英美文学中的戏剧drama
世界戏剧 中文英语双语介绍
（一 八九 九 ~ 一九 六六 ）
Lao She (1899-1966), real name Shu Qingchun, was of Manchurian descent and the famous novelist, litterateur and dramatist. （老舍，原名舒庆春，字舍予，笔名老舍。北京满族 正红旗人，中国现代著名小说家、文学家、戏剧家。）
结局是故事的结论。喜剧结束，主角比在故事的 开端有更好的结果。悲剧结束在灾难中，主角是 不如在故事的开始。更现代的作品可能并没有结 局而是展现一个快速的或令人惊讶的结尾。
《茶馆》
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This is one of the famous dramas by Lao She. The drama is set in a typical, old Beijing teahouse and follows the lives of the owner and his customers through three stages in modern Chinese history. (这是一部老舍写的很有名的话剧。话剧的场景设在一个典型的 老北京茶馆里，描述了店家和喝茶人分布在现代中国历史上三个 阶层的生活。)
the city-state of Athens produced three genres of drama: tragedy, comedy, and the satyr play(【古希腊】森林之神滑稽短歌剧, 萨堤罗斯滑稽剧).
西方戏剧起源于古希腊。雅典城邦的 戏剧文化产生 了三个剧种：悲剧，喜剧， 和羊人剧。。
《茶馆》
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英美文学之文学术语
英美文学之文学术语文学术语汇编11.Literature of the absurd: (荒诞派文学) The term is applied to a number of works in drama and prose fiction which have in common the sense that the human condition is essentially absurd, and that this condition can be adequately represented only in works of literature that are themselves absurd. The current movement emerged in France after the Second World War, as a rebellion against essential beliefs and values of traditional culture and traditional literature. They hold the belief that a human being is an isolated existent who is cast into an alien universe and the human life in its fruitless search for purpose and meaning is both anguish and absurd.2.Theater of the absurd: (荒诞派戏剧) belongs to literature of the absurd. Two representatives of this school are Eugene Ionesco, French author of The Bald Soprano (1949) (此作品中文译名<秃头歌女>), and Samuel Beckett, Irish author of Waiting for Godot (1954) (此作品是荒诞派戏剧代表作<等待戈多>). They project the irrationalism, helplessness and absurdity of life in dramatic forms that reject realistic settings, logical reasoning, or a coherently evolving plot.3.Black comedy or black humor: (黑色幽默) it mostly employed to describe baleful, naïve, or inept characters in a fantastic or nightmarish modern world playing out their roles in what Ionesco called a “tragic farce”, in which the events are often simultaneously comic, horrifying, and absurd. Joseph Heller’s Catch-22 (美国著名作家约瑟夫海勒<二十二条军规>) can be taken as an example of the employment of this technique.文学术语汇编24. Aestheticism or the Aesthetic Movement（唯美主义）: it began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by some French artists. They declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde.5. Allegory（寓言）: a tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities, such as John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.6. Fable（寓言）: is a short narrative, in prose or verse, that exemplifies an abstract moral thesis or principle of human behavior. Most common is the beast fable, in which animals talk and act like the human types they represent. The fables in Western cultures derive mainly from the stories attributed to Aesop, a Greek slave of the sixth century B. C.7. Parable（寓言）: is a very short narrative about human beings presented so as to stress analogy with a general lesson that the narrator is trying to bring home to his audience. For example, the Bible contains lots of parables employed by Jesus Christ to make his flock understand his preach.(注意以上三个词在汉语中都翻译成语言，但是内涵并不相同，不要搞混)8. Alliteration（头韵）: the repetition of the initial consonant sounds. In Old English alliterative meter, alliteration is the principal organizing device of the verse line, such as in Beowulf.9. Consonance is the repetition of a sequence of two or more consonants but with a change in the intervening vowel, such as “live and love”.10. Assonance is the repetition of identical or similar vowel, especially in stressed syllables, in a sequence of nearby words, such as “child of silence”.11. Allusion （典故）is a reference without explicit identification, to a literary or historical person, place, or event, or to another literary work or passage. Most literary allusions are intended to be recognized by the generally educated readers of the author’s time, but some are aimed at a special group.12. Ambiguity（复义性）: Since William Empson（燕卜荪）published Seven Types of Ambiguity（《复义七型》）, the term has been widely used in criticism to identify a deliberate poetic device: the use of a single word or expression to signify two or more distinct references, or to express two or more diverse attitudes or feeling.