中国文化英语教程Unit19
《中国文化》英语教程复习题及答案
I. Chinese Cultural Terms :1.绿茶green tea2.红茶black tea3.乌龙茶oolong tea4.黑茶dark tea5.花茶scented tea6.茉莉花茶jasmine tea7.八大菜系eight major schools of cuisine /8 Regional Chinese Cuisines8.茶道tea ceremony9.茶具tea set10.紫砂壶boccaro teapot11.北京烤鸭Beijing roast duck12.清蒸鱼steamed fish13.狗不理包子Goubili steamed buns14. 佛跳墙Buddha Jumping the Wall15. 《论语》The Analects16. 《诗经》The Book ofSongs17. 《道德经》Classic of the Way and Virtue18.道家Daoism19.汉字Chinese character20.象形文字pictograph21.甲骨文oracle-bone inscription/ oracle-bone script22.篆文seal character/ seal script23.文房四宝four treasures of study24.丝绸之路the Silk Road25. 海上丝绸之路the Maritime silk road26.一带一路倡议The Belt and Road Initiative27.西域the Western regions28.敦煌石窟the Dunhuang Grottoes29.春秋时期the Spring and Autumn Period30. 方块象形文字the square-shaped pictographic character31. 颜(真卿)体the Yan style32. 民间艺术folk arts33.年画New Year pictures34.剪纸paper cutting /papercuts35.皮影戏shadow play36.苏绣Suhou Embroidery37.造纸术paper making38.印刷术printing39.佛经Buddhist scripture40.行书running script /semi-cursive script41.草书cursive script42.楷书regular script/standard script43.隶书official script/ clerical script44.砚the ink slab/ the ink stone; 墨ink stick45.六艺：礼乐射御书数“six arts” : ritual,music,archery, carriage driving , calligraphy , and mathematics46.毛笔the writing brush47.宣纸xuan paper/ rice paper48.中国书法Chinese calligraphy49.简体字：simplified characters50. 繁体字complex characters/ traditional characters51.中国结Chinese knots52.佛教Buddhism53.国徽national emblem54. 国旗national flag55. 国歌national anthemII. Multiple choices (每题三个选项中选一个最佳答案)1)Which of the following is irrelevant to the pictographic symbols of Chinese characters? (下列哪项与汉字的象形符号无关？)Aspiration. 吸Imagination.想象Creativity.创造力Allusion.典故2) Which of the following statements is true of the name of Fudan Universit(y关于复旦大学的名称，下列哪个陈述是正确的？)The characters both stand for "the sun rising on the horizon"这.些字符都代表着“太阳在地平线上升起”The name is taken from a Chinese classical poem.这个名字取自中国古典诗歌The name encourages the students to get up early in the morning.这个名字鼓励学生早上早起The characters are intended to tell the students to make progress day by day.这些字旨在让学生们一天天地进步3) Which of the following languages mostly consists of language pictures(下列语言中哪一种主要由语言图片组成？) ? B___Mandarin Chinese. 普通话Hieroglyphs of ancient Egypt.古埃及的象形文字Oracle-bone inscription. 甲骨文Seal characters.篆书4) The symbol for “swimming” is closest to (“游泳”的符号最接近的是)oracle-bone inscription 甲骨文Mandarin Chinese 普通话seal characters 篆书none of the above 没有选项5)The symbol for “athletics” contains the ingredients of (“运动”的符号包含了)dancing and running 跳舞、跑步running and swinging 跑步和摆动dancing and swinging 跳舞和摆动triathlon and football 铁人三项和足球6)All the following are the titles of Confucius excep(t以下孔子的头衔除了) ___.Ban educator 一个教育家A biologist 一个生物学家A scholar 有识之士A philosopher 一个哲学家7)The expression “filial piety” most probably means being (“孝”的意思很可能是指) ___.DLoyal to the state 忠于国家Obedient to sister(s) 听姐姐的话Responsible for the family 对家庭负责Dutiful to parents 孝顺父母8)Which of following can best describe Confucius’ view on the relationship between man and nature (下面哪一个最能说明孔子对人与自然关系的看法？) ___.D Brothers 兄弟Husband and wife 夫妇Doctor and patient 医生和病人Mother and son 母子9)Through burial and ancestral worship rituals,people can learn that (通过丧葬和祭祖仪式，人们可以了解到。
英文 专《中国文化》课后答案 Keys(16-31)
《中国文化》课后练习答案Chapter 16-31 Exercises to Character 161. Multiple choice (choose the best answer).1）c. 2）b. 3）d. 4）a.5）b.2. Fill in the blanks.6）A common stereotype is that the Chinese stumbled upon paper making, printing, gunpowder, and mariner’s compass .7）The mechanical engineer Ma Jun improved the design of silk loom, created an intricate mechanical puppet theater, and invented the South Pointing Chario t.8）The ancient Chinese philosophers made significant advances in science, technology, mathematics, and astronomy.9）The invention of gunpowder gave the Chinese a distinct advantage over their enemies, and their changing the nature of warfare. The compass enabled trade and exploration in whole new ways.3. Translate the following into English10）a. 多级火箭：multi-stage rockets b. 指南战车：t he South Pointing Chariotc. 浑天仪：armillary sphered. 多管（种子）条播机：multi-tube seed drills 11）a. 金刚经：Diamond Sutra b. 泄水闸：sluice gate c. 木偶剧场：puppet theater d. 吊桥：the suspension bridge4. Explain the following in English.12）seismographSeismograph was one of the inventions of the ancient Chinese. It was an urn-like instrument, which would drop one of the eight balls to indicate when and what direction an earthquake had occurred.13）armillary sphereThe armillary sphere was invented by Zhang Heng, the Eastern Han Dynasty scholar and astronomer (78-139 AD). It was water-powered rotating instrument that catalogued 2500 stars and over 100 constellations at that time.5. Answer the following questions.14）What have been found among the soldiers of the Terracotta Army in the tomb of Qin Shi Huang according to the text?Several remains of crossbows15）What was called in Chinese to Zhang Heng’s first seismological detector?Houfeng Didong Yi16) What is the derivation of the Traditional Chinese medicine?Taoist philosophy.Chapter 17 The Four Great Inventions and Other Impressive Ancient Inventions1.1)-5): c, a/b, d, a, d2.6): Northern, Bi Sheng; 7). military, cannons, fire-arrows;8): literature, warfare, navigation; 9): moveable-type3.10) a. fireworks b. abacus c. porcelain11), a. compass b. printing c. gunpowder d. papermaking4.12) A Si Nan was a ladle-like magnet on a plate with the handle of the ladle pointing to the south.13) Anaesthetic (麻醉药): Anaesthetics are necessary for surgical operations. As early as the Warring States Period, Bian Que had concocted an anesthetic called “toxic wine” to be used in surgical operations. In the 3rd century, Hua Tuo invented an anaesthetic to be used for patients undergoing abdominal (腹部的) surgery.5.14) The "Four Great Inventions of ancient China" are the compass, gunpowder, papermaking, and printing.15) Xue fu wu che is a Chinese idiom describing a learned man. The story behind it concerns a scholar named Hui Shi who lived during the Warring States Period. He needed five carts to carry his books when he traveled around teaching. Books at that time were made of wood or bamboo slips so they were heavy and occupied a lot of space. Reading at the time needed not only brainwork but also physical strength. 16) Papermaking created a sheet of paper using mulberry and other bast fibres along with fishnets, old rags, and hemp waste.Chapter 18: Traditional Chinese Medicine答案：1.1）-5）：c, d, a, d,d2.6). acupuncture, herbal, qigong7).philosophy, Taoist, Buddhist, environment8). loss, decline, retreat9). needles, fire, illnesses3.10).a. traditional Chinese medicineb. acupuncturec. cupping11). a. the Theory of Five Elementsb. Metalc. Wood4.12) Some scientists describe the treatment of diseases through herbal medication, acupuncture, and qigong as an “information therapy”.13) In traditional Chinese medicine the theory of five elements is used to interpret the relationship between the physiology and pathology of the human body and the naturalenvironment. According to the theory, the five elements are in constant move and change, and the interdependence and mutual restraint of the five elements explain the complex connection between material objects as well as the unity between the human body and the natural world.5.14). Contact with Western culture and medicine has not displaced TCM. While there may be traditional factors involved in the persistent practice, two reasons are most obvious in the westward spread of TCM in recent decades. Firstly, TCM practices are believed by many to be very effective, sometimes offering palliative efficacy where the practices of Western medicine fail or unable to provide treatment, especially for routine ailments such as flu and allergies, or when Western medicine fails to relieve patients suffering from chronic ailments. TCM has been shown to be effective in the treatment of chronic, functional disorders, such as migraines and osteoarthritis, and is traditionally used for a wide range of functional disorders. Secondly, TCM provides an alternative to otherwise costly procedures that many can not afford, or which is not covered by insurance. There are also many who turn to TCM to avoid the toxic side effects of pharmaceuticals.15) Chinese philosophy uses yin and yang to represent a wider range of opposite properties in the universe: cold and hot, slow and fast, still and moving, masculine and feminine, lower and upper, etc. In general, anything that is moving, ascending, bright, progressing, hyperactive, including functional disease of the body, pertains to yang. The characteristics of stillness, descending, darkness, degeneration, hypo-activity, including organic disease, pertain to yin.16) The methods in common use are moxibustion with moxa cone and cupping. The basic principl e is to place a glass jar over the body and allow it to “cup” the body by putting fire in the jar. This heating forces the air out of the jar and causes a “suction vortex” so that the jar sticks to the skin. This causes the stasis of blood to be stimulated and “massage” the internal organs of the patient. The moxa cone can also be used for the same effect.Chapter 19 Modern Achievements