Lecture 7-The 18th Century
英国文学教案Lecture7
英国文学史及作品选读课程教课设计（第7 讲）2017-2018 学年第二学期讲课时间讲课对象15-17 级各专业选修生Chapter 5 The Rise of the Novel讲课主题(John Bunyan; Daniel Defoe)1 Help the students know some information aboutJohn Bunyan.th2 Help the students know some information about the 18 century literature.教课目标3 Help the students have a good understanding ofDaniel Defoe.与要求4 Make sure the students have a better understanding Robinsonof Crusoe Hamlet1 John Bunyan2 Enlightenment3 Sentimentalism教课重、4 Daniel Defoe难点5 Robinson Crusoe主要教课Lecture; Discussion; Multi-media方法教课内容的组织与设计Detailed Teaching Points & Procedure1 John Bunyan (1628-1688)1.1 Bunyan ’ s life●John was of humble origin, a son of a tinsmith in the village of Elstow, near Bedford,where he was born. His life covered the period of the great crisis in the puritan struggle for the survival of their various versions of extreme Protestant faith ,and himself was of Baptist sympathies .He took part in the Civil War. After the Restoration of Charles II, the Puritans underwent sever persecution and he himself was imprisoned twice for hispreaching, once for twelve years. It was during his second and shorter term that hewrote Part I of his masterpiece— The Pilgrim s Progress’.●He had little schooling. The great reputation of the Pilgrim s’Progress arises from thedepth of his experience, the spaciousness of his imagination, and the courage,honesty and nobility of his personality, all of which raise the book far above its narrow sectarian basis. He was fed by a rich, but in some ways primitive culture. The main source of this was the English Bible: there is also an element of popular secularculture—romances and the allegorizing tradition of the village sermon.1.2 Bunyan ’ s works1)The Pilgri m’s Progress《天路历程》2)The Life and Death of Mr. Badman 《恶人先生的生与死》3) The Holy War《圣战》●The Pilgrim s’Progress is a prose allegory (a story in verse or prose with doublemeanings: a surface meaning and an undersurface meaning) depicting the pilgrimageof a human soul in search of salvation. It has two parts. The first part deals withChristian ’pilgrimages to the Celestial City, through which he realized his ownsalvation. The second part deals with his wife and children ’salvation through their pilgrimage.●In the book, Christian, the hero represents everyman. He flees the terrible city ofDestruction and sets off on his pilgrimage. In the course of it he passes through theSlough of Despond, the Interpreter House,’ the House Beautiful, the Valley ofHumiliation, the Valley of the Shadow, Vanity Fair, Doubting Castle, the DelectableMountains and the country of Beulah, and finally arrives at the Celestial City. On the way he meets various characters, including Mr. Worldly Wiseman, Faithful, GiantDespair, the fiend Apollyon, and many others. In the second part his wife andchildren make their pilgrimage accompanied by Mercy. They are helped and escorted by Great–Heart who destroys Giant Despair and other monsters. Eventually they,too, arrive at the Celestial City.●Though The Pilgrim s’Progress has generally been read and appreciated as religiousbook, it also gives a faithful picture of the English society in Bunyan ’ s age, added here and therewith bitter satires upon the English ruling classes.◆ In the sense of religion it is a Protestant study which highly praises the doctrine ofProtestantism —salvation. So it appeals to Christians of every name, and toMohammedans and Buddhists in precisely the same way that it appeals toChristians. As for Puritan fathers it gave them religious instruction. All classes ofmen read the story because they found in it a true personal experience told withstrength, interest, humor, in a word, with all the qualities that such a story shouldpossess.◆From the story we can see that Bunyan gives us not only a symbolic picture ofLondon at the time of the Restoration but also a comprehensive satirical pictureof the English society and the legal procedurein England in Bunyan ’ s day.●When reading the book, such questions can be asked:◆Why Christian wants to leave the terrible city of Destruction?◆Who directs him the way to Heaven?◆What is an Evangelist?◆Which part of the book is the most famous one?◆What does “Vanity Fair ” mean?◆For what reasons did Christian and Faithful arise the anger of the people at Vanity◆What kind of symbolic meaning have you got through reading the chapter?th2 The Rise of the novel in the 18 centuryth2.1The historical background of the 18 century●At home:◆With the establishment of constitutional monarchy in England, the authoritativepower fell into the hands of parliament, which leads to a speedy development ofthe English society.◆In economy, the industrial revolution force its way into England. Enclosure of land,which was legalized, swept on an unexampled scale over the whole country.Consequently, the landlord, the capitalist and the like were enriched withenormous profits, while thousands of peasants were expropriated off the land.◆In politics, there appeared two hostile parties: the liberal Whigs and Tories. Besides,there was a third party –Jacobins, the supporter of James Ⅱ, aiming to bring the◆With the development of the society, both in economy and politics, social lifewas never as it had been before.●Abroad◆The development of English capitalism was also witnessed in the rapidly increasingcolonial expansion. Victories of wars increased the lands of British Empire and itscommercial expansion is everywhere throughout the world.◆Then there came the outbreak of American Revolution in 1776, and the FrenchRevolution in 1789, which with Liberty, Equality and Fraternity as its watchwords,awoke the oppressed people as well as the poor, and inspired them to strive foran ideal society. Thus, there arose the Enlightenment both in England and in otherthlands in Western Europe in the 18 century.Enlightenment is a progressive intellectual movement, the expression of struggleof the progressive bourgeoisie against feudalism. The Enlighteners fought againstclass inequality, stagnation, prejudice and other survivals of feudalism. Theywelcome religious intolerance, fiercely attack the church power, called on thedevelopment of science and technology and freedom of politics and academicthinking, having the greatest esteem for reason which they believed, should be theonly basis of one ’ s thinking and action. The people who greatly exerted influence upon the enlightenment are John Locke, Newton (in England) Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu (in France).2.2 Literature of the periodIt is difficult to summarize the literature of this age, or to group such. Generally speaking, the literature of this century may be divided into three periods according to the development of the Enlightenment from its early stage to its eventual crisis.●The first period (1700—1745)◆This period covers the first 4 decades, and it is characterized by neo-classicism andits fine expression is in poetry and then in prose— periodicals.◆The representatives are Joseph Addition, Richard Steel, and Pope.◆The poetry of this period is chiefly a literature of wit, concerned with civilization,with man in his social relationships and consequently it is critical and in somedegree moral and satirical. The major form of poetry is heroic couplet.th◆ The first two decades of the 18 c. saw that English periodicals were mushrooming.The growth of which promoted the development of English literature, esp. thenovel.◆In the field of Periodicals, Daniel Defoe edited and published the first Englishperiodical “ the Review ” in17131704. —◆A few years later there came Addition and Steel, whose masterly editorship of tattler ”and “ the Spectator ” made-knownthemaswelltwo essayists and coauthors.●The second period (1740 -1750’s’s) —the original of realistic novelThe second period refers to the year from 1740’ tos 1750’ s,which saw the earlygrowth of realistic novels. The novelists in this period are chiefly Daniel Defoe, Swift,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Tobias Smollett and their successorsin the lastdecades of the century, such as Lawrence Sterne and Oliver Goldsmith.●The third period◆The 3rd runs through the rest decades of the century, in which the decline of thegreat enlightenment brought about sentimentalism (Thomas Gray, OliverGoldsmith, Laurence Sterne, Samuel Richardson) and pre-romanticism (WilliamBlake and Robert Burns) as protests against the social reality of the day.◆Sentimentalism is a trend of thought beginning at the second half of 18 th century,during the age of Enlightenment in England. It gains its name from an Englishauthor Sterne ’“As Sentimental Journey” .It carefully depicts person ’moodsand their miserable life so as to arouse readers ’sympathy, reflecting the disdaintowards the actual world and deep sympathy to the ordinary people. The authorsusually like to use death, dark, loneliness, etc, as their subject. Their works arealways melancholy, obscure, and full of pessimism.Characteristics of Sentimentalismare: 1) Appeal to emotion, sentiment, not reason.They believe in sentiment because they think that man’ sgood heartedness orgoodness does not result in man’ sconscious activity, but is also of born. Theybelieve that influence of art lies in cultivating the man’ s emotions firs say, they want to use their works to move readers emotion’so as to let themsympathize with the hero, and at the same the time to make them feel they are inthe same boat with the hero. This basically changes the trend(tone) of theliterature. Before almost all the works, poetry, novels or essays are ironical, satiricand mood. So they emphasize on the function of sentiment. They try to givedetailed description of characters inner’ actions and sufferings so as to arousereaders’ sympathy2)Heroes. in sentimentalists’e usuallyworksarcommon people,or the oppressed. 