《第二语言习得》PPT课件
第二语言习得-971PPT课件
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“习得”与“学习”的定义
“习得”是指在自然状态下下意识地、非正式 地学习语言。毫不费力地获得第二语言。
“学习”是指有意识地、正式地学习语言。 这种状态下的学习获得的是一种“元语言知 识 ”(metalanguage knowledge)。即学习 者有意识地学习语言的规则，如语法规则等。 这种学习相对于习得来说，需要耗费时力。
现在人们开始转向课堂教学环境的第二语 言习得，并试图说明教学对第二语言习得 的影响。目的是为了提高语言教学的效率。
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第二语言习得常见概念
1、母语与目的语 2、第一语言与第二语言 3、习得与学习 4、第二语言习得与外语习得 5、语言能力和交际能力 6、中介语
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1.母语与目的语塞林克：中源自语Selinker (1972)“Interlanguage”
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三 第二语言习得主要解决的问题
1. 学习者在L2习得过程中获得了什么 为了弄清楚这个问题，学者们收集了大
量的学习者的语言材料，并对这些材料 进行系统的描写，试图发现学习者习得 第二语言的规律。 早期的第二语言习得研究主要集中在学 习者的语言系统的描写上。
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一 第二语言习得研究的内容
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二 学科建立的标志
有学者把拉多“跨文化语言学”
（Lado (1957)”Linguistics Across Culture”）
一书看作第二语言习得的开始。
大多数学者认为以下两篇论文是学科建立的标志。
科德：学习者语言偏误的意义
Corder (1967 ) “The significance of learners’ errors”
第二语言习得理论一PPT课件
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零级：指两种语言中相同的成分，在 学习中产生正迁移，而不会发生困难。
一级：在第一语言中分开的两个语言 项目，在目的语中合成一项。学习者 可以忽略在第一语言中两个项目的区 别而逐渐习惯合并后的项目。
请第一组的同学列举零级和一级 的例子（英语或其他语言）
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5. “对比分析假说”在上个世 纪60年代曾占支配地位，欧美许多 国家都成立了“语言对比研究中 心”。
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6.对比分析的步骤
描写：对目的语和第一语言进行详细的、 具体的描写；
选择：在两种语言中选择进行对比的某 些有意义的语言项目或结构；
对比：把选择好的语言项目或结构进行 对比，找出两种语言的异同之处；
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评价：
引起争议——克拉申过分强调潜意识的 习得在成人第二语言获得中的作用，而 贬低有意识、特别是课堂学习的作用， 引起了很多人的反对。
教育实践证明，在课堂学习中获得的语 言知识经过反复练习，也可以变成自动 的行为（潜意识的行为），同样能运用 于交际活动中。
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学习和习得不是截然分开的，而是 一个连续体。第二语言学习者开始时， 学习的成分多一些，以后习得的成分逐 渐加大。
现在进行时的词素ing表示复数的s系动词tobehebig助动词torunning冠词thea不规则的动词过去时态went规则的动词过去时态ed一般现在时态第三人称动词单数s名词所有格词尾sthegirlsfood63潜意识有意识交际话语对输出的言语形式进行检查和监控301441comprehensibleinput6842i1i1i0i2694370克拉申认为理想的输入应具备以下几个特点
二语习得ppt课件
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一、语言输入与语言形式调整的研究
（一）“外国人话语”的特点
“外国人话语”——指外国人的话语？（×） ——指对外国人说的话语。
Ferguson：“外国人话语”是指说某语言的人对该 语言能力有限者或者根本没有该语言能力者所使用 的一种简化的语体。 “外国人话语”与标准英语有三方面不用：
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“外国人话语”与标准英语有三方面不用： 1.语音方面：语速慢、发音清楚、停顿、重音、夸
Hatch and Wagner-Gough,1976 Hatch ,1978a Peck,1978
早期关注是学习者的语言产出 语言输入与互动