in Science and Technology答案1.1）-5）：a, b, c, d,a2.6). rockets, satellites, spaceship7). high-speed8). Daqing oilfield, synthetic rubber9). popularization, cultivation3.10) a. technological advancement b. biological technology c. medical and health11). a. atomic bomb b. hydrogen bomb c. Electron-Positron Collider4.12) Some important achievements were also made in the basic research areas., For instance, China has made achievements in the following areas: standard finite element method, the mechanical testifying of mathematic theorems, stability of differential dynamical systems, the synthesis of bovine insulin, study of the relation between insulin's 3-D structure and its functions, modification of protein functional gene, study of atmospheric circumfluence in East Asia, as well as searching for the headstream of the Yellow River and exploration of the Brahmaputra and researches in North and South Poles, and so on.13) In the material technology, the country has made satisfactory achievements in high-performance solid propellant, high temperature superconductor, nonlinear crystal and laser crystal, etc.Chapter 20 The Lunar Calendar and Solar Terms答案：1.1）-5）：c, a,a,d,b2.6). East,Gregorian, astrology7). old, official8). heavenly earthly9). lunar, moons, 29.533.10). a. agricultural calendar b. Yin Calendar c. new calendar11).a. Beginning of Spring b. Pure Brightness c. Limit of Heatd. Winter Solstice4.12) In this cyclical system, each year, month, and day is associated with one of the 10 heavenly stems and 12 earthly branches. Each successive time period will have a new stem and branch, until going through the stems 6 times and the branches 5 times, to give 60 unique combinations. In the case of years and dates, this gives a continuous cycle for thousands of years. This is similar for months, but in the case of a leap month, it is assigned its previous month's branch/stem combination with the leap designation added. This is why the combination is so easily calculated for years and days, but requires tables or complicated astronomical calculations to find months.13) Gregorian calendar is known as the "common calendar" (公历) . Another name for the Chinese calendar is the "Yin Calendar" (阴历) in reference to the lunaraspect of the calendar, whereas the Gregorian calendar is the "Yang Calendar" (阳历) in reference to its solar properties.5.14) To explain the basis for determining when leap months are added, one must first understand the Chinese system of solar terms. 24 dates, made up of 12 principal terms and 12 sectional terms, divide the solar year into 24 periods that are based on the earth's position around the sun. These include the equinoxes and the solstices. According to the Chinese calendar, the winter solstice must occur in month 11 of the year. A lunar month in which a principal term does not occur becomes a leap (or intercalary) month and is assigned the number of the month that preceded it but is designated as a leap. If this happens to occur twice in one year, only the first month in which it occurs in a leap month. The Chinese new year itself starts on the second new moon after the winter solstice.15). The Twenty-four Solar Terms come into being and develop in close relationship with Chinese agricultural production. At the initial stage of agricultural development, people began to explore the seasonal rule in the agricultural production to meet the needs in seeding, harvesting and other activities. Gradually, there formed the concept of "Seed in Spring, Grow in Summer, Harvest in Autumn and Store in Winter".Chapter 21答案：1.C A B D C2. reappear , entertainer, lawyer , wisdom , charm , romantic , money , humor ,boastful , dreamer , dresser , extravagant , happy , soldier , traveler3.10）writer, surgeon , lawyer , poet11）intellectual ，honest ，amazing ，affectionate4.12）Rat, Ox, Tiger, Rabbit, Dragon, Snake, Horse, Sheep, Monkey, Rooster, Dog, and Pig13）The rotating cycle of twelve animal signs was a folk method for naming the years in traditional China. The animal signs for one another in an established order, and are repeated every twelve years.5.14)According to Chinese legend, the twelve animals quarreled one day as to who was to head the cycle of years. The gods were asked to decide and they held a contest: whoever was to reach the opposite bank of the river would be first, and the rest of the animals would receive their years according to their finish.All the twelve animals gathered at the river bank and jumped in. Unknown to the ox, the rat had jumped upon his back. As the ox was about to jump ashore, the rat jumped off the ox's back, and won the race. The pig, who was very lazy, ended up last. That is why the rat is the first year of the animal cycle, the ox second, and the pig last.15)Full of vitality and enthusiasm, the Dragon is a popular individual even with the reputation of being foolhardy and a "big mouth" at times. You are intelligent, gifted, and a perfectionist but these qualities make you unduly demanding on others.16)You are a very intelligent and a very clever wit. Because of your extraordinary nature and magnetic personality, you are always well-liked. The Monkey, however, must guard against being an opportunist and distrustful of other people.Chapter 22答案：1.C B D B A2. ancient astronomy , calendars , mathematics , 24 seasonal division points , 1st , 1st , lunar , Shang , Dynasty , remember , honor , pay , respect , to3.10）moon appreciation ，moon cakes ，lantern puzzle11）Lantern Festival ，Double Ninth Festival，Spring Festival ，Qing Ming Festival 4.12）Dragon Boat Festival (Duan Wu Jie) is a day to commemorate the Chinese patriot and poet, Qu Yuan (屈原). Falling on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, it is a day to remind oneself of one's duties and obligations to the nation. Other than eating rice dumplings and participating in dragon boat races, this occasion ought to be used to commemorate the national patriots and to emphasize on the importance of loyalty and commitment to the community.13）The Chinese character "fu" (meaning blessing or happiness) is a must. The character put on paper can be pasted normally or u pside down, for in Chinese the "reversed fu" is homophonic with "fu comes", both being pronounced as "fudaole." What's more, two big red lanterns can be raised on both sides of the front door. Red paper-cuttings can be seen on window glass and brightly colored New Year paintings with auspicious meanings may be put on the wall.5.14) Waking up on New Year, everybody dresses up. First they extend greetings to their parents. Then each child will get money as a New Year gift, wrapped up in red paper. People in northern China will eat jiaozi, or dumplings, for breakfast, as they think "jiaozi" in sound means "bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new". Also, the shape of the dumpling is like gold ingot from ancient China. So people eat them and wish for money and treasure.15) The moon cake festival (Zhong Qiu Jie) falls on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month. It is an occasion for family members to get together over moon cakes, fruits and fine tea and have "moon appreciation" (赏月) sessions. With its association with moon cakes and lanterns, Zhong Qiu Jie is also called Moon cake Festival or Lantern Festival other then Mid-Autumn Festival.Zhong Qiu Jie is quite extensively celebrated in China. Moon cakes and lanterns are put up for sale as early as a month before the festival.People buy moon cakes not only for personal consumption, but also as offerings to ancestors and gifts to senior relatives. The pomelo fruit is another of the popular gift to go along with the moon cakes. The Cantonese name for pomelo is "yow" which has the same meaning as "have".Traditional games such as "deng mi" (lantern puzzle / 猜灯迷) whereby verses of puzzles are hung on lanterns for people to solve.16) After the Chinese new year, the next festival to be celebrated is the '1st Night Festival' or Yuanxiao Jie on the 15th of January Lunar Calendar. The 1st Night day also happens to be the night of 1st full moon in the beginning of the year. It is an extension of the Chinese New Year.According to Chinese tradition, the people had to light up various lanterns and enjoy the full month on this night. They can get together to talk and chat and enjoy both the various lanterns and the full month. In addition, there is also a practice of 'guessing lantern riddles'. During this night, the Chinese can eat "Tang Yuan" (汤圆), which is a small dumpling placed in soups.Chapter 23答案：1. A C B C2.Yunnan , influential , rich , colorful , Dragon , boat , Peacock , dance , second , expressing , love , for3.9）cockfighting，tug-of-war ，wrestling ，horse racing10）Dai ethnic minority，Water-Splashing Festival , bonfires4.11）Water-Splashing Festival , March Fair , Bullfight Festival ,12）Date: 15th to 21st day of the third lunar month ，Place: Yunnan Province，Activities: Held at the foot of Mt.Cangshan in Dali, Yunnan Province, the March Fair is the traditional grand festival for Bai ethnic minority and is renowned as a pageant for trading merchandise. Originally held for reciting the lections and offering sacrifice to Kwan-yin (a female Bodhisattva), it has now become a