南开大学神经外科2018年考博真题考博试卷

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外科学博士试题集锦

去年在小木虫、百度文库、丁香园、爱爱医收集的博士入学考试外科学简答题，是好几个学校在一块的，北医、上交、协和、山大,301，华科的，受益颇大，当时下载也花了不少心血，总结费了不少时间，分享给大家，一份耕耘，一份收获，但愿好运常相随！！！考博问答题整理无菌术1.什么是无菌术？无菌术的内容包括那些？无菌术是针对微生物及感染途径所采取的一系列预防措施。

无菌术的内容包括灭菌、消毒法、操作规则及管理制度。

2.无菌术、灭菌？所谓灭菌就是杀灭一切活的微生物。

而消毒是指杀灭病原微生物和其他活动有害微生物，但不要求奢靡额和清除所有微生物3.常用的灭菌消毒法有：(1)高压蒸汽法。

(2)煮沸法。

(3)火烧法。

(4)药液浸泡法。

(5)甲醛蒸汽熏蒸法。

4.手术过程中的无菌原则(1)手术人员穿无菌手术衣和戴无菌手套之后，手不能接触背部、腰部以下和肩部以上部位，这些区域属于有菌地带；同样，也不要接触手术台边缘以下的布单。

(2)不可在手术人员的背后传递手术器械及用品。

坠落到无菌巾或手术台边以外的器械物品，不准拾回再用。

(3)手术中如手套破损或接触到有菌地方，应更换无菌手套。

如前臂或肘部触碰有菌地方，应更换无菌手术衣或加套无菌袖套。

如无菌巾、布单等物已被湿透，其无菌隔离作用不再完整，应加盖干的无菌布单。

(4)在手术过程中，同侧手术人员如需调换位置，一人应先退后一步，背对背地转身到达另一位置，以防触及对方背部不洁区。

(5)手术开始前要清点器械、敷料，手术结束时，检查胸、腹等体腔，待核对器械、敷料数无误后，才能关闭切口，以免异物遗留腔内产生严重后果。

(6)切口边缘应以无菌大纱布垫或手术巾遮盖，并用巾钳或缝线固定，仅显露手术切口。

术前手术区粘贴无菌塑料薄膜可达到相同目的。

(7)做皮肤切口以及缝合皮肤之前，需再消毒皮肤一次。

(8)切开空腔脏器前，要先用纱布垫保护周围组织，以防止或减少污染。

(9)参观手术的人员不可太靠近手术人员或站得太高，也不可经常在室内走动，以减少污染的机会。

9各大名校神外考博试题

s 华中同济2007博神外一名解(4×5')1.弥散性轴索损伤2.迟发性外伤性颅内血肿3.先天性脑积水4.颅内压增高二问答1.颅内压增高的治疗原则(10')2.听神经瘤的临床分期(10')3.垂体瘤常用的两种手术方式的注意事项和适应症(20')首医天坛医院2007博神外名词解释1.Gradinego syndr ome2.功能神经外科3.Nelson‘syndrome4.GCS5.V on－Hippol－Lindau简答题F的临床表现2.延髓网织细胞瘤手术并发症几防治3.急性EDH和硬膜下血肿的临床鉴别要点4.脑死亡的标准论述题s1. 脑水肿种类病因特点2. 浅谈对神经肿瘤分子病理学的认识中山 2009 博神外1. 颅咽管瘤的术后并发症2. 脑水肿的分类和发病机理中山 2008 博神外24、垂体源性 Cushing ‘disease 内分泌学检查的临床意义。