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研究材料来自母语者与学习者交流的转写材料，这些 材料使研究者不仅能观察到学习者的语言产出过程， 即学习者是怎么说的，同时也可以观察到母语者为学 习者提供语言输入的过程，即母语者对学习者是怎样 说的。
• 另一方面，外在的语言输入为学习者提供的仅仅 是关于目的语结构规则的“正面证据”（ positive evidence），缺少“反面证据”（ negative evidence）。
• 结果： 知道“怎样说”，不知道那些规则“不能 说”。
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对“儿向语言”的研究
• 有学者发现：儿童的父母或保姆为儿童提供的都是符合规 则的话语，几乎很少纠正儿童的语法错误，为儿童提供不 合规则的反面证据。
例：你是哪国人？ 你，哪个国家的？
教师语言：对外汉语教学课堂 例：请大家打开书。 书Book，打开Open
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第二语言习得发展的重要影响
1、母语者与第二语言学习者交流使用的话语具有的“外国 人话语”“教师语言”特点，这种特定的语域风格的话语 为第二语言学习者提供了一个可理解输入环境。
第二语言习得理论PPT课件
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四 第二语言习得与外语习得
第二语言习得是指学习者在目的语国家学习目的 语。学习者所学的目的语在目的语国家是公认的 交际工具，也是学习者用来交际的工具。
有指导的第二语言习得是以教学指导的方 式获得第二语言，语言习得通常是在课堂 教学环境中发生的。
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六 语言能力与语言表达
语言能力（Leabharlann ompetence）是由交际双方内在语 法规则的心理表征构成的。语言能力是一种反应 交际双方语言知识的心理语法。
（隐性语言知识-对句子合法性的直觉判断） 语言表达（performance）是交际双方在语言的
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第一章 第二语言习得 研究概述
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主要内容
1 第二语言习得研究的基本概念 2 第二语言习得研究的学科性质 3 第二语言习得研究的发端和发展的简要回
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第一节 基本概念
一 母语与目的语 母语通常是只学习者所属种族、社团使用的语言，
因而也称本族语。一般情况下，通常是儿童出生 以后最先接触习得的语言。母语常被称为第一语 言。 目的语也称目标语，一般是指学习者正在学习的 语言。它强调学习者正在学习的任何一种语言， 与学习者的语言习得环境无关。
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二 第一语言和第二语言
第一语言是指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的 语言。
第二语言是相对于学习者习得的第一语言 之外的任何一种其他语言而言的。
第二语言强调语言习得的先后顺序，与语 言习得的环境无关。
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三 习得与学习
第二语言习得PPT
• 1) Early age development • Language development takes place at an early age while other
kinds of learning take place much later. Therefore, it must be handled by a faculty that is separate from other cognitive mechanisms in the human mind.
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forms hypothesis about the language according to the UG and the linguistic data to which he or she is exposed; tests these hypothesis both in speech and in comprehension; reformulates 【Through this process, some hypotheses are abandoned as incorrect, others are revised, and still others, which work well, are reinforced】i.e., revises and improves, the hypothesis according to the results of such testing.