文学术语汇编313. Antihero（反英雄）：the chief character in a modern novel or play whose character is totally different from the traditional heroes. Instead of manifesting largeness, dignity, power, or heroism, the antihero is petty, passive, ineffectual or dishonest. For example, the heroine of Defoe’s Moll Flanders is a thief and a prostitute.14. Antithesis（对照）：(a figure of speech)An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar syntactic structure is used to express contrasting ideas. For example, “Marriage has many pains, but celibacy（独身生活）has no pleasures.” by Samuel Johnson obviously employs antithesis.15. Archaism（拟古）：the literary use of words and expressions that have become obsolete in the common speech of an era. For example, the translators of the King James Version of Bible gave weight and dignity to their prose by employing archaism.16. Atmosphere（氛围）: the prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.文学术语汇编417. Ballad（民谣）：it is a song, transmitted orally, which tells a story. It originated and was communicated orally among illiterate or only partly literate people. It exists in many variant forms. The most common stanza form, called ballad stanza is a quatrain in alternate four- and three-stress lines; usually only the second and fourth lines rhyme. Although many traditional ballads probably originated in the late Middle Age, they were not collected and printed until the eighteenth century.18. Climax：as a rhetorical device it means an ascending sequence of importance. As a literary term, it can also refer to the point of greatest intensity, interest, or suspense in a story’s turning point. The action leading to the climax and the simultaneous increaseof tension in the plot are known as the rising action. All action after the climax is referred to as the falling action, or resolution. The term crisis is sometimes used interchangeably with climax.19. Anticlimax（突降）：it denotes a writer’s deliberate drop from the serious and elevated to the trivial and lowly, in order to achieve a comic or satiric effect. It is a rhetorical device in English.20. Beat Generation（垮掉一代）：it refers to a loose-knit group of poets and novelists, writing in the second half of the 1950s and early 1960s, who shared a set of social attitudes – antiestablishment, antipolitical, anti-intellectual, opposed to the prevailing cultural, literary, and moral values, and in favor of unfettered self-realization andself-expression. Representatives of the group include Allen Ginsberg, Jack Kerouac and William Burroughs. And most famous literary creations produced by this group should be Allen Ginsberg’s long poem Howl and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road.文学术语汇编521. Biography（传记）：a detailed account of a person’s life written by another person, such as Samuel Johnson’s Lives of the English Poets and James Boswell’s Life of Samuel Johnson.22. Autobiography（自传）：a person’s account of his or her own life, such as Benjamin Franklin’s autobiography.23. Blank verse（无韵体）: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.24. A parody（模仿）imitates the serious manner and characteristic features of a particular literary work, or the distinctive style of a particular author, or the typical stylistic and other features of a serious literary genre, and deflates the original by applying the imitation to a lowly or comically inappropriate subject.