thriving fair that tens of thousands people from different regions attend.5.13) Recognized as the grandest traditional festival of the Yi ethnic minority, the Torch Festival is full of rich and colorful activities. Worshiping ancestors, visiting relatives and friends to convey their best wishes are the main events of the first day. Bull and sheep fighting, horse racing, cockfighting, singing competition, beauty contest, wrestling and tug-of-wars etc. are held on the second day allowing everyone to compete and play to their heart content.The climax comes in the evening of the third day, large bonfires are lit while people sit, sing, and dance around them the whole night. In the eyes of the Yi, the torch symbolizes happiness and chasteness and brings good luck to the people. Because the festival is of such a frantic and ardent atmosphere, people from other countries refer to it as 'the Carnival with Chinese Characteristics'.14) Activities: Nadam means 'entertainment or game' in Mongolian and Nadam Fair is the annual traditional pageant for Mongolians held in summer during which period the grass is green and the livestock stout and strong. In history, Nadam Fair was held for large-scale sacrificial activities and to pray for blessings from Manito. Now, activities like wrestling, horseracing, and archery(the three skills all Mongolian men should master) are the primary role of the fair. Besides, track and field sports, tug-of-war, basketball and volleyball matches are relatively new additions making the fair even more interesting. The fair finishes with a bonfire party during the night when the young people singing and dancing.15)1 Water-Splashing Festival of Dai - the most influential festival in Yunnan Province Date: 14th to 16th of April (24th to 26th day of the sixth month of the Dai calendar) Place: Yunnan Province2 Torch Festival of Yi - the most ceremonious minority danceDate: 24th to 26th day of the sixth lunar monthPlace: Sichuan Province3 Bullfight Festival of Miao - the most famous Bullfight FestivalDate: 25th day of the first lunar monthPlace: Guizhou and Yunnan Provinces4 March Fair of Bai – the biggest merchandise trading pageantDate: 15th to 21st day of the third lunar monthPlace: Yunnan Province5 Nadam Fair of the MongolianDate: Between July and August every yearPlace: Inner MongoliaChapter 24 Totem, Fengshui and Superstition答案:1)-5): a c d a d6）the Warring States Period, benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sincerity7）the thirteenth floor8）the dragon and phoenix, reverence for the spirits and fortune9）linguistic terms, homonyms10）phoenix ,wind water, kylin ,superstition11）totem, fairy tales，mandarin duck，the Dragon Boat Festival12)The phoenix was commonly referred to as the “King of Birds.”As sovereignof all birds, it has the head of a golden pheasant, a parrot’s beak, the body of a mandarin duck, the wings of a roc, peacock feathers and the legs of the crane.With its elaborate beauty, it reigns over the feathered world. An early design of the phoenix is depicted on a silk painting (right) discovered in a tomb of the Warring States Period (475-221BC) near Changsha, Hunan Province. As a supernatural bird, the phoenix embodies the five virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sincerity. As such, it cannot harm either a single insect or blade of grass. It perches itself only on the finest firmiana tree, eating and drinking nothing but bamboo seeds and sweet spring water.13) The fact that a word can have several, and contradictory, meanings has led tothe emergence of some superstitions – or taboos – which, manifest themselves ina kind of self-censorship about not using a word on certain occasions even in itspositive sense if the same word happens to have a negatively charged second meaning as well.14）they too have other, non-numeral homonyms, which give either a good or a bad connotation to the number itself. In the written language, the word meaning “one” is yī, which also represents loneliness or unity. There are other beliefs pertaining to numbers that are not linked specifically with their homonyms.15）six and eight are lucky numbers. The most unfortunate number in the Chinese culture is the number four.16）Chinese people often consider themselves “the descendants of the dragon”and Chinese emperors thought they were real dragons and the sons of heaven.Thus, their beds were appropri ately called “dragon beds,” their throne, “dragon seat,” and their ceremonial robes, “dragon robes.” Al, dragons, which are a symbol of imperial power, can be spotted on many buildings in the imperial palace.Chapter 25答案1)-5): b c d a a6）Guizhou Maotai,Shanxi Fenjiu,Shaanxi Xifeng,Luzhou Laojiao,Shaoxing Jiafan,Red Rose Grape Wine,Weimeisi and Special Fine Brandy7）green tea,black tea,scented tea,white tea and tightly compressed tea8）“little cha” or “chacha”9）gongfu tea10）green tea ,lotus seed-heart tea,daoist , TAOISTetiquette11）scented tea, The Classic of Rites，literary classics，Confucianism12）Tea is native to China, and Chinese tea culture has a long history. Originally tea was used as a medicine instead of a drink. It was said that Shen Nong, the legendary ruler in ancient China, once tasted a lot of plants and was poisoned many times. It was tea that helped him get rid of the poisoning effect. Later the ancient Chinese got to know more and more about tea, and instead of being regarded as a medicine, it became a drink. Tea not only quenches one’s thirst, but also helps reduce one’s internal heat.13）Gongfu tea came into being in the Qing Dynasty. Gongfu in Chinese means time-consuming. When drinking gongfu tea, one must choose very carefully the appropriate tea set, take time to prepare the tea, and take time to taste and drink the tea. Normally, the tea vessels are small and exquisite, with the teapot as small as a fist and teacups as small as walnuts. During the drinking process, first the teapot and teacups are heated with hot water, then tealeaves are put into the teapot (about seven tenth of the capacity), next boiling water is poured into the teapot. When pouring boiling water from the kettle into the teapot, one should raise the kettle high, and when pouring tea from the teapot into the teacups, one should lower the teapot and keep its spout close to the teacups.14）Ancient Chinese tea culture also had some influence on other aspects of the Chinese culture. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, the word cha (tea) was given a special meaning and became a complimentary name for girls. Little girls were called “little cha” or “chacha”.15）Dongting 1 300 years ago. There were tea trees growing on it and local people often went there picking tealeaves. Once a girl went there picking tealeaves. After she had filled her basket with tealeaves, she picked more and put them close to her body inside her blouse. Warmed by the girl’s body heat, the tealeaves sent forth a strong ar oma. Local people gave the tea a name “terrifying aroma”. Later, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty named it biluochun because he thought the former name was not appropriate.16）Wine culture is an important part of the Chinese food and drink culture. According to The Classic of Rites, the water ancient Chinese offered to god was called xuanjiu or mingshui by later generations. As to the inventor of wine, there are several versions, but the most popular one is that a person called Du Kang made it. Du kang or Shao Kang was regarded as the inventor of wine.Chapter 26答案:1)-5): c a b d b6）inlaid ename 7）wood, wood ware 8）handiwork9）drawing,printing10）New Year Picture , Paper-cut, Embroidery , jade wares 11）bronze,Wood carving，Rattan basketwork，straw ware12)chubby babies, figures of ladies, common customs, and legendary stories13)qizhen, chanzhen, puzhen, gunzhen, jiezhen, dazi, wangxiu, songzhen,luanzhen, dingxian, quanjin, pingjin, bubijiahui, nasha, lusha and so on14）household use, such as rattan chairs, rattan tables, rattan tea tables, rattan screens, rattan bookshelves, rattan baskets, rattan foodboxes, rattan fruit plates, rattan pen containers and rattan vases.15）jewelry or visual handiwork processed by forging gold, silver or other metals or by cutting and polishing jade.16）both practical and artistic value.Chapter 27:1.1) C) bequest2) C) Qing Dynasty3) B) 11; 404) D) several hundred5) D) percussion6) A) pray for2. 7) the Dragon Boat Festival (the fifth day of the fifth lunar month)8) pyrotechnic9) the beauty, art, culture, traditions, ; extension of the Chinese martial arts10) the Song Dynasty (960-1279)11) as a warning to the audience to be quiet or as a means of attracting attention3. 12) Be unhurried to enter opponent’s territory; Discard stones to gain.13) A move must respond to the opponent’s; Against strong positions, playsafely4. 14) The civil stilts means to act the roles in dramas, such as the roles of Tang Sengand his apprentices in the "Journey to the West" and Xu Xian and Lady Baiin the "Legend of the White Snake" and so on.15) The military stilts means to act the unique skills such as leap in the air androlls etc., which reflects the characteristics of Walking on Stilts.5.16) The repertoires are usually sung by one clown and one positive female role,hence comes the name.17) It literally means "singing while stamping the feet", hence the name.18) Xiangsheng can be performed in the form of a dialogue between twoperformers, or, much less often, a solo monologue or, even less frequently, amulti-player talk show.Chapter 28:Key1.1) D) Anyang2) A) Kaifeng3) B) Hangzhou4) D) Qufu5) Chongqing2. 