托福真题库：托福测试真题测试(3)
2020最新托福阅读真题第三套
第18套Reconstructing Ancient EnvironmentParagraph1A stage that is imperative in any archaeological process is the reconstruction of the physical environments in which a particular segment of the archaeological record was formed.Climates and the world’s geomorphology—the shape and constituents of land surfaces—have changed greatly over the past several million years of human history, and each archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.1.The word“constituents”in the passage is closest in meaning toponentsB.locationsC.sizeD.temperaturesParagraph2Ancient climates can often be reconstructed from floral and faunal remains.The study of animal remains,or faunal analysis,is a complex field in which,in most cases,the archaeologist is trying to reconstruct human diet and local environments.Faunal analysts usually count the numbers and kinds of animals represented by the remains they find,and then use statistical methods to estimate the food values,ages,and sexes of the animals being exploited.The prehistoric record of the meat-eating habits of early humans is far from clear about the prevalence of scavenging.One faction of prehistorians argues there is evidence that early humans were primarily scavengers who found the remains of animals killed by lions and other carnivores,and butchered them.Another faction disagrees and proposes that early humans hunted for their own meat.Marks left by humans cutting up animals with stone tools are now being analyzed to help distinguish between cases in which people butchered animals they had killed themselves and those in which they butchered animals they scavenged from kills of other animals.2.According to paragraph2,prehistorians disagree about which of the following?A.Whether humans hunted animals themselves or ate meat from animals killed by other carnivoresB.The number and kinds of animals humans ateC.Whether lions and other carnivores were hunted by humansD.Whether or not humans butchered animals to eat3.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Humans using stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of theanimals they killed and the animals they scavenged.B.Humans scavenged stone tools to butcher animals left marks on the bones of the animals they killed and the animals they scavenged.C.Humans scavenged animals killed by other animals and butchered them using stone tools.D.Tool marks on butchered animals bones are analyzed to help determine whether humans killed or merely scavenged the animals.Paragraph3Throughout human history,plants have been our main source of food,and so floral analyses—studies of the remains of plants—are an extremely important part of archaeology,particularly in studies of how domesticated plants and animals and agricultural economies evolved.Carbon is chemically quite stable,so charred plants (plants converted to charcoal or carbon)and seeds preserve well.Carbonized plant remains can be retrieved by flotation:excavated sediments are mixed with water or some other fluid and the charred plant fragments rise to the surface,where they can be skimmed off and identified.The importance of such analyses lies in the fact that these plants indicate much about the climates and vegetation of the periods in which the animals lived.For example,there are debates about when and where various animals were domesticated.If phytoliths(tiny mineral particles formed inside plants)of domesticated grains are found on the teeth of these animals,the probability is high that they were part of an agricultural economy.4.The word“excavated”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.dug from the groundB.concentrated in solid formC.depositedD.Dried5.According to paragraph3,what is one reason that scientists use flotation?A.To estimate the fluid content of ancient plants and seedsB.To identify the sediments in which ancient plants grewC.To learn about the climate of places where ancient plants grewD.To determine whether the remains of ancient plants and seeds have carbonized6.According to paragraph3,which of the following is true about carbonized plant remains?A.Each fragment of carbonized plant remains contains sediments of a wide variety of plants.B.Carbonized plant remains are usually found near the remains of domesticated animals.C.Carbonized plant remains can be recovered by mixing sediments with fluid.D.Carbonized plant remains from an area are used to settle the age of animal remains located in the same area.7.According to paragraph3,which of the following do archeologist consider to be a strong indicator that an agricultural economy existed in a particular site?A.An unusually high number of animal remains near the surface of the site.B.Remains of domesticated plants in the teeth of animalsC.High numbers of mineral particles inside carbonized plantsD.Evidence of little vegetation change for long periods of timeParagraph4Human bodies are also valuable sources of information for archaeologists, particularly if the bodies are well preserved.For example,eleven naturally mummified bodies were found in beach sand in northern Chile and date to about1000 B.C.When they were analyzed,it was found that one of them was a coca leaf chewer (the earliest known),while other bodies showed the changes of the bones of the inner ear that are characteristic of people who spend a lot of time diving in cold water.In addition,they had the kinds of dental problems and missing teeth associated with the sticky starches of an agricultural diet—although about40percent of their diet came from marine resources.8.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of some people in northern Chile around1000B.C.EXCEPT:A.They were divers.B.They chewed coca leaves.C.They had dental problems caused by eating food from marine resources.D.They ate plants grown on land.9.The word“characteristic”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.expectedB.typicalC.suggestiveD.destructiveParagraph5A rapidly growing technical specialty within archaeology is geoarchaeology,which combines archaeological and geological analyses.Geology and archaeology form a natural marriage in many obvious ways because both disciplines are concerned with the alteration of natural landscapes.Glaciers,changing rainfall patterns,and many other natural forces cause changes to landscapes,and of course,so do people. Geologists are broadly concerned with ancient physical environments,and archaeologists require knowledge of these environments to interpret their finds.1.The word“alteration”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.destructionB.preservationC.authenticityD.modificationParagraph6Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques. In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite image analysis,and many other techniques.2.The purpose of paragraph6is toA.answer questions about the equipment and techniques used in the Egyptian Delta areaB.describe the earliest communities built on large,sand=and-gravel moundsC.explain how streams feeding the Nile River in the delta change course over timeD.provide an example of a situation where complex archaeological analyses and techniques are necessary12.According to paragraph6,what is one reason that complex geological analyses are needed for locating many of the earliest Nile River communities?A.Flood waters can carry evidence of human habitation far from its place of origin.B.The streams associated with early communities have changed course over time.C.More recent communities have been built on top of ancient communitiesD.The types of sediments carried by Nile floods have changed since ancient times.13.Look at the four squares[⏹]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Such a variety of methods are especially important at sites that are no longer visible on the surface.Where would the sentence best fit?Geoarchaeological analyses involve many different kinds of questions and techniques.