07翻译第五讲
第五讲 文言文翻译和断句

第五讲文言文翻译和断句【考点提示】文言文翻译是高考的常见考点,几乎涉及文言文所有的知识点。
近几年来,在高考语文试卷上,加大了文言文翻译的题量和分值,体现着新的《语文教学大纲》中“掌握课文中常见的文言实词、文言虚词和文言句式,能理解词句含义”的要求;也是对学生所掌握的古汉语知识的综合能力最有效的检测。
【真题回放】1、2010全国高考山东卷第13题。
把文言文阅读材料中加横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。
(10分)(1)入嵩山,复遇故童子时所见道人。
乞其术,师事之。
(2)甫数以其术干诸公卿,常不见听信。
(3)于是权贵人争咎甫,而讥刘公、金公不知人。
2、2010全国高考天津卷第12题。
把文言文阅读材料中划横线的句子翻译成现代汉语。
(8分)(1)母徐衣其女衣,袖利刃行向池呼鱼。
(2)母归,但见女抱庭树眠,亦不之虑。
(3)陀汗王意其洞人以非道得之,遂禁锢拷掠之,竟不知所从来。
【翻译原则】要翻译好文言句子,我们需牢记三原则,即清末著名学者严复的“三字经”——信、达、雅。
“信”,就是翻译时要忠于原文,准确、贴切地表达出原文的意义;“达”,就是要求译句通畅,符合现代汉语的语法规范和表达习惯;所谓“雅”就是要求遣词造句要表现原文文笔优美的特点,富有表现力。
就我们高中生而言,在文言文的翻译上要达到“雅”的水准,可能只是一种美好愿望和目标追求;但是对于前两点,却是通过努力可以做到并必须做到的。
【翻译方法】翻译文言文,无论采取直译还是意译,都要本着翻译的三个原则,其具体方法可用七个字来概括。
1、留凡是古今意义相同的词,以及专有名词,如国名、年号、帝号、官名、地名、人名、器物名、书名等等都须保留下来,不必变动。
如“项王使都尉陈平召沛公”(«鸿门宴»),翻译时只需翻译“使”和“召”,其他照抄不变。
2、对在实词的翻译上,将已由单音节发展为双音节的词要对译为双音节词。
如“愿陛下亲之信之”(«出师表»),翻译时把“亲”译为“亲近”,把“信”译为“相信”或者“信任”。
第五讲 翻译中主语的处理 for students

第五讲翻译中主语的处理一、引入练习:翻译下列句子1)我们能解决这个难题。
2)学电脑的能解决这个难题。
3)两天时间能解决这个难题。
4)那个地方能解决这个难题。
5)1000万元能解决这个难题。
6)调查研究能解决这个难题。
7)如果运用科学的力法能解决这个难题。
二、英汉主语的差异1.英语的陈述句、疑问句必须有主语,而汉语无主句比比皆是。
如:1) 应该教育儿童讲老实话。
2) 发现了错误,一定要改正。
2.另外,在句型结构上,英语呈主语-谓语型;汉语呈话题-说明型。
3. 英语的特点之一在于其物称倾向,即喜欢使用抽象概念、无生命的事物以及其他不能主动发出动作的词语作为句子的主语。
而汉语比较多用人称化的说法,行为主体往往是有生命的人或者人组成的机构。
三、在翻译中保留原主语1. 我知道他完全够条件。
2. Leamas guessed she must have been briefed to take that way.四、在翻译中改变主语一)为信息等值改变主语1)两天时间能解决这个难题。
2)那个地方能解决这个难题。
3)1000万元能解决这个难题。
4)调查研究能解决这个难题。
二)人称主语与物称主语(一)英汉翻译中主语的改变I.“有人就提前”只要原文一个句子里有个“人”,翻译时就把他或她提取出来,提前到译文句子开头的位置,赋予其句子主语的地位。
1 The new position offered him a high degree of independence.2. The recent bubble and its harsh lessons may be fading from memory, but investors should remain wary.3. Such seminars will certainly find an eager audience with college students.4. Speculative demand for a currency is generated by the confidence speculators have in that currency.5. The hope is that antipathy between President Smith and Prime Minister Robinson, bred by the faction fights, will not ruin the summit.II. 法人也是“人”法人单位,例如政府、公司、机构、团体等由人构成的、可以作主语的名词及其代词,1. The search for Web engineers generated more than 1,500 applications, which the company screened down to 15 on three principal criteria.2. Since the signing of the Treaty of Rome in 1957, significant progress has been made toward European integration.III.“人多挑一个”这个技巧是指,如果一个英语句子里包含了两个人称词语或者机构名词,翻译时就可以选择其中的一个,提前到译文句子开头并且充当新的句子主语。
第五讲-汉英翻译中的语序变换