文学术语汇编625. Celtic Revival also known as the Irish Literary Renaissance （爱尔兰文艺复兴）identifies the remarkably creative period in Irish literature from about 1880 to the death of William Butler Yeats in 1939. The aim of Yeats and other early leaders of the movement was to create a distinctively national literature by going back to Irish history, legend, and folklore, as well as to native literary models. The major writers of this movement include William Butler Yeats, Lady Gregory, John Millington Synge and Sean O’Casey and so on.26. Characters（人物）are the persons represented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with particular moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from the dialogues, actions and motivations. E. M. Forster divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularity.27. Chivalric Romance (or medieval romance) （骑士传奇或中世纪传奇）is a type of narrative that developed in twelfth-century France, spread to the literatures of other countries. Its standard plot is that of a quest undertaken by a single knight in order to gain a lady’s favor; frequently its central interest is courtly love, together with tournaments fought and dragons and monsters slain. It stresses the chivalric ideals of courage, loyalty, honor, mercifulness to an opponent, and elaborate manners.28. Comedy:（喜剧）in general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.29. Farce （闹剧）is a type of comedy designed to provoke the audience to simple and hearty laughter. To do so it commonly employs highly exaggerated types of characters and puts them into improbable and ludicrous situations.30. Confessional poetry（自白派诗歌）designates a type of narrative and lyric verse, given impetus by Robert Lowell’s Life Studies, which deals with the facts and intimate mental and physical experiences of the poet’s own life. Confessional poetry was written in rebellion against the demand for impersonality by T. S. Elliot and the New Criticism. The representative writers of confessional school include Robert Lowell, Anne Sexton and Sylvia Plath and so on.31. Critical Realism:（批判现实主义）The critical realism of the 19th century flourished in the fouties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Representative writers of this trend include Charles Dickens and William Makepeace Thackeray and so on.32. Drama:（戏剧）The form of composition designed for performance in the theater, in which actors take the roles of the characters, perform the indicated action, and utter the written dialogue. (The common alternative name for a dramatic composition is a play.)文学术语汇编733. Dramatic Monologue:（戏剧独白）a monologue is a lengthy speech by a single person. Dramatic monologue does not designate a component in a play, but a type of lyric poem that was perfected by Robert Browning. By using dramatic monologue, a single person, who is patently not the poet, utters the speech that makes up the whole of the poem, in a specific situation at a critical moment. For example, Robert Browning’s famous poem “My Last Duchess” was written in dramatic monologue. 34. Elegy（哀歌或挽歌）：a poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.35. Enlightenment（启蒙运动）：The name applied to an intellectual movement which developed in Western Europe during the seventeenth century and reached its height in the eighteenth. The common element was a trust in human reason as adequate to solve the crucial problems and to establish the essential norms in life, together with the belief that the application of reason was rapidly dissipating the remaining feudal traditions. It influenced lots of famous English writers especially those neoclassic writers, such as Alexander Pope.36. Epic（史诗）：it is a long verse narrative on a serious subject, told in a formal and elevated style, and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a nation, or the human race.37. Epiphany:（顿悟）In the early draft of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce employed this term to signify a sudden sense of radiance and revelation that one may feel while perceiving a commonplace object. “Epiphany” now has become the standard term for the description, frequent in modern poetry and prose fiction, of the sudden flare into revelation of an ordinary object or scene.38. Epithet（移就）: as a term in criticism, epithet denotes an adjective or adjectival phrase used to define a distinctive quality of a person or thing. This method was widely employed in ancient epics. For example, in Homer’s epic, the epithet like “the wine-dark sea” can be found everywhere.39. Essay:（散文）any short composition