⏹In the Egyptian Delta region,for example,many of the earliest communities were built on large sand-and-gravel mounds created by the Nile River as it deposited the sediments it carried.⏹But many of these communities have been buried under many meters of sediments from numerous ancient floods since that time and by other factors as well.⏹Moreover,the streams feeding into the Nile River in the delta have changed course many times,leaving a maze of crisscrossed buried river channels.⏹Finding these buried sand-and gravel mounds and the archaeological sites on them often requires complex geological analyses involving special digging,satellite imageanalysis,and many other techniques.14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary because the express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.Archaeological analysis begins with an effort to reconstruct the physical world of the culture being analyzed.A.Studying plant and animal remains can reveal details of ancient climates,food sources,and agricultural activities.B.Once identified,carbonized plant remains can help modern agriculturalists determine the most stable varieties of plants to grow.C.To help understand the physical world of ancient communities,archaeologists may work with geologists and employ complex new techniques.D.Faunal analysis deals mainly with analyzing the tools ancient humans used for hunting and killing animals.E.An examination of human remains can tell archaeologists about such things as the individual’s diet and habits.F.Geoarchaeology,a growing field within archaeology,has proved to be more effective in explaining the alterations made to natural landscapes than in explaining how members of ancient communities lived.Water Supply in VeniceThe city of Venice,built on saltwater marshes and crisscrossed by canals,experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history.One fifteenth-century French traveler noted that“in a city”in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths, they often go thirsty“How was the community to solve this important problem?1.Why does the author include the quotation“in a city in which the inhabitants are in water up to their mouths,they often go thirsty”?A.To indicate that the French traveled to Venice frequently in the fifteenth century.B.To illustrate the opinion of other Europeans about the water situation in VeniceC.To suggest that the water supply problem of Venice continued well beyond the fifteenth century.D.To emphasize how serious the water problem was in Venice.Paragraph2Water drawn from the lagoon(the large,shallow body of water between Venice and the Mediterranean Sea)and the canals within the city served many domestic uses such as washing and cooking inventories of even the most modest households list large numbers of buckets,which were emptied and rinsed,the ones used to carry the brackish(somewhat salty)canal water were kept separate from those intended forfresh water.Still,even serving such needs would have been impossible if the canals of Venice had been extremely polluted.The government was obliged to impose controls, and in the early fourteenth century,the Great Council prohibited the washing of all cloth and dyed woolens in the canals,adding that water used for dyeing could not be flushed into the canals.Henceforth,dirty water of that sort was to go into the lagoon. Thanks to resistance on the part of the dyers,infractions were many,the law did not reflect common practice.A century later,however,most of the dye works that used blood or indigo(a dark blue dye)had shifted to the periphery of the city,as had all activities“that let off bad odors or smells.”,such as butchering.Blood,carcasses,and spoiled meat were to go into thelagoon.The canals of Venice began to be protected in the name of nascent ecological awareness.2.The word“Henceforth”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.Instead of thisB.In additionC.From this time onD.In effect3.The word“obliged”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.forcedB.allowedC.expectedD.Persuaded4.According to paragraph2,why did the government place restrictions on dyers?A.To protect the city’s drinking waterB.To prevent the lagoon from being pollutedC.To keep canal water cleanD.To discourage the use of blood and indigo for dyeing cloth5.According to paragraph2,how did dyers respond to the controls imposed by the government?A.They switched from using dyes that let off bad odors or smells to new dyes that smelled much betterB.They resisted initially but eventually moved most of the dyeing operations outside the city centerC.They argued that the government did not consider common practice before imposing the controlsD.They started washing cloth and woolens dyed with blood and indigo in the lagoonParagraph3Much more stringent measures were necessary to guarantee a supply of drinkingwater,however.In the early centuries of settlement in the lagoon basin,the populations depended on wells on the nearby coastal region.By the ninth century, however,with the increase in population density,cisterns became necessary.Basically, the cisterns were large,covered pits dug into the ground and lined with clay to hold water.The cisterns were located in the city,but unlike the wells,the cisterns were not supplied with water from the lagoon,they collected rainwater instead.Cisterns became widespread in the growing city.6．It can be inferred from paragraph3that wells on the nearby coastal regionA.were smaller in size than the cisterns located in the cityB.served as a water source for the growing number of cisterns in the cityC.increased in number as the population density increasedD.Provided enough water for only a relatively small number of peopleParagraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system of cisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.Wealthy households had their own cisterns.In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements. Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following were true of Venice’s system of cisterns and gome EXCEPTA.It was developed over several centuriesB.It collected rainwaterC.It was maintained with fees paid by the publicD.It reflected the social and economic diversity of the city of VeniceParagraph5In the thirteenth century,a decision was made to create50additional cisterns, primarily in the recently urbanized area at the edge of the city.At the same time,a campaign was launched to repair the existing cisterns.Expansion of the cistern system stopped during much of the fourteenth century as Venice,like other cities in Europe, suffered from bubonic plague.In the fifteenth century,however,a new program of cistern construction and repair was undertaken.8.The word“launched”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.paid forB.startedC.proposedD.agreed on9.According to paragraph5,all of the following had an effect on cisterns in Venice from the thirteenth to the fifteenth century EXCEPTA.the construction of cisterns in other cities in EuropeB.the establishment of programs to construct and repair cisternsC.the outbreak of bubonic plagueD.the urbanization of an area at the edge of the edge of the cityParagraph6In spite of the expansion of the cistern system,Venice continued to have problems with its water supply,especially during dry periods.Flotillas of boats had to be dispatched to the mouths of nearby rivers-first to the Bottenigo,then to the Brenta-to fetch fresh water.The fresh water was then sold by the bucket or poured into the cisterns.The public authorities made efforts to take bolder action to ensure the supply of fresh water from this parallel source and a number of projects were suggested during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries to channel river water and even to construct an aqueduct.However,the high cost of such initiatives precluded their execution.10.The phrase“this parallel source”refers toA.flotillas of boatB.nearby riversC.the cisternsD.an aqueduct11.The word“ensure”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.improveB.increaseC.controlD.Guarantee12.According to paragraph6,how did public authorities respond to problems with the water supply during dry periods?A.They sent boats to fetch fresh water from nearby riversB.They channeled river water into the cisternsC.They constructed an aqueductD.They sold water from the cisterns in buckets to the public13.Look at the four squares[■]that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.The complexity of the cistern system was social as well as physical.Paragraph4Over a period of several hundred years,Venice developed an elaborate system ofcisterns and gome-the gutters or pipes that carried rainwater to the cisterns and that, for a single cistern,might extend over an area of several streets.■Wealthy households had their own cisterns.■In less affluent areas of the city,cisterns were often owned and maintained by neighborhood groups.■In crowded parts of the city where landlords offered small house for rent,one or two cisterns were provided for each street.■A network of public cisterns paralleled these private and semiprivate arrangements.Every public square in the city had a cistern to serve the poorest venetians.Where would the sentence best fit?14.Directions:An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided plete the summary by selected THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage.Some sentences do not belong in the summary express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.This question is worth2points.The city of Venice experienced problems with its water supply for most of its history. Answer ChoicesA.The water from the lagoon between Venice and the Mediterranean Sean could not be used for drinking because it was extremely polluted.B.From the ninth to the fifteenth century,Venice developed a system to collected and store rainwater in cisterns for use by the populationC.Wealthy households were able to build their own cisterns,but everyone else had to use public cisterns located in the city’s many squares.D.By the early fourteenth century,the water in Venice’s canals was becoming too polluted for household use prompting the city council to prohibit the use of the canals by dyers and butchers.E.By the fifteenth century,cisterns supplied by rainwater proved to be inadequate, but the cost of the projects proposed for a permanent solution was too high for the projects to be undertaken.F.The expansion and repair of the cistern system was interrupted for much of the fourteenth century because of the bubonic plague,a situation that worsened the water supply problem.Vocalization in Frogs(17年4月曾经又考过)Paragraph1The tungara frog is a small terrestrial vertebrate that is found in Central America. Tungara frogs breed in small pools,and breeding groups range from a single male to choruses of several hundred males.the advertisement call of a male tungara frog is a strange noise,a whine that starts at a frequency of900hertz and sweeps downward to 400hertz in about400milliseconds.The whine may be produced by itself,or it may be followed by one or several chucks or clucking sounds.when a male tungara a frogis calling alone in a pond,it usually gives only the whine portion of the call,but as additional males join a chorus,more and more of the frogs produce calls that include chucks.Scientists noted that male tungara frogs calling in a breeding pond added chucks to their calls when they heard the recorded calls of other males played back. That observation suggested that it was the presence of other calling males that incited frogs to make their calls more complex by adding chucks to the end of the whine.1.The word“incited”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.allowedB.stimulatedC.forcedD.Helped2.According to paragraph1,male tungara frogs add chucks to the whine they produce whenA.potential mates are unable to hear the frequency of their whine soundsB.other males produce louder whine sounds than they doC.the frogs breed in large pools rather than small onesD.other males are present in their breeding poolParagraph2What advantage would a male frog in a chorus gain from using a whine-chuck call instead of a whine?Perhaps the complex call is more attractive to female frogs than the simple call.Michael Ryan and Stanley Rand tested that hypothesis by placing female tungara frogs in a test arena with a speaker at each side.One speaker broadcast a pre-recorded whine call,and the second speaker broadcast a whine-chuck.When female frogs were released individually in the center of the arena,fourteen of the fifteen frogs tested moved toward the speaker broadcasting the whine-chuck call.3.What is the relationship of paragraph2in the passage to paragraph1?A.Paragraph2provides additional support for a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.B.Paragraph2questions the accuracy of a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.C.Paragraph2provides