Exercise:
极其光荣伟大的事业 强大的社会主义工业国 国际经济新秩序 一位朝鲜的青年舞蹈家 几千朵美丽的红玫瑰 一张木制小圆桌 党的坚强领导 他所有的朋友 县官行令杀国材:限定词
a great and most glorious cause a powerful industrial socialist country a new international economic order a young Korean dancer thousands of beautiful red roses a small round wooden table the strong Party leadership All his friends
2-2)根据搭配需要进行调整 他有个女儿,在北京工作,已经打电话去了,听 说明天就能回来。 He has a daughter, who works in Beijing. Someone has phoned her and it is said that she will be back tomorrow. His daughter, who works in Beijing, answered the phone and said she would be back tomorrow.
2-1)根据时间顺序进行调整—(2) 逆译
汉语习惯是按照动作发生的时间先后组句的,而英语则比较灵活: 有时也按动作或事件的先后顺序,但更多的却是通过使用各种 表示时间的连词、关系代词或介词将动作或事件的先后次序打 乱。 离开教室时请把灯关掉。 Turn off the light before you leave the classroom. 我访问了一些地方、遇到了不少人。要谈起来,奇妙的事儿可多 着呢。 There are many wonderful stories to tell about the places I visited and the people I met.
商务英语翻译(英译汉)第五讲

6. With respect to manuscripts and pictures that are provided by the Chinese party, without the consent of the Chinese Party, the other party may not transfer the copyright, or extend the use thereof, or extend the areas where they shall be distributed.
广告对现代生活的方方面面产生极大的影响。(英语副词转换成汉 语形容词)
5. The fair price connected with the superiority of varieties of our products will be able to guarantee our competitive edge in the international market.
我方产品种类繁多,品质优良,价格合理,能够确保在国际市场 的竞争优势。(英语名词转换成汉语形容词)
一、转译成汉语动词 在英译汉时,英语中的许多意思都可以用汉 语的动词来表达。例如: 1)We mustn’t lose sight of the fact that air pollution is going from bad to worse in our city. 我们不能忽略这一事实,空气污染在我们城市中 日益严重。 (名词转译成汉语动词) (具备动词概 念的名词) 2)The airline has been in operation for many years.(名词转译成汉语动词) 这家航空公司已经营多年。
07级汉译英教案word版本-学生用

第一章绪论1.1翻译的性质和类型翻译的本质是释义,是意义的转换。
翻译的类型:1.2汉英翻译的单位1.3汉英翻译的标准严复的“信、达、雅”支谦、黄龙、刘重德、鲁迅、傅雷、钱钟书等的观点:Alexandra F. Tytler的“翻译三原则”;初学者的翻译标准:张培基、庄绎传的观点“功能相似、意义相符”1.4汉英翻译对译者素质的要求1.4.1 深厚的语言功底1.4.1.1 “语法意识”问题1.4.1.2 “惯用法意识”问题1.4.1.3 “连贯意识”问题1.4.2 广博的文化知识1.4.3 高度的责任感第二章汉英翻译基础知识2.1 汉英翻译与文化2.1.1 文化的定义与分类2.1.2 文化、语言与汉英翻译的关系2.2 中英思维方式对比2.2.1 中国人注重伦理(ethics),英美人注重认知(recognition)2.2.2 中国人重整体(integrity)、偏重综合性思维(synthetic),英美人重个体(individuality)、偏重分析性思维(analytic)2.2.3中国人重直觉(intuition),英美人重实证(evidence)2.2.4中国人重形象思维(figurative thinking),英美人重逻辑思维(logical thinking)2.3 汉英语言对比语系的不同。
汉语属于汉藏语系(Sino—Tibetan Family)英语属于印欧语系(Indo—European Family)2.3.1 汉英文字对比2.3.2 汉英语音对比2.3.3 汉英词汇对比2.3.3.1 汉英构词对比2.3.3.2 汉英词义对比2.3.3.3 汉英词义关系1)词义相符2)词义相异3)词义空缺2.3.4 汉英句法对比2.3.4.1 句子的概念2.3.4.2 句子的类型2.3.4.3 意合与形合我常见许多青年的朋友,聪明用功,成绩优异,而语文成绩不足以达意,甚至写一封信亦难得通顺,问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。
第五讲汉英句子翻译基本原理及主要方法

结构差异带来的启示
e.g. ……在这一年半中,她抄写、背写英 语单词的纸,累起来可达桌子高。…… In that year and a half, the paper on which she had copied English words or written them down from memory, if stacked up, could reach the table from the floor.
举例1
外高桥保税区是中国大陆第一个自由贸易区,她是以 出口加工和自由贸易相结合的一个综合型对外开放区 域。位于浦东新区东北端,濒临长江口,距市中心20 公里。 改译:Shanghai Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone is the first of its kind on China‟s mainland, or rather a comprehensive free trade zone open to the outside world characterized by free trade along with export processing. Overlooking the Yangtze River estuary, the zone is located in the northeast end of the Pudong New Area of Shanghai, 20 kilometers from the downtown district of the city proper.
译文二
看到这惨状,大家立即陷入了恐慌,有 人甚至有了打退堂鼓的心思。 The sight of the miserable scene terrified the people, some of whom even harbored the intention of making a retreat.
新编英语教程7 (Unit 5-14 Text I 译文)