25、（Glasgow Liege Coma Scale ，GLCS ）格拉斯哥-莱吉昏迷计分方法和临床意义。

中山 2006 博神外20、丘脑下部损伤的症状及体征21、试画出 Langfitt 容积/压力曲线，试述 Langfitt 试验的过程及临床意义湘雅 2005 博神经外科 1、癌基因？RAS 基因及其的致癌机理？2、抑癌基因？p53 基因及其抑癌机理？3、神经干细胞形态，生长特性，及其应用前景？4、床突旁动脉瘤与后交通动脉瘤、脉络膜动脉瘤的鉴别？手术要点？5、DAVF 的部位，分型，治疗原则？6、血网的毫发部位，病因，病理，CT 及 MRI 表现，手术要点？7、多形胶母发病率，病理，CTMRI表现，治疗原则？8、DAI？临床和CT表现？病理？9、下丘脑损伤表现及处理？10、外伤或手术后代谢变化的特点及其处理？浙江大学2004博神经外科一、名词解释1、Foster-Kennedy综合症2、弥漫性轴索损伤3、Brown-sequard、综合症4、运动障碍5、烟雾病二、简答1、WHO关于星形细胞肿瘤的病理分级2、脑水肿的分类3、脑脓肿的临床分期及相应的头颅CT表现4、Key-hole5、GOS预后评分三、问答1、PD的外科治疗2、动脉瘤术中供血动脉的夹闭（夹闭前血供实验，术中监护等）3，高血压脑出血的外科治疗4，松果体区肿瘤的治疗5，垂体腺瘤的病理学分类及相应临床表现华中同济2005博神经外科一、名解1.颅内压增高2.弥漫性轴索损伤二、问答1、简述急脑疝病理2、简述慢性硬膜下血肿的临床特点及处理原则3、简述脊髓髓内外病变的鉴别诊断4、简述出血性脑卒中的分级及外科治疗原则5、简述听神经瘤的分期及相应临床表现华中同济2004博神经外科一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济2003博神外一名词解释（12分）1.头皮血肿2.蛛网膜下腔出血3.血管网状细胞瘤4.脑挫裂伤二问答题（48分）1.椎管内肿瘤的临床表现2.试述脑肿瘤的分类3.脑膜瘤的好发部位4.脑动脉瘤破裂后判断病情的Hunt分级5.脑损伤的分级s6.髓母细胞瘤的生物学特点和临床表现7.颅内血肿的手术指征8.弥漫性轴索损伤的特点华中同济 2002 博神经外科一、名词解释（每题 5 分，共 10 分） 1． Lucid interval2． Brown-Sequard ’syndr ome二、问答题（共 60 分）1．试述垂体瘤的分类和临床表现。

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试(病理及眼科学)真题

南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试（病理及眼科学）真题病理
一. 单选（1.5x20）
二.名解（英翻中）
1.R-S细胞
2.蜂窝织炎
3.新月体肾小球肾炎
4.转移性钙化
5.Barret食管
6.伤口2期愈合
7.粥样斑块
8.肿瘤干细胞
9.肉芽肿
10.心衰细胞
三.简答
1.肿瘤三级分级及TNM分期
2.肝硬化的病理表现、原因及形态学分类
3.骨折愈合过程及影响因素
4.化生的定义、分类、结局和对机体的影响。

并举一例说明。

眼科
一. 名解（英翻中3X10）
1.上睑下垂
2.ROP
3.伪装综合征
4.铁质沉着症
5.前房角
6.真菌性角膜炎
7.白塞氏病
8.TAO
9.屈光参差
二. 简答（5X8）
1.视网膜静脉周围炎的临表及治疗
2.弱视的危险因素、诊断标准及分类
3.眼的胚胎发育过程
4.眼眶横纹肌肉瘤的临表
5.原发性闭角型青光眼的临床分期及临表
6.Fuch综合征的临表
7.后段玻璃体切割术的适应症
8.圆锥角膜的临表和治疗
三.论述（10X3）
1.白瞳症的鉴别
2.飞秒激光在眼科学中的应用
3.抗VEGF治疗进展。

南方医科大学外科学(神外)2004,2009,2012,2015--2016,2018年考博真题

医学考博
历年真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南方医科大学2004年神经外科学（博士）
1垂体腺瘤经蝶窦入路的手术指征和手术注意事项
2颅脑损伤或脑部手术后呼吸机治疗的适应征和使用要点
3写出颅内动脉瘤Hunt和Hess临床分级
4写出下列词汇相对应的中文或英文名称
(1) subdural perimedullary arteriovenous fistuala;
(2)中枢神经细胞瘤
(3)深部脑刺激(DBS)
(4) craniopharyngioma
(5) subfrontal approach
5写出你对博士研究生课题研究的设想
南方医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
2.简述何为脑室裂隙综合征？及临床表现。
3.开放性非火器伤颅脑损伤的救治原则。
4.中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血定义及可能出血来源。
二、问答题
1.听神经瘤进展分期及临床表现。
2.简述缺血性疾病的检查手段的优缺点。
南方医科大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（神经外科学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
外科总论
一、名词解释
1.体液容量失调
2.CVP
3.冷休克
4.血清肿
5.消毒
二、简答题
1.高钾血症诊断，治疗
2.输血溶血的诊断，治疗
3.S评分，病情判断的意义。
2，动脉瘤蛛网膜下腔出血双H分级。
3，视野缺损的解剖基础，常见疾病。