a possible explanation for a scientific observation discussed in paragraph1.D.Paragraph2identifies some strengths and weaknesses of a scientific hypothesis discussed in paragraph1.4.According to paragraph2,Ryan and Rand conducted an experiment to find out whether which of the following theories was true?A.Male frogs in a chorus use a whine-chuck in place of a whine call.B.Female frogs prefer a whine-chuck call to a simple whine call.C.Male frogs tend to produce more whine-chuck calls than whine calls.D.Female frogs respond differently to live calls from males than they do to recorded calls.Paragraph3If female frogs are attracted to whine-chuck calls in preference to whine calls,why do male frogs give whine-chuck calls only when other males are present?Why not always give the most attractive call possible?One possibility is that whine-chuck calls require more energy than whines,and males save energy by only using whine-chucks when competition with other males makes the energy expenditure necessary.However, measurements of the energy expenditure of calling male tungara frogs showed that energy cost was not related to the number of chucks.Another possibility is that male frogs giving whine-chuck calls are more vulnerable to predators than frogs giving only whine calls.Tungara frogs in breeding choruses are preyed upon by a species of frog-eating bats.Trachops cirrhosis,and it was demonstrated that the bats locate the frogs by homing on their vocalizations.5.To be attracted to whine-chuck calls“in preference to”whine calls meansA.to like whine-chuck calls instead of whine callsB.to like whine-chuck calls in addition to whine callsC.to like whine-chuck calls followed by whine callsD.to like whine-chuck calls more than whine calls6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.Males may save energy when competing for mates by using only whine-chuck calls rather than both whines and whine-chucks.B.Males expend as much of their energy on whine-chuck calls as on whine calls when competing with other males.C.Males save energy by using whine-chuck calls only when competing with other males.D.Males that save energy by using only whines are less able to compete with other males.Paragraph4In a series of playback experiments,Michael Ryan and Merlin Tuttle placed pairs of speakers in the forest and broadcast vocalizations of tungara frogs.One speaker played a recording of a whine and the other a recording of a whine-chuck.The bats responded as if the speakers were frogs:they flew toward the speakers and even landed on them.In five experiments at different sites,the bats approached speakers broadcasting whine-chuck(168approaches versus81).Thus,female frogs are not alone in finding whine-chuck calls more attractive than simple whines—an important predator of frogs also responds more strongly to the complex calls.7.According to paragraph4,all of the following are true of the playback experiments EXCEPT:A.Female frogs and predator bats approached the broadcasting speakers.B.The bats responded more strongly to the whine-chuck calls than they responded to the whine calls.C.Each speaker played a different kind of male frog call.D.The same experiment was repeated at different locations.8.According to paragraph4,the playback experiments of Ryan and Tuttle demonstrated which of the following?A.Tungara frogs use both whines and whine-chucks in their vocalizations.B.Female tungara frogs are attracted to both whine and whine-chuck vocalizations.C.Female tungara frogs and predators of tungara frogs are attracted to different types of vocalizations.D.Frog-eating bats are attracted to whine-chuck calls more than to alone.Paragraph5Ryan and his colleagues measured the rates of predation in tungara frog choruses of different rge choruses of frogs did not attract more bats than small choruses, and consequently the risk of predation for an individual frog was less in a large chorus than in a small one.Predation was an astonishing19percent of the frogs per night in the smallest chorus and a substantial1.5percent per night even in the largest chorus. When a male frog shifts from a simple whine to a whine-chuck call,it increases its risk of attracting a female,but it simultaneously increases its risk of attracting a predator.In small choruses,the competition from other males for females is relatively small,and the risk of predation is relatively large.Under these conditions it is apparently advantageous for a male tungara frog to give simple whines.However,as chorus size increases,competition with other males also increases while the risk of predation falls.In that situation,the advantage of giving a complex call apparently outweighs the risks.9.The word“substantial”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.averageB.smallerC.considerableD.surprising10.The word“outweighs”in the passage is closest in meaning toA.exceedsB.ignoresC.minimizesD.Disguises11.According to paragraph5,all of the following are true about tungara frog。
toefl试题及答案
toefl试题及答案TOEFL 试题及答案1. 阅读部分阅读文章：The Evolution of the CameraThe camera has undergone significant changes since its inception in the early 19th century. Initially, cameras were large, cumbersome devices that required long exposure times and were operated by professionals. Over time, technological advancements led to the development of smaller, more portable cameras that were accessible to the general public. The introduction of digital technology in the late20th century revolutionized photography, making it even more accessible and versatile. Today, cameras are integrated into smartphones, allowing for instant sharing and editing of images.Questions:1. What was the initial state of cameras in the 19th century?A. Small and portableB. Large and operated by professionalsC. Digital and versatileD. Integrated into smartphonesAnswer: B. Large and operated by professionals2. What major technological advancement made cameras more accessible to the public?A. The introduction of filmB. The development of smaller camerasC. The invention of color photographyD. The integration of cameras into smartphonesAnswer: B. The development of smaller cameras3. When did digital technology revolutionize photography?A. In the early 19th centuryB. In the late 20th centuryC. In the early 21st centuryD. In the mid-20th centuryAnswer: B. In the late 20th century2. 听力部分Listening Passage:[Speaker 1:] I've always been fascinated by the way birds migrate. It's such an incredible journey they undertake every year. [Speaker 2:] Yes, it's amazing how they can navigate such long distances without getting lost. [Speaker 1:] I heard that some scientists believe that birds use the Earth's magnetic field to find their way. [Speaker 2:] That's right. And they also use the position of the sun and stars for navigation.Questions:1. What topic are the speakers discussing?A. The migration of birdsB. The use of magnetic fieldsC. The position of the sun and starsD. The navigation of birdsAnswer: A. The migration of birds2. What do some scientists believe birds use for navigation?A. The Earth's magnetic fieldB. The position of the sun and starsC. Both A and BD. None of the aboveAnswer: C. Both A and B3. What is the main purpose of the conversation?A. To discuss scientific theoriesB. To share personal interestsC. To debate the accuracy of navigation methodsD. To compare different types of migrationsAnswer: B. To share personal interests3. 