章萍 郑怡宇 朱良萍 陈娟
The “Chomskyan Revolution”
• 3.1 Introduction • 3.3 Criticisms of Chomskyan Linguistics • 3.4 Interlanguage Hypothesis
第二语言习得PPT
I. IntroductionII. Individual differences in SLAIII. Input and inter-languageIV. Contrastive analysis and error analysisV. Foreign language teaching approachesI. IntroductionThe term Applied Linguistics (AL) is an Anglo-American coinage.AL in the past based itself mainly on the findings of theoretical linguistics especially in language teaching.1.1 Definition of Applied LinguisticsCorder 1974---Crystal 1985---Richards 1985---Steven 1992Corder 1974:AL is the utilization of the knowledge about the nature of language achieved by linguistic research for the improvement of the efficiency of some practical task in which language is a central component.Crystal 1985: AL is a branch of linguistics where the primary concern is the application of linguistic theories, methods and findings to the elucidation of language problems which have arisen in other areas of experience.Richards et al. 1985: AL covers two main points:1.The study of second and foreign language learning and teaching.2.The study of language and linguistics in relation to practical problems.Steven 1992:AL is a multidisciplinary approach to the solution of language-related problems.The problems it attempts to solve include speech pathology, machine translation, national language planning policy, various facets of communication research and many others.HU Zhuang Lin 2004:Applied Linguistics (AL) serves as a mediating area which interprets the results of linguistic theories and makes them user friendly to the language teacher and learner.1.2 EFL and ESL(EFL) ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE : Learning English in a community that doesn’t speak English.(ESL) ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE: Leaning English in a place where it is the spoken language.According to UNESCO, second language is a language acquired/learned by a person in addition to his mother tongue.1.3 Learning and AcquisitionLearning is a deliberate, conscious attempt to master a language, while acquisition is a less deliberate, subconscious process of mastering language.As a L2 learner, you can hardly speak in the same way as a native speaker. Phonologically, morphologically, syntactically, semanticallyand pragmatically, there bound to be some differences.1.4 First and Second Language AcquisitionThink about a baby acquiring his first language.Think about a person acquiring a second language.What similarities and differences are there in the two processes? Second language learning :painstaking unsuccessfulFirst language acquisition: unconscious successfulFeature 1: Commandchildren normally achieve perfect L1 masteryadult L2 learners are unlikely to achieve perfect L2 mastery Feature 2: Successsuccess guaranteed complete success rareFeature 3: Intuitionschildren develop clear intuitions about correctnessL2 learners are often unable to form clear grammaticality judgments (The house is easy to catch fire.)Feature 4: Negative evidencecorrection not found and not necessarycorrection generally helpful or necessaryFeature 5: GoalsTarget language competenceL2 learners are more concerned with fluency than accuracy, as targetlanguage competence is too difficult to achieve.II. Individual differences in SLAIndividual differences: Age, Personality traits, Cognitive style, Learning strategies, Motivation, Language aptitude2.1 Age and Second Language AcquisitionIs it better to learn a second language when one is young or when one is older? Why?Lenneberg (1967) stated that L2 is best learned between age 2 and puberty.Case studyDo we actually find such a critical period for L2 acquisition?What would a critical period for L2 acquisition look like?Do late learners ever attain nativelikeness?Critical period for L2 acquisitionGeometric features”Heightened sensitivity at beginningClear point where offset (decline) beginsFlat period when critical period is overTemporal features”Heightened sensitivity through early childhoodSensitivity bottoms out when full neurocognitive maturity is reached Continued low sensitivity throughout adulthoodTentative conclusionsIs there a sharp cutoff point where sensitivity begins to decline? NO Does sensitivity flatten out in adulthood? NOIs there a significant change in sensitivity when maturation is reached? NOAdvantages to being a younger learnerMore likely to