南开大学内科学(消化内科学)2018年考博真题试卷

第1页共1页
南开大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
南开大学
2018年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（消化内科学）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题பைடு நூலகம்
第1页共1页
1. 上消化道出血判断是否有继续的征象。 2. 自发性细菌性腹膜炎的定义。 3. 消化性溃疡的并发症。 4. 门脉高压时的侧枝循环开放情况。 5. 肠梗阻病理生理变化。二、问答题 1. 试述隧道技术在消化内镜中的应用进展。 2. 简述肝硬化的常见并发症。

【优质】南开大学博士试卷-范文模板 (13页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==南开大学博士试卷篇一：南开大学考博真题201X记得刚读研时,导师说过一句话：一段时间只能做一件事情,但要做就要做好。

我觉得很对，这三四个月为考博付出了很多，东奔西跑，终于有个结果，也算对自己有了交待。

我在报的系所，初试和复试都是第一，我认为关键还是初试，复试拉不开分数，只要是专业对口，发挥正常，研究生的素质又不会太差，所以面试时不会有太大的意外。

而且面试时你的初试分数高，老师对你的第一印象就好，会不自觉的就给你打上好学生的标签。

在我报的系所，有好几位都发了几篇核心，但我觉得发文章在面试时占的作用不大，主要是看你在和导师的沟通中是否表现出你的理论功底和修养，面试时先中文自我介绍，然后提问，主要是就着你的科研成果以及你在回答问题时提到的知识点提问问题，老师不会故意刁难你。