in prose that undertakes to discuss a matter, express a point of view, persuade us to accept a thesis on any subject, or simply entertain. The essay can be divided as the formal essay and the informal essay (familiar essay).40. Euphemism（委婉语）: An inoffensive expression used in place of a blunt one that is felt to be disagreeable or embarrassing, such as “pass away” instead of “die”41. Expressionism（表现主义）：a German movement in literature and the other arts which was at its height between 1910 and 1925 – that is, in the period just before, during, and after WWⅠ. The expressionist artist or writer undertakes to express a personal vision – usually a troubled or tensely emotional vision – of human life and human society. This is done by exaggerating and distorting. We recognize its effects, direct or indirect, on the writing and staging of such plays as Arthur Miller’s Death ofa Salesman as well as on the theater of the absurd.42. Free verse（自由体诗）：Like traditional verse, it is printed in short lines instead of with the continuity of prose, but it differs from such verse by the fact that its rhythmic pattern is not organized into a regular metrical form – that is, into feet, or recurrent units of weak and strong stressed syllables. Most free verse also hasirregular line lengths, and either lacks rhyme or else uses it only occasionally. Walt Whitman is a representative who employed this poem form successfully.文学术语汇编843. Gothic novel:（哥特式小说）It is a type of prose fiction. The writers of this type of fictions mostly set their stories in the medieval period and in a Catholic country, especially Italy or Spain. The locale was often a gloomy castle. The typical story focused on the sufferings imposed on an innocent heroine by a cruel villain. This type of fictions made bountiful use of ghosts, mysterious disappearances, and other supernatural occurrences. The principle aim of such novels was to evoke chilling terror and the best of this type opened up to the fiction the realm of the irrational and of the perverse impulses and nightmarish terrors that lie beneath the orderly surface of the civilized mind. Some famous novelists liked to employ some Gothic elements in their novels, such as Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights.44. Graveyard poets（墓园派诗歌）: A term applied to eighteenth-century poets who wrote meditative poems, usually set in a graveyard, on the theme of human mortality, in moods which range from pensiveness to profound gloom. The vogue resulted in one of the most widely known English poems, Thomas Gray’s“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”.45. Harlem Renaissance（哈莱姆文艺复兴）：a period of remarkable creativity in literature, music, dance, painting, and sculpture by African-Americans, from the end of the First World War in 1917 through the 1920s. As a result of the mass migrations to the urban North in order to escape the legal segregation of the American South, and also in order to take advantage of the jobs opened to African Americans at the beginning of the War, the population of the region of Manhattan known as Harlem became almost exclusively Black, and the vital center of African American culture in America. Distinguished writers who were part of the movement included Langston Hughes and Jean Toomer. The Great Depression of 1929 and the early 1930s broughtthe period of buoyant Harlem culture – which had been fostered by prosperity in the publishing industry and the art world – effectively to an end.46. Heroic Couplet（英雄双韵体）refers to lines of iambic pentameter which rhyme in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. The adjective “heroic” was applied in the later seventeenth century because of the frequent use of such couplets in heroic poems and dramas. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Geoffrey Chaucer. From the age of John Dryden through that of Samuel Johnson, the heroic couplet was the predominant English measure for all the poetic kinds; some poets, including Alexander Pope, used it almost to the exclusion of other meters.47. Hyperbole（夸张）:this figure of speech called hyperbole is bold overstatement, or the extravagant exaggeration of fact or of possibility. It may be used either for serious or ironic or comic effect.48. Understatement（轻描淡写）：this figure of speech deliberately represents something as very much less in magnitude or importance than it really is, or is ordinarily considered to be. The effect is usually ironic.49. Imagism（意象派）：it was a poetic vogue that flourished in England, and even more vigorously in America, between the years 1912 and 1917. It was planned and exemplified by a group of English and American writers in London, partly under the influence of the poetic theory of T. E. Hulme, as a revolt against the sentimental and mannerish poetry at the turn of the century. The typical Imagist poetry is written in free verse and undertakes to be as precisely and tersely as possible. Meanwhile, the Imagist poetry likes to express the writers’ momentary impression of a visual object or scene and often the impression is rendered by means of metaphor without indicating a relation. Most famous Imagist poem, “In a Station of the Metro”, was written by Ezra Pound. Imagism was too restrictive to endure long as a concerted movement, but it influenced almost all modern poets of Britain and America.50. Irony（反讽）：This term derives from a character in a Greek comedy. In most of the modern critical uses of the term “irony”, there remains the root sense of dissembling or hiding what is actually the case; not, however, in order to deceive, but to achieve rhetorical or artistic effects.51. Local Colorism（地方色彩）was a literary trend belonging to Realism. It refers to the detailed representation in prose fiction of the setting, dialect, customs, dress and ways of thinking and feeling which are distinctive of a particular region. After the Civil War a number of American writers exploited the literary possibilities of local color in various parts of America. The most famous representative of local colorism should be Mark Twain who took his hometown near the Mississippi as the typical setting of nearly all his novels.52. Lyric（抒情诗）：in the most common use of the term, a lyric is any fairly short poems consisting of the utterance by a single speaker, who expresses a state of mind or a process of perception, thought and feeling.。
戏剧(drama)
戏剧（drama）[drama;play] 旧时专指戏曲,后用为戏曲、话剧、歌剧、舞剧、诗剧等的总称。
希腊戏剧戏剧，指以语言、动作，舞蹈，音乐，木偶等形式达到叙事目的的舞台表演艺术的总称。
文学上的戏剧概念是指为戏剧表演所创作的脚本，即剧本。
戏剧的表演形式多种多样，常见的包括话剧、歌剧、舞剧、音乐剧、木偶戏等具体含义】综合艺术的一种。
有两种含义：狭义专指以古希腊悲剧和喜剧为开端，首先在欧洲各国发展起来继而在世界广泛流行的舞台演出形式，英文为drama ，中国称之为话剧。
广义还包括东方一些国家、民族的传统舞台演出形式，如中国的戏曲、日本的歌舞伎、印度的古典戏剧、朝鲜的唱剧等。
【戏剧本质】公元前4世纪，亚里士多德在《诗学》中已经表述了对戏剧本质的认识。
他认为：一切艺术都是模仿，戏剧是对人的行动的模仿。
2个世纪以后，印度的第一部戏剧理论著作《舞论》也指明：“戏剧就是模仿。
”19世纪以后，对戏剧本质的研讨出现了众说纷纭的局面，主要有观众说，冲突说，激变说，情境、实验室说等。
观众说：认定观众是戏剧的必要条件，也是戏剧的本质所在。
法国戏剧理论家F.萨赛是这种观念的代表，他断言：不管是什么样的戏剧作品，都是为了给观众看的。
“没有观众，就没有戏剧”，因而，戏剧的一切器官都必须与观众的欣赏相适应。
冲突说：以法国戏剧理论家布伦退尔为代表。
19世纪末，布伦退尔指出：舞台乃是人的自觉意志发挥的场所，人物的自觉意志的发挥必定会遇到阻碍，主体为克服阻碍就要与之斗争，这就构成“意志冲突”，戏剧的本质就在于此。
美国戏剧理论家J.H.劳森则把戏剧的本质归之为“自觉意志在其中发挥作用的社会性冲突”。
他认为：由于戏剧是处理社会关系的，而人的自觉意志又必须受社会必然性的制约，因而，真正的戏剧性冲突必须是社会性冲突。
这种观念可以一句话来表述：“没有冲突就没有戏剧。
”激变说：英国戏剧理论家W.阿契尔否定布伦退尔的“冲突”说，他把小说与戏剧相比较，认为小说是“渐变”的艺术，而戏剧是“激变”( crisis ，又译危机 )的艺术，戏剧所处理的是人的命运和环境的一次激变，这就是戏剧本质的所在。
英美文学常识(戏剧)Drama
stage right
downstage
stage left
Setting the Stage
Scene design transforms a bare stage into the world of the play. Scene design consists of
• sets • lighting
Props (short for properties) are items that the characters carry or handle onstage.
• The person in charge of props must make sure that the right props are available to the actors at the right moments.
Drama
What Is Drama?
What makes Drama different from other forms of literature (fiction, poetry)? Name some of the differences by providing particular aspects about drama. For example: Actors, audience, stage, setting, lighting, music…
Practice II
ALPHABET Conversation Have a conversation where each sentence begins with the next letter of the alphabet. Here is an example: A: Anyone seen my cat? B: Black one, with funny eyes? A: Can't say I remember. B: Don't tell me you've forgotten what it looks like? A: Every cat looks the same to me. B: Fortunately, I found one yesterday A: Gee, that's great!