新编英语教程7 (Unit 5-12 Text I 译文)Unit Five The Santa Ana Joan Didion圣安娜飓风洛杉矶今天下午的空气中存有某种不安,某种不自然的平静,某种紧张的气息。
言下之意,今晚将刮起圣安娜飓风。
这股热风将从东北呼啸而下,穿过克侯恩关口和圣哥根尼奥关口,沿着66号高速公路吹起一场沙尘暴,将沿途的山林干化到燃点。
不消几天我们将能看到峡谷里的浓烟,听到夜里的警报。
虽然我没有听说或者读到圣安娜飓风要来了,可是我知道它会来,而且我今天见到的所有人几乎都知道。
我们之所以知道是因为人人都有切身感受。
婴儿会烦躁。
女佣会愠郁。
而我则重燃了一场和电话公司之间本要熄灭的口舌之战,然后收拾败局躺了下来,彻底臣服于空气之中的某种莫名其妙的气氛。
和圣安娜飓风一起生活就得接受它,不管是有意还是无意地看,这都是种顽固的人类行为机械论。
我想起当我初次搬到洛杉矶,住在一个孤单的海滩旁时,有人告诉我,说过去本地的印第安土著会在这种恶风刮起的时候投身大海。
我可以想见原因。
在圣安娜飓风期,太平洋会泛起不祥的光泽,而且在夜晚人们不但会因为橄榄树上孔雀的尖叫声,而且会因为那没有风浪的怪诞海面感到烦躁不能入眠。
热度出乎人们的常识。
天空泛着一层黄光,这种光有时叫做―地震天气‖。
我那唯一的邻居好多天都不肯出门,夜晚也没有灯,她丈夫带着把弯刀在附近走动。
一天他跟我说他听到非法入境者的声音,第二天说是条响尾蛇。
在那样的夜晚,雷蒙德·查恩德乐曾经写过圣安娜飓风的情况,―每一个聚众酗酒的集会最后都演变成了一场斗殴,原本温和的小妻子会摸着餐刀的刀刃研究研究丈夫的脖子。
什么事都可能发生。
那就是这种风带来的影响。
我当时还不明白飓风对我们大家带来的影响有什么依据,可是最终它证明来自民间的智慧中存在着科学道理。
圣安娜飓风是以它经过的一个峡谷的名字命名的,它是一种焚风,就象奥地利和瑞士的焚风一样,或者象以色列的哈姆辛风(译者注:春季从沙哈拉大沙漠吹向埃及的干热风)。
07年“高级英语”课文逐句翻译(5)

