05-13年专八mini-lecture_真题

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最新专八真题及答案

2013年TEM8真题及答案TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2013)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three words in each gap. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes while completing the task. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Now listen to the mini-lecture.What Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning.Characteristics of active learners:I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) ________ (1) ________II. (2) ______ and critical in thinking (2) ________i.e. information processing, e.g.— connections between the known and the new information— identification of (3) ______ concepts (3) ________— judgment on the value of (4) _____. (4) ________III. active in listeningA. ways of note-taking: (5) _______. (5) ________B. before note-taking: listening and thinkingIV. being able to get assistanceA. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of(6) ______. (6) ________B. reason 2: being able to predict study difficultiesV. being able to question informationA. question what they read or hearB. evaluate and (7) ______. (7) ________VI. last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility— active learners: accept— passive learners: (8) _______ (8) ________B. attitude toward (9) ______ (9) ________— active learners: evaluate and change behaviour— passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in(10) ______. (10) ________Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now listen to the interview.∙According to the interviewer, which of the following best indicates the relationship between choice and mobility?∙Better education →greater mobility →more choices.∙Better education →more choices →greater mobility.∙Greater mobility →better education →more choices.∙Greater mobility →more choices →better education.∙According to the interview, which of the following details about the first poll is INCORRECT?∙Shorter work hours was least chosen for being most important.∙Choices for advancement might have been favored by young people.∙High income failed to come on top for being most important.∙Job security came second according to the poll results.∙According to the interviewee, which is the main difference between the first and the second poll?∙The type of respondents who were invited.∙The way in which the questions were designed.∙The content area of the questions.∙The number of poll questions.∙What can we learn from the respondents’ answers to items 2, 4, and 7 in the second poll?∙Recognition from colleagues should be given less importance.∙Workers are always willing and ready to learn more new skills.∙Psychological reward is more important than material one.∙Work will have to be made interesting to raise efficiency.∙According to the interviewee, which of the following can offer both psychological and monetary benefits?∙Contact with many people.∙Chances for advancement.∙Appreciation from coworkers.∙Chances to learn new skills.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the best answer to each question on your answer sheet.Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.∙According to the news item, “sleepboxes” are designed to solve the problems of _________.∙airports∙passengers∙architects∙companies∙Which of the following is NOT true with reference to the news?∙Sleepboxes can be rented for different lengths of the time.∙Renters of normal height can stand up inside.∙Bedding can be automatically changed.∙Renters can take a shower inside the box.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question.Now listen to the news.∙What is the news item mainly about?∙London’s preparations for the Notting Hill Carnival.∙Main features of the Notting Hill Carnival.∙Police’s preventive measures for the carnival.∙Police participation in the carnival.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions.Now listen to the news.∙The news item reports on a research finding about _________.∙the Dutch famine and the Dutch women∙early malnutrition and heart health∙the causes of death during the famine∙nutrition in childhood and adolescence∙When did the research team carry out the study?∙At the end of World War II.∙Between 1944 and 1945.∙In the 1950s.∙In 2007.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on your answer sheet.TEXT AThree hundred years ago news travelled by word of mouth or letter, and circulated in taverns and coffee houses in the form of pamphlets and newsletters. “The coffee houses particularly are very roomy for a free conversation, and for reading at an easier rate a ll manner of printed news,” noted one observer. Everything changed in 1833 when the first mass-audience newspaper, The New York Sun, pioneered the use of advertising to reduce the cost of news, thus giving advertisers access to a wider audience. The penny press, followed by radio and television, turned news from a two-way conversation into a one-way broadcast, with a relatively small number of firms controlling the media.Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house. The internet is making news more participatory, social and diverse, reviving the distinctive characteristic of the era before the mass media. That will have profound effects on society and politics. In much of the world,the mass media are flourishing. Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009. But those global figures mask a sharp decline in readership in rich countries.Over the past decade, throughout the Western world, people have been giving up newspapers and TV news and keeping up with events in profoundly different ways. Most strikingly, ordinary people are increasingly involved in compiling, sharing, filtering, discussing and distributing news. Twitter lets people anywhere report what they are seeing. Classified documents are published in their thousands online. Mobile-phone footage of Arab uprisings and American tornadoes is posted on social-networking sites and shown on television newscasts. Social-networking sites help people find, discuss and share news with their friends.And it is not just readers who are challenging the media elite. Technology firms including Google, Facebook and Twitter have become important conduits of news. Celebrities and world leaders publish updates directly via social networks; many countries now make raw data available through “open government” initiatives. The internet lets people read newspapers or watch television channels from around the world. The web has allowed new providers of news, from individual bloggers to sites, to rise to prominence in a very short space of time. And it has made possible entirely new approaches to journalism, such as that practiced by WikiLeaks, which provides an anonymous way for whistleblowers to publish documents. The news agenda is no longer controlled by a few press barons and state outlets.In principle, every liberal should celebrate this. A more participatory and social news environment, with a remarkable diversity and range of news sources, is a good thing. The transformation of the news business is unstoppable, and attempts to reverse it are doomed to failure. As producers of new journalism, individuals can be scrupulous with facts and transparent with their sources. As consumers, they can be general in their tastes and demanding in their standards. And although this transformation does raise concerns, there is much to celebrate in the noisy, diverse, vociferous, argumentative and stridently alive environment of the news business in the ages of the internet. The coffee house is back. Enjoy it.∙According to the passage, what initiated the transformation of coffee-house news to mass-media news?∙The emergence of big mass media firms.∙The popularity of radio and television.∙The appearance of advertising in newspapers.∙The increasing numbers of newspaper readers.∙Which of the following statements best supports “Now, the news industry is returning to something closer to the coffee house”?∙Newspaper circulation rose globally by 6% between 2005 and 2009.∙People in the Western world are giving up newspapers and TV news.∙Classified documents are published in their thousands online.∙More people are involved in finding, discussing and distributing news.∙According to the passage, which is NOT a role played by information technology?∙Challenging the traditional media.∙Planning the return to coffee-house news.∙Providing people with access to classified files.∙Giving ordinary people the chance to provide news.∙The author’s tone in the last paragraph towards new journalism is _________.∙optimistic and cautious∙supportive and skeptical∙doubtful and reserved∙ambiguous and cautious∙In “The coffee house is back”, coffee house best symbolizes _________.∙the changing characteristics of news audience∙the more diversified means of news distribution∙the participatory nature of news∙the more varied sources of newsTEXT BParis is like pornography. You respond even if you don’t want to. You turn a corner and see a vista, and your imagination bolts away. Suddenly you are thinking about what it would be like to live in Paris, and then you think about all the lives you have not lived. Sometimes, though, when you are lucky, you only think about how many pleasures the day ahead holds. Then, you feel privileged.The lobby of the hotel is decorated in red and gold. It gives off a whiff of 19th. century decadence. Probably as much as any hotel in Paris, this hotel is sexy. I was standing facing the revolving doors and the driveway beyond. A car with a woman in the back seat — a woman in a short skirt and black —leather jacket —pulled up before the hotel door. She swung off and she was wearing high heels. Normally, my mind would have leaped and imagined a story for this woman. Now it didn’t I stood there and told myself. Cheer up. You’re in Paris.In many ways, Paris is best visited in winter. The