3) Sentimentalists usually like to idealize village or thecountryside. (Tendency of returning to the past, they like to praise patriarchalismand medievalism as their idealization. This means their dissatisfaction anddiscontent with the society they lived then. 4) Sentimentalists often turn todescribe nature. Perhaps you can find that nature and death are the themes ofsome of sentimentalists.The artistic value of sentimentalism is: 1) Pave the way for romanticism (descriptionabout nature, and the strong and exaggerated expression of emotion. 2)Sympathize with the common people and criticize the rich and the system.2.3 Daniel Defoe (1661-1731)●Defoe’s life and works◆ Personal Life : A jack-at-all trades, a Writer, a Journalist and a pamphleteer. Heknew prison life.◆His works:1) Verses:Hymn to the Pillory《立枷颂》The True Boren English man 《真实英国人》2) Prose Works:The Tour through the Whole Island of Great Britain 《不列颠全岛纪游》Captain Singleton 《辛格尔顿船长》Duncan Campbell《聋哑卜人坎贝尔传》Memoirs of a Cavalier《一个骑士的回想录》Colonel Jack,《杰克上校》Moll Flanders 《摩尔·弗兰德斯》Journal of the Plague Year《大疫年日志》Robinson Crusoe●Robinson Crusoe(Discuss the questions in theSelected Readings)◆The story of Robinson Crusoe:▼Robinson Crusoe is based on the experience of Alexander Selkirk, a sailor who marooned by his captain on the Island Juan Fernandez off the coast of Chile.▼Robinson Crusoe is a mariner who takes to the sea despite parental warnings. He suffers a number of misfortunes at the hands of Barbary pirates and the elements.Finally Crusoe is shipwrecked off South America. With salvaging needful thingsfrom the ship, Crusoe manages to survive in the island and come to terms with hisown spiritual listlessness. He stays in the island 28 years, two months andnineteen days. - Aided with his enterprising behaviour, Crusoe adapts into his alienenvironment. After several lone years he sees a strange footprint in the sand-his horrified discovery leads to encounter with savages and their prisoners,one of whom manages to escape. Crusoe meets later the frightened native andchristens his Man Friday. Finally they are rescued by an English ship boundto England.▼To depict him as a hero struggling against nature and human fate, through the characterization of his hero, Defoe seemed to fill him with his indomitable willand hand and eulogize creative labor, physical or mental, an illusion to theglorification of the bourgeois creativity when it was a rising and more energeticclass in the initial struggle of his historical development. At the early stage, thehero is an individual laborer, and then became a master, until at last a colonizer.From this character, Defoe really created an image of an enterprisingEnglishman of the 18th century. While creating this hero, Defoe just had himgone through various phases of human civilization, creating a visual picture thatmanifests how human history has developed from the primitive to the feudal andththen to the capitalistic in the 18 century.◆Theme of this story:▼This story tells us the hero ’s truggle against nature and human fate with his indomitable will and hand, through which the author eulogies creative labor, bothphysical and mental, an illusion to the glorification of the bourgeois creativitywhen it was a rising and more energetic class in its initial struggle of his historicaldevelopment. From an individual laborer to a master and colonists,Crusoe seems to have gone through various phases of human civilization, creating a visual picture to manifest how man ’ s history has developed fromprimitive to the feudal, and then to the capitalistic one in the eighteenth century.▼The novel can be read in different ways. Most simply it is a story of sea adventures. Besides, it is a story as an artistic projection of colonial expansion.Furthermore, it is a song of“the dignity of labor ”. It also expresses a desire togo back to a more economic and basic life style. (P128-129)▼By depicting Ordeals at Sea the novel conveys the idea of the ambivalence ofMastery, the necessity of repentance and the importance of self-awareness.◆The image of Robinson Crusoe▼He was one of the representatives of the rising bourgeois, who had made courageous exploration for getting new land and new resources for their foreignmarkets as well as for materials and wealth. Robinson Crusoe made severaladventures, but never satisfied and content with his temporal conditions. So inhis last adventure on the sea he was cast on an uninhabited island for 28 years.He is an enterprising Englishman.▼ He is a laborer and a typical colonizer exploiter, explorer as well as a foreign trader. Before Friday’ s appearance, he did everything himselftobuild a shelter—for rain and cold, to hunt and dry raisins for his store, to make a pot, baskets andto make a canoe. From this sense, we should say Robinson is down to down alaborer, a hard-working, industrious, intelligent man with some puritan belief.After Friday’ s appearance, Robinson immediately becamemasterthe of Friday.(The first thing he taught Friday was“ master” and let Friday do everythboth of them.) From Robinson’ s activity, we can assert that in him reflects sometypical traits of primitive accumulation.▼He is vigorous, alert and resourceful while fighting with his surrounding: the natural environment and the barbaric tribes. No matter what he is his image isnot a static one but developed from a laborer and a typical enterprisingbourgeoisie to mediocre person with a narrow-minded personality.◆Writing style:Simple, straightforward. The plot is very simple and the characterization is nottotally satisfactory.◆Significance of Robinson Crusoe▼The charm of this story mainly lies in its intense reality, in the succession of thought, feelings and incidents that every reader finds true in life.▼It is an interesting picaresque novel about an 18th-century English adventurer who is a true empire-builder, a colonizer as well as a foreign trader. When he isleft alone on the uninhabited island, he is realistically depicted as a manstruggling against nature and a man who finally creates some civilization in aseemingly primitive environment through his incessant efforts and toil.▼He resembles the rising bourgeoisie at the earliest stage of development, has the courage and will to face hardships and adversities, and also has the ingenuityand determination to preserve himself and improve on his livelihood by fightingagainst nature. He is most practical and exact, always religious and at the sametime mindful of his own profit.▼In this novel, both physical and mental labour is glorified. The detailed description of the steps taken by the hero to provide for himself shelter, foot,clothing and the other simple comforts of life, are managed with great skill bythe author—not treated with exaggeration or romantic colourings but narratedin simple, straightforward style. This adds to realistic effects of the story. Herelies the permanent glamour of the book.ⅦReflection Questions and AssignmentsReflection questions1 Through Crusoe ’ s experiences on that uninhabited island, what can we draw fromit?2 You know Crusoe at last built his own kingdom (a colony) totally by his ownefforts, through whose efforts this colony, in fact, is developed from anuninhabited island into a prosperous one. Why did Defoe write so?3 Does Defoe only want to display what happened on that island after that sailorRobinson was marooned himself or does Defoe still has something in his mind inorder to establish or put something more on the image and concept ofimperialism and colonialism.4 Whatever Defoe did, the real effect of the novel did exert great impetus on thebuilding of the image and concept of imperialism and colonialism. Why?Assignments1 Read the excerpt ofGulliver ’sTravels.2 Read the excerpt ofTom JonesⅦReflection Questions and AssignmentsReflection questions1 Through Crusoe ’ s experiences on that uninhabited island, what can we draw from it?2 You know Crusoe at last built his own kingdom (a colony) totally by his ownefforts, through whose efforts this colony, in fact, is developed from anuninhabited island into a prosperous one. Why did Defoe write so?3 Does Defoe only want to display what happened on that island after that sailor作业部署Robinson was marooned himself or does Defoe still has something in his mind inorder to establish or put something more on the image and concept ofimperialism and colonialism.4 Whatever Defoe did, the real effect of the novel did exert great impetus on thebuilding of the image and concept of imperialism and colonialism. Why?Assignments1 Read the excerpt ofGulliver ’sTravels.2 Read the excerpt ofTom Jones主要参照资料备注。
第三版新视野大学英语读写教程1课后答案5-8单元