6) economic boom7) “thousand-year ancient capital8) Jicheng, the capital of the Yan Kingdom9) many historical and revolutionary relics3. 10) Taiping Heavenly-Kingdom; Shanhaiguan Pass11) Confucius; the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring StatesPeriod4. 12) The name of “Tianjin” was graciously bestowed by the Emperor Zhudi inthe early years of the Ming Dynasty. Tianjin means “the place where theemperor crossed the river”.13) The city of Zhenjiang owns numerous historic heritage sites, like the 1500-year-old Jinshan Temple, the 1 400-year-old Dinghui Temple in Mt. Jiao,the 1 500-year-old Longchang Temple in Mt. Baohua, and the 2 000-year-oldTaoist Temple in Mt. Mao.5. 14) It was a concept of ancient constructers of Chinese ancient cities: Theyput special emphasis on the harmonious relationship between the city andnatural environment. This is a special feature of Chinese architectural culture.15) Luoyang16) Beijing, Zhengzhou, Xi’an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, together with Nanjing,Hangzhou and Anyang.Chapter 29Key1.1) A) Mount Tai, Mount Hua, Mount Heng in Hunan Province,Mount Song, Mount Heng in Shanxi Province2) B) Mount Tai for its majesty, Mount Hua for its arduousness, Mount Heng (in the South) for its seclusion, Mount Song for its precipitousness, and Mount Heng (in the North) for its elegance.3) D) Tai4) C) Hua5) B) Mount Heng ( in the North, Shanxi Province)2.6) 50; 1207) 20178) Shaolin Monastery9) imperial pilgrimage3.10) the Water-Screen Cave the Mid-air Temple11) Heavenly Peak Jade Spring4.12) This name, the “Five Sacred Mountains” dates back to Emperor Wudi of theWestern Han Dynasty. Historical documents recorded that Emperor Wudiassigned names to these five mountains according to their directions.13) It covers an area of 100 000 square meters and is the largest group of ancient。
中国文化英语教程答案
中国文化英语教程-答案Uni 1Lead-inPhoenix one of four Chinese auspicious and mythical beasts, along with the Chinese dragon, tortoise and Qilin (kylin)Pangu a god who broke through the chaos and created the worldSui a god who drilled wood to make a fireNüwa a goddess who mended the sky and created humansChang’e Wife of the legendary hero Houyi and later inhabited the Moon Palace with the Jade Rabbit and the woodcutter Wu GangKuafu a god who chased the sunThe Eight Immortals a group of legendary Taoist immortalsHouyi a great archer who shot down nine extra sunsReading A1.1)The recently uncovered “Suigongxu” is an ancient vessel which records the historical myths ofthe great hero Da Yu who controlled the flood. (Para.2)2)Chinese myths are a vital part of Chinese culture. (Para. 5)3)Unlike Western myths, myths in ancient China were usually spread in scattered forms invarious written materials. (Para.4)4)Chinese mythology refers to myths transmitted by people of all fifty-six ethnic groups living inChina. (Para.1)5)Shanhaijing, Chuci, and Huainanzi are important sources of ancient Chinese myths. (Para.4)6)The system of Chinese mythology is not integrated and homogeneous. (Para.1)2.people who collected and compiled mythologye.g.: the great Greek writers Homer and Hesiodbooks with miscellaneous subjects but containing many mythse.g.: Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas), Chuci (The Songs of Chu), and Huainanzi1. Correct order: D G B A E H F C2.1) She took river mud and shaped the first people by hand. Later, she dipped a reed into the mud and flicked blobs of mud onto the ground. When she breathed on the mud creatures, they sprang to life.2) She did not want to stay on the earth to watch over them, nor did she want to return to make or repair them. She wanted the humans to learn to live on their own without the help of gods.3) Because by doing so she could recognize her creations.3. animals with fins e.g shark, dolphin, whale, fish, etc.animals with feathers e.g. duck, hawk, etc.animals with scales e.g. fish, crocodile, lizard, snake, turtle, etc.animals with hooves e.g. horse, ox, donkey, deer, sheep, cow, etc.animals with stinger(s) e.g. bee, scorpion, wasp, stingray, etc.Reading C1. 1) avaricious and blood-thirsty 2) auspicious, wisdom 3) a future emperor 4) dragon-king temple 5) zodiac animals 6) charismatic, innovative2. 1）双龙戏珠two dragons playing with a pearl2) 大水冲了龙王庙not recognize one’s kinsman3）龙颜大怒The Emperor is flying into a rage and bristling with anger4）神龙见首不见尾someone who has no fixed whereabouts and is difficult for others to trace5）龙飞凤舞cursive and elegant handwriting6）望子成龙parents having high expectations of their childrenSelf-check1) geographic boundaries 2) be traced back to/ trace back to3) the major repositories of Chinese ancient myths 4) mythological stories5) mending the sky/repairing the heavens6) cruel, evil and earthly, auspicious, powerful and heavenlyLead-in1. D2. C3. BReading A1. 1) 47 2) landscape garden design 3) Library Cave 4) Japan and Korea5) Tibetan architecture 6) Han citiesReading B1. 1) the Celestial Capital Peak 2) the Lotus Peak 3) the Cloud Gate Peak 4)the Heavenly Gate 5) the Sky-high Stone Ridge 6) the Gate of Three Seas 7) the Lion Forest Temple 8) the Usher Cliff 9) the Stalagmite Stone Ridge 10) the pine treesReading C1. 1) 3) 4) 5) 6)2.Pros . Symbol of Beijing;. More convenient to go outside;. Home place in childhood memory;. Close relationship between neighbors;. Demonstration of Chinese national culture.Cons . Old and aging facilities;. Sanitation condition;. No heating system;. No toilet;. Water system.Self-checkUpon their arrival, Xi Jinping and his wife Peng Liyuan were warmly greeted by the Belgian King Philippe, Queen Mathilde and Prime Minister Elio Di Rupo. The state leaders of the two countries walked into the Chinese Garden together. It was like walking in a quiet, peaceful and harmonious Chinese painting of freehand brushwork, with the delicately painted and decorated pavilions, carved beams and painted rafters along the way, with birds twittering and flowers blooming with fragrance. The two heads of state and their wives walked along the winding corridor and path, through thegreen and luxuriant bamboo grove to the panda garden. They walked and talked on their way about the friendly exchanges between China and Belgium.Unit 3Lead-in1. C3. 1) c 2) a 3) d 4) bReading A1. 1) E 2) B 3) A 4) D 5) C2. A U A UReading B1. B C D A2. 1) BGI 2) H 3) EL 4) ADJ 5) CFK3.1) boil 2) clean 3) roast 4) scramble 5) steam 6) sauté 7) fry 8) roll 9) stew 10) broil 11) blend 12) pickleReading C1. T T F T F TSelf-check1) Noodles are the symbol of longevity in Chinese culture, so Chinese people will have a bowl of noodles on their birthday, and the noodle strands should not be cut up.2) Chinese cuisine involves eight major branches. Influenced by the geography, climate, local product and eating habit, each of the eight regional cuisines has its own distinctive features.3) Chinese people stress filial piety all the time. The practice of presenting the best or fine food first to the senior members of the family has been observed for countless generations.4) In many parts of China, particularly northern China, wheat-based products including noodles and steamed buns predominate, in contrast to southern China, where rice is dominant.Unit 4Lead-in1. T2.FReading A1. A. Longjing, Biluochun, Huangshan Maofeng, Junshan SilverB. Qi Hong, Dian Hong, Ying HongC. Tieguanyin, Dahongpao (Big Red Robe)D. Pu-erhE. Jasmine tea, Orchid tea, Plum tea, Gardenia tea, Rose tea, Osmanthus tea2. 1) Parking in this street is the privilege of the residents here.2) There is no agreement on who should pay the costs imposed by new environmental standards.3) The exhibition features paintings by a couple of contemporary artists.4) In that country, the production of raw materials accounts for a considerable proportion of the national economy.3. F C D A B G EReading B1. 1) rocks; purple; curled; cultivated tiny sprouts2) frying and steaming; pounding and grinding; bamboo sieves; apparatus3) April, and May; beginning to unfold; a rainy day4) spring water; swift, clear currents; close human habitation; constantly5) singing noise; water forms billows2. 1) The best kind of tea grows wild on rocks; those cultivated in plantations are second in quality.2) Tea is picked in the second, third and fourth months of the lunar calendar. After picking, the buds/sprouts are steamed, pounded (ground), roasted, then pierced through and packaged.Reading C1. 3 6 4 11 7 10 8 5Self-check1) Ever since, tea has become an integral thread in the social and cultural fabric of China.2) Europeans had become fascinated/infatuated by this Eastern/Oriental drink.3) tea is consumed all day long both for its ceremonial and cultural significance, and for its taste.4) Green tea, particularly, is considered to be a classic beauty aid and a diet tea.Unit 5Lead-in1. 1) C 2) A 3) E 4) B 5) D2. BReading A1. F F T T T2. 3 6 11 1 7Reading B1. 