最后还会问你如果考上，想在哪个方向与导师衔接，也就是研究方向。

最后一问是英语口语，问的都是些与专业相关的小概念，比如什么是比较优势，要素禀赋，新贸易理论等等。

微观，看范立安的中级即可，尤其是福利经济学以后的几章，简答论述基本只考市场不完全方面的内容，前面几章是考研的重点，后面是考博的重点，一定要分清分水岭。

宏观，看曼昆的，体系清楚，翻译到位，知识点都在每章开头，便于总结。

但最后一定要把多恩布什的后面2章看懂，可以弥补曼昆书上的空白，宏观还要把哈多模型弄明白，虽然古老，但是南开隔两三年就会考一次。

宏观最后冲刺的时候，建议买一本考研或者是考博的习题册，把流派题和增长理论部分弄明白，整本书就搞定了。

微观买本习题把市场不完全部分的习题看透了，及格也就没问题了。

关于，高宏高微，个人认为没必要看，除非你还报了其他学校，因为南开的题型根本用不到，今年宏观听说有一道是罗默后面的习题，结果我把它当成中级的题也做出来了。

考博医学英语真题2018年_真题无答案

考博医学英语真题2018年(总分75, 做题时间165分钟)Part Ⅰ Listening ComprehensionDialogue.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** she couldn't do other jobs well.•** it was her dream since childhood.•** she was fed up with all her pervious jobs.** two professors found talent in her and inspired her to do it.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** Self/Nonself Model.•** Danger Model.•** vaccination theory.** immunological theory.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** over active.•** mutant.•** selective.** resistant.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** can help cure most cancers.•** can help develop new drugs.•** can help treat most genetic diseases. ** can help change the nature of medicine.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** should ignore the resistance.•** should have the model improved.•** should do experiments on animals.** should move from animals to humans.AABBCCDDPassage One.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** profits from medical tourism.•** trendy phenomenon of medical tourism.•** soaring health care costs around the world. ** steps to take in developing medical tourism.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** costs.•** pace of living.•** treatment.** health vacation.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** is a $100 billion business already.•** is growing along with medical tourism.•** costs are skyrocketing with medical tourism.** offers more medical options than western medicine.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** set up a website for blogging about medical tourism.•** modify our lifestyles and health behaviors.•** buy an affordable medical insurance.** explore online to get well-informed.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** travel brochure.•** lecture on medical tourism.•** chapter of a medical textbook.** webpage promotional material.AABBCCDDPassage Two.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** sparrows take good care of their babies.•** song sparrows lack the skills and experience of their parents.•** are different kinds of song sparrows in different seasons. ** and old song sparrows experience climate change differently.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•** the warmer spring.•** the hottest summer.•** the coolest autumn.** the coldest winter.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3.•** they lack the skill and experience to find food.•** they have not developed a strong body yet.•** they cannot endure the unusual heat.** they cannot find enough food.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4.•** are less sensitive to the effects of climate change thanks to their parents.•** are quick to develop strong bodies to encounter climate change.•** experience food insufficiency due to climate change.** are as sensitive to climate change as the juveniles.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5.•** size.•** route.•** preference.** growth.AABCCDDPart Ⅱ VocabularySection ADirections: In this section, all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrase that **pletes the sentence, then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.1. The medical team discussed their shared ______ to eliminating this curable disease.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD2. Many of us are taught from an early age that the grown-up response to pain, weakness, or emotional ______ is to ignore it, to tough it out.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABCCDD3. Those depressed kids seem to care little about others, ______ communication and indulge in their own worlds.•** down•** down•** down** downSSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD4. The school board attached great emphasis to ______ in students a sense of modesty and a sense of community.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD5. Our brain is very good at filtering out sensory information that is not ______ to what we need to be attending to.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD6. New studies have found a rather ______ correlation between the presence of small particles and both obesity and diabetes.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD7. We must test our ______ about what to include in the emulation and at what level in detail.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD•8. We must ______ the problem ______, which is why our **bines both brain structure and function measurements at large scale and high resolution.**...back•**...over•**...in**...downSSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD9. Asthma patient doesn't need continuous treatment because his symptoms are rather ______ than persistent.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD10. It is simply a fantastic imagination to ______ that one can master a foreign language overnight.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDDSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.• 1. The **petent physician is the one who sits down, senses the "mystery" of another human beings, and offers the simplegifts of personal interest and understanding.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD2. The physician often perceived that treatment was initiated by the patient.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD• 3. **munity meals might have served to lubricate social connections and alleviate tensions.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD4. Catalase activity reduced glutathione, and Vitamin E levels were decreased exclusively in subjects with active disease.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD5. Ocular anomalies were frequently observed in this cohort of offspring born after in vitro fertilization.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD6. Childhood poverty should be regarded as the single greatest public health menace facing our children.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD7. A distant dream would be to deliberately set off quakes to release tectonic stress in a controlled way.