2018年上海交通大学第一次博士申请考核园艺学食品方向考博真题回忆
上海交通大学博士研究生入学考试全真模拟5套卷(附答案)
上海交通大学2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（模拟卷I）考试科目代码：2224 考试科目名称：管理科学基础（含微观经济学、统计学、运筹学）（答案必须写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上的一律不给分）1.（本题10分）已知线性规划问题：Max z=5x1+2x2+x3s.t.{x1+x2+2x3≤b1 x1−x2+3x3≤b2 2x1+2x2≤b3x1,x2,x3≥0有最优解，其中b1、b2、b3为待定常数。
该规划问题的最终单纯形表如下：求解：（1）b1、b2、b3的值；（2）表中a、b、c、d、e的值；（3）写出该线性规划的对偶规划及其最优解。
2.（本题10分）用Kuhn-Tucker条件求解凸规划：Min f(x)=(x1−2)2+(x2−1)2s.t.{−x12+x2≥0−x1−x2+2≥03.（本题10分）用动态规划的方法求解下列问题：min z=x12+x22+x32+x42s.t.{x1+x2+x3+x4≥10x i≥0,且为整数，i=1,2,3,44.（本题10分，每小题5分）(a)对于系统容量有限的排队系统M/M/1/N/∞，若将顾客的有效到达率记为λe，则请证明：有效到达率的两个表达式是等价的，即λe=λ(1−P N)=μ(L s−L q)，其中P N表示系统状态为N时概率。
(b)设有容量为N的M/M/1排队系统，其顾客的到达率λ与服务率μ相等。
（1）证明：系统在状态i的的概率p i=1N+1,i=1,…,N.（2）求系统中的平均队长L s上海交通大学2015年博士研究生入学考试试题（模拟卷I）答案加QQ：5231108495.（本题10分）(ξi，ηi)，i=1,2,⋯,n，是取自二元正态分布N(μ1,μ2,σ12,σ22,ρ)的子样，设ξ=1n∑ξini=1,η̅=1n∑ηini=1,sξ2=1n∑(ξi−ξ)2ni=1,sη2=1n∑(ηi−η̅)2ni=1和r∑(ξ−ξ)(ηi−η̅)n√∑(ξi−ξ)ni=1∑(ηi−η̅)ni=1̅(12)√sξ+sη−2rsξsηn−1的分布。
2014上海交通大学材料科学基础 考博真题回忆版+05,12,13
2014年上海交通大学博士研究生入学材料科学基础自己整理的回忆版供大家学习今年的材料科学基础感觉比以前稍难，主要题型不变：名词解释、简答、问答，都是必做题（没有选择余地）名词解释就不多说了，都是基础的概念，应该没问题，主要参考书，胡庚祥版的材料科学基础，主要是金属部分。
主要是几个大题，今年计算证明题明显增多，考的范围也更广：1、晶体结构结合汤姆森四面体综合题，写出晶面晶向指数位错矢量，判断位错反应是否能进行，P113-114的例子2、临界分切应力的推导，论证沿某一方向上的最小分切应力等3、二元相图计算，某一成分的凝固组织，根据所需的性能给出相图上的成分范围P284-285：由相图判断工艺性能4、三元相图的等边三角形重心定律等5、非平衡凝固的特点6、扩散激活能（阿累尼乌斯方程），做出lnD-1/T 曲线，比较哪种条件下谁更易扩散，另一种扩散方程好像是已给出的。
另外，扩散部分还考了反应扩散和上坡扩散名词解释。
7、固溶体和间隙相的区别，形成条件8、最后一道是证明题，关于马氏体晶体学转换：体心立方(正方)马氏体的K-S关系：{111}γ∥{011}M,<01ī>γ∥<ī11>M和西山关系；{111}γ∥{110}M，<211>γ∥<110>M。
由面心立方母相P变为六方马氏体ε时,则有：{111}p∥{001}ε,<110>p∥<110>ε。
一个晶系沿着一个晶轴旋转一个角度到另外一种晶型，记不清了最后，原子结构、晶体点缺陷部分、材料变形和热加工今年没怎么涉及，明年就不好说了看完后请下载哦附：上海交通大学2005年材料科学基础考博试题[回忆版]材料科学基础：8选5。
每题两问，每问10分，我当10个题说吧，好多我也记不清是那个题下的小问了。
1。
填空。
你同学应该买那本材料科学基础习题了吧，看好那本此题就没多大问题，因为重复性很强。
2。
论述刃位错和螺位错的异同点3。
2018年上海交通大学641化学、药学基础真题(回忆版,不完整)【圣才出品】
2018年上海交通大学641化学、药学基础真题（回忆版，不完整）
有机化学
考试题型包括：反应题（10道）、机理（5道）、合成（6道）、简答（3道）、结构推断（2道），具体内容略。
分析化学
今年不考选择题和填空题
一、简答题
1．金属指示剂的原理和特点。
2．精密度准确度的区别和特点。
3．pH玻璃电极的原理。
4．简述分析化学在药物研发过程中的作用。
二、计算题
考点涉及：滴定；色谱的内标法计算。
物理化学
一、选择题（5道）
略
二、计算题（3道）
1．给出一组血药浓度数据，计算反应级数、速率常数、半衰期以及还有多久注射第二针？
2．应用阿伦尼乌斯公式，计算活化能速率常数。
3．应用稀溶液依数性，计算渗透压
4．应用稀溶液依数性，计算沸点和凝固点变化。
三、论述题
论述物理化学与医药行业的关系。
历年考博专业课真题
中科院 2003 生化考博题 1.详述原核与真核生物基因在转录水平表达调控? 2.近年真核生物基因表达调控新进展? 3.四种分析蛋白质纯度方法原理? 4.七种重组体筛选方法,原理? 5.包含体? 6.一支痢疾杆菌和一支小鼠细胞株.如何分离出他们的二氢叶酸还原酶基因. 7.蛋白质一,二,三,四结构?用什么方法测定. 8.从 cDNA 文库中用特定一对引物利用 PCR 扩增一个酶蛋白基因.将该基因重组到一个通 用表达载体上进行表达. 对经过纯化的酶蛋白进行活性测定表明, 重组蛋白具有相应酶活性. 是否可以认为有关蛋白质基因表达纯化工作是否完成?为什么?复旦大学 2002 年试题(金融学) 1,分析发达国家设立政策性金融机构的原因和效果. (20 分) 2,试从投资成本效应和资产结构调整效应,评述我国最近几年降低利率的效果. (30 分) 3,什么叫可维持的国际收支结构,结合它来分析资本账户下货币自由兑换的条件. (20 分) 4, 全面阐述第一代和第二代货币危机模型, 并结合某国实际来比较分析这二代模型的优劣. (30 分)2004 年人大民法考博试题 民法: 1,论请求权 2,人格与人格权的区别以及人格权的民事权利的性质 3,相邻权与地役权的区别 4,论商业秘密权 民事诉讼: 1,论不要证事实 2,论当事人更换 3,论上诉审程序 4,破产申请要件 中国人民大学民商法专业考博试题 民法 93. 1.论合同自由 2.新闻监督与侵害名誉权 3.证券市场的现状与对策 94. 1.试论我国物权制度的建立与完善(40) 2.我国公司法中有限责任公司与股份有限 公司的异同(30) 3.侵权行为责任与不当得利返还责任之间的联系和区别(30)95. 1.论物权分类 2.企业法人与社团法人的关系 3.侵权行为与违约行为的异同 96. 1.评析民法通则 2.物上请求权与侵权行为请求权之间的联系与区别 3.缔约过失责 任与合同责任的联系与区别 4.评析人身保险合同(3,4 选一) 97. 1.论我国社会主义市场经济与我国民商立法 2.行使同时履行抗辩权和行使合同解除 权的区别 3.论典权的性质,典权与抵押,质押,买卖和租赁的法律关系 4.论保险合同中 当事人的基本权利义务 98. 1.国有企业改革中的民法适用问题 2.效力待定行为与可撤销行为之间的区别 3.试 析最高人民法院关于《民法通则》的解释 200 条 4.侵权民事责任与不当得利民事责任之间 的比较 99. 1.我国《民法通则》和其他有关于我国民事权利主体的分类及法律地位 2.用益物权 的种类及逐一评述 3.知识产权及其他财产权的异同,著作权与工业产权的异同 4.有限责 任公司与股份有限公司的异同 2000. 1, WTO 规则对我国民商事立法的影响 2, 论经营权 3, 论合同自愿原则 4, 网 络环境下的知识产权保护 2001. 1.法人有限责任 2.善意取得 3.表见代理 4.代位权行使的要件 2002. 1. 论民事法律行为的发展和完善 2. 论物权请求权 3. 合同成立和效力的关系 4. 知 识产权在民法中的地位 2003 1.论民法典制定中的法人制度的完善 2.评析物权行为理论 3.论信托法律关系中的受托 人的权利性质 4.辨析效力待定合同与无效合同 5.论知识产权的私权本质 2004 1,论民法请求权 2,从人格权和人格的关系论述人格权的民事法律性质 3,论相邻权 和地役权的关系 4,论商业秘密权 民诉 93. 1.论市场经济条件下民事诉讼法的完善. 2.论公示催告程序. 3.诉讼保全与债的 保全的关系 4.民事诉讼法中当事人制度的新的发展. 5.其他组织问题 94. 1. 试析我国民事诉讼法中保护当事人行使诉讼权利的优先及其在民事诉讼法条文中的 体现 2.财产保全与先予执行的异同 3.试述督促程序在适用中的问题及处理方法 4.试论 法院对涉外仲裁裁决执行的审查 95.1. 试析民事审判中重实体轻程序的现象 2. 申请代位执行的根据 3. 公示催告程序 4. 诉 权与起诉权的关系 96. 1.评严格执行民事诉讼法,确保案件公正审理 2.代位申请执行与代位权 3.当事人 查证与法院取证的根据 4.涉外民事诉讼中管辖权冲突的解决途径 97. 1.关于建立我国民事审判模式的理论思考 2.评析新民事诉讼法 3.论举证责任倒置 4.论民事诉讼法与仲裁法的关系 98. 1.建立我国诉讼标的理论 2.调解与审判分离理论 3.启动再审的三种方式间的关系 99. 1.试述程序公正与程序效益价值之间的关系 2.重塑我国再审程序制度的理论思考 3.论执行难及其解决途径 2000. 1.诉权在司法实践中的保护 2,诉讼程序与非讼程序的交叉适用 3,论执行的性质 4,论缺席判决 2001. 1.调解制度的完善 2.执行权性质及与裁判权的区别 3.诚信原则是否适用于民诉 举证责任的分配 2002. 1.评析民诉法关于审前准备的规定 2.法律推定与事实推定的效力 3.判决的形式 确定力与实质确定力 4.执行竞合及其解决 2003 1.论书证的分类及其法律意义 2.论检察机关在民事诉讼中的作用(地位) 3.论当事人能力与民事权利能力的一致与分离 4.辨析代位申请执行和代位权 2004 1,论民事诉讼法中的免予证明事实 2,论当事人变更 3,论二审对一审的裁判 4,论 破产申请提出的条件武汉大学 2004 年医学考博试题 消化内科试题 1 慢性腹泻的发病机制和病因 2 IBD 遗传易感性表现在那些方面 3 肝性胸水的发病机制 4 GERD 的诊断与治疗 5 肝性脑病与亚临床肝性脑病的诊断与治疗 6 NSAID 诱发溃疡的机制病生 试题一,简答题 1 简述凋亡的基本过程 2 水中毒的病因和对机体的影响 3 低钾血症对机体的影响 4 心肌肥大的基本特点 5 简述钙超载引起心肌损伤的机制 6 何为缺血预处理?它有哪些保护作用? 二,论述题 1 一例严重感染并发急性肾小管坏死的病人会出现哪些酸碱平衡紊乱,为什么? 2 何为自由基?试述它在体内的作用. 2004 年华中科技大学同济医学院骨科考博专业试题 一名解(原题为英文) 1.休克抑制期 2.骨不连 3.骨筋膜室综合征 4.非少尿型肾功衰 5.预存自体回输血二.问答题 1.创伤的检查与诊断方法 2.脑复苏的现代概念及主要治疗方法 3.腰椎间盘的分型 进展及治疗方法 4.周围神经损伤的分类及修复方法 5.股骨头缺血坏死的 FICAT 分期 6.你对骨肉瘤的最新看法 7.骨肿瘤保肢手术的适应征.协和 2003 年分子生物学专业试题(博士) 1, 近年来人们对真核基因调控理论有了深入的认识, 现在大家普遍接受"unified theory" 的理论,请你谈一谈对该理论的理解及其你的观点. 2,用微球菌核酸酶酶解染色质,然后进行电泳,发现 200bp,400bp,600bp,800bp... 的条带,试问从该现象可以得出什么结论?图 1 所示的条带不是非常狭窄,试解释其原因武汉大学 2001 比较文学与世界文学专题试题 一.20 分.AB 任选 A.莎士比亚的《麦克白》是怎样将主人公的内在心理感受和精神状态"外化"为舞台形象 的?表现主义文学(如奥尼尔的《琼斯皇》)又是如何系统的运用这类"外化"手法的? B. 以你熟悉的世界文学作品为例, 谈谈你对用喜剧性情节表达悲剧性内涵这一艺术手法的 见解.(说明:不限于戏剧,也可以举小说等为例.) 二.30 分.在你所涉猎的世界文学作品中,你对哪一部印象最深?描述你阅读它事的初始 感受,然后从理论上对你的这些感受进行反思,剖析和评价. 三.20 分.CD 任选 C.结合具体的作家和作品,论述中西诗歌的区别性基本特征. D.从 T.S.艾略特在《批评的功能》中所阐述的文学"总体论"出发,结合其他西方学 者的相关理论,论述民族文学,总体文学与比较文学的相互关系. 四.30 分.