1) C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) D2. F T F T F3. 1) February 2) May 3) OctoberReading C1. 1) health and longevity; 2) clear and intelligible 3) herbal medicine4) therapeutic benefits2. 1) external pathogen 2) imbalances and deficiencies 3) invader 4) detoxify 5) eliminateSelf-check1) Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) 2) Western medicine3) The Unity of Heaven and Humanity 4) eliminating fire5) expelling dampness 6) closely connected and mutually interacting7) Yin-Yang Theory and Five Elements Theory 8) Yin and Yang are out of balanceUnit 6Lead-in1. C2. DReading A1. 21 17 4 12 192. F T F T F TReading B1. 1）C-e 2) A-c 3) B-a 4) E-b 5) D-d2. 1) Spring 2) Month Ten 3) Month Twelve4) The farmers worked intensively and arduously throughout the year; however, they and theirfamily lived a miserable life of poverty. They presented delicate food and clothes to their lord, whose life was luxurious and comfortable.Reading C1. 1) The website examined the link between personal saving habits and the Chinese zodiac.2) The snake is a bit of a risk-taker.3) In order to celebrate and inspire visitors to spend.2. associate Finance showcase adorn compete forSelf-check1. lunisolar astronomical observations the Jewish calendar a leap year2. 1) the Chinese zodiac 2) is associated with 3) the Gregorian calendar 4) Chinese communitiesUnit 7Lead-in1. 1）C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) D2. CReding A1. T T F T T F T F T2. A（3,4）B(10) C(8) D(9) E(6)Reading B1. Wife: Yuji Rival: Liu Bang Subordinate: Senior eunych Advisors: Hanxin; Li Zuoche2. D F A C B G E3. 1) I could pull down mountains with might and main; but my good fortune wanes, and my steed won't fight.2) Wait a minute. Songs of Chu Kingdom are being sung everywhere here. Is it because Liu Bang has occupied the territories of the Chu Kingdom?3) Now the separatist warlords will vie for the throne. It is nothing unusual to be in an adverse position occasionally.4) Eight thousand soldiers have been lost already. In the future how can I face the parents of the fallen living on the east side of the river.5) For decades, we have loved and depended on each other. But now the moment has come thatwe must part from each other.Reading C1. 1) positive 2) Negative 3) Positive2. 1) C 2) E 3) A 4) B 5) DSelf-check1) The origin of Chinese opera can be traced back to the singing and dancing and religious rituals in primitive times. Through a very long period of development and reform, in the late Song Dynasty and the early Yuan Dynasty, Chinese Opera formed a mature and complete artistic system.2) The music of Peking opera mainly combines the Xi Pi tune, the Er Huang tune, and the melodies of Kunqu. Typical Chinese musical instruments are used in a Peking opera orchestra, such as Jing Hu (two-string fiddle), Pi Pa (Chinese lute), Sheng (reed pipes), drums and gongs.3) Among the hundreds of forms of opera throughout China, Peking opera had the greatest influence and is therefore regarded as a national opera.4) Facial painting is a prominent feature of Peking opera. It shows the character's age, profession and personality by using different patterns and colors. Each color symbolizes a certain characteristic.5) According to partial statistics, there are over 360 regional opera styles in China, among which Kunqu is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. Kunqu, which evolved from the Kunshan melody in the Yuan Dynasty, boasts a 600-year history.Unit 8Lead-in1. 1) brush 2) ink stick 3) paper 4) ink stone/slab2. D C CReading A1. 1) board games 2) unified and standardized 3) square; architectural4) grinding or rubbing 5) seal-cutting; sculpture; handicrafts2. 1) official script(li shu) 2) running script (xing shu) 3) cursive script (cao shu)4) sticks 5) stones/slabs 6) functions 7) bamboo 8) porcelain 9) jade10) pines that grow on Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province 3. 11) Xuan paper12) fine textured 13) Tao yan 14) slippery3. 1) 书法表现的是线条与节奏的抽象之美，它能够反映出人的情感态度、操守品格、个性特点、文化水平、个人修养、知识品位以及人生态度。
00-01学年英语北师大版选修7：Unit 19 Cultural C
英国英语 英语开始传播到世界各地是在莎士比亚时代。1607年英国统 治者在弗吉尼亚设立了殖民地——北美第一个说英语的永久定居 地。到18世纪八十年代，美国从英国独立出来，那时有13个殖民 地和4百万说英语的人！
American English In 1806, Noah Webster published his first Dictionary of American English. ④This not only had American words and
世界各地的英语 当今，在一些国家大约有4亿把英语作为第一语言的人。例如 澳大利亚、英国、加拿大、爱尔兰、牙买加、新西兰、南非和美 国。另外，有更多的人把英语作为第二语言，即英语用于官方、 商业和教育。许多把英语作为第二语言的国家是前英国殖民地， 如印度、肯尼亚、尼日利亚、巴基斯坦、新加坡和斯里兰卡。除 此以外，英语还是世界上学习最广的外语。那么，英语是怎样成 为世界语言的？
New Zealand English New Zealand English started in 1840, with the ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱreaty between the British and the Maoris in New Zealand. This began the colonisation of the two islands. New Zealand English sounds very similar to Australian English，but uses more British words and expressions and has borrowed words from the Maoris, particularly for the names of flowers and trees.
《中国文化英语教程》教学讲义
《中国文化英语教程》教学讲义China is a country with a rich and diverse cultural heritage that has fascinated people from all over the world. From its ancient philosophy and traditional arts to its modern innovations and global influence, Chinese culture has made a significant impact on the world stage. In order to understand and appreciate this unique culture, it is essential to learn about it from a comprehensive and well-structured English language perspective.The "Chinese Culture English Tutorial" is designed to provide learners with a deep understanding of the various aspects of Chinese culture through the medium of the English language. This tutorial aims to bridge the gap between the East and the West by offering a detailed exploration of Chinese history, philosophy, language, literature, art, music, cuisine, festivals, and customs. By delving into these diverse topics, learners will gain a holistic view of Chinese culture and develop a profound appreciation for its beauty and complexity.The tutorial begins with an overview of Chinese history, tracing the origins of Chinese civilization and the key dynasties that have shaped the country's cultural landscape. Learners will explore the philosophical foundations of Chinese thought, including the teachings of Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism, which have had a profound influence on Chinese society and values.Moving on to language and literature, the tutorial provides an introduction to the Chinese language, its unique writing system, and the rich tradition of Chinese literature. Learners will have the opportunity to explore classical Chinese poetry, prose, and drama, as well as modern works by renowned Chinese authors.In the realm of arts and music, the tutorial showcases the diversity of Chinese artistic expression, from traditional Chinese painting and calligraphy to contemporary visual arts and music. By examining the symbolism and techniques employed in Chinese art forms, learners will gain insight into the cultural significance of these creative expressions.Cuisine is another integral part of Chinese culture, and the tutorial offers a tantalizing exploration of Chinese gastronomy. From regional delicacies to popular dishes, learners will discover the diversity and flavors of Chinese cuisine, as well as the cultural traditions and customs associated with food and dining in China.Festivals and customs play a significant role in Chinese culture, and the tutorial provides an in-depth look at the major festivals and traditional customs observed throughout the country. Learners will gain an understanding of the historical and cultural significance of these celebrations, as well as the customs and rituals associated with them.In conclusion, the "Chinese Culture English Tutorial" offers a comprehensive and enlightening journey through the rich tapestry of Chinese culture. By immersing themselves in the various facets of Chinese culture, learners will not only enhance their language skills but also develop a deeper understanding and appreciation of one of the world's most ancient and vibrant civilizations. This tutorial serves as a valuable resource for anyone seeking to explore the beauty and complexity of Chinese culture through the English language.。
中国英语文化教程习题答案
中国英语文化教程习题答案中国英语文化教程习题答案中国英语文化教程是一本广泛使用的教材，旨在帮助学习者更好地了解中国的文化背景和英语的应用。
然而，对于许多学习者来说，教材中的习题往往是一个困扰。
本文将为大家提供一些中国英语文化教程习题的答案，以便帮助大家更好地学习和理解。
第一章：中国的传统节日1. 中国的春节通常在哪个月份庆祝？答案：中国的春节通常在农历的正月初一庆祝。
2. 中国人为什么会放鞭炮？答案：中国人放鞭炮是为了驱赶恶鬼和带来好运。
3. 中国的中秋节通常在哪个月份庆祝？答案：中国的中秋节通常在农历的八月十五庆祝。
第二章：中国的饮食文化1. 中国人为什么喜欢使用筷子？答案：中国人喜欢使用筷子是因为筷子在中国文化中象征着团结和和谐。
2. 中国的四大菜系是哪些？答案：中国的四大菜系是川菜、粤菜、湘菜和鲁菜。
3. 在中国，吃饭时为什么要碰杯？答案：在中国，碰杯是为了表达对彼此的祝福和尊重。
第三章：中国的传统艺术1. 中国的京剧是哪个省份的传统戏曲？答案：中国的京剧是北京的传统戏曲。
2. 中国的国画通常使用什么颜料？答案：中国的国画通常使用水墨颜料。
3. 中国的传统音乐中常见的乐器有哪些？答案：中国的传统音乐中常见的乐器有古筝、琵琶、二胡等。
第四章：中国的历史名胜1. 中国的长城建于哪个朝代？答案：中国的长城建于秦朝。
2. 中国的故宫位于哪个城市？答案：中国的故宫位于北京市。
3. 中国的西湖位于哪个城市？答案：中国的西湖位于杭州市。
通过以上习题的答案，我们可以更好地了解中国的文化背景和传统习俗。
同时，希望这些答案能够帮助大家更好地学习和掌握中国英语文化教程中的知识点。
祝大家学习进步！。
中国文化英语教程Unit-19
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
• Cloisonnéwas further developed during the Qing Dynasty. Technically, while it overcame the weakness of the porosity of the Ming products, but artistically, it lacked the former's simplicity and dignified heaviness.