tourist crowds are at a minimum, and one is not being jammed off the narrow sidewalks along the Rue Dauphine. More than this. Paris is like many other European cities in that the season of blockbuster cultural events tends to begin in mid-to late fall and so, by the time of winter, most of the cultural treasures of the city are laid out to be admired.The other great reason why Paris in winter is so much better than Paris in spring and fall is that after the end of the August holidays and the return of chic Parisian women to their city, the restaurant-opening season truly begins hopping. By winter, many of the new restaurants have worked out their kinks(不足；困难) and, once the hype has died down, it is possible to see which restaurants are actually good and which are merely noisy and crowded.Most people are about as happy as they set their mind to being, Lincoln said. In Paris it doesn’t take much to be happy. Outside the hotel, the sky was pale and felt very high up. I walked the few blocks to the Seine and began running along the blue-green river toward the Eiffel Tower. The tower in the distance was black, and felt strange and beautiful the way that many things built for the joy of building do. As I ran toward it, because of its lattice structure, the tower seemed obviously delicate. Seeing it, I felt a sense of protectiveness.I think it was this moment of protectiveness that marked the change in my mood and my slowly becoming thrilled with being in Paris.During winter evenings, Paris’s streetlamps have a halo and resemble dandelions. In winter, when one leaves the Paris street and enters a cafe or restaurant, the light and temperature change suddenly and dramatically, there is the sense of having discovered something secret. In winter, because the days are short, there is an urgency to the choices one makes. There is the sense that life is short and so let us decide on what matters.16. According to the passage, once in Paris one might experience all the following feelings EXCEPT _________.∙regret∙condescension∙expectation∙impulse∙Winter is the best season to visit Paris. Which of the following does NOT support this statement?∙Fashionable Parisian women return to Paris.∙More entertainment activities are staged.∙There are more good restaurants to choose from.∙There are fewer tourists in Paris.∙“Most people are about as happy as they set their mind to being.” This statement means that most people _________.∙expect to be happy∙hope to be as happy as others∙would be happier if they wanted∙can be happy if they want∙In the eyes of the author, winter in Paris is significant because of _________.∙the atmosphere of its evenings∙its implications for life∙the contrast it brings∙the discovery one makes∙At the end of the passage, the author found himself in a mood of _________.∙excitement∙thoughtfulness∙loneliness∙joyfulnessTEXT CIf you want to know why Denmark is the world’s leader in wind power, start with a three-hour car trip from the capital Copenhagen — mind the bicyclists — to the small town of Lem on the far west coast of Jutland. You’ll feel it as you cross the 6.8 km-long Great Belt Bridge: Denmark’s bountiful wind, so fierce even on a calm summer’s day that it threatens to shove your car into the waves below. But wind itself is only part of the reason. In Lem, workers in factories the size of aircraft hangars build the wind turbines sold by Vestas, the Danish company that has emerged as the industry’s top manufacturer around the globe. The work is both gross and fine; employees weld together massive curved sheets of steel to make central shafts as tall as a 14-story building, and assemble engine housings (机器外罩) that hold some 18, 000 separate parts. Most impressive are the turbine’s blades, which scoop the wind with each sweeping revolution. As smooth as an Olympic swimsuit and honed to aerodynamic perfection, each blade weighs in at 7,000 kg, and they’re what help make Vestas’turbines the best in the world. “The blade is where the secret is,”says Erik Therkelsen, a Vestas executive. “If we can make a turbine, it’s sold.”But technology, like the wind itself, is just one more part of the reason for Denmark’s dominance. In the end, it happened because Denmark had the political and public will to decide that it wanted to be a leader —and to follow through. Beginning in 1979, the government began a determined programme of subsidies and loan guarantees to build up its wind industry. Copenhagen covered 30% of investment costs, and guaranteed loans for large turbine exporters such as Vestas. It also mandated that utilities purchase wind energy at a preferential price — thus guaranteeing investors a customer base. Energy taxes were channeled into research centres, where engineers crafted designs that would eventually produce cutting-edge giants like Vestas’ 3-magawatt (MW) V90 turbine.As a result, wind turbines now dot Denmark. The country gets more than 19% of its electricity from the breeze (Spain and