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD•8. Big challenges still **panies converting carbon dioxide to petrol.**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD9. Concerns have recently been voiced that the drugs elicit unexpected cognitive side effects, such as memory loss, fuzzy thinking and learning difficulties.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDD10. A leaf before the eye shuts out Mount Tai, which means having one's view of the important overshadowed by the trivial.•**•**•****SSS_SINGLE_SELAABBCCDDPart Ⅲ ClozeDirections: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D on the right side. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.. The same benefits and drawbacks are found when using CT scanning to detect lung cancer—the three-dimensional imaging improves detection of disease but creates hundreds of images that increase a radiologist's workload, which, 1 , can result in missed positive scans.Researchers at University of Chicago Pritizker School of Medicine presented 2 data on a CAD (computer-aided diagnosis) program they've designed that helps radiologist spot lung cancer 3 CT scanning. Their study was 4 by the NIH and the university.In the study, CAD was applied to 32 low-dose CT scanning with a total of 50 lung nodules, 38 of which were biopsy-confirmed lung cancer that were not found during initial clinicalexam. 5 the 38 missed cancers, 15 were the result of interpretation error (identifying an image but 6 it as noncancerous) and 23 7 observational error (notidentifying the cancerous image).CAD found 32 of the 38 previously missed cancers (84% sensitivity), with false-positive 8 of 1.6 per section.Although CAD improved detection of lung cancer, it won't replace radiologists, said Samuel G. Armato, PhD, lead author of the study. "**puter is not perfect", Armato said. "It will miss some cancers and call some things cancer that 9 . The radiologists can identify normal anatomy that **putermay 10 something suspicious. It's sort of a spellchecker, or a second opinion."SSS_SINGLE_SEL1.•** common•** turn•** one** allAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 3.•** used•** use•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 4.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 5.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 6.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 7.•** mistaken for•** attributed to•** in** way toAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 8.•**•**•****AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL 9.•**'t•**'t•**'t**'tAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL10.•** for•** for•** for** forAABBCCDDPart Ⅳ Reading ComprehensionDirections: In this part there are six passages, each of which is followed by five questions. For each question there are fourpossible answers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage Three. Skilled clinical history-taking and physical examination remain essential as the basis of the disease diagnosis and management, aided by investigations such as radiological or biochemical tests. Technological advances over the past few decades mean that such investigations now can be refined, or even replaced in some cases, by the measurement of genetic or genomic biomarkers. The molecular characteristics of a disorder or the genetic make-up of an individual can fine tune a diagnosis and inform its management. These new capabilities, often termed "stratified (分层的)" or "personalized" medicine, are likely to have profound effect on the practice of medicine and service delivery.Genetic medicine, which uses genetic or genomic biomarkers in this way, has, until recently, been the province of a small minority of specialized physicians who have used it to diagnose or assess risk of inherited disease. Recognition that most disease has a **ponent, the development and application of new genetic tests to identify important disease subsets and the availability of cost-effectiveinterventions mean that genetic medicine must be integrated more widely across healthcare services. In order to optimize benefit equitably across the population, physicians and services need to be ready to change and adapt to new ways of working.Perhaps the greatest challenge is to ensure the readiness of physicians to use these genomic technologies for maximum effect, so that genetic medicine is incorporated into mainstream specialties. For some clinicians, particularly those involved in clinical research, these advances are already a reality. However, a sizable majority do not yet recognize the relevance of genetics for their clinical practice, perceiving genetic conditions to be rare and untreatable. Maximizing genomic opportunities also means being aware of their limitations, media portrayals that indicate that genetic information gives clear-cut answers are often unrealistic. Indeed, knowing one's entire genomic sequence is not the crystal ball of our future that many hope it to be, and physicians will need to be more familiar with what is hype(鼓吹) and what is reality for the integration of genetics into mainstream medicine to be successful.Finally, both professional and the public should have arealistic view of what is possible. Although the discovery of genetic risk factors in common diseases such as heart disease and cancer has led to important insights about disease mechanisms, the predictive power of individual genetic variants is often very low. Developments in bioinformatics will need to evolve considerably before the identification of a **bination of genetic variants in an individual will have clinical utility for them.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. Which of the following statements does the author most probably agree with? ______•** medicine will greatly change the practice of medicine.•** biomarkers have been largely refined over the past.•** examination remains essential in fine tuning a diagnosis.** history-taking is no longer important in the genetic era.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. What, according to the second paragraph, can be said of genetic medicine? ______•** can offer solutions to all inherited diseases.•** has been widely recognized among the physicians.** necessitates adaptation of the **munity.** is monopolized by a small minority of specialized physicians.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. The future of the genomic technologies, for the most part, lies in ______.•** greater potential of treating rare diseases•** greater efforts in the relevant clinical research•** greater preparedness of the physicians to employ them** greater publicity of their benefits in the media portrayalsAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. In the last paragraph, the author cautions against ______.