• The Ming cloisonnéartifacts extant today were mostly produced during the Jingtai and Chenghua reigns.
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
New Year Pictures: Enhanche lively festive
atmosphere is best
reflected in the
Yangliuqing New Year
杨柳青年画
pictures. Fresh and
New Year Pictures: Enhancing the Festive Atmosphere
China is a country of vast territory, so the styles of New Year pictures vary from north to south. The northern New Year pictures are best represented by those produced in Yangliuqing in Tianjin Municipality, while in the south there are those from Taohuawu in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province.
中国文化英语教程文本 (优选.)
wo最新文件---------------- 仅供参考--------------------已改成-----------word文本--------------------- 方便更改rdPart I Wisdom and BeliefsUnit 1 Confucian thought on heaven and humanityConfucius (551-479 BC), known in China as Kongzi, given name Qiu and alias Zhongni, was a native of Zouyi (present-day Qufu in Shandong Province) of the State of Lu during the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC). A great thinker, educator and founder of Confucianism, Confucius is an ancient sage to the Chinese people. His words and life story were recorded by his disciples and their students in The Analects (Lunyu).Confucius on Heaven: the source of EverythingIn the Shang (1600-1046 BC) and Zhou (1046-256 BC) dynasties, the prevalent concept of “Heaven”was that of a personified god, which influenced Confucius. Generally, however, Confucius regarded “Heaven”as nature. He said, “Heaven does not speak in words. It speaks through the rotation of the four seasons and the growth of all living things.” Obviously, heaven equaled nature, in the eyes of Confucius. Moreover, nature was not a lifeless mechanism separate from humans; instead, it was the great world of life and the process of creation of life. Human life was part and parcel of nature as a whole.Confucius on People: ren and liRen and Li are the two core concepts of Confucius’s doctrine about people.When his students Fan Chi asked him about ren, Confucius replied, “love people”. This is Confucius’ most important interpretation of ren. Love for the people is universal love. Confucius further emphasized that this kind of love should “begin with the love for one’s parents”. He believed no one could love people in general if they did not even love their own parents. Confucius regarded “filial piety and fraternal duty”as the essence of ren. The Doctrine of the Mean (Zhongyong) quotes Confucius as saying, “ The greatest love for people is the love for one’s parents.” He also said, “Children should not travel far while their parents are alive. If they have no choice but to do so, they must retain some restraint.” He did not mean that children should not leave their parents at all. What he meant was that children should not make the parents anxiouss .. t .....about them while away from home. Confucius said again, “Children should think often of the age of their parents. They should feel happy for the health and longevity of their parents. They should also feel concern for the aging of their parents.”By ren, Confucius meant universal love based on love for one’s parents. How should people love one another then? Confucius said, “One should be aware that other people may have similar desires as oneself. While fulfilling one’s desires, allow others to fulfill their desires as well.” He further said, “Do not do toward others anything you would not want to be done to you.” Thus from oneself to one’s family, from family to society, one should extend love to all people. Mencius (c. 372-289 BC), a great Confucian scholar, best summarized ren as, “loving one’s parents, loving the people, loving everything in the world.”Li refers to rituals, traditions and norms in social life. Of these, Confucius regarded burial rituals and ancestral worship rituals as the most important, because they rose from human feelings. He said, “A child should not leave his parents’bosom until he is three years old.” He naturally love his parents. The ritual of wearing mourning for a deceased parent for three years was an expression of the child’s love and remembrance.Confucius on the State of lifeBefore Confucius, only the nobility had the right to education. He was the first figure in Chinese history to initiate private education. According to historical records, Confucius taught for many years and trained 3,000 disciples. A total of 72 of them excelled in the “six arts”, i.e., ritual, music, archery, (carriage)driving, calligraphy, and mathematics. A great educator, Confucius has been admired by later generations as the “sage of sages”.Confucius believed the basic goal of education was to cultivate “persons of virtue”, who should have sound character and uplifted minds. Such people should be able to shoulder important social responsibilities and to make contributions to society. Confucius regarded lofty ideals, great virtue, love of people, and the “six arts” as the general principles of education. Of these, virtue was the most important. His students were involved in a variety of professions, including politics, trade, education, diplomacy, ritual ceremony, and classifying ancient books. Whatever they did, they all wanted to improve their learning of the humanities and to enhance their virtue.Unit 2 Laozi’s philosophy of Non-actionThe book Laozi was written around the sixth century BC. The author is generally believed to be Lao Dan, or Laozi – a recluse who lived during the Spring and Autumn Period. Few records s .. t .....have survived about Lao Dan, who was said to have once held a low civil position in the royal court, in chare of the archival records of the Zhou Dynasty. Yet, due to his great learning, even Confucius was said to have traveled miles to consult him.Laozi, also known as Classic of the Way and Virtue (Dao De Jing), consists of just over 5,000 Chinese characters. Its 81 chapters are divided into two parts, Dao (the Way) and De (Virtue). Short as it is, the book has played a tremendous role in the development of Chinese culture. It became the basis of Daoism, the school of philosophy parallel to Confucianism in ancient China. The thought of Laozi formed the foundation of Daoism, the most influential indigenous school of religion in China. It has also exerted a direct impact on the characteristics, trends of thought and aesthetic sensibilities of the Chinese nation. Today Laozi still plays a role in the development of Chinese thinking.Naturalness and Non-action“Naturalness” is an important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It refers to a natural state of being, an attitude of following the way of nature. Laozi emphasized that everything in the world has its own way of being and development: birds fly in the sky, fish swim in the water, clouds float in the sky, flowers bloom and flowers fall. All these phenomena occur independently and naturally without following any human will, and humans should not try to change anything natural. Laozi admonished people to give up on any desire to control the world. Following the way of nature is the way to resolving conflicts between humans and the world.“Non-action”is another important concept of Laozi’s philosophy. It is the guarantee of “Naturalness”. Laozi said, “(Dao or the Way) acts through non-action,” by which he did no mean that one should do nothing and passively wait for something to be achieved. Neither did he deny human creativity. What he meant is that human enterprises should be built on the basis of naturalness, not on many attempts to interrupt the rhythm of nature. Human creativity should be in compliance with the ways of nature.The philosophy of Non-contentionOn the basis of “naturalness” and “non-action”, Laozi proposed the view of “overcoming the strong by being weak”. The era Laozi lived in was replete with endless wars. Therefore, war was an important treme for philosophers, and ant-war thinking was the norm. Even the great strategist Sunzi advocated “winning a war without fighting it”, not to mention the great thinker Confucius, who strongly championed a government based on love. Their contemporary Mozi (c. 468-376 BC), founder of Mohism, also condemned wars while calling for “love for all”.According to Laozi, war springs from humanity’s bloated desires. Conflict arises out of s .. t .....people’s struggles to satisfy their desires, and conflict escalates into war. Therefore, Laozi’s philosophy is based on “non-contention”. To him, human striving and competitive strife is the root cause of decline; desiring nothing is the natural way of life.Laozi said, “The greatest virtue is like water.”He compared his philosophy of “non-contention” to water, to distinguish it from the law of the jungle. He said, “Water nourishes everything but contends for nothing.” To Laozi, humans tend to seek higher positions while water always flows to lower places. Driven by desire, humans like whatever they think is superior while despising whatever they think is inferior. Yet water always flows downward. As the source of life, water nourishes all living things on Earth. No life can exist without water. Water contributes to the world without regard for gain or loss. Remaining low, level and tranquil, water embraces and reflects everything under heaven. The way of water is completely different from the way of people with avid desires.But the philosophy of Laozi is by no means weak. On the contrary, it is full of strength. According to Laozi, water accumulates great strength in its weakness and quietude. Its strength can break down all barriers in the world. He said, “Nothing in the world is weaker than water. Yet nothing is stronger than water when it comes to breaking something strong.” Water is a typical example of the weak winning over the strong. Water is invincible because it desires nothing and contends for nothing.Unit 3 Chinese Buddhist CultureWho am I? Where am I from? Where am I going?Men are mortal. But death is not an once-and-for-all thing. They enter the rotating Wheel of Six Realms:Heaven, Human, Asura, Animal, Hungry Ghost, Hell.Documents stored in computer can be canceled at will, but what we have done in our life, and actually in our innumerable lives, cannot. What has been done has been done. The information is stored in your true “self”, not the physical one, and will accompany you l ife after life, and determines which Realm you enter.Only when we are completely free from lust, hatred, and folly, can we manage to break away from the capture of the rotating Wheel, and achieve perpetual enlightenment, discovering your true “self”.In B uddhism there isn’t any dominating god who controls your destiny. We are the maker of our own fate. What we are at present is a result of what we have done in the past; and what we will be in the future is decided by what we are