develop a native-like accentLess to learn to be considered proficientMore likely to receive comprehensible inputAdvantages to being an older learnerCan consciously use strategies to aid learningHas knowledge from L1 to draw fromHas greater control over inputGrammatical CompetenceMastery of language code: Lexicon (vocabulary), Word formation rules, Sentence formation rules, Pronunciation rules, Spelling rules Sociolinguistic CompetenceMastery of appropriate language use in different contextsHow to speak to a friendHow to speak to someone in authorityHow to speak socially vs. ProfessionallyDiscourse CompetenceMastery of how to combine meanings and forms to create a text in different modesExamples: Telephone inquiry ,Narrative text, Oral reportStrategic CompetenceMastery of verbal and non-verbal strategies to compensate for breakdowns in communicationExamples: How to ask for help How to rephrase a statement2.2 MotivationThere isn’t much theory that “provides an all-round explanation of what we do and why.”(Dörnyei 2003:1)“Motivation is a multifaceted construct, and the exact nature of the constituent components activated in a particular situation depends greatly on contextual factors.”(Dörnyei 2003:1) Instrumental motivation--- Immediate achievement Go abroad Social responsibility Individual development----Instrumental motivationCultural motivation---Intrinsic interest Go abroad Social responsibility Information medium---Integrative motivation Interest motivationSituational motivation---Learning situation---Situational motivation Metacognitive strategiesA. Centering your learningB. Arranging and planning your learningC. Evaluating your learningAffective strategiesA. Lowering your anxietyB. Encouraging yourselfC. Taking your emotional temperatureSocial strategiesA. Asking questionsB. Cooperating with othersC. Empathizing with othersResearch has demonstrated(1) Learners are actively involved in their learning.(2) Learners use different kinds of strategies(3) Learners have different beliefs about strategy use and learning approaches(3) Several factors have powerful influence on strategy choice/use: motivation, proficiency, years of study,sex, major, if requirementThe good language learner:(1) is guesser, but an accurate guesser!(2) has a strong drive to communicate.(3) is not often inhibited (a risk-taker).(4) focuses on communication, but also attends to form.(5) practices—and creates opportunities to do so.(6) knows what is appropriate.(7) monitors his own and the speech of others.(8) attends to meaning.(9) Actively participates (aloud and silently).III. Input and Inter-language3.1 Input theory by Krashen Interaction theory by Long Output theory by Swain3.2 InterlanguageDefinition of inputQuestion：Could you explain “input”in second language acquisition？Learners' most direct source of information about the target language is the target language itself. When they come into direct contact with the target language, this is referred to as "input." (/wiki)Stephen Krashen (University of Southern California) is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much of his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. During the past 20 years, he has published well over 100 books andarticles and has been invited to deliver over 300 lectures at universities throughout the United States and Canada.3.1 Krashen’s Input HypothesisKrashen's theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses:1) the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis,2) the Monitor hypothesis,3) the Natural Order hypothesis,4) the Input hypothesis,5) the Affective Filter hypothesis.Input Hypothesis"The best methods are therefore those that supply 'comprehensible input' in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear. These methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce when they are 'ready', recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production."The Input hypothesis is Krashen's attempt to explain how the learner acquires a second language.This hypothesis claims that “humans acquire language in only one way-by understanding messages or by receiving ‘comprehensibleinput’”（Krashen, 1985:2)Comprehensible input: i+1; output plays little role.Comment on Input theoryInfluential: application in SLT, Types of input, Ways of input, Variety of input, Sufficiency of input, Efficiency of input Controversial:How to quantify and qualify the “i”and “1”in “i+1”Ignorance of outputViews diverge greatly as to what kind of input should be provided for language learners.Authentic input, Comprehensible input (Krashen): i+1 Premodified input, Interactively modified inputInput-based teachingDirect method, Natural approach, Total physical response, Communicative approach, Community language learning (CLL) , Suggestopedia, Silent wayLong’s Interaction HypothesisLong's interaction hypothesis proposes that language acquisition is strongly facilitated by the use of the target language in interaction. In particular, the negotiation of meaning has been shown to contribute greatly to the acquisition of vocabulary (Long, 1990).Study: NSs-NNSs, negotiation for meaning---comprehensible inputThe Interaction Hypothesis highlights the role of social interaction in increasing the amount of comprehensible input that students receive. This interaction includes students asking for help when they do not understand input. Perhaps, the collaborative setting in groups and the trust that can grow among groupmates make it more likely that students will have opportunities to repair comprehension breakdowns.Swain’s Output HypothesisMerrill Swain(Ph.D., University of California)She is Professor in the Curriculum, Teaching and Learning department at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education (OISE) at the University of Toronto. website: http://www.oise.utoronto.ca/mlc/swain.htmThe output hypothesis claims that the act of producing language (speaking or writing) constitutes, under certain circumstances, part of the process of second language learning.It states that while comprehensible input is necessary for L2 learning, learners also need to speak and to write, i. e., produce output, in their L2.Three functions of output in second language learning:1) the noticing/triggering function 发现所想与所能之间的差别2) the hypothesis-testing function 测试语言假设3) the metalinguistic (reflective) function.增加元语言知识没有输出需要的输入不易转化为程序性知识没有输入帮助的输出不利于语言体系的拓展输出-输入结合的教学活动更具有交际的真实性（文秋芳,2008）3.2 InterlanguageThe type of language constructed by second or foreign language learners who are still in the process of learning a language is often referred to as interlanguage.It is often understood as a language system between the target language and the learner’s native language.E.g. data from SWECCLInterlanguage is a dynamic language system, which is constantly moving from the departure level to the native-like level.Can be done in two ways:investigating the psychological, biological or neurological mechanisms involved in the production of interlanguage; investigating the linguistic features of interlanguage.Concerning the linguistic features of interlanguage, the following questions can be asked:Linguistically, how is interlanguage in general different from the target language or the native language?In what way is lower level interlanguage different from higher levelinterlanguage?How is the interlanguage system used to convey meaning?IV. Contrastive Analysis and Error AnalysisWe assume that the student who comes into contact with a foreign language will find some features of it quite easy and others extremely difficult. Those elements that are similar to his native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. Lado, 1957, 24.1 Contrastive Analysis (1940s ---1960s)Paul Nation is Professor in Applied Linguistics at the School of Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (LALS) at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand.“Research shows that the first language has a small but important role to play in communicating meaning and content.”(Paul Nation, in his article, The Role of the First Language in Foreign Language)4.1.1 Definition of Contrastive Analysis (CA)A way of comparing L1 and L2 to determine potential errors for the ultimate purpose of isolating what needs to be learned and what not in a second language learning situation. (Gass & Selinker, 2001:72) An approach to the study of SLA which involves predicting and explaining learner problems based on a comparison of L1 and L2 todetermine similarities and differences”(Saville-Troike, 2006: 34) 4.1.2 Objectives of CAProviding insights into similarities and differences between languages;Explaining and predicting problems in L2 leaningDeveloping course materials for language teaching4.1.3 Contrastive Analysis HypothesisMain assumptions1) L2 learning involves overcoming difficulties in the linguistic systems of the target language;2) The main difficulties in learning a L2 are caused by interference from the L1;3) Contrastive analysis can predict, or at least account for, difficulties in L2 learning, so teaching materials based on contrastive analysis can reduce the effects of interference and difficulties, and facilitate L2 learning.Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis"Where two languages were similar, positive transfer would occur; where they were different, negative transfer, or interference, would result." (Larsen-Freeman & Long 1991: 53)3 versions of the CA hypothesisThe Strong Version: Fries & LadoIt (a priori) claimed that prediction of difficulties in learning L2 could be made based upon a comparison of two languages. This starts with a crosslinguistic analysis and then attempts to predict trouble spots.The Weak Version: Wardhaugh (1970)It (a posteriori) claimed that cross-linguistic comparison could help to explain learner errors. This starts with learner errors and attempts to account for them with cross-grammatical comparisons.The Moderate Version: Oller & ZiahosseinyIt differs from the above two in that it emphasizes the significance of minimal distinctions, which may actually cause the greatest interferences and difficulties.4.1.4 Procedures of CA2 principles of CA as proposed by Halliday:Describe before comparingComparing patterns, not whole languagesSteps:The separate description of the relevant features of each language; The establishment of comparability;The comparison and contrast.4.1.5 Evaluation of CAHA. Application, Prediction & Diagnosis of errorsTesting, Course design, Selection, Grading,Contrastive teaching B. Problems with contrastive analysisProblem #1The predictions made by proponents of the CAH were often inaccurate, or even false.There was underprediction (i.e. the CAH failed to predict some errors).There was overprediction (i.e. the CAH predicted errors that did not materialize).French object pronouns precede the verb: Je les vois "I them see." English L1 learners of French will say:*"Le chien a mange les" instead of "Le chien les a mange*"Il veute les encore" instead of "Il les veut encore"" (Ervin-Tripp, 1974)But, French L1 learners of English do not say"I them see." (Je les vois) instead of "I see them"Why does it work one way but not the other?Problem #2It is not true that similarity always equals ease of learning and difference always equals difficulty; (sometimes it’s the other way round)Problem #3L1 transfer is effected by other factors, e.g. the amount and type of TL exposure learners receive.Problem #4Many studies have shown SLLs from very different L1 backgrounds make similar errors.This suggests that many of the most common learner errors are not due to interference of native language.See Ortega, 2009. Section 3.1 p. 310nly about 30% of errors have been attributed to L1. This ranges from 3% for child Spanish learners of English (Dulay & Burt, 1973) to 50% for adult Chinese ESL (Tran Chi Chau 1975)ConclusionWhile interference plays a role in SLA, so do many other factors and thus the role of the first language is less than what was thought by proponents of CA.4.2 Error AnalysisEA refers to the study and analysis of the errors made by second and foreign language learners.Purposes of EA:1) identify strategies which learners use in language learning;2) identify the causes of learner errors;3) obtain information on common difficulties in language learning,as an aid to teaching or in the preparation of teaching materials.4.2.1 Error and mistakeError: Systematic deviation by learners who have not yet mastered the rules. More difficult to correct. Indication of learner’s attempt to figure out the L2 systemMistake: Random performance slip caused by fatigue, excitement, etc. Readily self-corrected.4.2.2 Types of errorsStructural errors (breaking of a rule)e.g. (1) The fast economic growth causes people’s living condition has improved.(2) The job is fit me very well.