口语部分Task:Describe a tradition in your culture that is unique and explain why it is important to you. Please include specific details in your response.Sample Answer:In my culture, one unique tradition is the Dragon Boat Festival, which is celebrated during the fifth month of the lunar calendar. This tradition is important to me because it commemorates the life and death of the ancient Chinese poet Qu Yuan. The festival involves racing dragon boats, which are long, narrow, and paddled by teams of people. It's a symbol of unity and strength, as everyone works together to propel the boat forward. The Dragon Boat Festival also includes eating zongzi, which are sticky rice dumplings wrapped in bamboo leaves. This tradition is a way for us to remember our history and honor the contributions of Qu Yuan, while also enjoying a day of community and competition.4. 写作部分Task:Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? "All scientific discoveries should be shared among scientists all around the world; governments should not keep these discoveries secret." Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.Sample Answer:I agree with the statement that all scientific discoveries should be shared among scientists worldwide, and governments should not keep these discoveries secret. Firstly, sharing scientific knowledge promotes collaboration and innovation. When researchers from different countries can access the latest findings, they can build upon each other's work, leading to more rapid advancements in various fields. For example, the Human Genome Project was a global effort that involved scientists from multiple countries, and it resulted in a better understanding of human genetics.Secondly, keeping scientific discoveries secret can hinder the progress of medicine and technology. If a government withholds information about a new medical treatment, it could delay the treatment's availability to patients who need it. This was seen during the COVID-19 pandemic, where the rapid sharing of research on the virus and potential vaccines allowed for a quicker global response.Lastly, transparency in science fosters trust among nations. When countries openly share their scientific achievements, it can lead to increased cooperation and reduced tensions. This openness can also help to prevent the misuse of scientific discoveries for harmful purposes, as the international community can monitor and discuss the implications of new technologies.In conclusion, sharing scientific discoveries is crucial for the advancement of knowledge, the well-being of humanity, and global cooperation. Governments should prioritize the dissemination of scientific knowledge to foster a more collaborative and transparent scientific community.。
托福(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析)
托福（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编4(题后含答案及解析) 题型有： 3. Reading ComprehensionSections Three：Reading ComprehensionEarly Theories of Continental DriftP1: The idea that the geography of Earth was different in the past than it is today is not new. As far back as 1620, Francis Bacon spotted that the west coast of Africa and the east coast of South America looked as if they would fit together, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle. Between then and 1912, other people identified further similarities between other continental coastlines. But because much of the early support for mobilism was based on far-flung intercontinental similarities, geologists tended to be skeptical of the fieldwork of others.P2: During the late nineteenth century, Austrian geologist Eduard Suess proposed the name “Gondwanaland”in his book The Face of the Earth (1885) and gave far greater emphasis to the evolutionary nature of the earth and he noted the similarities among the Late Paleozoic plant fossils of India, Australia, South Africa, and South America. Based upon glossopteris fern fossils in such regions, he explained that the three land masses were once connected in a supercontinent which he names Gondwanaland, and that the ocean flooded the spaces currently between those lands. Thus, in his view, the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by postulating the concept of a land bridge that existed once but subsided later.P3: Later, a number of refinements to Suess’s theory were made. The American geologist Frank Taylor published a pamphlet in 1910 presenting his concept of “horizontal displacement”. He explained the formation of mountain ranges as a result of the lateral movements of continents. With the earth’s capture of the moon, the gravitational forces between them generated a pull towards lower latitudes where they thickened and formed folded mountain belts especially in middle latitudes. Although we now know that Taylor’s explanation of continental drift is erroneous, one of his most significant contributions was his suggestion that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge—an underwater mountain range discovered by the 1872-1876 British HMS Challenger expeditions—might mark the site at which an ancient continent broke apart, forming the present-day Atlantic Ocean.P4: However, it is Alfred Wegener, a German meteorologist, who is generally credited with developing the hypothesis of continental drift. In his monumental book, The Origin of Continents and Oceans (1915), Wegener theorized that a single supercontinent he called “Pangaea”existed sometime between 350 million to 225 million years ago. Wegner portrayed his grand concept of continental movement in a series of maps showing the breakup of Pangaea and the movement of various continents to their present-day locations. What evidence did Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift? First, Wegener noted that there is geographical similarity along both the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean. The opposing coasts of the Atlantic can be fitted together in the same way as two cut off pieces of wood can be refitted. Furthermore, mountain ranges and glacial deposits seem tomatch up in such a way that suggests continents could have once been a single landmass. Finally, many of the same fossils and vegetative remains are found today on widely separated continents, indicating that the continents must have been in proximity at one time. During his days, Wegener was regarded as an advocate rather than as an impartial scientific observer, appearing to ignore vast evidence unfavorable to his ideas and distort other evidence to bring it into harmony with the theory.