•** of the importance of the genetic risk factors•** expectation of the genetic predicative power** of genetic medicine in **mon diseases** evolution of the bioinformaticsAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. Which of the following can best summarize the main idea of the passage? ______•** medicine should be the mainstream option for physicians.•** medicine poses great challenges to medical practice.•** medicine will exert great influence on medicine.** medicine is defined as "stratified" medicine.AABBCCDDPassage Four. Misconduct is a word that is always on professors' minds. Incidents in the news tend to describe the most serious violations of scientific standards, such as plagiarism for fabricating data. But these high-profile infractions(违法) occur relatively rarely. Much more frequent are forms of misconduct that occur as part of the intimate relationship between a faculty member and a student.Faculty members don't need to commit egregious acts such as sexual harassment or appropriation of students' work to fail in their responsibility to their charges. Being generally negligent as teachers and mentors should also be seen as falling down on the job.What we found most interesting was how respondents had less vehement(强烈的) reactions to a host of questionable behaviors. In particular, they said that faculty members should avoid neglectful teaching and reentering. These included routinely being late for classes, frequently skipping appointments with advisees, showingfavoritism to some students, ignoring those whose interests diverged from their own, belittling colleagues in front of students, providing little or no feedback on students' theses or dissertations, and take on more graduate advisees than they could handle.The vast majority of US faculty members have simply not been taught how to teach. And these responses suggest that they are subjecting young scientists-in-training to the same neglect.To address this systemic issue, we must do a better job of exposing the current and next generations of scientists to the rules of proper mentoring through seminars. For instance, on online modules. The societies of academic disciplines, institutions and individual departments can play a big part here, by developing codes of conduct and clear mechanisms for students to report violations.The most serious behaviors are relatively easy to spot and address, but "inadequate teaching" can be subjective. Still, if universities establish specific rules for academics to follow, real patterns of abuse will be easier to find. For instance, these rules could stipulate that professors must return substantive feedback on drafts within 15 days, provide more than just negative feedback during a student's oral defense of their thesis, or be available regularly to answer questions.To deal with faculty members who consistently fall short, universities should establish teaching-**mittees, similar to the research-**mittees that handle issues of scientific misconduct. These could receive reports from students and decide what action to take, either by following a due process laid out in the faculty manual, or simply by adopting the same process as that of **mittees, such as for tenure applications.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. What is implied in the first two paragraphs? ______•** misconducts are widely exposed in the news.•** high-profile infractions are not adequately reported.•** frequent minor misconducts deserve more attentions.** violation of scientific standards cannot be eradicated.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. What, in the respondents' mind, is the nature of showing favoritism to some students? ______•** is a serious high-profile infraction.•** is an interesting but avoidable behavior.•** is a punishable but avoidable misconduct.** is a questionable but non-punishable behavior.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. The occurrence of neglectful teaching and mentoring among the faculty can be ascribed to ______.•** offering more courses than they can handle•** paying little attention to the students' feedback•** receiving inadequate education in how to teach** lacking interest in the areas other than their ownAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. Which of the following is NOT suggested as a way to address the systemic issue? ______•** of codes of conduct.•** of online misconducts.•** about the rules of proper mentoring.** of clear mechanism for reporting.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. What is mainly discussed in the last two paragraphs? ______•** approaches to addressing the problems of "inadequate teaching".•** specific rules to punish those who consistently fall short.** **mittees dealing with "inadequate teaching".** codes of conduct for the students to report violations.AABBCCDDPassage Five. Is the profession of medicine in retreat? I'm reminded of this with September welcoming a new influx(流入) of medical students. A handful of them may be some of the wide-eyed enthusiasts who attended a meeting at the Royal Society of Medicine(RSM) earlier this year about why they should choose a career in medicine. Choose medicine, I said, because it is a profession that allows you to pursue many different paths, catering for the diverse personalities that constitute any medical school's intake.But I'm beginning to wonder if I misled them? Not just on the opportunities that will open up to them and only be limited by their own ambition and abilities. No, I'm questioning something more fundamental: the perception of medicine as a profession.Doctors have traditionally embellished(润色) their day jobs with roles, for example, on **mittees, college councils, andfaculties for conferences, meetings and training courses. Journal editors and associate editors are prime examples of doctors taking on an additional responsibility to their full-time role.The advantages of these outside interests and positions have been considerable for individuals and for the organizations that employ them. The organizations gain greater influence, open themselves up to new ideas and alternative strategies, and can gain a competitive advantage. Doctors have considered that these additional responsibilities are an important differentiator between medicine as a profession and medicine as a factory job.Yet times are changing. Clock-watching has **mon place, with the European a Working Time Directive being the most