(3) 报有希望carry the hope; entertain the hope(4) 找借口look for an excuse; make an excuse(5) rather proud, good, young, fresh, practicalquite annoyed, nervous, wrong, serious, limited, difficult, common Non-structural errors,deviations from some kind of norm ('breaches of code') quantitative differences (overuse, underuse)E.g. No smoking, please.Overuse of “make”, “happy”, “glad”.Underuse synonyms of “happy”such as cheerful, light-hearted,delighted etc.Interlingual errors (transfer errors): misuse of an item because of L1 influence. based on cross-linguistic comparisonsIntralingual errors (developmental errors): within L2 (e.g. overgeneralization) based on language being learned4.2.3 Procedure of error analysis1. Collection of samples of learner language2. Identification of errors3. Description of errors4. Explanation of errors (Ellis 1994)4.2.4 Problems with Error Analysis1) Focus on errors mean that researchers ignored what the learner did right.2) Empirically it was difficult to identify the source of many errors.3) It doesn't account for all the problems that learners have, e.g. Avoidance. Learner avoids a certain word or structure.V. Foreign Language Teaching MethodologyDiscussion:What teaching method do you know in ELT?On which theory is it founded?A Retrospective of Foreign Language Teaching Methodology Traditional gramma: Classical language teaching (before 1880)Grammar- Translation MethodStructuralism: Beginning of Modern Language Teaching (from 1880 to the 1st world war): Direct methodMentalism: Development of Modern Language Teaching (from the 1st World War to ’70) : Cognative MethodFunctionalism: Intensification of Modern Language Teaching (after ’70): Communicative MethodConstructivism: Improvement of Modern Language Teaching( after 1980’s) : Constructivist MethodPost-modernism : Perfection of Modern Language Teaching(after1990’s): Post-method1) Traditional grammar---Grammar-Translation Method Correctness, literary excellence, the use of Latin models, the priority of the written languageTextbook takes prominent writers as language models.Teaching involves the presentation of numerous definition, rules and explanations.2) Structuralist linguistics---Direct methodThe spoken language in people’s communication.The focus on the grammatical structures of a language.A pattern drill technique aiming at the learner’s automatisms for language forms.3)Mentalism/Transformational-GenerativeLinguistics---Audio-lingual Method把语言看成一个内在的规则系统( a system of innate rule)，认为语言学习者有一种普遍的语言知识(linguistic competence)。
二语习得ppt课件
教师语言：对外汉语教学课堂 例：请大家打开书。 书Book，打开Open
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第二语言习得发展的重要影响
1、母语者与第二语言学习者交流使用的话语具有的“外国 人话语”“教师语言”特点，这种特定的语域风格的话语 为第二语言学习者提供了一个可理解输入环境。
2、母语者与第二语言学习者的交流除了话语形式的调整， 还有话语结构和功能的调整。这种互动环境对第二语言学 习者的语言习得过程也会产生重要的影响。
Hatch and Wagner-Gough,1976 Hatch ,1978a Peck,1978
早期关注是学习者的语言产出 语言输入与互动
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研究材料来自母语者与学习者交流的转写材料，这些 材料使研究者不仅能观察到学习者的语言产出过程， 即学习者是怎么说的，同时也可以观察到母语者为学 习者提供语言输入的过程，即母语者对学习者是怎样 说的。
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一、语言输入与互动的含义
• 两种不同的语言输入环境 语言输入：为学习者提供的单向的语言信息。 例：听广播、看电视等。 学习者没有交流和沟通的机会。
互动：双向的语言沟通和交流。 例：母语者或教师与学习者之间的交流和沟通， 学习者之间的交流和沟通。 构成了语言习得发生的互动环境。
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• 显示出一种特定的语域风格 保姆语言（儿语、母亲语言）：母亲对学说话的儿童 外国人话语：母语者与第二语言学习者
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二、 三种不同的语言 输入观
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狼孩
“狼孩”刚被发现时，生活习性与狼一样； 不会讲话，每到午夜后像狼似地引颈长嚎。
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卡玛拉经过7年的教育，才掌握4、5个词,勉强地学 几句话，开始朝人的生活习性迈进。她死时估计已 有16岁左右，但其智力只相当3、4岁的孩子
第二语言习得理论PPT课件
语言能力是关于语言的知识； 语言表达是关于语言运用的知识。
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第二节 第二语言习得研究的学科性质
一 第二语言习得研究与语言学 1 研究对象不同 2 目的不同 3 方法不同
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第二节 第二语言习得研究的学科性质
二、第二语言习得研究与心理学 1 研究目的不同 2 研究范0
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二 第一语言和第二语言
第一语言是指儿童幼年最先接触和习得的 语言。
第二语言是相对于学习者习得的第一语言 之外的任何一种其他语言而言的。
第二语言强调语言习得的先后顺序，与语 言习得的环境无关。
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三 习得与学习
习得（acquisition）指非正式的语言获得 （informal learning），儿童大多是通过这 种方式来获得母语的。（下意识，隐性知 识）
有指导的第二语言习得是以教学指导的方 式获得第二语言，语言习得通常是在课堂 教学环境中发生的。
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六 语言能力与语言表达
语言能力（competence）是由交际双方内在语 法规则的心理表征构成的。语言能力是一种反应 交际双方语言知识的心理语法。
（隐性语言知识-对句子合法性的直觉判断）
语言表达（performance）是交际双方在语言的 理解与生成过程过程中对其内在语法的运用。
外语习得指学习者所学的语言在本国不是作为整 个社团的交际工具，而学习者所学的语言主要是 在课堂学习的。
第二语言习得与外语习得是指两种不同的语言环 境而言的。
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五 自然地第二语言习得与有指导的 第二语言习得
自然的第二语言习得是指以交际的方式获 得第二语言，而且语言习得通常是在自然 的社会环境下发生的。
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却能很好地学会一种第二语言――法语，包括法 语的词汇。 • 英国小学生每周学一小时意大利语，但他们阅读 意大利语的能力超过阅读英语。 • 能说第二语言的人在解决问题时的创造性、灵活 性超过只会说一种语言的人――如爱因斯坦、纳 博科夫
language. • 4. A language is what native speakers say,
not what someone says they ought to say. • 5. Languages are different.