古希腊的柏拉图在《伊安篇》中提出了"迷狂说".中国宋代诗学家严羽在《沧 浪诗话.诗辨》中提出了"妙悟说".结合他们的具体论述,以"迷狂说与妙悟说"为题 ,从学说产生的时代与社会环境, 诗任的创作过程, 艺术心理的运动规律等层面进行比较和辨 析第四军医大学一九九二年攻读博士学位研究生入学试题 学科专业: 传染病学 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 32 分) 1. ICAM-1 2. interleukin 12(IL-12) 3. tumor infiltrating lymphocyte 4. TCR/CD3 complex 5. hematopoietin receptor family 6. individual idiotype(IdI) 7. integrin 8. colony-stimulatory factor (CSF) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 免疫球蛋白重链的基因如何进行类别转换(class switching )? 2. 简述杀伤性 T 细胞(Tc)杀伤病毒感染靶细胞的机理. 3. 生物应答调节剂( biological response modifier,BRM)主要有哪几类?简要介绍在传染 性疾病防治中的作用. 4. 简述抗原提呈细胞(APC)与辅助性 T 细胞(Th)相互作用的关系. 三. 问答题(每题 18 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述干扰素的分类及其生物学作用特点. 主要可以治疗哪些传染性疾病?简述干扰素检测 的方法和原理. 2. 何为基因工程抗体?目前国内外在基因工程抗体研究中有哪些主要进展? 第四军医大学 一九九三年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫 学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD4 2. T cell receptor(TCR) 3. immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) 4. selectin 5. anti-idiotypic antibody (αId)6. major histocompatibility complex(MHC) 7. immunotolerance 8. biological reponse modifier(BRM) 9. immune reponse gene (Ir gene) 10. reshaped antibody (or reconstituted antibody) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 6(IL-6)主要的生物学活性. 2. 细胞毒性 T 淋巴细胞(Tc 或 CTL)与抗体依赖的细胞介导的细胞毒(ADCC)杀伤机理有何不 同? 3. 简述第Ⅳ型(迟发型)变态反应的发生机理. 4. NK 细胞有哪些主要的表面标记?NK 细胞有哪些主要的生物学活性? 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分) 供传染病学专业试题: 1. 机体有哪些免疫细胞和免疫分子参与抗病毒感染?它们是如何发挥病毒免疫作用的? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在病毒学中有哪些主要用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 供消化内科专业试题: 1. 目前体内和体外检测肿瘤患者免疫功能的方法主要有哪些?分别叙述每种方法的原理和 结果测定? 2. 目前单克隆抗体在肿瘤学中有哪些主要的用途?今后可能有哪些主要的发展方向? 第四军医大学一九九四年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业: 传染病学, 消化内科 考试科目: 免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. CD8 2. T cell receptor α and β chain (TCRαβ ) 3. immunoglobulin fold(Ig fold) 4. cadherin (Ca-dependent cell adhesion moleculers) 5. idiotype-anti-idiotypic antibody immune network theory 6. HLA class II antigen 7. complementarity-determining region (CDR)8. perforin(or pore-forming protein ,PFP) 9. high affinity IL-2 receptor 10. artificial active immunization 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分) 1. 简述白细胞介素 2(IL-2)主要的生物学活性及其在临床治疗中的应用. 2. 请比较第Ⅰ型(速发型)超敏反应与第Ⅳ型(迟发型)超敏反应的发病特点. 3. 试述分泌型 IgA(secretory IgA)的结构特点和合成分泌过程. 4. 试比较 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(如表面抗原,表面受体等)的异同点. 三. 问答题(每题 14 分,共 28 分.请注意:每位考生只能从 1,2 题中选一题,3,4 题中选 一题,共答两题,多答者不计分.) 1. 目前检测细胞因子主要有生物学活性检测法和免疫学 检测法,请举例分别叙述两种方法的实验原理. 2. 为了避免 IgG 抗体 Fc 段非特异性作用,常应用胃蛋白酶水解的 F(ab')2 段,试问如何应 用 SDS-PAGE 方法对 F(ab')2 进行鉴定? 3. 试述抗肿瘤基因工程抗体的研究进展. 4. 试述抗病毒基因工程抗体的研究进展. 第四军医大学一九九五年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 学科专业:免疫学,传染病学,消化内科 考试科目:免疫学 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. immunoglobulin gene rearrangement 2. the common chain of cytokine receptor (or a cytokine receptor subunit shared by some cytokine receptors) 3. flow cytometry(FCM) 4. carrier effect 5. positive selection of T lymphocytes in thymus 6. mouse TH1(Th1) and TH2(Th2) subsets 7. perforin (pore-forming protein ,PFP) 8. ADCC(antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 9. SH-2(src-homology region 2) 10. Ab2β (internal image) 二. 简答题(每题 8 分,共 32 分)1. 近年来在人类白细胞分化抗原(CD)研究领域中有哪些主要进展? 2. 参与活化 T 细胞与活化 B 细胞相互作用的分子主要有哪些?简述其结构和功能? 3. 试述 HLA 在临床上的主要应用. 4. 例举三种从人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)中纯化 T 细胞的方法,分别叙述其实验原理和主 要操作步骤. 5. 评价红细胞生成素(EPO),干扰素(IFN)和集落刺激因子(CSF)在临床某些疾病的应用. 三. 选择问答题(每题 10 分,共 20 分.请按报考专业答题,如答非本专业题或多答题均视为 无效.) 免疫学专业: 1. 试述细胞因子受体中,Ig 超家族,造血因子受体超家族,神经生长因子受体超家族以及 趋化因子受体超家族的主要结构特点,每个超家族例举出 2 个成员. 2. 试比较人 T,B 淋巴细胞细胞膜表面分子(表面标记)的异同点,它们分别参与哪些主要的 免疫功能? 传染病学专业: 1. 人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)感染人体后,免疫功能可发生哪些主要的变化?机理是什么?如 何进行相应的免疫学功能检测? 2. 请评述肾综合征出血热病毒(HFRSV)感染后机体免疫学变化的与病理损伤的关系. 消化专业: 1.试述与消化系统有关的肿瘤相关抗原研究的进展. 2.简述粘膜相关淋巴样组织(mucosal assiociated lymphoid tissue,MALT)的组成和功能特 点.分泌型 IgA 是如何进行合成和分泌的? 第四军医大学一九九六年攻读博士学位入学考试试题 免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. Fas(CD95)/FasL 2. common chain of cytokine receptor 3 . TCR/CD3 complex 4. negaive selection of thymocytes 5. artificial active immune 6. anti-idiotypic 7. IgSF 8. Integrin9. chemokine 10. B7/CD28 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 60 分) 1. 比较 MHCⅠ和 MHCⅡ类抗原参与的加工提呈抗原的过程. 2. 比较 CTL 和 NK 杀伤靶细胞时识别和杀伤机制的特点. 3. 比较免疫学检测法和生物学活性检测法检测细胞因子的优缺点. 4. 发现一种新的白细胞分化抗原或肿瘤相关抗原,并制备了单克隆抗体,试设计实验方案 克隆此基因. 5. 选择下述中一个专题,叙述我国在这一研究领域的现状及面临的挑战 src="./images/smilies/sad.gif" border=0 smilieid="2">1)肿瘤免疫;(2)基因治疗; (3)CD 抗原. 第四军医大学一九九七年博士研究生入学考试免疫学试题 一. 名词解释(每题 4 分,共 40 分) 1. B7/CD28 2. Th1 subset 3. seven predicated transmembrane domain receptor superfamily(STR superfamily) 4. antibody affinity maturation 5. AP-1 6. single chain variable fragment(ScFv) 7. NK cell receptor 8. Zinkernagel-Doherty phenomenon 9. Ig fold 10. CD40/CD40L 二. 问答题(每题 12 分,共 36 分) 1. 试述胸腺微环境对胸腺细胞的选择作用及其与 T 细胞功能性亚群形成的关系. 2. 试述体液免疫应答的规律,回忆反应和抗体类别转换的机制是什么? 3. 试从结构和功能等角度,阐述白细胞分化抗原(CD),粘附分子(integrin)和免疫球 蛋白超家族(IgSF)三类分子的相互关系.目前在这一领域中主要研究热点是什么? 三. 问答题(24 分,第 1 题为免疫学专业考生试题,第 2 题为血液病学科考生试题,第 3 题为消化内科考生试题,只允许答本专业试题)1. 试比较 TCR 和 BCR 结构及其识别抗原,淋巴细胞活化信号的分子机理. (免疫学专业). 2. 试述白血病免疫学分型理论和方法的研究进展.(血液病学专业). 3. 试述肿瘤疫苗的研究进展.(消化内科专业). 一九九八年博士研究生入学考试试题 (免疫学专业和专业基础) 一.名词解释(每题 3 分,共 45 分) 1.Co-stimulators (or co-stimulating molecules) 2.NK-kB 3.Immunoglobulin superfamily 4.antigen-presenting cell (APC) 5.death domain R and CXCR 7.Lectin (or mitogen) 8.Clusters of differentiation, CD) 9.B7 family 10.Cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL) 11.IL-15 and IL-15 receptor (IL-15R) 12.MHC restriction 13.Affinity-chromatography 14.Cyctosprin A, CsA 15.Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, ADCC) 二.问答题(每题 10 分,共 30 分) 1.何为 Th1 和 Th2 亚群?如何检测?在临床上有何意义? 2.试述免疫球蛋白(Ig)的结构与功能的关系. 3.试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR/CD3)与 B 细胞受体(BCR)的组成,结构及其识别 抗原的特点. 三.选择问答题(各专业考生只答一道本专业试题,25 分) 免疫学专业: 1.试述 B7/CD28, CTLA-4,CD40/CD40L,LFA-1/ICAM-1,CD2/LFA-3 的结构,分布以及相互 作用后介导的主要生物学功能.消化内科: 2.肿瘤抗原分为哪几类?机体抗肿瘤免疫主要有哪些因素(机制)?简述提高 抗肿瘤免疫研究的略策. 血液病学专业: 3.何为白血病的免疫学分型?何为移植物抗宿主反应(GVHR)?GVHR 发 生的主要原因(条件)是什么? 一九九年九博士生入学考试试题 (专业基础: 免疫学) 一.名词解释(每题 5 分,共 45 分) 1. ADCC(antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity) 2. 环孢菌素(cyclosporin) 3. KIR(killer cell inhibitory receptor) 4. HLDA(human leucocyte differentiation antigen) 5. Interleukin 18(IL-18) 6. 整合素(integrin) 7. Fas/FasL 8. FcR(免疫球蛋白 Fc 段受体) 9. 细胞间粘附分子(ICAM) 10. Th1/Th2 11. 基因疫苗(DNA 疫苗) 12. chemokines and chemokine receptor 13. 免疫耐受 14. 共刺激分子 15. 死亡结构域(death domain) 二.问答题(第 1,2 题各 18 分,第 3 题 19 分) 1. 试比较杀伤性 T 细胞(CTL)与自然杀伤细胞(NK)在杀伤靶细胞过程中,识别细胞毒及介导 免疫功能有何不同? 2. 70 年代以来,有关 Ig 和体液免疫研究存在以下几项重大发现和突破而获得医学和生物学 诺贝尔奖,请分别阐述它们的理论意义及在医学实践中的应用. (1)1972 年:胃蛋白酶和木瓜蛋白酶水解 Ig,获得 Fab,Fc,F(ab')2 等片段 (2)1977 年:放射免疫法 (3)1984 年:淋巴细胞杂交瘤和单克隆抗体(4)1987 年: Ig 基因的结构 3. 近年来在肿瘤免疫研究领域中有哪些重要进展?试述当前 提高机体抗肿瘤免疫的主要策略. 一九九九年博士生入学考试试题(免疫学专业) 问答题(每题 25 分) 1. 试比较 T 细胞受体(TCR),B 细胞受体(BCR)和 NK 细胞受体(NKCR)的组成,识别配 体以及信号转导的异同点. 2. 以胸腺依赖抗原刺激机体产生抗体的免疫应答为例,T 细胞和 B 细胞是如何相互作用? 有哪些粘附分子和共刺激分子参与 T,B 细胞的相互作用? 3. 肾综合征出血热(HFRS)病毒的结构基因已经搞清楚,为了证实 HFRS 病毒感染机体(以 Balb/C 小鼠为例)可产生 HFRS 病毒核衣壳蛋白(NP)特异性 CTL,并在免疫防护中起重要作用, 请应用免疫学理论和方法,设计一系统实验,加以证实. 4. 例举二个近年来细胞和分子免疫 学研究中出现的新的热点,请分别评述其研究意义,发展趋势以及应用前景.中科院动物所博士生入学试题生物化学和高级生物化学 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1996 年博士研究生入学试题 1.蛋白质和蛋白质相互分离时主要根据它们之间的种有差别的 特征,这些差别特征有哪些方面?并举例说明. 2 试述三种粘多糖的名称,在动物体内的 主要分布, 主要构成单糖及其它糖类. 3 试举例说明蛋白质和它的前体的一级结构关系. 4 J. D. Watson 因其证明 DNA 的双螺旋结构,曾与 Crick 共获诺贝尔奖.这位科学泰头在他后 来一体名著中解释 DNA 形状时写过这样一段话:"Does DNAchain fold up into a regular configulation dominated by its regular backbone? If so, the configulation would most likely be a helical one in which all the sugar-phosphate groupl would have identical chemincal environments". 你认为他在这里用 configulation 一词描述 DNA 的三维结构确切吗?为什么? (此段英原文不必译出, 但须回答为什么, 否则无分) 中国科学院动物研究所生物化学 1998 年博士研究生入学试题一, 填充题 1 DNA 具有的两个重要功能是 , 核糖体的功能是 2 逆 转录酶是一种多功能酶,它兼有 指导的 DNA 聚合酶, 指导的 DNA 聚合酶. 3 能够用来 将外源的 DNA 片段转移到活细胞内部的 , 或 统称为克隆载体. 4 绝大多数真核生物信 使 RNA3'端有 . 5 证明 DNA 是遗传信息携带者的科学家是 . 6 蛋白质可与碱共热而水 解,碱水解引起 , , 和 的破坏. 7 蛋白质的三维构象也称 或 . 8 生物膜主要是由 和 两大类物质组成, 生物膜的基因结构形式是 . 膜两侧的物质和离子转运主要是通过 ,和 等 方式进行. 9 1997 年诺贝尔化学奖授予 , 主要是基于他们阐明了 反应机制分子结构及 酶 的作用机制. 10 脂肪和磷脂的合成主要是来自 和 . 11 糖蛋白的糖链,是由专一性很低 强的 ,从糖核苷酸上把单糖一个一个转移上去而形成的.二,解释名词和英文符号的科学 含义 1 △Gp 2 Q cycle 3ABC 4 Kcat 5 protomnotive force 6 Synonycodon 7 RT-PCR 8 genomic library 9 DNAfinger printing 10 DNAfoot printing 三,问答题 1 热力学第二定律证明任何体 系的它的外围环境必须不断增加它的熵, 然而活的生物体却从比较无序状态的物质不断建立 起高度有序的结构,这是否说明活的生物体不遵守热力学第二定律?为什么? 2 回答下述 问题是对或是错,假若是错请解释为什么? 1) 在底物饱和的条件下,酶的催化反应速率 与酶浓度成比例. 2) 在底物浓度成为反应限速因子是,酶的催化反应速率随反应时间而 下降. 3 举例简述生物体系中的氧化还原反应的重要意义. 4 在静息态的神经细胞中,胞内外的 K 与 Na 浓度的不同分布导致胞膜内侧表现为负电荷较大, 此种浓度梯差和电荷梯差 的总称是什么?假若以△G'代表在这种离子浓度梯差存在时的离子跨膜转运的能量变化, 其 反应表示为请解释上述充应式中的符号参量表示什么?其意义何在? 5 举例简述对细胞中 多种膜系统结构与功能的研究对神经系统疾病的重要性. 6 什么是回文结构(palindrome)? 请举例说明. 7 试述氨基酸顺序与三维结构构象的关系. 8 什么是核蛋白体(nucleoprotein) 比较重要的核蛋白体有那些? 9 举例说明三种糖蛋白的名称, 化学组成及其生理意义. 10 什么是终止密码子,已知的终止密码了有那些? 11 分子杂交是分子生物学重要的研究手 段,在核酸分子杂交中哪些参数是研究人员设计实验时必须考虑的基本参数? 中国科学院 动物研究所高级生物化学 1999 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 填充题 1 主动运输的主要特点 是 , , , , . 2 辅酶中 A 分子中含有 , , , . 3 线粒体 DNA 的复制方式是 , 其复制特点是 . 4 高能磷酸化物可分为 , , , . 5 糖类物质是含 和 化合物;常见 的糖有 和 ,它们分解后可分为 , , , . 6 蛋白质按其分子外型的对称程度可分为 和 蛋白质,按生物功能可分为 , , , , . 7 酶作为生物催化剂的特点是 , , , , . 二,解释基本概念 1 呼吸控制 2 DDRT-PCR 3 装配型质粒 4 翻译阻遏 5 离子载体 6 Seliwanoff 反应 7 茚三酮反应 8 萜类 9 蜡 10 同工酶 三,问答题(任选 7 题) 1 试述 逆转录酶的生物学意义. 2 简要介绍免疫系统中程序化细胞死亡. 3 简述生物膜运送的分 子机理. 4 写出 20 种常见氨基酸的中文名称和三字母符号. 5 分光光度计测定蛋白质含 量的基本原理是什么? 6 简述测定一种酶活力的基本原则. 7 说明磺胺药治病的基本原 理. 8 举例说明激素作用原理的四种不同方式. 9 根据你的生理学,细胞生物学和分子生 物学的知识, 构思一实验方案, 差异筛选和考虑克隆某器官或组织与发育或病理改变相关的 特异功能基因. 中国科学院动物研究所高级生物化学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 一, 解 释基本概念 1 关向异构体 2 甘油三酯 3 花生四烯酸 4 溶菌酶 5 多酶体系 6 别构酶 7 辅酶 I 和辅酶 II 8 叶酸 9 激素 10 G-蛋白 11 叶绿素 12 前列腺素 13 脱氨基作用 14 转 氨酶 15 卟啉 16 密码子 17 质粒 18 基因文库 19 钙调蛋白 20 线粒体 二, 回答问题 (其 中 7,8 两题任选一题) 1 阐述糖蛋白及其生物功能. 2 阐述生物界蛋白质的多样性及其 在生物进化和生物功能中的意义. 3 RNA 在那些类型?比较它们的结构与功能. 4 阐述 生物大分子跨膜运送的方法及其作用机制. 5 试述脂蛋白的种类, 化学组成和生物功能. 6 说明真核生物的 DNA 聚合酶的种类及其生理功能. 7 根据你所掌握的知识阐述细胞质和 细胞核的相互关系.中国科学院发育生物学所博士研究生入学试题 中国科学院发育生物学所分子生物学 2000 年博士研究生入学试题 (一,二,三题为必答题,五和六可任选一题) 一, 请解释下列 名词,并写出它们的英文术词: 1 基因家族 2 持家基因 3 同形异位盒 4 基因沉默 5 功 能基因组学 6 信号肽 7 信号传递 8 细胞编程性死亡 二, 限制性内切酶是如何发现的? 限制性内切酶可分成几类?如何使用限制内切酶进行分子生物学的研究? 三, 请分别列出 用于蛋白质和核酸的电泳分析和分离的技术,并说明这些技术与蛋白质和核酸的性质的关 系. 四, 请比较植物和动物基因工程的异同,并在你所熟悉的生物(植物或动物)的范围 内探讨基因工程的前沿和瓶颈问题. 五, 获得一个功能未知的基因克隆后,怎样才能阐明 该基因的功能?请你根据自己熟悉的某种真核生物提出具体的研究方案. 六, 在真核生物 基因的 DNA 序列中,哪些部分的核苷酸序列的变异会影响其编码的蛋白质的结构和功能?。
上海交通大学食品复试笔试真题
2018上交复试笔试真题1，遗传中可移动元件有哪些？对细菌的生存和进化有什么意义？2，食源性致病菌抗药性的现状以及影响因子？3，巧克力上面产生的脂霜，白霜形成原因，如何分辨？4，非法添加三聚氰胺的目的和意图？如何防止这类事件的发生？5，列举5种以上食品领域的中外学术期刊？6，设计一个研究课题，发酵豆浆，注意实验要点7，水分活度与食品保藏的关系8，发酵有哪些类型，原理，及发酵过程2017上交复试笔试真题1.转基因食品的优缺点2.超临界流体萃取技术3.水分活度的定义及应用4.单多不饱和脂肪酸的判别及保存5.如何看待肯德基冰块细菌总数大于马桶水6.设计一个食品加工工艺2015 SJTU 复试回忆一、色谱分析，光学分析有哪几种以及原理色谱技术是利用混合物中分组分在两相（流动相和固定相）不同程度的分布，流动相流经固定相，使各组分以不同速度移动，从而达到分离目的的分析方法。
光学分析法是基于物质对光的吸收或激发后光的发射所建立起来的一类方法，比如紫外-可见分光光度法，红外及拉曼光谱法，原子发射与原子吸收光谱法，原子和分子荧光光谱法，核磁共振波谱法，质谱法等。
光谱分析法主要有原子发射光谱法、原子吸收光谱法、紫外-可见吸收光谱法、红外光谱法[2]等。