doing at present. What we h ave done form the “karma”, which, like a gene, decides on your s .. t .....future story. But this “gene” can of course be modified, by doing good deeds and obtaining healthy biological and spiritual energy, so as to change our future course of career. We are, therefore, our own master.What are the basic requirements for a Buddhist?Five Prohibitions for the laymen:1) Don’t kill;2) Don’t steal;3) Don’t seek aberrant sensual pleasures;4) Don’t talk irresponsibly;5) Don’t drink alcohol.Part II Creativity and ExchangeUnit 4 The Silk RoadThe silk road refers to a transport route connecting ancient China with Central Asia, West Asia, Africa, and the European continent. It appeared as early as the second century BC and wastraveled mainly by silk merchants. The term “Silk Road”, or “die Seidenstrasse”in German, was first noted down by the German geographer Ferdinand Von Richthofen at the end of the 19th century.The silk road began in Chang’an (present-day Xi’an, capital of Shaanxi Province), passing through Gansu and Xinjiang to Central Asia, West Asia, and to lands by the Mediterranean. There were no signs of communication between ancient Chinese civilization and Mediterranean civilization in earlier history. In about the seventh century BC, the ancient Greeks began to learn about an ancient civilization to the east, yet knew little about it. Before the Silk Road, according to archeological findings, there had already existed an intermittent trade route on the grasslands from the Yellow River and the Indus River drainage areas to the Euphrates and the Tigris, and the Nile drainage areas. Yet real communication between China, Central and West Asian countries, Africa and the European continent did not develop until the opening of the Silk Road.s .. t .....Zhang Qian, Trail BlazerThe pioneer who blazed the trail of the Silk Road was Zhang Qian (c. 164-114 BC). In Zhang Qian’s time, the Chinese has little knowledge about Central and West Asian countries, Africa or Europe, although they were aware of the existence of many different countries and cultures in faraway places to the west.During the reign of Emperor Wu (r. 140-135 BC), there were 36 small kingdoms in the Western Regions (present-day Xinjiang and parts of Central Asia). All of them were later conquered by the Huns, who then posed a direct threat to the Western Han and blocked thedynasty’s path west. Under these circumstances, Emperor Wu appointed Zhang Qian to lead a team of more than 100 envoys to the Western Regions.The mission was to unite the Indo-Scythic people against the Huns, who once killed their chieftain. Zhang Qian’s team set out in 138 BC. No sooner had they entered the Hexi Corridor(northwest of present-day Gansu Province), than they were captured by the Huns. After being held under house arrest for over ten years, Zhang Qian and only one other remaining envoymanaged to escape and return to Chang’an in 126 BC. Their accounts about the Western Regions were a revelation to Hun emperor and his ministers.In the next two decades, Emperor Wu launched three major campaigns against the Huns, forcing them to retreat from the Western Regions. In 119 BC, the emperor sent Zhang Qian on a second mission to the Western Regions. This time Zhang Qian went further west, while his deputies reached more than a dozen countries in South and West Asia, and the Mediterranean.Zhang Qian’s two missions to the Western Regions opened up the road to the west. Emperor Wu adopted a series of measures to strengthen ties with the Western Regions, including encouraging Han People to trade there.Soon the route was bustling with caravans of camels carrying goods of all types and reverberating with the tinkling of their bells. Through the Silk Road, trade flourished between China and Central, South and West Asian countries, Africa and Europe. In 166, envoys from Romearrived via the Silk Road in Chang’an, were they set up an embassy.s .. t .....Part III Art and AestheticsUnit 5 Music: Govern the Country, Nourish the MindThe tradition of Chinese music dates back to remote antiquity. Governing the country and nourishing the mind through music are two of the main functions of this tradition.Governance Through MusicAccording to ancient Chinese culture, rituals provided the norms of conduct of people. The goal was to maintain social order.Music was for the mind’s cultivation and expression. Its purpose was to enhance people’s outlook on life and imbue them with energy and creativity, such that they could enjoy a more harmonious and happier spiritual life. Individual contentment would then lead to social harmony, as well as to a more harmonious relationship between people and nature. The highest level of ancient Chinese music was to represent spiritual with nature.The prominent stature of music in ancient China explains the emergence of sophisticated instruments from early times. Chime bells were one example. First used in the Shang Dynasty, they became quite popular during the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046-771 BC). In 1978, a fine set of chime bells was unearthed in Hubei Province, from the tomb of Marquis Yi, a local lord in a small state called Zeng during the Warring States Period.The Marquis Yi chime bells consist of 65 bells arranged in three rows. The first row includes 19 niu bells, and the second and third rows include 45 yong bells. The bells in each row differfrom one another in shape and size, emanating(发出) different tones. In addition, there is a separate and much larger bell used to adjust pitch. Like the bells, the from is made of bronze, weighing as much as five tons or more. The total weight of the bells is more than 440 kilograms. While the bells bear inscriptions totaling more than 2,800 Chinese characters relating to music and the making of the instrument, the frame is carved with exquisite patterns in relief (浮雕) andfretwork(回纹细工). Instruments of such a scale and such fine craftsmanship were quite rate in the world at the time. Five musicians were needed to play the instrument. Each bell produces two tones when struck at the respective sound points as marked. The entire set of chime bells is able to produce all the tones of a modern piano.s .. t .....Consoling the Mind with MusicThe Chinese zither tends to create a tranquil air. The composition Wild Geese Landing on the Shallow Shore is such an example. With a relaxed rhythm, the first part of the piece depicts a calm Yangtze River under a clear autumn sky. The second part progresses into livelier rhythms to imitate the chirping of many birds. The third part presents a thematic scene of wild geese leisurely landing on the shallow shores of the Yangtze, as a gentle breeze makes the water ripple. To Chinese musicians and music lovers, the contentment of the wild geese represents the human heart.The zither was also instrumental in communication between ancient scholars and artist. The famous zither composition, Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, was based on an Eastern Jin Dynastystory of the poet Wang Ziyou (王子猷) (c. 338-386) and the flute player Huan Yi (桓伊) (?-383). One day the poet was taking a boat trip when he overheard someone on the riverbank say Huan Yi was passing by. Although the two had never met before, they admired each other as poet and flute player. Despite his lower rank of office, Ziyou sent a family member to request Huan Yi to play the flute. Without hesitation, Huan Yi dismounted from his carriage and played Three Stanzas of Plum Blossoms, while Ziyou listened from his boat. After finishing, Huan Yi mounted his carriage and drove on. Ziyou, too, continued with his boat journey. The two of them exchanged not a single word, yet both were content with the communication of their hearts through the music.The flute’s three stanzas were later converted into a composition for theChinese zither, which has become one of the best-known musical works –as an expression of otherworldly feelings through its eulogy of the plum flower’s purity, fragrance and resistance to the cold.Unit 6 Flying strokes of CalligraphyThe evolution of Chinese characters font甲骨文the Oracle bone script→金文Jinwen (Inscriptions on bronze )s .. t .....→篆书Seal script→隶书Official script→楷书Regular script→草书Cursive script→行书running scriptWang Xizhi and Preface to the Lanting Pavilion CollectionIn the Hall for Cultivation of Mind of the Palace Museum, there is a Three-treasurer Study, which derives its name for the three most valuable calligraphic works housed here. These three treasures, most valued and adored by Emperor Qianling (r. 1736-1795) of the Qing Dynasty, were A Sunny Scene after a Quick Snow by Wang Xizhi, Mid-Autumn by Wang Xianzhi and Boyuan by Wang Xun (349-400). As father and son, Wang Xizhi and Wang Xianzhi hae been known as the “Two Wangs”, their works universally recognized as the peak of Chinese calligraphy.Unit 7 Porcelain – Calling Card of Chinese CultureIn English, the country and “porcelain”share the same name –“China”. This proves that Europeans have long known of China’s relationship to porcelain. Porcelain found its way to Europe in the 15th century, occupying an important position in the exchanges between China and other countries. The Keisel Randy Museum in Germany houses a blue-and-white bowl dating back to the Ming Dynasty. Throughout history, China, along with other Asian countries, and Europe maintained a busy and vast trade in porcelain. From 1602 to 1682, the Dutch East India Company transported more than 16 million articles of porcelain to Europe. Porcelain garnered a good reputation for China for its sophistication and elegance, and played an important role in the wave of the European idealization of China during the 17th and 18th centuries. In the rococo style popular in Europe of that time, one could sense, from time to time, the influence of “Chinese vogue”represented by China’s styles of porcelain and gardens.s .. t .....Porcelain is of great significance in the history of Chinese civilization. Pottery was the predecessor of porcelain, while glazed pottery was the basis for the emergence of porcelain. Around the first century, porcelain production first emerged in China, and by The Song Dynasty it had become mature. Song-Dynasty porcelain represented the acme of Chinese porcelain technique. Five famous kilns, the Jun, Ding, Guan, Ge, and Ru, were all creative and original in their respective products, and their porcelain ware has been imitated by later generations throughout the ages. In the Yuan Dynasty, Jingdezhen became the center of the Chinese Porcelain industry.Pure Blue-and-White PorcelainPure and elegant beauty is the goal that porcelain pursues, and this ideal is best explained in the production of blue-and-white porcelain.Blue-and-white porcelain is a typical artifact of porcelain in China. Among the porcelain exported during