详解：考查合成词的结构形式。形容词和名词构成的合成词作形容词使用时，名词应加-ed，如kind-hearted, long-legged等。

3．答案：在lost前面添加were，语法辨析题。

详解：考查动词的语态。关系代词that指代的是工作，与谓语动词lose应为被动关系。4．答案：将cautiously改为cautious，语法辨析题。

详解：考查系动词的用法。seem在本句中作系动词使用，其后不能接副词，只能接形容词或其它形式。

5．答案：将associating改为associated，语法辨析题。

详解：考查分词的使用。be associated with表示“与…相关”，在本句中使用其省略形式作后置定语，修饰costs。

6．答案：将requires改为require，语法辨析题。

详解：考查主谓一致。本句主语是关系代词that，而that指代的是those，不是wage scale，因此是复数概念。

7．答案：将proportionate改为disproportionate，语篇题。

详解：考查对段落的整体理解。新的岗位虽然增加了，但差不多都是薪水较低的工作，收入高的工作所占比例极小。

8．答案：将was改为has，语法辨析题。

详解：考查动词的时态。该句的意思是：正如过去30年一样，高低收入的差距正在扩大。It指代前面的gap，从后续的时间看，其谓语动词应使用完成时态，即has widened，此处省略了widened。

9．答案：将tending改为tended，语法辨析题。

详解：考查谓语动词和非谓语动词。本句中tend和account for应为定语从句的并列谓语，结构形式应该一致。

10．答案：将with改为to，词汇题。

详解：考查短语搭配。in contrast to表示“与…形成对比”，不跟with 搭配。with常跟compare搭配使用。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 24

1. 答案：把loosed改为loosened，词汇题。

详解：考查同形词。loose可以做及物动词，但意思是“松开、释放”等具体含义，在此和语义不符。loosen 往往和tie, control, discipline, restriction等表示抽象含义的词连用。

因此用loosen更合适。

2. 答案：把kin改为kins，语法题。

详解：考查单复数。Kin和people一样是集体名词，尽管用单数但表达复数概念，相当于relatives，因此不能再用复数形式。另外注意kin做主语时谓语动词应该用复数形式。

3. 答案：去掉for，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。substitute 的用法是substitute A for B，其中for 引导的是被替代项而非替代项，原句superficial relationships with passing acquaintanc es“取而代之的是来往熟人的肤浅关系”。应该是替代项，所以去掉for。

4. 答案：在you之后加do，语法题。

详解：考查do的省略形式。两个比较分句如果谓语部分相同则可以省略后一个分句的谓语，或者用do来替代。在后一个比较分句中由于还接一个if从句，因此必须有一个动词，于是可以用do来替代相同部分。

5. 答案：去掉a，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。few和a few的区别是前者有否定意义，而后者的意义是肯定的。

从这句话的意思来看“这个事实并无多大影响”，含义应该是否定的，因此应该使用few。

6. 答案：把relationship改为relationships，语法题。

详解：考查单复数。Relationship 既可以做可数名词又可以做不可数名词。由于前面有the number of 词组的修饰，relationship应该是可数名词，因此加复数-s。

7. 答案：把do改为are，语法题。

详解：考查比较级。两个比较分句的谓语动词应该是be involved，如果将后一个比较分句里的动词部分省略，保留下来的应该也是be动词，而非do，因此应该将do改为are。

8. 答案：把Or改为Nor，语法题。

详解：考查连词。前面一句话是以否定结尾的，因此本句也应该具有否定意义。因此连词应该用具有否定意义的nor而非肯定意义的or。

9. 答案：把likely改为likelier，语法题。

详解：考查比较级。由于有than的出现，因此我们期待后面有比较级的出现。因此将likely改成比较级likelier。此外考生应该注意any, no, even这样的词不能修饰形容词原形，但可以修饰比较级。

10. 答案：把for改为of，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。distrust后面往往跟of 而非for, 例如：a distrust of the media。Key to Error-correction Ex. 25

1. 答案：把most改为more，语法题。

详解：考查固定搭配。此句的结构是the more …the more…，表示“一个法律制度越完善，社会在其中所承担的责任越大。”

2. 答案：把societies改为society，语法题。

详解：考查名词单复数。该句意思“一个国家的法律制度越完善，社会在发现、控制和惩治暴力行为中担负的责任就越大。”society的含义是单数的。另外注意：society表示“社会”时往往单独使用，前面不加定冠词。

3. 答案：把dealing改为deal，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。词组“the means to” 中的to 是不定式，因此后面应该跟动词原形。而object to, be used to里的to 才是介词，后面该加-ing形式。

4. 答案：把personal改为personally，语法题。

详解：考查副词的使用。修饰动词短语“carrying out judgment…”的应该是副词形式。因此要把形容词personal改为副词personally。

5. 答案：把did改为committed，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。与offense搭配的动词一般为commit, cause, take, give。

6. 答案：把personalized改为depersonalized，逻辑题。

详解：考查上下文逻辑问题。上一句话表明在部族社会“惩恶扬善”是家族或者个人的事情，而在法制社会里，“复仇”的任务不再由个人担当，而是交给社会。因此这里不应该用personalized（个人化），而是depersonalized（非个人化）。