根据电磁辐射的本质，光谱分析又可分为分子光谱和原子光谱二、功能性食品属性，测试内容定义一、我国定义功能食品是指具有营养功能、感觉功能和调节生理活动功能的食品定义二、是指具有特定营养保健功能的食品，即适宜于特定人群食用，具有调节机体功能，不易治疗为目的的食品。
功能性食品有时也称为保健品食品2、虽然功能食品的概念在世界各国有所不同，但一般认为它应具有三个基本属性，包括：食品基本属性，也就是有营养还要保证安全；修饰属性，也就是具备色、香、味，能使人产生食欲；功能属性，也就是对机体的生理机能有一定的良好调节作用。
第三点是一般食品所不具备的特性3、功能性食品常用的功效成分膳食纤维、生物活性肽、多不饱和脂肪酸、自由基清除剂（既糖，蛋白质，脂肪）三、美拉德反应全部定义：食品在油炸、焙烤、烘焙或贮藏的过程中，还原糖（主要是葡萄糖）同游离氨基酸或蛋白质分子中的氨基酸残基的游离氨基发生羰氨反应，这种反应称为美拉德反应。
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案
上海交通大学考博英语真题及答案Part II vocabularysection A31.There was no_____but to close the road until February.A.dilemmaB.denyingC.alternativeD.doubt32.I______when I heard that my grandfather had died.A.fell apartB.fell awayC.fell outD.fall back33.I’m_____passing a new law that helps poor children get better medicine.A.taking advantage ofB.standing up forC.looking up toD.taking hold of34.In front of the platform,the students were talking with the professor over the quizzes oftheir_____subjects.pulsorypulsiveC.alternativeD.predominant35.The tutor tells the undergraduates that one can acquire____in a foreign language through morepractice.A.proficiencyB.efficiencyC.efficacyD.frequency36.The teacher explained the new lesson_____to the students.A.at randomB.at a lossC.at lengthD.at hand37.I shall ___the loss of my reading-glasses in newspaper with a reward for the finder. A.advertisermC.announceD.publish38.The poor nutrition in the early stages of infancy can ___adult growth. A.degenerateB.deteriorateC.boostD.retard39.She had a terrible accident,but___she was’t killed.A.at all eventsB.in the long runC.at largeD.in vain40.His weak chest___him to winter illness .A.predictsB.preoccupiesC.prevailsD.predisposesSection B41.The company was losing money,so they had to lay off some of its employees for three months.A.oweB.dismissC.recruitD.summon42.The north American states agrreed to sign the agreement of economical and military union inOttawa.A.conventionB.convictionC.contradictionD.confrontation43 The statue would be perfect but for a few small defects in its base.A.faultsB.weaknessesC.flawsD.errors44.When he finally emerged from the cave after thirty days.John was startlingly pale. A.amazinglyB.astonishinglyC.uniquelyD.dramatically45.If you want to set up a company,you must comply with the regulations laid down by theauthorities.A.abide byB.work outC.check outD.succumb to46.The school master applauded the girl’s bravery in his opening speech.A.praiseB.appraisedC.cheeredD.clapped47.The local government leaders are making every effort to tackle the problem of poverty.A.abolishB.addressC.extinguishD.encounter48.This report would be intelligible only to an expert in computing.A.intelligentprehensivepetentprehensible49.Reading a book and listening to music simultaneously seems to be mo problem for them.A.intermittentlyB.constantlyC.concurrentlyD.continuously50.He was given a laptop computer in acknowledgement of his work for the company.A.accomplishmentB.recognitionC.apprehensionmitmentPart III CloseIn Mr.Allen’s high school class,all students have to “get married”.However,the wedding ceremonies are not real ones but 51 .These mock ceremonies sometimes become so 52 that the loud laughter drowns out the voive of the “minister”.Even the two students getting married often begin to giggle.The teacher Mr. Allen,believes that marriage is a difficult and serious business.He wants young people to understand that there are many changes that 53 take place after marriage.He believes that the need for these psychological and financial 54 should be understood before people marry.Mr.Allen does’t only introduce his students to major problems 55 in marriage such as illness or unemployment.He also expose them to nitty-gritty problems they will face every day.He wants to introduce young people to all the trials and 56 that can strain a marriage to the breaking point .He even 57 his students with the problems of divorced men must pay child support money for their wives.It has been upsetting for some of the students to see the problems that a married couple often faces. 58 they took the course,they had not worried much about the problems of marriage.However,both students and parents feel that Mr.Allen’s course is valuable and have 59 the course publicly.There statements and letters supporting the class have, 60 the school to offer the course again,51. A.duplications B.imitations C.assumption D.fantasies52. A.noisy B.artificial C.graceful D.real53. A.might B.would C.must D.need54. A.issues B.adjustments C.matters D.expectancies55. A.to face B.facing C.having faced D.faced56. A.tribulations B.errors C.triumphs D.verdicts57. rms B.concerns C. triumphs D.associates58. A.Until B.Before C.After D.As.59. A.taken B.suggested C.endorsed D.reproched60. A.confined B.convinced promised D.conceivedpassage oneWhy do people always want to get up and dance when they hear music? The usual explanation is that there is something embeded in every culture-----that dancing is a “cul tural universal”. A researcher in Manchester thingks the impulse may be more deeply rooted than that.He says it may be a reflex reaction.Neil Todd,a psychologist at the University of Manchester. told the BA that he first got an inkling that biology was the key after watching people dance to deafeningly loud music.