Unite 51.选词填空substantial大量的多的，物质的annual一年一度的，每年的amateur业余爱好者，业余爱好的assemble集合收集，组装装配react作出反应furnish提供，供应distinction优秀，差别，卓越contract契约，合同apparent表面的，可看见的magnificent宏伟的，壮观的，华丽的1. The annual conference which I attend every year is going to be held inLondon in January next year.2. According to the terms of your contract , you must give three months'notice if you intend to leave this company.3. We were honored that so many people of distinction and talent were presentto discuss the issues.4. The local government has been providing substantial support to them,without which they couldn't have been so successful.5. The secret agent promised that the information he furnished was obtainedfrom reliable sources.6. Whether amateur or professional, American football is perhaps the mostpopular sport in the US. It attracts a total attendance of over 40 million and is watched by many more millions on television each year.7. Shops try to meet the DIY (do-it-yourself) fashion by offering consumersparts and hardware which they can assemble at home.8. I wonder how she will react to the news if I tell her she is not going to geta raise this year.9. It was apparent that the professor's lecture failed to impress the studentsas some of them had left before it was over.10. We all admitted that the trip was worthwhile after we saw a(n)magnificent palace and a fantastic museum.2.15选10Amateur业余爱好者，业余的endurance耐久持久，忍耐力Individual个人的，个人independent自主的，不相关联的Present现在的，目前的despite不管，尽管Developed先进的，发达的contests争夺竞争Remarkable异常的，引人注目的coined创造Insurance保险inherent固有的，内在的，天生Established已建立的contracts契约Separate分开分离For several centuries, cricket (板球) has been a very popular sport in England.It has been enjoyed by both professional and (1)(amateur) players. This super-popular game is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players.It can provide you with health benefits like building (2)(endurance), balance,and physical fitness. But for a team sport, cricket also places (3)(individual) players under unusual pressure because every team player is (4)(independent) of each other. Cricket might have started in early 16th-century England.Written records (5)(present) evidence of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward at Newenden, Kent in 1301; and it is possible, (6)(despite) no hard evidence, that this was a form of cricket. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had (7)(developed) into a national sport of England. The growth of the British Empire led to cricket being played abroad and by the mid-19th century the first international(8)(contests)were held. Cricket has had a(n)(9)(remarkable) impact on popular culture in England. It has had an influenceon the vocabulary of the English language, with such phrases as that's not cricket(10)(coined) to describe unfair behavior in general.3.选词组regardless of不管give away暴露fall ill生病pass away去世up to达到，至多have no intention of doing sth.不打算做某事leave behind把···抛在脑后忘记拿走might (just) as well还不如in attendance出席to this day直到现在1. I felt terribly sorry to learn that his sister (passed away) after havingfought against cancer for three years.2. The Chinese swimmer was (left behind) at the beginning of the women's100-meter freestyle final, but she didn't give up and finally took the lead.3. The rich man thinks that he will die in disgrace if he does not (give away)his money for the public good.4. They (had no intention of) letting him go and would like him to stay onafter his present contract expires.5. (Up to) seven million students are graduating from university this year. Thiswill undoubtedly add to the employment pressure in the job market.6. If he is determined to do something, he will do it (regardless of) whatother people will say.7. The movie was a complete waste of time. I (might (just) as well) havestayed at home.8. The authorities promise to introduce an effective health service so that peopledo not need to spend too much money when they (fall ill) .9. Thousands of people were (in attendance)at yesterday's strike, whichcaused great confusion.10. They got to know each other in their 20s and (to this day) they are stillin close touch with each other.4.英译汉The first written records of the ancient Olympic Games date to 776 BC. The ancient Olympics were held every four years between August 6 and September 19 duringa religious festival honoring Zeus (宙斯). The first modern Olympics were held inAthens, Greece, in 1896. The Olympic symbol consists of five interlaced rings of equal dimensions, representing the union of the five continents and the meeting of athletes from throughout the world at the Olympic Games. The Olympics truly took off as an international sporting event after 1924, when the 8th Olympic Games were held in Paris. Some 3,000 athletes from 44 nations competed that year, and for the first time the Games featured a closing ceremony. The Winter Olympics debuted (问世) that year, including such events as figure skating, ice hockey, bobsledding and the biathlon. Eighty years later, when the 2004 Summer Olympics returned to Athens for the first time in more than a century, nearly 11,000 athletes from 201 countries competed, breaking the then record of participating countries.有关古代奥林匹克运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前776年。
U校园新视野新视野大学英语1读写教程答案Units5
) He is.2) She is.3) She is.4) She is.5) He is.Yes. Generally speaking, these sports are popular among college students, though they are not as popular as basketball and soccer.• Not all of these sports are popular among college students. As far as I know, swimming and tennis are more popular among college students than the other three sports.Reference:1. I like jogging and playing tennis. When I jog, I listen to music or English. SoI don't feel bored and I can learn something while exercising. I also like playing tennis because it is a very exciting sport and it is fun playing with friends.2. • I don't do sports every day, but I try to exercise regularly. On weekdays, I'm too busy with my classes and homework, so I can only do sports occasionally. But on weekends I always manage to spend as much time as I can playing table tennis, going hiking, or doing yoga.• I spend about half an hour doing exercise every morning. Usually, I run on the sports field on campus. But if it rains, I do push-ups (俯卧撑) and sit-ups (仰卧起坐) in my dorm. If I have time, I play soccer or basketball in the afternoon with my classmates.3. Yes, I think so. Playing sports offers many obvious benefits. Playing sports is good to our health and good health is important for success at college. It also helps cultivate cooperation and teamwork. Besides, playing sports is very good for the development of our social skills, for sports teach us how to communicate and cooperate with people.Reference:1. Because the Sydney-to-Melbourne race is 875 kilometers long and it is a harsh test of endurance for the world's top athletes.2. Cliff Young was a toothless 61-year-old farmer; he was wearing rubber boots, and was much older than the other runners.3. Other athletes neither believed it nor treated Cliff Young with respect.4. Because Cliff Young didn't run properly. He had the strangest running style and appeared to shuffle.5.When people found that Cliff Young ran through the entire night without sleeping and when it seemed to them that he intended to keep running until he reached the finish line or fell ill or was injured.6. When he was running, Cliff Young imagined he was gathering his sheep and trying to outrun a storm.7. Cliff Young gave all the prize money to five other runners. He didn't keep a single cent for himself.8. Cliff Young is a brilliant example showing that ordinary people also have the inherent quality to achieve great results.Reference:1. I think teamwork, fair play and honesty, and excellence in performance best characterize the spirit of sports.• Teamwork: Individuals can be strong on their own, but they ca n be much stronger in a team. You can't win alone in a team game.• Fair play and honesty: Respect the rules of the game. Be honest. Never cheat even though you know you won't get caught.• Excellence in performance: Always try your best. Show your efforts and best performance.2. By playing sports, people can cultivate honesty, determination, and mutual respect.• Honesty: You will learn that having the sense of fair play and observing moral principles are essential in playing sports.• Determination: Be r eady to face difficulties or frustrations and never give up. Ultimately, this could be the deciding factor when it comes to winning or losing. • Mutual respect: It is compulsory to play by the rules. You will learn to respect your opponents, fellow players, referees, and fans.3.No, winning isn't the most important thing in sports. Winning is good, but there is much more about playing sports than winning. Playing sports brings about many benefits, the most important of which is to cultivate the spirit of sports. The spirit of sports is best reflected in the Olympic Creed, which reads: "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."4. I think it means that a true champion has great confidence and determination that we should not take lightly. A true champion knows one must push his limits of endurance or strength or skill to achieve victory. A true champion never gives up.5. The story of Cliff Young is extraordinary and inspirational, from which I have learned a great deal. I have learned that we should pursue our dreams regardless of what other people have to say. An ordinary person can become a hero, and wonderful things do happen when we are determined and committed. Most important of all, we should believe in ourselves!1. Theconference which I attend every year is going to be held in London in January next year.2. According to the terms of your, you must give three months' notice if you intend to leave this company.3. We were honored that so many people ofand talent were present to discuss the issues.4. The local government has been providingsupport to them, without which they couldn't have been so successful.5. The secret agent promised that the information hewas obtained from reliable sources.6. Whetheror professional, American football is perhaps the most popular sport in the US. It attracts a total attendance of over 40 million and is watched by many more millions on television each year.7. Shops try to meet the DIY (do-it-yourself) fashion by offering consumers parts and hardware which they canat home.8. I wonder how she willto the news if I tell her she is not going to get a raise this year.9. It wasthat the professor's lecture failed to impress the students as some of them had left before it was over.10. We all admitted that the trip was worthwhile after we saw a(n)palace and a fantastic museum.1. He argues that the designer of this teaching plan makes a falsethat all learners are at the same level.2. All the tourists wereby the magnificent scenery along the coastline.3. In some parts of the world, the populationin the past two decades led to the lack of food and health care.4. This hospital lacked the mostfacilities like X-ray machines and operating rooms.5. Workers who have been unfairly dismissed should be givenby the company.6. In the course of, some birds have lost their power of flight and started to live on land.7. Almost all the people who have watched this movie agree that it is the mostmovie because it is about a talking dog.8. I suggest that you not read this novel because it is not interesting and it wouldyou to death.9. Skipping breakfast and eating too much before sleep willto the problem of being overweight.10. This change is part of a(n)effort to create a new and better generation of English proficiency tests.For several centuries, cricket (板球) has been a very popular sport in England. It has been enjoyed by both professional and 1)players. This super-popular game is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players. It can provide you with health benefits like building 2), balance, and physical fitness. But for a team sport, cricket also places 3)players under unusual pressure because every team player is 4)of each other.Cricket might have started in early 16th-century England. Written records 5)evidence of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward at Newenden, Kent in 1301; and it is possible, 6)no hard evidence, that this was a form of cricket. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had 7)into a national sport of England. The growth of the British Empire led to cricket being played abroad and by the mid-19th century the first international 8)were held. Cricket has had a(n) 9)impact on popular culture in England. It has had an influence on the vocabulary of the English language, with such phrases as that's not cricket10)to describe unfair behavior in general.1. I felt terribly sorry to learn that his sisterafter having fought against cancer for three years.2. The Chinese swimmer wasat the beginning of the women's 100-meter freestyle final, but she didn't give up and finally took the lead.3. The rich man thinks that he will die in disgrace if he does nothis money for the public good.4. Theyletting him go and would like him to stay on after his present contract expires. 5.seven million students are graduating from university this year. This will undoubtedly add to the employment pressure in the job market.6. If he is determined to do something, he will do itwhat other people will say.7. The movie was a complete waste of time. Ihave stayed at home.8.The authorities promise to introduce an effective health service so that people do not need to spend too much money when they.9. Thousands of people wereat yesterday's strike, which caused great confusion.10. They got to know each other in their 20s andthey are still in close touch with each other.By the fifth night, he had overtaken them all. By the sixth day, he led the whole pack of runners by a wide lead. He led all the way to the finish line, smashing the record by finishing the 875-kilometer race in 5 days, 15 hours and 4 minutes– 9 hours faster than anyone before! In that instant, Cliff Young became a beloved national hero.In 1564, William Shakespeare, the great poet and playwright (剧作家), was born in England. As a boy, he attended a local grammar school in his hometown. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, and they had three children. Between 1585 and 1592, he developed a successful career in London. By 1592 several of his plays were on the London stage and he had become well-known by acting and writing plays. He appeared to have retired from the theater and returned to his hometown around 1613. In 1616, at the age of 52, he passed away.有关古代奥林匹克运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前776年。
Lecture7HowtoWriteaConclusion
Purposes of a Conclusion
wrap things up and end your essay, evaluates the significance of the paper, reemphasizes the main points, predicts an outcome, offers a solution, or suggests a further study.
Sample Conclusion:
Macbeth started off as a hero and ended up a hated tyrant. Such power-hungry people are still around today and continue to cause great instability in society. That is why we continue to have political unrest and wars and we hear about them daily in the news. Sadly, Shakespeare has shown us that selfish, naked ambition is one of humanity’s timeless vices.
Your conclusion should NOT include:
1. New ideas or facts, 2. Any footnotes. 3. Announcement of what you have done (i.e. "In
this paper I have explained...")
How to Write a Conclusion
U校园新视野新视野大学英语1读写教程答案Units5
) He is.2) She is.3) She is.4) She is.5) He is.Yes. Generally speaking, these sports are popular among college students, though they are not as popular as basketball and soccer.• Not all of these sports are popular among college students. As far as I know, swimming and tennis are more popular among college students than the other three sports.Reference:1. I like jogging and playing tennis. When I jog, I listen to music or English. SoI don't feel bored and I can learn something while exercising. I also like playing tennis because it is a very exciting sport and it is fun playing with friends.2. • I don't do sports every day, but I try to exercise regularly. On weekdays, I'm too busy with my classes and homework, so I can only do sports occasionally. But on weekends I always manage to spend as much time as I can playing table tennis, going hiking, or doing yoga.• I spend about half an hour doing exercise every morning. Usually, I run on the sports field on campus. But if it rains, I do push-ups (俯卧撑) and sit-ups (仰卧起坐) in my dorm. If I have time, I play soccer or basketball in the afternoon with my classmates.3. Yes, I think so. Playing sports offers many obvious benefits. Playing sports is good to our health and good health is important for success at college. It also helps cultivate cooperation and teamwork. Besides, playing sports is very good for the development of our social skills, for sports teach us how to communicate and cooperate with people.Reference:1. Because the Sydney-to-Melbourne race is 875 kilometers long and it is a harsh test of endurance for the world's top athletes.2. Cliff Young was a toothless 61-year-old farmer; he was wearing rubber boots, and was much older than the other runners.3. Other athletes neither believed it nor treated Cliff Young with respect.4. Because Cliff Young didn't run properly. He had the strangest running style and appeared to shuffle.5.When people found that Cliff Young ran through the entire night without sleeping and when it seemed to them that he intended to keep running until he reached the finish line or fell ill or was injured.6. When he was running, Cliff Young imagined he was gathering his sheep and trying to outrun a storm.7. Cliff Young gave all the prize money to five other runners. He didn't keep a single cent for himself.8. Cliff Young is a brilliant example showing that ordinary people also have the inherent quality to achieve great results.Reference:1. I think teamwork, fair play and honesty, and excellence in performance best characterize the spirit of sports.• Teamwork: Individuals can be strong on their own, but they ca n be much stronger in a team. You can't win alone in a team game.• Fair play and honesty: Respect the rules of the game. Be honest. Never cheat even though you know you won't get caught.• Excellence in performance: Always try your best. Show your efforts and best performance.2. By playing sports, people can cultivate honesty, determination, and mutual respect.• Honesty: You will learn that having the sense of fair play and observing moral principles are essential in playing sports.• Determination: Be r eady to face difficulties or frustrations and never give up. Ultimately, this could be the deciding factor when it comes to winning or losing. • Mutual respect: It is compulsory to play by the rules. You will learn to respect your opponents, fellow players, referees, and fans.3.No, winning isn't the most important thing in sports. Winning is good, but there is much more about playing sports than winning. Playing sports brings about many benefits, the most important of which is to cultivate the spirit of sports. The spirit of sports is best reflected in the Olympic Creed, which reads: "The most important thing in the Olympic Games is not to win but to take part, just as the most important thing in life is not the triumph but the struggle. The essential thing is not to have conquered but to have fought well."4. I think it means that a true champion has great confidence and determination that we should not take lightly. A true champion knows one must push his limits of endurance or strength or skill to achieve victory. A true champion never gives up.5. The story of Cliff Young is extraordinary and inspirational, from which I have learned a great deal. I have learned that we should pursue our dreams regardless of what other people have to say. An ordinary person can become a hero, and wonderful things do happen when we are determined and committed. Most important of all, we should believe in ourselves!1. Theconference which I attend every year is going to be held in London in January next year.2. According to the terms of your, you must give three months' notice if you intend to leave this company.3. We were honored that so many people ofand talent were present to discuss the issues.4. The local government has been providingsupport to them, without which they couldn't have been so successful.5. The secret agent promised that the information hewas obtained from reliable sources.6. Whetheror professional, American football is perhaps the most popular sport in the US. It attracts a total attendance of over 40 million and