话剧、喜剧小品的历史、赏析
一、什么是戏剧 drama：剧本,剧本文学（强调文学） theatre:剧场中表演的戏剧（强调剧场）（shanghai theatre academy） 1、定义：是演员在舞台上扮演角色，当众表演故事的一种艺 术形式。是以表演为中心的包含文学、音乐、舞蹈、美术等艺 术门类综合艺术。又称“舞台艺术”或“演员艺术”。 2、两个重要的概念： （1）戏剧冲突：戏剧作品中人与人之间或人的内心展开的矛 盾斗争。戏剧作品总是由一个或多个戏剧冲突的提出、发展、 解决而完成的。 （2）戏剧性：戏剧性是和戏剧冲突联系在一起的，戏剧性就 在于紧张、深刻的冲突矛盾，“没有冲突就没有戏剧性”。
《雷雨》（借鉴西方，自己创造） 1、题材：家庭剧——夫妻矛盾，父子冲突，母子兄妹乱伦、 劳工冲突等 2、主题：反封建，颂扬个性解放 3、结构（讲故事的方法）——锁闭式结构（俄狄浦斯王）把 三十多年的故事锁闭在一天之内叙述出来。 故事从“危机点”上开始讲述。蘩漪已经难以忍受周朴园， 周萍为了躲避她想到矿上去，蘩漪为了留住周萍请来四凤母亲。 随着鲁妈登场，导致了剧情走向高潮和悲剧结局。剧本将周鲁 两家长达30多年的纠葛，以及蘩漪和周萍关系的前因后果全部 集中在一天之内加以叙述。在表示蘩漪、周朴园和周萍这个当 前主要冲突的同时，将几组次要矛盾穿插其间。过去的戏和当 前的戏紧密交织在一起。人物前史逐步揭露，有力推动当前动 作的发展，使戏剧走向高潮。情节紧张曲折，冲突尖锐激烈。 4、人物： 蘩漪，半新半旧，母亲不像母亲、情人不像情人，雷雨性格 周朴园、周萍
《上海屋檐下》（契可夫《海鸥》、《樱桃园》，静剧） 1、小市民生活 2、横断面式结构：不是围绕一个完整故事、一对主要冲突展 开情节。而是同时描写5家故事，相互交织。杨彩玉、林志成、 匡复 3、很少表现人物直接、外在冲突，着重揭示人的内心世界。
elizabethan drama名词解释
Elizabethan drama是指16世纪英国伊丽莎白一世统治时期的戏剧作品和戏剧表演形式。
这一时期的戏剧创作和表演活动在英国戏剧史上具有重要意义，对后世英国戏剧和世界戏剧产生了深远的影响。
一、伊丽莎白一世时期伊丽莎白一世在位期间是英国文艺复兴的黄金时期，也是伟大的文学和戏剧作品层出不穷的时期。
在这个时期，戏剧成为了当时社会的一种主要文化娱乐活动，得到了贵族和平民的广泛关注和喜爱。
许多杰出的戏剧作家如莎士比亚、克里斯托弗·马洛、本·琼森等，都是在这一时期涌现出来的。
二、戏剧主题伊丽莎白时代的戏剧主题多样，既有历史剧，如莎士比亚的《理查三世》、《亨利四世》，又有喜剧，如《仲夏夜之梦》、《威尼斯商人》，还有诸如《奥赛罗》、《哈姆雷特》等悲剧。
这些戏剧作品涉及到政治、爱情、婚姻、家庭、名利等人类普遍关注的主题，体现了当时社会的多样性和矛盾性。
三、戏剧表演形式伊丽莎白时代的戏剧表演形式以剧场表演和宫廷表演为主。
剧场表演一般是在伦敦的剧院进行，如莎士比亚环球剧场、罗斯剧院等，这些剧院成为了当时戏剧表演的主要场所。
而宫廷表演则是在王宫内举行，是贵族和王室成员们的专场演出。
这两种表演形式共同构成了当时戏剧表演的主流。
四、戏剧艺术特点伊丽莎白时代的戏剧艺术具有鲜明的特点，包括：1. 语言丰富多彩，表现力强。
伊丽莎白时代的戏剧作品以其优美的语言和独特的表现形式著称，其中尤以莎士比亚的作品最为著名。
2. 剧情复杂，人物丰满。
伊丽莎白时代的戏剧作品在情节设置和人物塑造方面非常讲究，角色性格鲜明，情节曲折离奇。
3. 舞台布景精美，服装华丽。
当时的戏剧表演注重舞台效果和视觉效果，舞台布景和服装都非常精美，给人留下深刻的印象。
五、戏剧影响伊丽莎白时代的戏剧产生了深远的影响，不仅对英国戏剧史产生了重要影响，也对世界戏剧产生了一定的影响。
伊丽莎白时代的戏剧作品和表演形式在后世的戏剧创作和表演实践中仍然具有重要的地位，成为了后世戏剧艺术的宝贵遗产。
TEM8 英语专八英美文学
英国文学(English Literature)一、Old and Medieval English Literature中古英语文学(8世纪-14世纪)1) The Old English Period / The Anglo-Saxon Period古英语时期 (449-1066)A. Pagan poetry(异教诗歌): Beowulf《贝奥武甫》- 最早的诗歌；长诗(3000行) heroism & fatalism & Christian qualitiesthe folk legends of the primitive northern tribes; a heroic Scandinavian epic legend; 善恶有报B. Religious poetry:Caedmon(凯德蒙 610-680): 《赞美诗》（Anthem）,大多取材余《圣经》（Bible）故事。