“There is a compulsion about it.”he says.He reckoned there might be a more direct,biological,explanation for the disre to dance,so he started to look at the inner ear.The human ear has two main functions:hearing and maintaining balance.The standard view is that these tasks are segregated so that organs for balance,for insance,do not have an acoustic function.But Todd says animal studies have shown that the sacculus,which is part of the balance---regulating vestibular system,has retain some sensitivity to sound.The sacculus is especially sensitive to extremely loud noise,above 70 decibel.“There’s no question that in a contemporary dance environment,the sacculus will be stimulated.”says Todd.The av erage rave,he says,blares music at a painful 110 to 140 decibels.But no one really knows what an acoustically stimulated sacculus does.Todd speculates that listening to ex tremely loud music is a form of “vestibular self-stimulation”:it gives a he ightened sensation of motion. “We don’t know exactly why it causes pleasure.”he says.”But we know that people go to extraordinary length to get it.”He list bungee jumping,playing on swings or even rocking to and fro in a rocking chair as other example of pursuits designed to stimulate the sacculus.The same pulsing that makes us feel as though we are moving may make us get up and dances as well,says Todd.Loud music sends signals to the inner ear which may prompt reflex movement. “The typical pulse rate of dance musi c is around the rate of locomo tion.”he says,“It’s quite possible you’re triggering a spinal reflex.”61.The passage begins with______A. a new explanation of musicB. a cultural universal questionedC. a common psychological abnormalityD. a deep insight into human physical movenents62.What intrigued Todd was ______A.human instinct reflexesB.people’s biological heritagesC.people’s compulsion about loud musicD.the damages loud music wrecks on human hearing63.Todd’s biological e xplanation for the desire to dance refers to_____A.the mechanism of hearing soundsB.the response evoked from the sacculusC.the two main functions performed by the human earD.the segregation of the hearing and balance maintaining function64.When the sacculus is acoustically stimulated,according to Todd_____A.functional balance will be maintained in the earB.pleasure will be arousedC.decibel will shoot upD.hearing will occur65.What is the passage mainly about?A.The human ear does more than hearing than expcted.B.Dancing is capable of heighten the sensation of hearingC.Loud music stimulates the inner ear and generates the urge to danceD.The human inner ear does more to help hear than to help maintain balance.passage 2Have you switch off your compter? How about your television? Your video? Your CD player? And even your coffee percolator? Really switched them off,not just pressed the button on some conrtol panel and left your machine with a telltale bright red light warning you that it is ready to jump back to life at your command?Because if you haven’t,you are one of the guilty people who help pollute the planet.It does’t matter if you’ve joined the neighborhood recycling scheme,conscientiously sorted your garbage and avoided driving to work.You still can’t sleep easy while just one of those little red lights is glowing in the dark.The awful truth is that household and office electrical appliances left on stand-by mode are gobbling up energy,even though they are doing absolutely nothing.Some electronic products-----such as CD players----can use almost as much energy on stand-by as they do when running.Others may use a lot less,but as your video player spend far more hours on stand-by than playing anything,the wastage soon adds up.In the US.alone,idle electronic devices consume enough energy to power cities with the energy needs of Chicago or London----costing consumers around ＄1 billion a year.Power stations fill the atmosphere with carbon dioxide just to do absolutely nothing.Thoughtless design is partly responseble for the waste.But manufactures only get away with desinging products that waste energy this way because consumers are not sensitive enough to the issue,indeed,while recycling has caught the public imagination ,reducing waste has attracted much less attention.But “source reduction”,as the garbage experts like to call the art of not using what you don’t need to use,offers enormous potential for reducing waste of all kinds.With a little intelligent shopping,you can cut waste long before you reach the end of the chain.Packaging remains the big villain.One of the hidden consequences of buying products grown or made all around the world,rather than produced locally,is the huge amount of packaging.To help cut the waste and encourage intelligent manufacturers the simplest trick is to look for ultra-light package.The same arguments apply to the very light but strong plastic bottles that are replacing heavier glass alternatives,thin-walled aluminum cans,and cartons made of composites that wrap up anything drinkable in an ultra-light package.There are hundreds of other tricks you can discuss with colleagues while gathering around the proverbial water cooler—filling up,naturally,your own mug rather than a disposable plastic cup.But you don’t need to go as far as one website which tells you how to give your friends unwrapped Christmas presents.There are limits to source correctness.66. Fron the first two paragraphs,the author implies that______A.hitch has made life easy everywhereB.nobody seems to be innocent in polluting the planetC.recycling can potentially control environmental deteriorationD.everybody is joining the global battle against pollution in one way or another67.The waste caused by household and office electrical appliances on stand-by mode seemsto_____A.be a long-standing indoor problemB.cause nothing but