is watched by many more millions on television each year.7. Shops try to meet the DIY (do-it-yourself) fashion by offering consumers parts and hardware which they canat home.8. I wonder how she willto the news if I tell her she is not going to get a raise this year.9. It wasthat the professor's lecture failed to impress the students as some of them had left before it was over.10. We all admitted that the trip was worthwhile after we saw a(n)palace and a fantastic museum.1. He argues that the designer of this teaching plan makes a falsethat all learners are at the same level.2. All the tourists wereby the magnificent scenery along the coastline.3. In some parts of the world, the populationin the past two decades led to the lack of food and health care.4. This hospital lacked the mostfacilities like X-ray machines and operating rooms.5. Workers who have been unfairly dismissed should be givenby the company.6. In the course of, some birds have lost their power of flight and started to live on land.7. Almost all the people who have watched this movie agree that it is the mostmovie because it is about a talking dog.8. I suggest that you not read this novel because it is not interesting and it wouldyou to death.9. Skipping breakfast and eating too much before sleep willto the problem of being overweight.10. This change is part of a(n)effort to create a new and better generation of English proficiency tests.For several centuries, cricket (板球) has been a very popular sport in England. It has been enjoyed by both professional and 1)players. This super-popular game is a bat-and-ball game played between two teams of 11 players. It can provide you with health benefits like building 2), balance, and physical fitness. But for a team sport, cricket also places 3)players under unusual pressure because every team player is 4)of each other.Cricket might have started in early 16th-century England. Written records 5)evidence of a game known as creag being played by Prince Edward at Newenden, Kent in 1301; and it is possible, 6)no hard evidence, that this was a form of cricket. By the end of the 18th century, cricket had 7)into a national sport of England. The growth of the British Empire led to cricket being played abroad and by the mid-19th century the first international 8)were held. Cricket has had a(n) 9)impact on popular culture in England. It has had an influence on the vocabulary of the English language, with such phrases as that's not cricket10)to describe unfair behavior in general.1. I felt terribly sorry to learn that his sisterafter having fought against cancer for three years.2. The Chinese swimmer wasat the beginning of the women's 100-meter freestyle final, but she didn't give up and finally took the lead.3. The rich man thinks that he will die in disgrace if he does nothis money for the public good.4. Theyletting him go and would like him to stay on after his present contract expires. 5.seven million students are graduating from university this year. This will undoubtedly add to the employment pressure in the job market.6. If he is determined to do something, he will do itwhat other people will say.7. The movie was a complete waste of time. Ihave stayed at home.8.The authorities promise to introduce an effective health service so that people do not need to spend too much money when they.9. Thousands of people wereat yesterday's strike, which caused great confusion.10. They got to know each other in their 20s andthey are still in close touch with each other.By the fifth night, he had overtaken them all. By the sixth day, he led the whole pack of runners by a wide lead. He led all the way to the finish line, smashing the record by finishing the 875-kilometer race in 5 days, 15 hours and 4 minutes– 9 hours faster than anyone before! In that instant, Cliff Young became a beloved national hero.In 1564, William Shakespeare, the great poet and playwright (剧作家), was born in England. As a boy, he attended a local grammar school in his hometown. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway, and they had three children. Between 1585 and 1592, he developed a successful career in London. By 1592 several of his plays were on the London stage and he had become well-known by acting and writing plays. He appeared to have retired from the theater and returned to his hometown around 1613. In 1616, at the age of 52, he passed away.有关古代奥林匹克运动会的最早文字记载可追溯至公元前776年。
Lecture Three
2. Major Works
1) Poor Richard’s Almanac
a) b) c) d) e) f) g) h) i) j) Maxims（谚语，格言） and axioms（哲理，格言） Lost time is never found again. A penny saved is a penny earned. God help them that help themselves. Fish and visitors stink in three days. Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise. Ale in, truth out. Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation. Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck. One Today is worth two tomorrow. Industry pays debts. Despair encreaseth them.
8) Beginning his public career in the early fifties, he became a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, the Deputy Postmaster-General for the colonies, and for some eighteen years served as representative of the colonies in London. 9) During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of the committee to write the Declaration of Independence. One of the makers of the new nation, he was instrumental in bringing France into an alliance with America against England, and played a decisive role at the Constitutional Convention.
广州“PEP”2024年小学五年级下册第二次英语第二单元综合卷[有答案]
广州“PEP”2024年小学五年级下册英语第二单元综合卷[有答案]考试时间：80分钟（总分:100）A卷考试人：_________题号一二三四五总分得分一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 选择题：Which of these is a common household pet?A. SnakeB. ParrotC. CatD. Hamster答案：C2. 填空题：My friend has a charming _______ (名词). 它的性格很 _______ (形容词).3. 填空题：The _______ (The Bolshevik Revolution) led to the establishment of a communist government in Russia.4. 听力题：The Sun is a medium-sized star in the ______ galaxy.5. 填空题：The kitten is very ______.6. 选择题：What do you call a group of birds?A. SwarmB. FlockC. PackD. Gaggle答案:B7. 填空题：My friend is ______ (很有创造力).What is the main purpose of a bridge?A. To connect two placesB. To provide shelterC. To store goodsD. To entertain visitors答案:A9. 填空题：At school, I prefer being called ______ by my friends. (在学校，我更喜欢我的朋友叫我。
)10. 听力题：My ______ enjoys hiking in the mountains.11. 选择题：Which animal is famous for its long migrations?A. ElephantB. SalmonC. LionD. Tiger答案: B12. 填空题：The _____ (犀牛) has thick skin and a large horn.13. 填空题：My friend calls me her _______ because we share secrets.14. 选择题：What is 8 - 4?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 515. 填空题：The ________ (生态系统服务研究) provides insights.16. 选择题：What is the smallest continent?A. EuropeB. AustraliaC. AntarcticaD. Asia答案:BThe fish is _____ around the tank. (swimming)18. 填空题：In autumn, the leaves __________ (变色).19. 听力题：I like to ________ stories.20. 填空题：The __________ (历史的深刻反思) influences decisions.21. 听力填空题：I believe that every person can contribute to their __________.22. 选择题：What do you call a young female cow?A. CalfB. HeiferC. KidD. Lamb答案: B23. 听力题：The Earth's surface is shaped by natural ______.24. 填空题：The ________ (气候适应) is essential.25. 听力题：A compound always has a fixed ______.26. 填空题：I enjoy playing ________ (运动) during the week.27. 听力填空题：I have learned a lot about __________ in school this year.28. 选择题：Which object is used to tell time?A. CalendarB. ClockC. MapD. Book29. n Massacre was a key event leading to the __________ (美国独立). 填空题：The Bost30. 选择题：What is the capital of Norway?A. OsloB. StockholmC. HelsinkiD. Copenhagen31. 填空题：The _______ (Industrial Revolution) began in the 18th century in Britain.32. 选择题：What do we call the time it takes for the Earth to go around the sun?A. DayB. MonthC. YearD. Week答案：C33. 听力题：The capital city of Zambia is __________.34. 填空题：My favorite ice cream flavor is ________ (巧克力). I could eat it every ________ (天).35. 听力题：The __________ is the unit of measurement for energy.36. 填空题：A plant’s ______ (高度) can vary greatly from species to species.37. 填空题：A _____ is an area with high elevation.38. 填空题：Certain plants can ______ (增强) the local economy.39. 听力题：The chemical symbol for scandium is ______.40. 填空题：The _____ (种植者) takes care of the plants.41. 选择题：What is the capital of Tuvalu?a. Funafutib. Nanumeac. Nukufetaud. Niutao答案:a42. 填空题：The puppy is learning new _________. (技巧)43. 听力题：__________ are used in the production of pharmaceuticals.44. 选择题：What is the second planet from the sun?A. EarthB. VenusC. MarsD. Mercury45. 选择题：What do we call a young crab?A. LarvaB. HatchlingC. KitD. Calf答案:B. Hatchling46. 听力题：The ocean is a source of ______ for many organisms.47. 填空题：The invention of the steam engine revolutionized ________ (运输).48. 选择题：Which season comes after summer?A. SpringB. FallC. WinterD. Summer49. 选择题：What do you call the process of removing hair?A. ShavingB. WaxingC. PluckingD. All of the above50. 听力题：They are having a ______ (party) this weekend.51. 选择题：What do we call the act of speaking to an audience?A. SpeechB. LectureC. PresentationD. All of the above52. 填空题：A __________ (绿色化学) aims to reduce environmental impact through sustainable practices.53. 听力题：The chemical symbol for barium is __________.54. 填空题：The chemical formula for table salt is _______. (NaCl)55. 填空题：My friend is __________ (知性的).56. 听力题：A gas can be compressed because its particles are ______ apart.57. 听力题：The __________ can influence local weather patterns.58. 选择题：What is the main purpose of a computer?A. To cookB. To play gamesC. To process informationD. To read books答案: C59. 听力题：The rabbit is ________ carrots.60. 选择题：What is the capital of Botswana?A. GaboroneB. FrancistownC. MaunD. Kasane61. 填空题：The garden is _______ (充满生机的)。
America Culture test 美国文化考试题目
.