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea. He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus”occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa. Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.P6 :The debate over continental drift has the same role and stature in the history of the earth sciences as the debate over Darwinian evolution in the history of life sciences and the debates over relativity and quantum theory in the history of physics. In the largest sense, the history of earth science, the history of biology, and the history of physics in the 20th century are all histories of the consolidation of opinion and the formation of broad consensus—that these theories were the best way to organize and advance these sciences.P5: After Wegener’s death, a South African geologist Alexander Du Toit continued to assemble fossil evidence for Pangaea.■He noted that fossils of the now extinct reptile “Mesosaurus” occur in rocks of the same age in both Brazil and South Africa.■Because the physiology of freshwater and marine animals is completely different, it is hard to imagine how a freshwater reptile could have swum across the Atlantic Ocean and then found a freshwater environment nearly identical to its former habitat. ■Moreover, if Mesosaurus could have swum across the ocean, its fossil remains should be widely dispersed. It is more logical to assume that Mesosaurus lived in lakes in what were once adjacent areas of South America and Africa when it was united into a single continent. ■Notwithstanding all of the empirical evidence in favor of continental drift theory presented here, most geologists at the time refused to entertain the idea.1．According to paragraph 2, Eduard Suess believed that similarities of plant and animal fossils on the southern continents were due toA．living in the southern climateB．crossing the land bridgesC．fossilization in the coal layersD．movements of the supercontinent正确答案：B解析：【事实信息题】题目问动植物化石的相似性是因为什么，文中提到“the similarities of fossils on these continents could be accounted for by”所以原因是之前有陆桥后来消失了，答案是B。
TOEFL试题3
TOEFL试题3TOEFL试题（3）1. Because air is highly compressible, --- to define a clear upper boundary of the atmosphere.(A) it is impossible(B) impossible is(C) so the impossibility(D) is the impossibility2. BASIC, the acronym for Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, is a high – level Instruction Code, is a high –level computer programming language ---.(A) learning relatively simple(B) related it simply to learning(C) simple and relative to learn(D) that is relatively simple to learn3. --- Frances Perkins held the post of labor secretary for twelve years.(A) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was(B) The first woman appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position(C) Appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position was the first woman who(D) The first woman was appointed by a United States President to a cabinet position who4. --- at the turn of the century, the Minnesota State Capitol building is made of white granite and marble.(A) Erected(B) Was erected(C) To erect it(D) Erecting it5. A stream of volcanic lava flows differently, -- on the sort of ground it flows over.(A) to depend(B) depending(C) that dependent(D) when it depended6. --- large amounts of vitamin E found in green leaves, such as lettuce, and in cereals, especially in wheat germ.(A) The(B) They have(C) There are(D) Because of7. A popular belief --- radio and television have homogenized the language of the United States. (A) states that(B) that is stated(C) that states(I) stating that 8. The astronomical unit is the average distance of the Earth from the Sun --- is the standard of distances in the Solar System.(A) and(B) also (C) in addition (D) because9. In 1952 Ernest Hemingway pub。
toefl考试题及答案
toefl考试题及答案
1. 阅读部分：在以下段落中，作者主要讨论了什么？
A. 环境问题对全球的影响
B. 科技发展对教育的影响
C. 城市化进程中的问题
D. 经济全球化的趋势
答案：B
2. 听力部分：在对话中，学生和教授讨论了什么主题？
A. 即将到来的假期计划
B. 一个历史事件的分析
C. 学生的研究项目进展
D. 教授的新课程安排
答案：C
3. 口语部分：在第一题中，考生被要求描述什么？
A. 一个重要的历史事件
B. 一个你曾经去过的地方
C. 一个你尊敬的人
D. 一个你最近读到的新闻故事
答案：B
4. 写作部分：在独立写作任务中，题目要求考生讨论什么？
A. 网络教育与传统教育的优劣
B. 城市生活与乡村生活的比较
C. 工作与学习之间的平衡
D. 科技对日常生活的影响
答案：A
5. 综合写作部分：阅读材料中提到的主要观点是什么？
A. 城市化导致环境问题
B. 科技发展对工作的影响
C. 教育投资对经济增长的重要性
D. 健康生活方式对长寿的影响
答案：C。
托福英语试题题库及答案
托福英语试题题库及答案1. 阅读部分：阅读以下段落，并回答相关问题。
In the early 20th century, the industrial revolution brought about significant changes in the way people worked and lived. Factories became the new centers of economic activity, and cities grew rapidly as people moved from rural areas to urban centers in search of employment opportunities.问题1：工业革命发生在哪个世纪？答案：20世纪。
问题2：工业革命对人们的工作方式和居住方式产生了怎样的影响？答案：工业革命使得工厂成为新的经济活动中心，人们为了寻找就业机会从农村地区迁移到城市中心，导致城市迅速扩张。
2. 听力部分：听以下对话，并回答相关问题。
Speaker 1: I'm really looking forward to the weekend. I've planned a hiking trip to the mountains.Speaker 2: That sounds like a great idea. I've been feeling a bit stressed lately, and I think getting out in nature woulddo me good.问题1：Speaker 1计划在周末做什么？答案：去山里徒步旅行。
问题2：Speaker 2为什么认为去徒步旅行是个好主意？答案：因为最近感到有些压力，认为在大自然中走走会对自己有好处。
3. 口语部分：描述你最喜欢的一种户外活动，并解释为什么喜欢它。
托福真题：托福真题_历年托福考试试题-托福真题
托福真题：托福真题:历年托福考试试题-托福真题托福真题:历年托福考试试题Section One: Listening Comprehension1. (A) She doesn’t think the shirt comes in a bigger size .(B) She thinks shirt will fit the man.(C) A checked shirt won’t look good on the man.(D) The bigger sizes are more expensive.2. (A) She expects the man to have it.(B) She’s angry with the man for forgetting it.(C) She doesn’t know where it is.(D) She’d like the man to return it by tonight.3. (A) She didn’t buy the ticket.(B) The ticket was expensive.(C) She doesn’t know how much the ticket cost.(D) There are still a few tickets left.4. (A) Eat a bigger breakfast.(B) Make time for lunch in her schedule.(C) Take only morning classes next semester.(D) Change her schedule after she eats lunch.5. (A) He’s quitting the band for academic reasons.(B) He didn’t enjoy being a member of the band.(C) He’s getting academic credit for being in the band.(D) He’s taking time off from his studies to join the band.6. (A) His suit is too old to wear.(B) He doesn’t want to buy new clothes.(C) He doesn’t want to wear a suit.(D) He’ll go shopping with the woman.7. (A) Calculate the bill again.(B) Refuse to pay the bill.(C) He doesn’t want to wear a suit.(D) He’ll go shopping with the woman.8. (A) Sara rarely makes mistakes.(B) Sara usually says what she thinks.(C) Sara’s boss is hard to work with.(D) The secretary wasn’t hard worker.9. (A) Sh e’d prefer to see a different type of movie thana comedy.(B) She has already finished her research paper.(C) She won’t be able to go to a movie with the man.(D) She’d like the man to help her with her research pape r.10. (A) He prefers to work part time.(B) He wants to change his class schedule.(C) He’s having a difficult time finding a part-time job.