the Ming and Qing dynasties, 80 percent was blue-and-white. Chinese-made blue-and-white porcelain ware emerged long before the founding of the Tang Dynasty, but it was not until the Yuan Dynasty that this type of porcelain came to be produced in quantity, with the attendant masterpieces. The Ming Dynasty witnessed the maturity of the art, and a large number of valuable pieces were produced in this period. Jingdezhen, a small town that created the enchanting blue-and-white porcelain of the Yuan Dynasty, became its porcelain-producing center; and in the subsequent Ming Dynasty, the imperial kilns were established here. Blue-and-white porcelain is now the most representative of Chinese porcelain.To produce blue-and-white porcelain, cobalt oxide is requisite. It is employed to draw on the white roughcast before glaze is applied. After kilning at a high temperature, the roughcast turns into blue-and-white porcelain, since cobalt oxide turns blue with heat. The white surface with blue patterns and a shiny sheen of glaze produces a pure, elegant and transparent effect.Unit 8 Peking Opera: Artistry of PerformersThe Delights of Peking Opera MasksChina’s Peking Opera radiates with the beauty of resplendent color –vivid, intense and glamorous. This artistic beauty comes not only from the costumes but also from the masks of exaggerated, dazzling designs, gleaming with red, purples, whites, yellows, blacks, blues, greens, s .. t .....every diverse color imaginable.Masks, applied to the two roles of the “jing”or “painted-face role”and the “chou”or “clown”, serve two purposes. One is to indicate the identity and character of the role. For example, a “red face”means the person is loyal and brave; a “black face”signifies the person is straightforward; and “a white face”identifies the person as crafty and evil. The other purposeis to express people’s appraisal of the roles from a moral and aesthetic point of view, such as respectable, hateful, noble, ridiculous, etc.Peking Opera Performance: Sing, Speak, Act, and FightThe performance of a Peking Opera actor can be summarized into four basic aspects, of singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, the core of which is a combination of song and choreography.Singing is of utmost importance in the performance of Peking Opera, because first of all, Peking Opera is a singing art. Any famous Peking Opera boasts several wonderful arias that are well-known and popular with audiences. The charm of the melodies usually embodies the sublime realm of the art of Peking Opera. Unable to appreciate the magic of Peking Opera arias, one would fail to enjoy the profound beauty of the art itself.Speaking refers to character monologs and dialogs, which serve to propel the development of the story. Speaking, like singing, needs to be executed in an appealing way.Acting and fighting mean that actors employ physical movements to express the emotions of the characters and the circumstances. Acting includes body movements and eye movements, solo dancing or group dancing, etc. Most of the dancing is choreographed movements from everyday life. Fighting is choreographed martial arts and acrobatics to depict fight or battle scenes. As the art of Peking Opera depends on movement to depict events, actors are given much room to perform on the stage.In the opera Picking up the Jade Bracelet, the young woman Sun Yujiao and the young scholar fall in love with each other, their eyes affixed on each other as if a thread connected them. Then, as Matchmaker Liu uses her pipe to pull the “virtual” line up and down, the young couple’s eyes accordingly move up and down. These actions produce great humor andadd much significance to the performance.Acting and fighting serve the whole “play”or the “world of images”, but at the same time they are themselves a beautiful art in both form and skill. For example, in King Chu Bids Farewell to His Concubine, artist Mei Lanfang performed a sword s .. t .....dance in a miraculously skillful way, which became very popular with audiences. This is a type of beauty in form. As for the beauty of skill, this usually includes some very difficult acrobatic movements, often referred to as “superb skills”.The uniqueness of performances in Peking Opera lies in the fact that the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting, all focus on one or two actors in the play.These performers used to be called “jue’er”, hence “mingjue” was used to refer to famous actors or actresses. In this sense, the world of imagery created in Peking Opera mainly relies on the singing, speaking, acting, and fighting of actors, especially in the performance of the famous plays. This is the biggest difference between Peking Opera and other forms of performing arts in terms of aesthetic appreciation. And the remark –“Peking Opera is the art of performers”–well describes its quintessence.The Beauty of a “Visual World”Depicting a “visual world”is a distinctive feature of Peking Opera. Its virtually consists of two aspects: one is virtual movements, and the other virtual settings. Virtual movement refers to imitating actions onstage. For example, riding a horse. Onstage, an actor cannot ride a real horse, but can only hold a whip and imitate the movement of galloping by walking around the stage, turning the body, wielding the whip, and pulling the reins. A virtual setting means creating an imagined environment onstage. For example, rowing a boat. As there is no water or boat on the stage, an actor usually takes an oar and, through actions, makes the audience “see”the rowing of a boat on water.One is At the Crossroad. This opera describes the story of two yamen runners escorting Jiao Zan to prison. On the way they stay at an inn for the night. Ren Tanghui, whose task is to protect Jiao Zan, checks in at the same time. The owner of the inn, however, suspects Ren Tanghui is planning to murder Jiao Zan, so he gropes his way into Ren’s room at night. Thus a fight starts. What is special about the performance is that, although the fight happens at night, the stage is brightly lit; yet the audience is able to sense it is a pitch-dark night from the actors’performances, which feature stealthy movements typical of people in darkness. Sometimes, one man’ s sword swishes down, only a few inches away from the other’ s face, yet the latter feels nothing, thus producing a breathtaking yet meaningful and humorous effect.s .. t .....The other example is Autumn River, a play transplanted from Sichuan Opera. This story describes a young nun, Chen Miaochang who leaves the nunnery to pursue her lover Pan Bizheng. Onstage, there is neither water nor boat, but through the performance of the young woman andthe old boatman, the audience is able to obviously “see”that the stage is a river. The boat sways forward; all the way there the girl complains about the boat for being slow, while the old boatman keeps teasing her about her anxiety to see her lover. The performance is full of wit and humor.These examples describe the function of the “virtual world” in the art of Peking Opera, which provides limitless room for the performances of actors; and in return, performers present the audience with a world of images full of appealing wit. If in fact the stage of At the Crossroad was really all black to represent the dark night, and there was a real boat on the stage of Autumn River, what could the actors do? And what we still find as much wit and meaning in the performances? We doubt it.Part IV Folk CustomsUnit 9 Life with Fragrant TeaTea is a wonderful beverage originally produced in China about 4,000 years ago. During the Tang Dynasty, Japanese monks introduced tea seeds to Japan, and by combining tea with Zen Buddhism, created the world-famous Japanese tea ceremony. In the 17th century, the Dutch took to Europe the Chinese habit of tea drinking, which then became a tradition of the Europeans. In England in particular, people developed the custom of afternoon tea. Prior to the 19th century, allthe tea in the world was grown in China, and even the English word “tea”was a transliteration of the pronunciation of “tea”in the Fujian dialect of China. Tea is an important contribution of the Chinese people to the world.Ways of Savoring TeaThe Chinese people look to tea drinking as an art, which incorporates a wide range of knowledge; the taste of tea might be light, yet the meaning is rich and deep.The Chinese attach great importance to the water, tea leaves, tea set, and fire, when making s .. t .....。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Its mouth, belly and base are welded together instead of being originally one piece. Its surface is first inlaid with copper wires, before the colorful glaze is applied. The nine peaches and bats have the symbolic meaning of happiness, longevity and peace.
Papercut.
Text study
Introduction
Cloisonné(景泰蓝): Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
New Year Picture (年画): Enhancing the Festive Atmosphere
Papercuts: A World Created with of Splendid Folk Arts
Content
Lead-in Text study Exercises
Lead-in
Do you know which kind of folk arts the following pictures refers to?
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
• The making of cloisonnéfirst appeared during the Jingtai reign (1450-1457) of the Ming Dynasty, with the main color used being blue, hence the name "Jingtai blue" or cloisonnéas it became known later on.
寿意瓶
Cloisonné vase with a peachand-bat design
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
Guess how many working procedures a Cloisonnéproduction involves?
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
景泰蓝——故宫珍品
Cloisonné — a piece of treasure in Forbidden City
Cloisonnéis a traditional art widely known in and outside China. It is a kind of superb local expertise from Beijing, which combines the skills of bronze art, porcelain, carving, and other types of folk arts. It is deemed valuable in the eyes of collectors, as well as providing refined ornaments for daily use.
• The Ming cloisonnéartifacts extant today were mostly produced during the Jingtai and Chenghua reigns.
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
• Its cast was always made of choice copper, decorated with enamel (珐琅) and colorful glaze naturally extracted from minerals, so that it would resemble precious gems.
Cloisonnéproduction involves very complicated techniques, with more than 30 working procedures.
Cloisonné: Artifacts with the Gleam of Precious Gems
Six steps of cloisonnéproduction: 1. the making of the copper cast: 2. filigree (掐丝); 3. stippling (点刻) blue; 4. Heating; 5. Burnishing; 6. Gliding.
Embroidery (刺绣): Ten Finger Like a Spring Breeze
Shadow Play (皮影): the Art of Light and Shadow
Introduction
Folk arts in China have developed dynamically, with many forms enjoying a worldwide reputation. Here we present an introduction to a select few.