troubleC.get exaggeratedD.go unnoticed68.By idle electronic devices,the author means those appliances_____A.left on stand-by modeB.filling the atmosphere with carbon dioxideed by those who are mot energy-conscioused by those whose words spesk louder than actions69.Ultra-light packaging______A.is expected to reduce American waste bu one-thirdB.is an illustration of what is called “source reduction”C.can make both manufacturers and consumers intelligentD.is a villain of what the garnage experts call “source reduction”70.The conclusion the author is trying to draw is that______A.one person cannot win the battle against pollutionB.anybody can pick up tricks of environmental protection on the webC.noybody can be absolutely right in all the tricks of environmental protectionD.anybody can present or learn a trick of cutting down what is not neededpassage 3You can have too much of a good thing,it seems---at least when it comes to physiotherapy after a stroke. Many doctors believe that it is the key to recovery:exetcising a partially paralyzed limb can help the brain “rewire”itself and replace neural co nnections destroyed by a clot in the brain.But the latest animal experiments suggest that too much exercise too soon after a brain injury can make the damage worse. “It’s something that clinicians are not aware of,”says Timothy Schallert of the University at Austin,who led the research.In some trials,stroke victims asked to put their good arm in a sling---to force them to use their partially paralyzed limb---had made much better recoveries than those who used their good arm. But these patients were treated many months after their strokes.Earlier intervention,Schallert reasoned,should lead to even more dramatic improvements.To test this theory,Schallert and his colleagues placed tiny casts on the good forelimbs of rats for two weeks immediately after they were given a small brain injury that partially paralyzed one forelimb.Several weeks later, the researchers were astonished to find that brain tissue surruouding the original injury had also died. “The size of the injury doubled. It’s very dramatic effect.”says Schallert.Brain-injured rats that were not forced to overuse their partially paralyzed limbs showed no similar damage,and the casts did not cause a dramatic loss of brain tissue in animals that had not already suffered minor brain damage.In subsequent experiments,the researchers have found that the critical period for exercise-induced damage in rats is the first week after the initial brain injury.The spreading brain damage witnessed by Schaller’s team was probably caused by the releaseof glutamate,a neurotransmitter,from brain cells stimulated during limb movement.At high doses,glutamate is toxic even to healthy nerve cells.And Schallert believes that a brain injury makes neighboring cells unusually susceptible to the neurotransmitter’s toxic effects.Randolph Nudo of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston,who studies brain injury in primates,agrees that glutamate is the most likely culprit.In experiments with squirrel monkeys suffering from stroke-like damage,Nudo tried beginning rehabilitation within five days of injury.Although the treatment was bebeficial in the long run,Nudo noticed an initial worsening of the paralysis that might also have been due to brain damage brought on by exercise.Schallert stresses that mild exercise is likely to be beneficial however soon it begins.He adds that it is unclear whether human victims of strokes,like brain -injured rats,could make their problems worse by exercising too vigorously,too soon.Some clinics do encourage patients to begin physiotherapy within a few weeks of suffering a traumatic head injury or stroke,says David Hovda,director of brain injury research at the University of California,Los Angeles.But even if humans do have a similar period of vulnerability to rat,he speculates that it might be possible to use drugs to block the effects of glutamate.71. Schallert issued a warning to those who____A.believe in the possibility of rewiring the brainB.are ignorant of physiotherapy in the clinicC.add exercise to partially paralyzed limbsD.are on the verge of a stroke72.Which of the following is Schallert’s hypothesis for his investigation.?A.Earlier intervention should lead to even more dramatic improvements.B.The critical period for braim damage is one week after injury.C.A partially paralyzed limb can cause brain damagesD.Physiotherapy is the key to brain recovery.73.The results from Schallert’s rese arch____A.reinforced the singificance of physiotherapy after a strokeB.indicated the fault with his experiment designC.turned out the oppsiteD.verified his hypothesis74.The results made Schallert’s team aware of the fact that____A.glutamate can have toxic efforts on healthy nerve cellsB.exercise can boost the release of glutamateC.glutamate is a neurotransmitterD. all of the above75.Schallert would probably advise clinicians____A.to administer drugs to blick the effects of glutamateB.to be watchful of the amount of exercise for stroke victimsC.to prescribe vigorous exercise to stroke vivtims one week after injuryD.to reconsider the significance of phusiotherapy to brain damagePssage FourOur understanding of cities in anything more than casual terms usually starts with observationsof their spatial form and structure at some point or cross-section in time.This is easiest way to begin,for it is hard to assemble data on how cities change through time,and, in any case,our perceptions often betray