Cynewulf(基涅武甫 9C): 《十字架之梦》（Dream of the Rood）C. Anglo-Saxon prose: Venerable Bede(673-735)《英吉利人教会史》（Historian Ecclesiastica Gentis Anglorum）Alfred the Great(848-901)Father of English Prose《盎格鲁-撒克逊编年史》（Anglo-Saxon Chronicle）2) The Medieval Period中世纪 / 1500):Cavalier literature骑士文学A.Romance中世纪传奇故事 (1200-1500): the Middle Ages; 英雄诗歌Sir Gawain and the Green Knight《高文爵士与绿色骑士》: Celtic legend; verse-romance; 2530 linesGeoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400): the father of English poetry; Heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)The Canterbury Tales; The Parliament of Fowls；The Book of the DuchessThe House of Fame; Troilus and Criseyde; The Romaunt of the Rose《玫瑰罗曼史》William Langland(朗兰 1332-1400)：The Vision of Piers Plowman《农夫皮尔斯之幻象》B.English ballads（15th C）Thomas Malory(1395-1471) :Morte d’Arthur《亚瑟王之死》- 圆桌骑士二、The Renaissance Period英国文艺复兴 (1500-1660):人文主义humanism; 十四行诗Sonnets; 无韵诗Blank verse; 戏剧Drama; 斯宾塞诗体Spenserian；University Wits 大学才子派1) 诗歌a. Thomas Wyatt(怀亚特1503-1542): the first to introduce the sonnet into English literatureb. Sir Philip Sidney(雪尼爵士 1554-1586)：代表了当时的理想 - “the complete man”Defense of Poetry《为诗辩护》Astrophel and Stella《爱星者与星》;Arcadia《阿卡狄亚》: a prose romance filled with lyrics; a forerunner of the modern worldc. Edmund Spenser(斯宾塞1552-1599): the poets’ poetThe Shepherd Calendar《牧人日历》；Amoretti《爱情小唱》The Faerie Queen《仙后》：long poem for Queen Elizabeth; Allegory - nine-line verse stanza/ the Spenserian StanzaSpenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗体): Nine lines, the first eight lines is in iambic(抑扬格) pentameter(五步诗),and the ninth line is an iambic hexameter(六步诗) line.2) 散文a. Thomas More(莫尔 1478-1535): 欧洲早期空想社会主义创始人Utopia《乌托邦》: More与海员的对话b. John Lyly (黎里 1553-160，散文家，剧作家&小说家)：Eupheus《尤菲绮斯》Euphuism(夸饰文体): Abundant use of balanced sentences, alliterations(头韵) and other artificial prosodic(韵律) means.The use of odd similes(明喻) and comparisonsc. Francis Bacon (培根 1561-1626)：Essays(论说文集)：Of Studies, Of Love, Of Beauty: the first true English prose classicPhilosophical: New Instrument《新工具》New Atlantis《新大溪岛》Advancement of Learning《学术的推进》Professionals: Maxims of the Law《法律格言》3) 戏剧a. Christopher Marlowe: University Wits 大学才子派First made blank verse(无韵诗：不押韵的五步诗) the principle instrument of English dramaThe Jew of Malta《马耳他的犹太人》The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus《浮士德博士的悲剧》：根据德国民间故事书写成; 完善了无韵体诗。
戏剧(drama)
戏剧（drama）[drama;play] 旧时专指戏曲,后用为戏曲、话剧、歌剧、舞剧、诗剧等的总称。
希腊戏剧戏剧，指以语言、动作，舞蹈，音乐，木偶等形式达到叙事目的的舞台表演艺术的总称。
文学上的戏剧概念是指为戏剧表演所创作的脚本，即剧本。
戏剧的表演形式多种多样，常见的包括话剧、歌剧、舞剧、音乐剧、木偶戏等具体含义】综合艺术的一种。
有两种含义：狭义专指以古希腊悲剧和喜剧为开端，首先在欧洲各国发展起来继而在世界广泛流行的舞台演出形式，英文为drama ，中国称之为话剧。
广义还包括东方一些国家、民族的传统舞台演出形式，如中国的戏曲、日本的歌舞伎、印度的古典戏剧、朝鲜的唱剧等。