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对比分析的理论背景（1）
• 心理学：行为主义（behaviorism）
• 提出困难层级制(hierarchy of difficulty)
• 文法依据语音的标准，还加上了「结构对 应」和「功能/语义对应
• Clifford Prator(1967)：将文法由简单到难 分0-5级，
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等级
0级-转换 1级-结合
2级-分化不足 3级-重新诠释 4级-过度分化 5-分裂
• 「学习外语到底容易或困难，其关键就在 于母语与外语的比较。类似母语的部份就
比较容易学，不同的部份就比较难学。 」
•
--摘自《跨文化语言学》
• (Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis，CAH)
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Moulton's 5 Audiolingual slogans
• 1. A language is speech, not writing. • 2. A language is a set of habits. • 3. Teach the language, not about the
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第一语言和第二语言获得的基本现象
• 一位操双语（法语和阿拉伯语）的摩罗哥妇女在 一次车祸中受伤，十天苏醒后，她只说法语，不 会阿拉伯语，第十一天，她只说阿拉伯语，不会 法语，第十二天，她说流利的法语和很差的阿拉 伯语，三个月以后，她恢复了原来双语的能力。
• 会说英语的法国人讲法语时，他们的浊音起始时 间（VOT）与不会讲英语的法国人不同。
理异国的文法规则。
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对比分析的目的
• 第二语言学习的唯一障碍是母语的干扰。
• 通过对学生的母语和目的语进行科学的结 构分析，可以找出两者之间的区别以及区 别程度的大小。
• 这些区别能使语言学家预测第二语言学习 者学习过程中的所有困难。
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对比分析的步骤
• 描写。借助于形式语法，对所比较的两种语言进 行详细的描写。
• 第二语言学习者会很快学会适合其性别的发音， 如男士说英语进行时态的-ing时倾向于发-in，女 性倾向于发-ing。
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怎样研究第二语言习得（历史回顾）
• 对比分析contrastive analysis（四十年 代—七十年代）
– Charles Fries，Robert Lado ，Stockwell, Bower, 和Martin
• 偏误分析error analysis（五十年代—八十 年代）
– Uriel Weinreich
• 中介语理论interlanguage
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Lado语录
• 「本书基本上认定:我们可以把学生要学的 语言及其文化，和他们自己的母语及文化 拿来作系统化的ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ较，就可以预测及描述 出容易学习及不易学习的句型。 」
• 选择。由于不可能对有关的两种语言所有的方面 都进行比较，因此，必须对要比较的某些语言形 式做些选择。
• 对比。对两种语言所选择出来进行比较的语言形 式加以印证，并详细列出它们之间的关系。
• 预测。在以上三个步骤的基础上，对第二语言学 习者可能出现的错误和学习困难进行预测。
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对比分析的成果
• Robert P. Stockwell, J. Donald Bowen, and John W. Martin，The Grammatical Structures of English and Spanish
• 划分标准：学语言的时间
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基本概念（2）
• 习得
– 在非教学的、自然的状态下获得一种语言
• 学习
– 在正式教学的状态下获得知识和能力的活动
年龄 输入方式 输入内容 学习状态
L1 0--5
随机
有错误 无意识
L2 习得L1后 有计划 规则
有意识
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二、第一语言和第二语言获得的基本现象
• 所有的第一语言学习都成功，第二语言学习有的 成功，有的不成功。
• 语言学：Structurism
– 只探究明显地可观察的数据。 – 语言学家的任务就是描述人类语言，同时指出这些语
言的结构特征。 – 语言可以分解、拆散成小片段或单位。 – 这些已经分解的小单位可以用科学的方式来描写、对
比、重新组合成为一个整体。 – 说话者只是言语行为的发生体，并非原因。 – ->1940~1950间:语言学家纷纷远赴全球各地，记录整
– 重复的刺激-反应行为，语言习得由习惯组成。 (habit formation)
– SLA：克服母语的习惯，养成L2的新习惯。
– 研究焦点：可观察的外显(行为)反应上;知觉、 直觉的概念被认为是属于心灵主义派的、不合 理的探索领域。
– 如果错误是可以被预测的，那么便能避免坏习 惯的养成。
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对比分析的理论背景（2）
第二语言习得
贵州师范大学 晏懋思
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一、基本概念（1）
• 母语 Native language
– 本民族、本国的语言，通常是自幼习得的语言
• 外语 Foreign language
– 其他民族或外国的语言
• 划分标准：国家和民族
• 第一语言（L1）
– 人学会的第一种语言
• 第二语言（L2）
– 在学会第一种语言之后学习或学会的任一语言
定义
两种语言中没有不同
母语中的两个项目结合起来构成目的语的 一个基本项目。
如果母语中的某个项目在目的语中是不存 在的，那么学习者必须要避免那个项目。
如果母语中的某个项目在目的语中必须重 新塑造或使用。
目的语中某一个学新的项目，和母语中几 乎没有什么类似的项目就必须加强学习。
母语中的一个项目变成目的语中的两个或 以上的项目，学习者对此需要重新做区分。