us into thinking of spatial structures as being resilient and long lasting.Even where physical change is very rapid,this only has an impact on us when we visit such places infrequent －ly ,after years away. Most of our urban theory,whether it emanates from the social sciences or engineering,is structured around the notion that spatial and spatial and social structures change slowly,and are sufficiently inert for us to infer reasonable explanations from cross-sectional studies.In recent years,these assumptions have come to be challenged,and in previous editorials I have argued the need for a more temporal emphasis to our theories and models,where the emphasis is no longer on equilibrium but on the intrinsic dynamics of urban change.Even these views,however,imply a conventional wisdom where the real focus of urban studies is on processes that lead to comparatively slow changes in urban organization,where the functions determining such change are very largely routine,accomplished over months or years,rather than any lesser cycle of time.There is a tacit assumption that longer term change subsumes routine change on a day-to-day or hour-basis,which is seen as simply supporting the fixed spatial infrastructures that we perceive cities to be built around .Transportation modeling,for example,is fashioned from thes standpoint in that routine trip-making behavior is the focus of study,its explanation being central to the notion that apatial structures are inert and long lasting.76.We ,according to the passage,tend to observe citiesA.chronologicallyB.longitudinallyC.sporadicallyD.horizontally77.we think about a city as____A.a spatial eventB.a symbolica worldC.a social environmentD.an intertelated system78.Cross-sectional studies show that cities ____A.are structured in three dimensiosB.are transformed rapidly in any aspectC.are resilient and long lasting rhrougy timeD.change slowly in spatial and social structrues79.The author is drawing our attention to ____A.the equilibrium of urban spatial structuresB.the intrinsic dynamics of urban changeC.the fixed spatial infrastructureD.all of the above80.The conventional notion,the aurhor contends,____A.presents the inherent nature of a cityB.underlies the fixed spatial infrastructuresC.places an emphasis on lesser cycles of timeD.hinders the physical change of urban structurePassane fiveWhen it is sunny in June,my father gets in his first cutting of hay.He starts on the creek meadows,which are flat,sandy,and hot.They are his driest land.This year,vacationing from my medical practice,I returned to Vermont to help with the haying.The heft of a bale through my leather gloves is familiar:the tautness of the twine,the heave ofthe bale,the sweat rivers that run through the hay chaff on my arms.This work has the smell of sweet grass and breeze.I walk behind the chug and clack of the baler,moving the bales into piles so my brother can do the real work of picking them up later.As hot as the air is,my face is hotter.I am surprised at how soon I get tired.I take a break and sit in the shade,watching my father bale,trying not to think about how old he is,how the heat affects his heart,what might happen.This is not my usual work,of course.My usual work is to sit with patients and listen to them.Occasionslly I touch them,and am glad that my hands are soft.I don’t think my patients would like farmer callouses and dirty hands on their tender spots.Reluctantly I feel for lumps in breasts and testicles,hidden swellings of organs and joints,and probe all the painful places in my patients’lives.There are many,Perhaps I am too soft,could stand callouses of a different sort.I feel heavy after a day’s work ,as if my pat ients were inside me,letting me carry them.I don’t mean to.But where do I put their stories? The childhood beatings,ulcers from stress, incapacitating depression,fears,illness? These are not my experiences,yet I feel them and carry them with me.Try to find healthier meanings,I spent the week before vacation crying.The hay field is getting organized.Piles of three and four bales are scattered around the field.They will be easy to pick up.Dad climbs,tired and lame,from the tractor.I hand him a jar of ice w ater,and he looks with satisfaction on his job just done.I’ll stack a few more bales snd maybe drive the truck for my brother.My father will have some appreciative customers this winter,as he sells his bales of hay.I’ve needed to feel this heaviness in my muscles,the heat on my face.I am taunted by the simplicity of this work,the purpose and results,the definite boundaries of the fields,the dimensions of the bales,for illness is not defined by the boundaries of bodies;it spills into families ,homes, schools,and my office,like hay tumbling over the edge of the cutter bar.I feel the rough stubble left in its wake.I need to remember the stories I’ve helped reshape,new meanings stacked against the despair of pain,I need to remember the smell of hay in June.81.Which of the following is NOT true according to the story?A.The muscular work in the field has an emotional impact on the narrator.B.The narrator gets tired easily working in the field.C.It is the first time for the narroator to do hayingD.The narrator is as physician82.In retrospection ,the narrator___A.feels guilty before his father and brotherB.defends his soft hands in a meaningful wayC.hates losing his muscular power before he knows itD.is shamed for the farmer callouses he does not possess83.As a physician,the narrator is ___A.empathicB.arrogantC.callousD.fragile84.His