【戏剧本质】公元前4世纪，亚里士多德在《诗学》中已经表述了对戏剧本质的认识。
他认为：一切艺术都是模仿，戏剧是对人的行动的模仿。
2个世纪以后，印度的第一部戏剧理论著作《舞论》也指明：“戏剧就是模仿。
”19世纪以后，对戏剧本质的研讨出现了众说纷纭的局面，主要有观众说，冲突说，激变说，情境、实验室说等。
观众说：认定观众是戏剧的必要条件，也是戏剧的本质所在。
法国戏剧理论家F.萨赛是这种观念的代表，他断言：不管是什么样的戏剧作品，都是为了给观众看的。
“没有观众，就没有戏剧”，因而，戏剧的一切器官都必须与观众的欣赏相适应。
冲突说：以法国戏剧理论家布伦退尔为代表。
19世纪末，布伦退尔指出：舞台乃是人的自觉意志发挥的场所，人物的自觉意志的发挥必定会遇到阻碍，主体为克服阻碍就要与之斗争，这就构成“意志冲突”，戏剧的本质就在于此。
美国戏剧理论家J.H.劳森则把戏剧的本质归之为“自觉意志在其中发挥作用的社会性冲突”。
他认为：由于戏剧是处理社会关系的，而人的自觉意志又必须受社会必然性的制约，因而，真正的戏剧性冲突必须是社会性冲突。
这种观念可以一句话来表述：“没有冲突就没有戏剧。
”激变说：英国戏剧理论家W.阿契尔否定布伦退尔的“冲突”说，他把小说与戏剧相比较，认为小说是“渐变”的艺术，而戏剧是“激变”( crisis ，又译危机 )的艺术，戏剧所处理的是人的命运和环境的一次激变，这就是戏剧本质的所在。
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Origins
• Greek tragedy • Greek comedy • Medieval drama
Division
• Full length plays (acts, scenes) • One-act plays
Staging
• All visual details and physical objects of play • (scenic background, props, lighting, sound, costumes, nonverbal gestures, movements of actors)
Susan Glaspell: Trifles
• Susan Glaspell 1882-1948 • Trifles (1916) Feminist play
Drama
Drama
• • • • • • • Drama Origins Division Staging Types Modern drama Susan Glaspell: Trifles
Definition
• A composition in prose or verse presenting in dialogue or pantomime a story involving conflict or contrast of character, especially one intended to be acted on the stage (soliloquy, aside)
Types
• Tragedy: portray a conflict between human beings and some superior, overwhelming force) • Comedy: a lighter form of drama primarily aiming to amuse, in which both wit and humor are utilized • Tragi-comedies: appear to be tragedies but end happily like comedies
Experiments
• Symbolist drama: stress a subjective response to life and try to present a transcendent reality • Expressionist drama: emphasize internal lives of characters and action does not proceed in a chronological sequence but rather with a mixture of the past and the present • Epic drama: distance of characters from audience, focus on societal issues, loosely connected scenes • Theatre of absurd: man’s loss of faith and identity in modern Ibsen (turning from writing plays in verse and created a series of plays in everyday language dealing with important social and moral issues) • Theme: concern the predicament of man living in the age of science and industrialization • Style: experimental in structure and techniques • Realistic drama, symbolist drama, expressionist drama, epic drama, theatre of absurd