7. 答案：把he改为they，语法题。

详解：考查单复数。本句中he显然和它所指代的名词individuals不一致，所以应该用复数形式they。

8. 答案：把committing改为imposing，词汇题。

详解：考查动词搭配。commit的意思是“犯（错误），干（坏事），答应负责”，在这里意思不符合，应该为impose。其他可以与punishment搭配的动词有administer, inflict, mete out.。

9. 答案：把controlling改为controlled，语法题。

详解：考查分词。词组“a state controlling legal system”中，中心词是“legal system”，“state controlling” 是修饰语。那么中心词和control的关系是被动的。即法律适度是由国家控制的。所以将controlling 改为controlled。

10. 答案：把circle改为cycle，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。circle 和cycle的区别在于circle表示“圈子”，如：a circle of friends, well-known in artistic circles。而cycle表示“循环、周期”如：the cycle of birth, growth, and death; a cycle of reprisal and retaliation。因此这里应该是cycle。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 26

1. 答案：把economical改为economic，词汇题。

详解：考查形同词的使用。“语言的衰落有政治和经济原因”。Economical 的意思是“节约的，省钱的”，而此处应为economic 表示“经济的，有关经济的”。考生应该注意由同一个词派生出的同性词之间的差异。

2. 答案：把writers改为writer，语法题。

详解：考查名词单复数。This or that从意思上看是二选一的，所以后应该接单数名词writer。如果是this and that，后面就应该接复数形式了。

3. 答案：把reinforce改为reinforcing，语法题。

详解：考查分词使用。“an effect can become a cause”和“reinforce the original cause”两个分句并不是并列的关系。应该是主句和从句的关系，因此要把reinforce变为reinforcing 形式，这也与后面的“producing the same effect”分词形式保持形式对等。

4. 答案：在take之后加to，词汇题。

详解：考查动词搭配。该句的意思是“一个人沉湎于饮酒”，take drink 不表达任何意义。

而take to drink，take to表示“养成习惯、沉湎于”。所以要在take后加to。

5. 答案：把most改为more，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。“fail all the most completely because he drinks”“由于酗酒更加失败”，all the most表示全部。而all the more 表示“更加”。

6. 答案：把sloven改为slovenliness，词汇题。

详解：考查形近词的使用。sloven做名词用时表示“懒散的人，散漫的人”，这里语义不符，所以改为slovenliness 表示“懒散、邋遢”。

7. 答案：把irreversible改为reversible，逻辑题。

详解：考查上下文逻辑。从上文可以看出“语言和思维的关系是相互影响的：由于思想的愚蠢，语言变得丑陋、不准确；同时语言的不精确也使思维更加愚蠢。”所以该过程应该是“可以倒退的”。所以将“irreversible”改为“reversible”。

8. 答案：在think之前加to，语法题。

详解：考查动词做主语。很明显该句主语是“清晰思考”，动词原形是不能够做主语的，一定要用动名词或者动词不定式。由于此处有将要发生的意思在里面，所以最好选用不定式to think。

9. 答案：把concerning改为concern，词汇题。

详解：考查词的属性。concern 本身既可以做动词也可以做名词，因此该处直接用concern 就可以，而concerning 是介词表示“关于”。

10. 答案：把present改为presently，词汇题。

详解：考查动词搭配。present在这里从意思上讲不通，因此考虑将其改为其他形式。

presently表示“不久，一会儿”。

Key to Error-correction Ex. 27

1. 答案：把constitution改为constituent，词汇题。

详解：考查形同词的辨析。Constitution 表示“宪法、构造、体质”，这里最好选用它的形容词形式constituent 表示“组成的、作为整体的一部分”。形容词Constitutional 表示“宪法的、内在固有的”。

2. 答案：把lose改为lost，语法题。

详解：考查时态。这里has后面根的to实际上是和a great extent连用，并不是与has连用，to a great extent已经成了一个插入语。所以应该将lose 改为lost。另外，从上下文意义上看也应该采用完成时态。

3. 答案：在which前面加of 或者在knowledge 后加of，语法题。

详解；考查定语从句介词前置。“The time which we have knowledge”中，the time是先行词，which引导了一个定语从句。将先行词放回句中就是“we have knowledge the time”

显然少了一个介词。对什么有所了解应该是“have knowledge of sth.”。因此在which前面加of 或者在knowledge 后加of都可以。

4. 答案：在Nature前面加Of，词汇题。

详解：考查固定搭配。看到“unconscious”或者“conscious”立刻想到的是搭配“be unconscious of” 或者“be conscious of”这个固定搭配。事实上该句为倒装句，正常语序应该是“we are for the most part almost wholly unconscious of natural, cosmic time, as is measured out by the sun and the moon.”可见该句如果没有of就无法组成一个完整的句子。因此考生对于倒装结构尤其要辨清句子的主谓宾，不可轻视介词。

5. 答案：把has改为have，语法题。

详解：考查动词单复数。该句主语是“a ll the old religions”是复数，所以要把has改为have 保持一致，不能被它前面的Catholic Christianity所迷惑。

6. 答案：在aware前加being，语法题。