associations punctuate_____A.the similarities between medicine and agricultureB.the simplicity of muscular workC.the hardship of life everywhereD.the nature of medical practice85.The narrator would say that____A.it can do physicians good to spend a vacation doing muscular workB.everything is interlinked and anything can be anythingC.he is a shame to his fatherD.his trip is worth itPassage SixEveryone has seen it happen,A colleague who has been excited,involved,and productive slowly begins to pull back,lose energy and interest,and becomes a shadow or his or her former self.Or,a person who has been a beacon of vision and idealism retreats into despair or cynicism.What happened? How does someone who is capable and committed become a person who functions minimally and does not seem to care for the job or the people that work there?Burnout is a chronic state of depleted energy ,lack of commitment and involvement,and continual frustration,often accompanied at work by physical symptoms,disability claims and performance problem.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,when work that was once exciting and meaningful becomes deadening. An organization’s mo st valuable resource---the energy ,dedication,and creativity of its employees---is often squandered by a climate that limits or frustrates the pool of talent and energy available.Milder forms of burnout are a problem at every level in every type of work.The burned-out manager comes to work,but he brings a shell rather than a person.He experiences little satisfaction,and feels uninvolved,detached,and uncommitted to his work and co-workers.While he may be effective by external standards,he works far below his own level of productivity. The people around him are deeply affected by his attitude and energy level,and the whole community begins to suffer.Burnout is a crisis of the spirit because people who burn out were once on fire.It’s especially scary …………….some of the most talented .If they can’t maintain their fire,others ask who can? Are these people lost forever,or can the inner flame be rekindled? People often feel that burnout just comes upon them and that they are helpless victims of it. Actually,the evidence is growing that there were ways for individuals to safeguard and renew their spirit,snd more important,there are ways for organizations to change conditions that lead to burnout.86.The passage begins with____A.a personal transitionB.a contrast between two types of peopleC.a shift from conformity to individualityD.a mysterious physical and mental state87.Which of the following is related with the crisis of spirit?A.Emotional exhaustionB.DepersonalizationC.Reduced personal accomplishmentD.All of the above88.Job burnout is a crisis of spirit,which will result in ___A.a personal problemB.diminished productivityC.an economic crisis in a countryD.a failure to establish a pool of talent and energy89.Burnout can be ___A.fatalB.staticC.infectiousD.permanent90.Those who are burned-out,according to the passage,are potentially able___A.to find a quick fixB.to restore what they have lostC.to be aware of their status quoD.to challenge their organization A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D. A.B.C.D.。
博士入学考试试题
博士入学考试试题1 心外科2000年上海第二医科大学胸心外科博士入学考试试题1、纵隔肿瘤分类特点2、VSD手术适应症，分类，临床表现3、TAPVC的解剖分型4、DORV的分类，手术适应症5、漏斗胸2001年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（4分/题）1 胸出口综合征2 肺错构溜3 血气胸4 法乐四联症5 Edstein畸形二问答题1 试述心肌保护方法的新进展（12分）2 食管癌的临床病理分期和外科治疗的原则（15分）3 急性胸部损伤的综合处理原则（13分）2002年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（4分/题）1 LABP2 DeBakey(II)3 INR 4双向Glenn术5 Rastellir术6Bentall术二写出下列名词的正常值（2分/题）1激活凝血时间2 二尖瓣面积（成人）3 碱剩余4 潮气量5 全肺阻力6 尿游离血红蛋白7 左心射血分数二问答题（8分/题）1矫正型大血管转位传导系统的解剖特点？2比较法乐氏四联症与右心室双向出口的异同点？3 冠状搭桥术前危险因素的评估包哪些内容？4婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点有哪些？2003年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一名词解释（5*3）1急性排斥反应2 DebakeyIII型3 组织工程心脏瓣膜二问答题1 完全性大动脉错位的手术方式有哪些？（10分）2 气管。
主支气管钝性外伤的好发部位及机制（10分）3 冠心病心肌梗死的并发症有哪些？外科治疗的适应症和禁忌症？（10分）三选择题（每题15分，心外学生选第一题，胸外选第二题）1 婴幼儿体外循环与心肌保护特点？2 肺减容术的手术原理、适应征？2005年同济医科大学心胸外科入学考试试题一、名解碱剩余McGoon比例心肌顿抑心脏指数毁损肺二、简答1、二尖瓣关闭不全的手术指征2、试述永存动脉干的临床分型3、冠状动脉主要分支及供血范围4、心内直视手术后钙超载的发生机制及预防措施5、支气管扩张的手术适应症、禁忌症2006年第三军医大学胸心外科博士入学考试试题一、名词解释（5分×4）1、Adamkiewicz Artery2、Eisenmenger's Syndrome3、Pancoast Tumor4、ECMO二、填空题：（4分×10）1、动脉导管连接于（）和（）之间。
(NEW)上海交通大学农业与生物学院854食品微生物学历年考研真题汇编
8 限制性内切酶 9 感受态细胞 10 外毒素 11 内毒素 12 栅栏技术 二、简答题 1 简述革兰氏染色主要步骤及原理。 2 简述病毒特性及举例。 3 简述物质进入细胞的运送方式，比较异同。 4 简述抗药性机制的原因并举例。
5 简述干热与湿热的区别。 6 简述如何用遗传方法解决纳豆芽孢杆菌发酵产氨问题？ 7 简述UV杀菌机制及修复。 8 简述大肠杆菌的定义及其在食品微生物指标中的意义，说明检测方 法。 9 简述rRNA的分类依据。 10 简述PCR的原理、优缺点和基本反应步骤。
Hale Waihona Puke 目 录2005年上海交通大学478食品微生物学考研真题 2006年上海交通大学478食品微生物学考研真题 2007年上海交通大学478食品微生物学考研真题 2010年上海交通大学食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版） 2012年上海交通大学854食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版） 2014年上海交通大学食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版） 2015年上海交通大学食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版） 2016年上海交通大学食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版） 2017年上海交通大学食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版） 2018年上海交通大学食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版） 2019年上海交通大学食品微生物学考研真题（回忆版）
8 LD50 9 发酵 10 消毒 二、填空题（相关考点） 1 PCR所包含的三个反应步骤。 2 内毒素主要成分，外毒素主要成分。 3 真核类的种类。 4 典型生长曲线的4个时期。 5 微生物的营养类型。 6 病毒的主要特征。
7 光合细菌的氢受体。
8 C.R.Woese提出的三界系统。
9 原核生物转座因子的类型。
2016年上海交通大学食品微生物 学考研真题（回忆版）
简答题 1 什么是芽孢？其结构如何？它的抗逆性机制有几种学说？ 2 比较原核和真核生物的异同。 3 什么是朊病毒？试说明它可能的复制机制。 4 简答噬菌体的感染过程。 5 简述物质进入细胞的运送方式，比较异同。 6 次生代谢和初生代谢的关系。 7 什么是高密度培养？如何实现？