(D) He doesn’t want to work on campus.11. (A) She doesn’t think it will snow.(B) The location of the session has been changed.(C) The session might be canceled.(D) She’ll probably be too tired to walk to the session.12. (A) Use bleach on his socks.(B) Buy new white socks.(C) Wash his red T-shirt again.(D) Throw away his pink socks.13. (A) He has n’t talked to his brother since he transferr ed.(B) He doesn’t think his brother should transfer.(C) His brother doesn’t want to transfer.(D) He hadn’t heard the&n[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题bsp;news about his brother.14. (A) Which seminar the woman wants to sign up for.(B) If the woman keeps money at the bank.(C) Where the woman learned about the seminar.(D) If the woman has taken other classes on personal financ es.15. (A) He’s used to cold weather.(B) He expected the weather to be warmer over the weekend.(C) He has never liked the weather in October.(D) He didn’t see the forecast for the weekend.16. (A) Leave the art exhibit.(B) Help the man understand the display.(C) Take the artwork down.(D) Call the museum director.17. (A) He thinks he’s very organized.(B) He doesn’t want to join the display.(C) He doesn’t think he should lead the study group.(D) He knows someone who can lead the study group.18. (A) He doesn’t know where his brother keeps his comput er.(B) The woman should buy a used computer.(C) He doesn’t know how much computers cost.(D) His brother paid too much for the computer.19. (A) It’s been to warm to wear the jacket.(B) The jacket is too big for him.(C) He doesn’t like cold weather.(D) He didn’t buy the jacket until cooler weather arrived.20. (A) He started the semester in a bad mood.(B) He’s not usually bad-tempered.(C) He has few responsibilities.(D) He doesn’t like the man.21. (A) He forgot to cancel the reservation.(B) They can go to the restaurant after the woman has fini shed working.(C) He has to work late tonight.(D) They don’t have a reservation at the restaurant.22. (A) Watch a TV program related to his project.(B) Think about taking a less advanced sociology class.(C) Finish his project as soon as possible.(D) Reconsider his decision to interview so many people.23. (A) Try on a smaller sweater.(B) Look for another style at a different store.(C) Give the sweater away as a gift.(D) Exchange the sweater for a bigger one.24. (A) She plans to send a package to Canada.(B) She doesn’t know the postage for a package to Australi a.(C) She has relatives in Australia.(D) She’ll help the man wrap the package.25. (A) Send back his food.(B) Compliment the waiter on the food.(C) Tell the waiter about the mistake.(D) Order something else.26. (A) She doesn’t speak Spanish very well.(B) She doesn’t have to study a foreign language.(C) She performed poorly on a recent Spanish test.上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题(D) She doesn’t remember living in Mexico.27. (A) He’s taking the next train to Philadelphia.(B) He has an extra train schedule.(C) He missed his train.(D) He’s familiar with the train station. 28. (A) He’d like the woman to take his picture.(B) He’d like to borrow the woman’s camera this weekend.(C) His camera takes better pictures than the woman’s camer a.(D) His camera is smaller than the woman’s camera.29. (A) Ask Professor Bell to help the club.(B) Introduce the woman to Professor Bell.(C) Write an article about Professor Bell’s interests.(D) Find out which biology classes Professor Bell teaches.30. (A) She wasn’t wearing a scarf when she arrived.(B) She’ll help the man look for his scarf.(C) She likes the color the man’s scarf.(D) The man didn’t take her scarf.31. (A) A concert the woman attended.(B) The man’s collection of CD’s.(C) A new software programs.(D) An instrument the woman is learning to play.32. (A) She lost one of his CD’s.(B) She didn’t invite him to the concert.(C) She missed class.(D) She forgot about a meeting.33. (A) It does not need to be turned.(B) It has two sets of strings.(C) Its pitch is exceptionally high.(D) It is played with the hands and feet.34. (A) A baritone.(B) Some CD’S.(C) A computer program.(D) His class notes.35. (A) The woman’s house.(B) The concert.(C) The club meeting.(D) The music shop.36. (A) How rocks are eroded.(B) How sediment hardens into rock.(C) How flood plains develop.(D) How minerals are extracted from rock.37. (A)How rocks are eroded.(B)How strata are formed in rock.(C)Why flooding makes geological investigations difficult.(D)Which minerals can be found in rock38. (A)The deposits aren’t made of organic material.(B)The deposits aren’t found everywhere in the world.(C).The deposits harden under conditions of heat and pressure .(D)The deposits don’t form at regular time invervals.39. (A) Where fossils are most commonly found.(B) How a geological discovery was made.(C).Why rivers flood.(D)The differences between two geological periods.40. (A) A museum exhibition of African baskets.(B) Changes in basket-weaving.(C) Differences between African and American baskets.(D)The development of basket weaving in one town.41. (A)Their mothers taught them.(B)They traveled to Africa.(C)They learned in&上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题nbsp;school.(D)They taught themselves.42. (A)Fruit baskets.(B)Work baskets.(C)Baby cradles.(D)Clothes baskets.43. (A)They sell them as a hobby.(B)They make them as a hobby.(C)They use them on their farms.44. (A)How insects breed in extreme desert temperatures.(B)Different types of beetles.(C)They send them to museums.(D)How beetles can defeat a plant’s defense system.45. (A)Its resin isn’t poisonous.(B)It can shoot its resin a great distance.(C)It leaves have no veins.(D)It doesn’t need much water to grow well.46. (A)By severing the veins that carry the poison.(B)By eating only the stem of the plant.(C)By changing the plant’s chemistry.(D)By eating only at night.47. (A)Their literary value.(B)The debate over who wrote them.(C)The time period in which they were written.(D)Why they are still popular today.48. (A)The Iliad was written after the Odyssey.(B)The first European poems weren’t written in Greek.(C)The poet called Homer wrote the Iliad but not the Odysse y.(D)The poet called Homer never existed.49. (A)The portrayal of the characters in the poems.(B)Archaeological findings in Greece.(C)Research conducted by Milman Parry.(D)Claims made by ancient Greed authors about the poems.50. (A) Other poems written by Homer.(B) A comparison of modern versus ancient Creekpoetry.(C) A twentieth-century scholar’s conclusions about Homer.(D)Poetry by Milman Parry.Section Two Structure and Written ExpressionTime: 25 minutes1. The gray scale, a progressive series of shades ranging f rom black to white, is used incomputer graphics ---- detail to graphical images.(A) added(B) to add(C) are added(D) and add2. By ----excluding competition from an industry, governments have oft en created public service monopolies.(A) they adopt laws(B) laws are adopted(C) adopting laws(D) having laws adopt3. ----skeleton of an insect is on the outside of its body.