29) ______ How were farmers affected by The Great Depression?
a)They lost their farms and homes.
b)They made greater profits.
b)False
.
7) ______ Most of the Spanish Armada sank in a sudden storm off the coast of
England.
a)True
b)False
.
8) ______ Elizabeth dressed in a suit of armor and declared she had the stomach of a
a)True
b)False
.
19) ______ Nathaniel Hawthorne wrote a novel about the Puritains called "The Scarlet
Letter"
a)True
b)False
.
20) ______ Mary Tudor was known as "Bloody Mary."
Catholicism from England helped create the United States of America. Do this in
your own words individually. Your essay answer is worth 25 points. You will be
英国各时期作家及主要作品
A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)《英语大辞典》
Oscar Wilde奥斯卡·王尔德
An Ideal Husband《理想丈夫》
The Importance of Being Earnest《认真的重要性》
Robert L. Stevenson罗伯特·路易斯·斯蒂文森
Treasure Island《金银岛》
Kidnapped《诱拐》
Lecture 7 20th Century English Literature现代主义时期英国文学
Emily Bronte
Wuthering Heights (1847)《呼啸山庄》
George Eliot
The Mill on the Floss (1860)《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》
Thomas Carlyle
On Heroes and Hero-Worship (1841) (lectures)《英雄与英雄崇拜》
R. B. Sheridan理查德·B·谢里丹
(The most important English playwright in the 18th century)
The School for Scandal (1777)《造谣学校》
TheRivals (1775)《情敌》
Samuel Johnson塞缪尔·约翰逊
A Midsummer Night’s Dream《仲夏夜之梦》
美国文学复习资料
American Literature Lecture One 060511/2, 9th Nov. 2009Part I. IntroductionPart I: introduction questions1.Teaching schemes, examination, requirements, advice, contacts, and so on2.What is literature?3.How to define American Literature?4.How to study literature?1. What is literature?1)The definition of 14th century:It means polite learning through reading. A man of literature or a man of letters = a man of wide reading, “literacy”2)The definition of 18th century:practice and profession of writing3)The definition of 19th century:the high skills of writing in the special context of high imagination4)Robert Frost’s definition:performance in words5)Modern definition:We can define literature as language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality intellectual and emotional appeal.2. How to define the American literatureAmerican literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States.3. How to study literatureHistorical Perspectives: Biographical-Historical and Moral-Philosophical.(Diverse Types of Historicisms: including Feminist, Sociological or Marxian Studies of Language, Literature and Translation)Structuralist Perspectives: Looking for Systematic Deep Structures both in Form and Content.(Semiotics, TG Grammar, Systematic/Functional Grammar, Narratology, Freudian psycho-analysis, Russian Formalism, Anglo-American New Criticism, Archetypalism, Myth Criticism, Structural Marxism, Ideology)Poststructuralist or Postmodern Perspectives: Deconstructing Structuring Binaries (No Clear Distinction between Form and Content)[Postmodern Feminism, Postcolonialism, Postmodern Narratologies, New Historicism, Ideological Studies, Discourse Analysis, Reception Theories, Trauma Studies, Trans-Atlantic Studies, Transnationalism, Eco-criticism, Cultural Pathology, and other Postmodernisms]Approaches on Literature1. The Traditional Approaches:1)Analytical ApproachBe familiar with the elements of a literary work, eg: plot, character, setting, point of view, structure, style, atmosphere, theme, etc; answer some basic questions about the text itself.2)Thematic Approach“What is the story, the poem, the play or the essay about?”3)Historical - Biographical Approach4)Moral - Philosophical Approach.2.The Formalistic AppoachStructuralism, Poststructuralism, Semiotics3.The Psychological Approach: Freud4.Mythological and Archetypal Approach5.Feminist Approaches6.Sociological Approach7.Deconstruction8.Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Reception Theory9.Cultural CriticismAmerican MulticultualismThe New Historicism, British Cultural Materialism10.Additional Approaches:①Aristotlian Criticism②Genre Criticism③Rhetoric, Linguistics, and Stylistics④The Marxist Approach⑤Ecological Criticism⑥Post ColonialismLecture Two 060511/2, 10th Nov. 2009Part II. The periods of American literature①The colonial period (约1607 - 1765)②The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)③The romantic period (1800 - 1865)④The realistic period (1865 - 1914)⑤The period of modernism (1914 - 1945)⑥The Contemporary Literature (1945 - 2000)1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765)The main featuresPuritanism2.The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)Benjamin Franklin3.The romantic period (1800 - 1865)1)The early romanticismWashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper2)“New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)”Emerson, Thoreau/ Whitman, Dickinson/ Hawthorne, Melville , Allan Poe3)“New England Poets” or “Schoolroom Poets”Bryant/ Longfellow/ Lowell/ Holmes/ Whittier4) The Reformers and AbolitionistsBeecher Stowe/ Frederick Douglass4.The realistic period (1865 - 1914)1)Midwestern RealismWilliam Dean Howells2)Cosmopolitan NovelistHenry James3)Local ColorismMark Twain4)NaturalismStephen Crane/ Jack London/ Theodore Dreiser5)The “Chicago School” of PoetryMasters/ Sandburg/ Lindsay/ Robinson6)The Rise of Black American LiteratureWashington/ Du Bois/ Chestnutt5.The period of modernism (1914 - 1945)1)Modern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism)Ezra Pound/ T.S.Eliot/ Robert Frost/ Wallace Stevens/ Carlos Williams2)Prose Writing: modern realism (the Lost Generation)F.Scott Fitzgerald/ Ernest Hemingway/ William Faulkner3)Novels of Social AwarenessSinclair Lewis/ Dos Passos/ John Steinbeck/ Richard Wright4)The Harlem RenaissanceLangston Hughes/ Zora Neals Hurston5)The Fugitives and New Criticism6)The 20th Century American DramaEugene O’ Neil6.The Contemporary Literature (1945 - 2000)I.American Poetry Since 1945: the Anti-traditionII.American Prose Since 1945: Realism and Experimentation.I. Poetry:1)Traditionalism2)Idiosyncratic poets3)Experimental poetry4)Surrealism and Existentialism5)Women and Multiethnic poets6)Chicano / Hispanic / Latino poetry7)Native American poetry8)African-American poetry9)Asian-American poetry10)New DirectionsExperimental Poetry:1)The Black Mountain School2)The San Francisco School3)Beat Poets4)The New York SchoolII. Prose:1.The Realist Legacy and the Late 1940s2.The Affluent but Alienated 1950s3.The Turbulent but Creative 1960s4.The 1970s and 1980s: New Directions1.The Realist Legacy and the Late 1940s1)Robert Penn Warren2)Arthur Miller3)Tennessee Williams4)Katherine Anne Porter5)Eudora Welty2.The Affluent But Alienated 1950s1)John O’Hara2) James Baldwin3) Ralph Waldo Ellison4) Flannery O’Conner5) Saul Bellow6) Bernard Malamud7) Isaac Bashevis Singer8) Vladimir Nabokov9) John Cheever10) John Updike11) J.D.Salinger12) Jack Kerouac3. The Turbulent but Creative 1960s1) Thomas Pynchon2) John Barth3) Norman Mailer4. The 1970s and 1980s: New Directions1) John Gardner2) Toni Morrison3) Alice WalkerPart II. Early American and Colonial Period to 17651. Introduction1. Instead of beginning with folk tales and songs the American literature began with abstractions and proceededfrom philosophy to fiction because there were no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before the first Europeans arrived there and set up the first colony Jamestown in about 1607.2. American writing began with the work of English adventurers and colonists in the New World chiefly for thebenefit of readers in the mother country. Some of these early works reached the level of literature, as in the robust and perhaps truthful account of his adventures by Captain John Smith and the sober, tendentious journalistic histories of John Winthrop and William Bradford in New England. From the beginning, however, the literature of New England was also directed to the edification and instruction of the colonists themselves, intended to direct them in the ways of the godly.3. Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: (1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming,hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration; (2) highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions.4. Furthermore, the influential Protestant work ethic, reinforced by the practical necessities of a hard pioneer life,inhibited the development of any reading matter designed simply for leisure-time entertainment.It is the belief that work itself is good in addition to what it achieves; that time saved by efficiency or goodfortune should not be spent in leisure but in doing further work; that idleness is always immoral and likely to lead to even worse sin since “the devil finds work for idle hands to do”. This belief late r developed into the American philosophic idea Puritanism.5. divines who wrote furiously to set forth their views was to defend and promote visions of the religious state. They set forth their visions —in effect the first formulation of the concept of national destiny —in a series ofimpassioned histories and jeremiads from Providence (1654) to Cotton Mather ’s epic Magnalia Christi Americana6. Even Puritan poetry was offered uniformly to the service of God. Michael Wigglesworth ’s Day of Doom (1662) wasuncompromisingly theological, and Anne Bradstreet ’s poems, issued as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650), were reflective of her own piety. The best of the Puritan poets, Edward Taylor , whose work was not published until two centuries after his death, wrote metaphysical verse,Sermons and tracts poured forth until austere Calvinism found its last utterance in the words of Jonathan Edwards . In the other colonies writing was usually more mundane and on the whole less notable, though the journal of the Quaker John Woolman is highly esteemed, and some critics maintain that the best writing of the colonial period is found in the witty and urbane observations of William Byrd , a gentleman planter of Westover, Virginia.2. The Main Features of this period1) American literature grew out of humble origins. diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travelbooks, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any format all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.3) The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought andAmerican literature.3. Puritanism1) Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the NorthAmerican continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. In content it means scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences, that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion.2) With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences inAmerican thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets.3) Actually it is a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds, also a two-facetedtradition of religious idealism and level-headed common sense.Part III. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)I. Introduction1) The 18th-century American enlightenment as a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather thantradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy.2) Enlightenment thinkers and writers, such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine, were devoted to the idealsof justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.3) In these period with the exception of outstanding political writing, such as Common sense, Declaration ofIndependence, The Federalist Papers and so on, few works of note appeared. Even if there appeared poetry and fiction, they were full of imitativeness and vague universality. So most Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. The search for a native literature became a national obsession.4) Despite these we should pay attention to several points in this period:William Hill Brown (1765-1793) published the first American novel The Power of Sympathy in 1789.Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. Hedeveloped the genre of American Gothic.The Dictionary edited by Noah Webster (1758-1843) based the American lexicography. Updated Webster’sdictionaries are still standard today.Philip Freneau’s (1752-1832) was known as "the poet of the American Revolution". His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing. All the while...in romanticizing the wonders of nature in his writings...he searched for an American idiom in verse. II. Benjamin Franklin1706 - 1790(An Extraordinary Life and An Electric Mind)1. His Life1)Born the tenth of fifteen children in a poor candle and soap maker’s family, he had to leave school before he waseleven.2)At twelve he was apprenticed to an older brother, James, a printer in Boston.3)As a voracious reader he managed to make up for the deficiency by his own effort and began at 16 to publishessays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston.4)When he was 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune marking the beginning of a long successstory of an archetypal kind.5)He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, found the Junto Club and subscription library,issued the immensely popular Poor Richard’s Almanac.6)Retired around forty-two, he did what was to him a great happiness: read, make scientific experiments and dogood to his fellowmen. He helped to find the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.7)At the same time he did a lot of famous experiments and invented many things such as volunteer firedepartments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, efficient heating devices, lightning-rod and so on.8)Beginning his public career in the early fifties, he became a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, the DeputyPostmaster-General for the colonies, and for some eighteen years served as representative of the colonies in London.9)During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of thecommittee to write the Declaration of Independence. One of the makers of the new nation, he was instrumental in bringing France into an alliance with America against England, and played a decisive role at the Constitutional Convention.2. Major Works1)Poor Richard’s AlmanacMaxims（谚语，格言）and axioms（哲理，格言）a)Lost time is never found again.b) A penny saved is a penny earned.c)God help them that help themselves.d)Fish and visitors stink in three days.e)Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.f)Ale in, truth out.g)Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation.h)Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck.i)One Today is worth two tomorrow.j)Industry pays debts. Despair encreaseth them.2)Autobiographya.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscu rity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.c.First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-examinationand self-improvement.d.It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.e.It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness ofimagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake.3. Evaluation1)He was a rare genius in human history. Nature seemed particularly lavish and happy when he was shaped.Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, musician and parlor man.2)He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fineexample helped to liberalize.3)Politically he brought the colonial era to a close. For quite some time he was regarded as the father of allYankees, even more than Washington was. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.4)Scientifically, as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment, he invented a lot of useful implements. Hisresearch on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day.5)Literally, he really opened the story of American literature. D. H. Lawrance agreed that Franklin waseverything but a poet. In the Scottish philosopher David Hume’s eyes he was America’s “first great man of letters”.Assignment: Please read the material by Ralph Waldo EmersonLecture Three 060511/2, 16th Nov. 2009The American Romanticism(I)I. What is RomanticismSimply speaking, Romanticism is a literary movement flourished as a cultural force throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.Romanticism, a term that is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism, which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. A romantic attitude may be detected in literature of any period, but as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, in reaction to more rational literary, philosophic, artistic, religious, and economic standards.... The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, and those of the late period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.II. The reasons on the rise of American RomanticismInternal causes:1)American burgeoned into a political, economic and cultural independence. Democracy and political equalitybecame the ideals of the new nation. Radical changes came about in the political life of the country. Parties began to squabble and scramble for power, and new system was in the making.2)The spread of industrialism, the sudden influx of immigration, and the pioneers pushing the frontier furtherwest, all these produced something of an economic boon and, with it, a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among the people.3)Ever-increasing magazines played an important role in facilitating literary expansion in the country.External causes:1)Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.2)The influence of Sir Walter Scott was particularly powerful and enduring.III. Characteristics of American Romanticism (b)1)Sentimentalism, primitivism and the cult of the noble savage2)Political liberalism3)The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life4)Introspection5)The idealization of the common man, uncorrupted by civilization6)Interest in the picturesque past and remote places7)Antiquarianism8)Individualism9)Morbid melancholy10)Historical romanceIV. The Representatives of the early American romanticismA. Washington Irving(1783-1859 )1. About the Author1)Washington Irving was born in New York City on April 3, 1783 as the youngest of 11 children. His parents,Scottish-English immigrants, were great admirers of General George Washington, and named their son after their hero.2)Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He studied law privately but practiced only briefly. From1804 to 1806 he travelled widely in Europe. After returning to the United States, Irving was admitted to the New York bar in 1806.3)He was a partner with his brothers in the family hardware business and representative of the business inEngland until it collapsed in 1818. During the war of 1812 Irving was a military aide to New York Governor Tompkins in the U.S. Army.4)Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers. His success in social life and literature wasshadowed by a personal tragedy because his engaged love died at the age of seventeen. So he never married or had children.5)After the death of his mother, Irving decided to stay in Europe, where he remained for seventeen years from1815 to 1832.6)In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achievedinternational fame. Between the years 1842-45 Irving was the U.S. Ambassador to Spain.7)Irving spent the last years of his life in Tarrytown. From 1848 to 1859 he was President of Astor Library, laterNew York Public Library. Irving's later publications include Mahomet And His Successors(1850), Wolfert's Roost(1855), and his five-volume The Life of George Washington(1855-59). Irving died in Tarrytown on November 28, 1859.2. His Major Works1)His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written byDiedrich Knickbo cker (hence the name of Irving’s friends and New York writers of the day, the “Knickbocker School”.)2)The Sketch Book (1819-20 as Geoffrey Crayon) - contains 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'3)The Life of George Washington (1855-59, five volumes)3. Evaluation to him1)American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving hasbeen called the father of the American short story. He is best known for 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and 'Rip V an Winkle,' about a man who falls asleep for 20 years.2)The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father ofAmerican literature.3)The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book, ACOLLECTION OF ESSAYS, SKETCHES, AND TALES. It also marked the beginning of American Romanticism.B. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)1. His Major WorksIn his life Cooper wrote over thirty novels which can be divided into frontier novels, detective novels and reference novels. He considered The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) his best works.The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo. Cooper’s finest achievement, they constitute4 a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting. Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804.1)The Pioneers(1823): Natty Bumppo first appears as a seasoned scout in advancing years, with the dyingChingachgook, the old Indian chief and his faithful comrade, as the eastern forest frontier begins to disappear and Chingachgook dies.2)The Last of the Mohicans(1826): An adventure of the French and Indian Wars in the Lake George county.3)The Prairie(1827): Set in the new frontier where the Leatherstocking dies.4)The Pathfinder(1840): Continuing the same border warfare in the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario county.5)The Deerslayer(1841): Early adventures with the hostile Hurons on Lake Otsego, NY.2. Contributions of CooperThe creation of the famous Leatherstocking saga has cemented his position as our first great national novelist and his influence pervades American literature. In his thirty-two years (1820-1851) of authorship, Cooper produced twenty-nine other long works of fiction and fifteen books - enough to fill forty-eight volumes in the new definitive edition of his Works. Among his achievements:1)The first successful American historical romance in the vein of Sir Walter Scott (The Spy, 1821).2)The first sea novel (The Pilot, 1824).3)The first attempt at a fully researched historical novel (Lionel Lincoln, 1825).4)The first full-scale History of the Navy of the United States of America (1839).5)The first American international novel of manners (Homeward Bound and Home as Found, 1838).6)The first trilogy in American fiction (Satanstoe, 1845; The Chainbearer, 1845; and The Redskins, 1846).7)The first and only five-volume epic romance to carry its mythic hero - Natty Bumppo - from youth to old age. 3. His Skills1)He is good at making plots.2)All his novels are full of myths.3)He had never been to the frontier and among the Indians and yet could write five huge epic books about them isan eloquent proof of the richness of his imagination.4)He created the first Indians to appear in American fiction and probably the first group of noble savages.5)He hi t upon the native subject of frontier and wilderness, and helped to introduce the “Western” tradition intoAmerican literature.V. American Renaissance1. The Concept1)It also called New England Renaissance period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American CivilWar in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit.2)The literary scene of the period was dominated by a group of New England writers, the “Brahmins”. They werearistocrats, steeped in foreign culture, active as professors at Harvard College, and interested in creating a genteel American literature based on foreign models.3)One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Emerson,Thoreau and so on.4)The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Theyadvocated reforms in church, state, and society, contributing to the rise of free religion and the abolition movement and to the formation of various utopian communities, such as Brook Farm. The abolition movement was also bolstered by other New England writers, including the Quaker poet Whittier and the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) dramatized the plight of the black slave.5)Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers—NathanielHawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman—whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. Contemporary with these writers but outside the New England circle was the Southern genius Edgar Allan Poe, who later in the century had a strong impact on European literature.Lecture Four The American Romanticism(II)TranscendentalismIt is a 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought.Emerson defined it as “idealism” simply. In reality it was far more complex collection of beliefs: that the spark of divinity lies within man; that everything in the world is a microcosm of existence; that the individual soul is identical to the world soul, or Over-Soul. By meditation, by communing with nature, through work and art, man could transcend his senses and attain an understanding of beauty and goodness and truth.In application, American transcendentalism urged a reform in society, and that such a reform may be reached if individuals resist customs and social codes, and rely rather on reason to learn what is right. Ultimately, transcendentalists believed that one should transcend society's code of ethics and rely on personal intuition in order to reach absolute goodness, or Absolute Truth.It was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism. That is to say, it was in actuality romanticism on the puritan soil.Transcendentalism dominated the thinking of the American Renaissance, and its resonance reverberated through American life well into the 20th century. In one way or another American most creative minds were drawn into its thrall, attracted not only to its practicable messages of confident self-identity, spiritual progress and social justice, but also by its aesthetics, which celebrated, in landscape and mindscape, the immense grandeur of the American soul.The Representativesof American RenaissanceI. The Essayists1)Ralph Waldo Emerson2)Henry David ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson(1803 - 1882)1.His philosophy:1)Strongly he felt the need for a new national vision.2)He firmly believes in the transcendence of the Oversoul and thought that the universe was composed of Nature。
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感伤主义
18世纪中叶，英国发生了工业革命。许 多作家对资本主义工业化发展给大自然 和农村传统生活方式带来的破坏发出悲 哀的感叹，以大自然和情感为主题的感 伤主义作品一度流行。
英国诗歌开始逐渐摆脱新古典主义的束 缚，理性的优势地位为感情或感受所代 替。
3. The beginning of modern novel
The locale was often a gloomy castle furnished with dungeons地牢, winding passages, and sliding panels;
the typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel and lustful villain.
2. Sentimentalism 感伤主义
Sentimentalism indulged in emotion and sentiment. Criticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and
the gross social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions and the Industrial Revolution. They react against anything rational and to advocate that sentiment should take the place of reason. Thomas Gray, Oliver Goldsmith, Laurence Stern, Samuel Richardson are representatives of this school.
made use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, sensational and supernatural occurrences.
The principal aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror by exploiting mystery and a variety of horrors.
5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.
The most famous writers of this school are William Blake and Robert Burns.
3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.
4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.
Modern English novel began in the 18th century and gave the world such novelists as Defoe, Swift, Richardson, Fielding, Smollett and Sterne.
Daniel Defoe’s Robinson Crusoe was one of the
3. The development of social life
The first half of the 18th century England saw the appearance of a large number of public coffeehouses and private clubs. Nearly all writers frequented the coffeehouses, and matters discussed there became subjects of literature. Hence the enormous amount of 18th-century writing devoted to transient affairs, to politics, fashions, and gossip.
4. Characteristics of Early/Pre-Romanticism
Romanticism has five prominent characteristics: 1. The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction
and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit. 2. Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.
Pre-romanticism found its most manifest expression in the Байду номын сангаасGothic novel”.
“Gothic novel” 哥特小说
Set in the medieval period; others set them in a Catholic country.
The Enlightenment in Europe
A progressive intellectual movement beginning in France and then spread throughout Europe. The guiding principle or slogan is Ration/Reason, natural right and equality. Ration became standard for measurement of everything.
authority as possible in the royal hands;
2. Literati as servants of contention
The Whigs and the Tories were well balanced in power. To overturn a Tory or a Whig cabinet only a few votes were necessary and to influence such votes London was flooded with pamphlets. Most of the great writers of the age were the willing servants of the Whigs or Tories as pamphleteers.
1. The literature of the 18th century was dominated by the interests of
contending parties
The Whigs: determined to safeguard popular liberty; The Tories: conservative, would leave as much
1. Neoclassicism 新古典主义
The Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works, this tendency is known as neoclassicism.
Addison, Steele, Pope belonged to this school.
新古典主义
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。新古典
主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、 优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
亚历山大· 蒲柏（Alexander Pope, 1688-1744） 是新古典主义诗歌的代表，他模仿罗马诗 人，诗风精巧隽俏，内容以说教与讽刺为 主，形式多用英雄双韵体，但缺乏深厚感 情。
forerunners of the English 18th century realistic novel. But it was Henry Fielding and Tobias George Smollet who became the real founders of the genre of the bourgeois realistic novel in England and Europe.
The neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers, such as Homer.
散文
18世纪英国散文出现繁荣，散文风格基本建立在 新古典主义美学原则之上。理查德· 斯梯尔 （Richard Steele, 1672-1729）与约瑟夫· 艾迪生 （Joseph Addison, 1672-1719）创办《闲谈者》 （Tatler）与《观察者》（Spectator）刊物，发表 了许多以当时社会风俗、日常生活、文学趣味等 为题材的文章，他们清新秀雅、轻捷流畅的文体 成为后人模仿的典范。
18世纪被称为“散文世纪”的另一个原因是小说 的兴起。