lesson5 宁为⿊⼈不为⼥⼦ Lesson Five I'd Rather Be Black than Female 我是第⼀位当选国会议员的⿊⼈妇⼥,这使我不同凡响。
Being the first black woman elected to Congress has made me some kind of phenomenon. 国会中还有九位⿊⼈议员和⼗位妇⼥议员,但我是第⼀位同时克服两个不利因素的⼈。
There are nine other blacks in Congress; there are ten other women. I was the first to overcome both handicaps at once. 在这两种不利因素中,是个⼥⼈⽐是⿊⼈更糟。
Of the two handicaps, being black is much less of a drawback than being female. 如果我说做⿊⼈⽐做妇⼥更糟糕,也许没有⼈会对我的说法提出质疑。
If I said that being black is a greater handicap than being a woman, probably no one would question me. 为什么呢?因为“众所周知”,美国存在着对⿊⼈的歧视。
Why? Because “we all know” there is prejudice against black people in America. 说美国存在着对妇⼥的歧视对于⼏乎所有男⼈——还有⼤多数⼥⼈来说——却是不可思议的。
That there is prejudice against women is an idea that still strikes nearly all men – and, I am afraid, most women – as bizarre. 许多年以来,多数⼈看不到社会存在着对⿊⼈的歧视。
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Chapter 3 The technique of translationTechnique means a particular way of doing something, especially one in which you have to learn special skills (Advanced Dictionary).In translation, it is difficult to get rid of the influence of the structure of the source language. If we follow the original structure in translation, we may find it hard to reproduce the original thought. We may divide a sentence into two or more parts by picking out of words, phrases or clauses and making them into Chineseword-groups, clauses or sentences, coordinate or subordinate. (division, 拆译)Picking out words (拆譯單詞)There are usually three steps to deal with division.[1] Determine which word(s) to pick out[2] Apply conversion or addition, if necessary, to make the translated version smooth andwell-connected[3] Rearrange the word order according to Chinese mode of expressionExamples:He crashed down on a protesting chair. (1, P54)Darkness released him from last restraints. (3, P54)The bitter weather had driven everyone indoors. (4, P54)The only concession he made to the climate was to wear a white dinner jacket.(P54)(dinner jacket--semiformal evening dress for men短礼服)Illness indisposes a man for enjoyment. (13, P55)A new dignity crept into his walk. (16, P56)I pass my hands lovingly about the smooth skin of a silver birch.(32,P60)They relentlessly tear the flowers they see.他們見花就摘,好不愛惜。
I shall be glad of your company on the journey.如果你陪我一起去,我會很高興的。
She had seen the dictionary, flying over the pavement of the little garden, fall at length at the feet of the astonished Miss Jemima.她看著字典飛過小花園的甬道,最後掉在吉米瑪小姐的腳邊,嚇了她一大跳。
He was thunderingly insistent that something should be done about it.他大發雷霆,堅持必須對此事採取措施。
Auntie Julia vainly asked each of her neighbours in turn to tell her what Gabriel had said.朱利亚姨妈接连向坐在旁边的人打听加布里埃尔刚才说了些什么,却没有问出个所以然来。
They showed us a terrifying film about flash flooding. (N. Rigg)他们给我们演过一场关于顷刻成灾的电影,情景非常可怕。
We recognize that China's long-term modernization program understandably and necessarily emphasizes economic growth.我们认识到,中国的长期现代化计划以发展经济为重点,这是可以理解的,也是必要的。
Picking out phrases (拆譯短語)He accused her of talking childish nonsense not very fluttering to the intelligence of her audience. (P54)他責備她講了一些幼稚的廢話,把聽眾當傻瓜看待。
A few of the pictures are worth mentioning both for their technical excellence andinteresting content.有些照片技術高超,內容有趣,值得一提。
(e.g.9,P55)There is a bewildering variety of acoustics and vibration measurement equipment now available to the noise control engineer. (22, P58)目前,可供给控制噪音工程师用的音响装置和振动测量设备,种类繁多,邻人眼花缭乱。
The image of a sudden wall of dark water carrying the man and his car away in an instant is still imprinted on my mind.顷刻间,滚滚的浊水像堵墙一般压了下来,一股脑儿连人带车都给冲走了。
这情景,直到现在还印在我的脑海里。
Splitting of complex sentences (拆譯長句)1They(這個宣言和行動綱領) represented a worth beginning to the reshaping of 3 the United Nation concept of collective effort 2 in international and national economic development.試譯:這個宣言和行動綱領表明了一個可貴的開端,重新形成了聯合國同心協力的觀念在國際和國家經濟發展方面。
改譯:這個宣言和行動綱領表明了一個可貴的開端,那就是在國際和國家經濟發展方面,聯合國提出了一個同心協力的新觀念。
On one those sober and rather melancholy days in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloomy over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abbey. There was something congenial to the season in the mournful magnificence of the old pile; as I passed its threshold, it seemed like stepping back into the regions of antiquity, and losing myself among the shades of former ages. (P52)Their skill as horseman and archers halted Persian and Macedonian invasion but they remained a nomadic people until their disappearance during the Gothic onslaughts of the 3rd century AD.( 19, P57)Rome,as we all know, was not built in a day which was a step-by-step process involving many individuals. (26,P58)大家知道,羅馬不是一天建起來的,這是一個逐步完成的過程,一磚一瓦少了誰也不行。
(是許多人共同努力的結晶)The sun was pouring down a yellow autumnal ray into the square of the cloisters; beaming upon a scanty plot of grass in the center, and lighting up an angle of the vaulted passage with a kind of dusky splendor. From between the arcades, the eye glanced up to a bit of blue sky or a passing cloud; and beheld the sun-gilt pinnacles of the abbey towering into the azure heaven.一道帶有秋意的黃色陽光,正從回廊環繞的廣場上空傾瀉下來;照耀著場中央一塊稀疏的草坪,同時把上有拱頂的過道一角抹上一層陰鬱的光輝。
從拱廊之間向上望去,可以瞥見一抹藍天,或一朵遊雲,還有那鍍著陽光,伸向碧空的寺頂尖塔,也巍然在目。
As I paced the cloisters, sometimes contemplating this mingled picture of glory and decay, and sometimes endeavoring to decipher the inscriptions on the tombstones, which formed the pavement beneath my feet, my eye was attracted to three figures, rudely carved in relief, but nearly worn away by the footsteps of many generations.我躑躅於回廊之間,時而凝視著這幅輝煌和頹敗交融的景象,時而竭力辨認那些刻在墓石上的碑文。