obvious examples. More troublesome for many senior doctors is the issue of job planning, which is beginning to limit the additional roles and responsibilities that doctors can undertake. Organizations are becoming more corporate and less enlightened.Most doctors will find a way round this new regime, but short-term petty-minded bosses are beginning to view doctors as factory workers. Their limited vision considers doctors to be dangerously independent, malfunctioning cogs(无足轻重的成员) in their wobbly health care machine, a species to be controlled and beaten into the shape of appropriate widget(装饰品).Medicine was never meant to be governed by such tunnel vision, was it? Ultimately it will be the less enlightened organizations who will fail. These organizations will perceive little value in doctors spreading their wings and will treat them like factory workers, clocking on and off and filling in timesheets. Doctors in these organizations will begin to wonder whether medicine is any longer a profession when its practitioners are forced to cower(畏缩) before number crunchers and bean counters.SSS_SINGLE_SEL1. Why does the author wonder if he misled the prospective medical students? ______•** he misinformed them in their choice.•** he worries about medicine as a profession.** he questions their ambition **petence.** he is not sure about their diverse personalities.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL2. Which of the following is NOT a benefit for the employers from their doctors taking on additional responsibilities?______•** positions.•** influence.•** competitiveness.** exposure to new ideas.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL3. What is the most probable message from the passage? ______•** employers are short-term petty-minded.•** is becoming more like a factory job.•**' role and responsibilities change all the time.** doctors are challenged with a shrinking market.AABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL4. In the last paragraph, the author seems to warn ______.•** government against limiting the doctors to take additional roles•** organizations against viewing doctors as factory workers•** practitioners against taking on additional responsibilities ** doctors against spreading their wings too widelyAABBCCDDSSS_SINGLE_SEL5. What is the author's purpose of writing the passage? ______•** advise the organizations to be open-minded.•** remind the readers of medicine as a profession.•** question the role of taking on an additional position.** explain the advantages of taking on an additional position.AABBCCDDPassage Six. The use of animals to better understand human anatomy and human disease is a centuries-old practice. Animal research has provided valuable information about many physiological processes that are relevant to humans and has been fundamental in the development of many drugs, including vaccines, anesthetics, and antibiotics. Animals and humans are similar in many ways. Animal behavior can be as complex as human behavior, and the cellular structures, proteins, and genes of humans and animals are so similar that the prospect of using animal tissues to replace diseased human tissues is under intense investigation for patients who would otherwise never receive a potentially life-saving transplant.However, the way in which animals and humans react to their environments, both physiologically and behaviorally, can bedrastically different, and the conditions under which laboratory animals are kept can influence and alter experimental results. The husbandry and treatment of laboratory animals has been and continues to be a major topic of ethical debate. Concern over the care and management of animals used in scientific research was initially raised in the 19th century in Great Britain, where the Cruelty to Animals Act was adopted in 1876. A significant step forward—for both supporters and opponents of animal research—occurred in 1959, when British zoologist William Russell and British microbiologist Rex Burch published The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique. This work introduced the goals of replacement, reduction, and refinement: replacement of animal testing with other techniques, reduction of the number of animals tested, and refinement of animal tests to reduce suffering. These concepts became the foundation for the development of scientific alternatives to animal testing, and they continue to guide the treatment of animals in modern scientific research.Alternatives to animal testing are primarily based on biochemical assays, on experiments in cells that are carried out in vitro("within the glass"), and on computational models andalgorithms(演算法). These techniques are typically far more sophisticated and specific than traditional approaches to testing in whole animals, and many in vitro tests are capable of producing information about the biological effects of a **pound that are as accurate—and in some cases more accurate than—information collected from studies in whole animals.Traditional toxicity tests performed on animals are becoming outmoded. These tests result in the deaths of many animals and often produce data that are irrelevant to humans. Recognition of the inadequacy of animal toxicity testing has resulted in the development of better techniques that are able to **parable toxicity values of chemicals that are applicable to humans.While animal testing is not always the most efficient way to test the toxicity of a chemical or the efficacy of a **pound, it is sometimes the only way to obtain information about how a substance behaves in a whole organism, especially in the case of **pounds. Studies of pharmacokinetic effects (effects of the body on a drug) and pharmacodynamic effects (effects of a drug on the body) often require testing in animals to determine the most effective way to administer a drug; the drug's distribution, metabolism, and excretion; or any side effects in the body. These studies are dependent on a circulating system, which are extraordinarilydifficult to perform outside animal bodies, since in vitro studies often cannot form a complete picture of a drug's action.Supporters and opponents of animal testing sometimes have the。

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攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试研究生入学考试试题
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考试科目：神经外科注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。一、单选 10 个，每个 2.5 分二、问答题 1. 胶质瘤的治疗方案选择。 2. 正常灌注压突破。 3. 常压性脑积水。 4. 脑疝的分型及分型依据。 5. 头皮血肿的分型及各自的特点。三、论述题（每题 15 分） 1. 外伤性脑血肿按时间分型及依据、外伤性颅内出血按部位分型及依据； 2. 缺血性脑血管疾病的血管重建技术的分类。