(A) Its(B) That the(C) There is a(D) The4. Lenses, ----are used to correct imperfections in eyesight.(A) are the forms of glasses and contact lenses(B) in the form of glasses and contact lenses(C) glasses and contact lenses which form(D) glasses and contact lenses may be formed5. In eighteenth-century North America, printed engravings provided ----of rococo style.(A) the most manifestation widespread(B) manifestation widespr上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题ead the most(C) the widespread manifestation most(D) the most widespread manifestation6. In the Arctic tundra, ice fog may form under clear skie s in winter, ----coastal fogs or low status clouds are common in summer.(A) because of(B) whereas(C) despite(D) that7. On attaining maximum size, ----by drawing itself out and dividing into two daughter amoeb as, each receiving identical nuclear materials.(A) the reproduction of the amoeba(B) the amoeba, which reproduces(C) reproducing the amoeba(D) the amoeba reproduces8. For the advertiser, one of the greatest appeals of radio is ---- an audience all day long.(A) that it has(B) that to have(C) to have it(D) having it9. Charles Schulz’s comic strip, “Peanuts,”features childr en who make --- about life.(A) funny, wise statements that(B) which funny, wise statements(C) statements are funny but wise(D) funny but wise statements10. One of the major rivers of the western United States, ---- flows for some 1,500 miles fromColorado to northwestern Mexico.(A) it is the Colorado River(B) the Colorado River which(C) and the Colorado River(D) the Colorado River11. In art, the tendency of gouache colors to lighten on d rying makes ---- a wide range ofpearly or pastel-like effects.(A) it is possible(B) possible(C) possible to be(D) it possible the12. Isabel Bishop was one of many American artists ----by the government during theDepression years on various federal art projects.(A) employed(B) whose employment(C) to employ(D) had been employed13. Outbreaks of diseases in trees commonly occur ----stressed because of drought or otherenvironmental factors.(A) as forests that become(B) in forests become(C) that become forests(D) when forests become14. To break thick ice, an icebreaker boat moves fast enough to ride up on the ice, ---- under its weight.(A) so then breaks(B) when breaks it(C) which then breaks(D) for which then breaks15. Cholesterol is present in large quantities in the nervou s system, where ---- compound ofmyelin.(A) it a(B) a(C) being a(D) it is a16. Painters of the early twentieth century who were known primarily for they colorful landscapes, the A B C Group of Seven changed is name to the Canadian Group上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] 下一页托福真题:历年托福考试试题;of Painters in 1933.D17. Most animals have nervous systems, sense organs, and spe cialized modes of locomotion, and are A B C capable of sec uring ingesting, and to digest food.D18. The cork oak tree has a layer of cork several inches thickness that can be stripped every ten years.A B C D19. Inflation, interest rates, and overall economic active ca n be governed by the United States Federal A B CReserve’s decision to adjust the supply of money to the ec onomy.D20. Free radicals of oxygen, which common by-products of metabobr>(A) temper(B) glazes(C) kilns(D) compounds50.The passage mentions that when pottery is fired under bur ning wood ,the ashes help(A) prevent the clay from cracking(B) produce a more consistently baked pot(C) attain a very high temperature(D) give the vessel a glasslike finish上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]上一页[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]。
2023年托福英语考试真题及答案
2023年托福英语考试真题及答案本文档为2023年托福英语考试的真题及答案。
请注意，考试成绩取决于个人的独立表现，本文档仅提供参考。
听力部分Part 1：对话理解Q1. What is the man’s favorite sport?A. BasketballB. FootballC. TennisAnswer: BPart 2：长对话理解Q2. What is the woman doing for the summer?A. Taking a summer classB. Starting an internshipC. Traveling with her familyAnswer: A阅读部分Passage 1：The bicycle was invented in the 19th century and quickly became a popular mode of transportation. It was easy to use and affordable, making it accessible to many people. While the bicycle has undergone many changes since its first creation, it remains a popular mode of transportation today.Q3. When was the bicycle invented?A. In the 18th centuryB. In the 19th centuryC. In the 20th centuryAnswer: BPassage 2：Q4. What are two ways to measure the success of a business?A. High profits and employee satisfactionB. High profits and low employee turnoverC. Low expenses and high employee satisfactionAnswer: A写作部分请写一篇不少于300字的短文，介绍你喜欢的电影类型，并说明原因。
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托福真题库：托福测试真题测试(3)
31. (A) Places the man has visited.
(B) A paper the woman is writing for a class.
(C) School activities they enjoy.
(D) The woman’s plans for the summer.
32. (A) She has never been to Gettysburg.
(B) She took a political science course.
(C) Her family still goes on vacation together.
(D) She’s interested in the United States Civil War.
33. (A) Why her parents wanted to go to Gettysburg.
(B) Why her family’s vacation plans changed ten years ago.
(C) Where her family went for a vacation ten years ago.
(D) When her family went on their last vacation.
34. (A) It’s far from where she lives.
(B) Her family went there without her.
(C) She doesn’t know a lot about it.
(D) She’s excited about going there.
35. (A) A catalog mailed to the man.
(B) The woman’s catalog order.
(C) The history of mail-order catalogs.
(D) A comparison of two kinds of catalogs.
36. (A) She wants to learn about Richard Sears.
(B) She is helping the man with his assignment.
(C) She needs to buy a filing cabinet.
(D) She wants to order some textbooks.
37. (A) Teachers.
(B) Farmers.
(C) Students.
(D) Laborers
38. (A) As textbooks.
(B) As fuel.
(C) As newspapers.
(D) As art.
39. (A) Taxes on factory goods rose.
(B) Some people lost their farms.
(C) Shipping prices rose.
(D) some families lost their businesses.
40. (A) Problems with pesticides.
(B) Characteristics of one type of falcon.
(C) Migratory patterns of birds.
(D) Tracking systems for animals.
41. (A) It flying speed.
(B) Its keen hearing.
(C) It size.
(D) Its aggressiveness.
42. (A) By radar.
(B) By airplane.
(C) By direct observation.
(D) By satellite.
43. (A) The types of instruments used in bebop music.
(B) The social setting in which bebop music developed.
(C) How two styles of jazz music influenced each other
(D) The influence of bebop music on the United States economy during the 1940’s.
44. (A) They didn’t use singers.
(B) They gave free concerts.
(C) They performed in small nightclubs.
(D) They shortened the length of their performances.
45. (A) To discuss one way it impacted jazz music.
(B) To explain why the government reduced some taxes.
(C) To describe a common theme in jazz music.
(D) To discuss the popularity of certain jazz bands.。