Portugal, the next highest countries, get about 10%) and Danish companies control one-third of the global wind market, earning billions in exports and creating a national champion from scratch. “They were out early in driving renewables, and that gave them the chance to be a technology leader and a job-creation leader,” says Jake Schmidt, international climate policy director for the New York City-based Natural Resources Defense Council. “They have always been one or two steps ahead of others.”The challenge now for Denmark is to help the rest of the world catch up. Beyond wind, the country (pop.5.5 million) is a world leader in energy efficiency, getting more GDP per watt than any other member of the E.U. Carbon emissions are down 13.3% from 1990 levels and total energy consumption has barely moved, even as Denmark’s economy continued to grow at a healthy clip. With Copenhagen set to host all-important U.N. climate change talks in December — where the world hopes for a successor to the expiring Kyoto Protocol —and the global recession beginning to hit environmental plans in capitals everywhere, Denmark’s example couldn’t b e more timely.“We’ll try to make Denmark a showroom,” says Prime Minister Anders Fogh Rasmussen. “You can reduce energy use and carbon emissions, and achieve economic growth.”It’s tempting to assume that Denmark is innately green, with the kind of Scandinavian good conscience that has made it such a pleasant global citizen since, oh, the whole Viking thing. But the country’s policies were actually born from a different emotion, one now in common currency: fear. When the 1973 oil crisis hit, 90% of Denmark’s energy came from petroleum, almost all of it imported. Buffeted by the same supply shocks that hit the rest of the developed world, Denmark launched a rapid drive for energy conservation, to the point of introducing car-free Sundays and asking businesses to switch off lights during closing hours. Eventually the Mideast oil started flowing again, and the Danes themselves began enjoying the benefits of the petroleum and natural gas in their slice of the North Sea. It was enough to make them more than self-sufficient. But unlike most other countries, Denmark never forgot the lessons of l973, and kept driving for greater energy efficiency and a more diversified energy supply. The Danish parliament raised taxes on energy to encourage conservation and established subsidies and standards to support more efficient buildings. “It all started out without any regard for the climate or the environment,” says Svend Auken, the former head of Denmark’s opposition Social Democrat Party and the architect of the country’s environmental policies in the 1990s. “But today there’s a consensus that we need to build renewable power.”To the rest of the world, Denmark has the power of its example, showing that you can stay rich and grow green at the same time. “Denmark has proven that acting on climate can be a positive experience, not just painful,” says NRDC’s Schmidt. The real pain could come from failing to follow in their footsteps.∙Which of the following is NOT cited as a main reason for Denmark’s world leadership in wind power?∙Technology.∙Wind.∙Government drive.∙Geographical location.∙The author has detailed some of the efforts of the Danish Government in promoting the wind industry in order to show _________.∙the government’s determination∙the country’s subsidy and loan policies∙the importance of export to the country∙the role of taxation to the economy∙What does the author mean by “Denmark’s example couldn’t be more timely”?∙Denmark’s energy-saving efforts cannot be followed by other countries.∙Denmark can manufacture more wind turbines for other countries.∙Denmark’s energy-saving success offers the world a useful model.∙Denmark aims to show the world that it can develop even faster.∙According to the passage, Denmark’s energy-saving policies originated from _________.∙the country’s long tradition of environmental awareness∙the country’s previous experience of oil shortage∙the country’s grave shortage of natural resources∙the country’s abundant wind resources∙Which of the following is NOT implied in the passage?∙Not to save energy could lead to serious consequences.∙Energy saving cannot go together with economic growth.∙Energy saving efforts can be painful but positive.∙Denmark is a powerful leader in the global wind market.TEXT DThe first clue came when I got my hair cut. The stylist offered not just usual coffee or tea but a complementary nail-polish change while I waited for my hair to dry. Maybe she hoped this little amenity would slow the growing inclination of women to stretch each haircut to last four monthswhile nursing our hair back to whatever natural colour we long ago forgot.Then there was the appliance salesman who offered to carry my bags as we toured the microwave aisle. When I called my husband to ask him to check some specs online, the salesman offered a pre-emptive discount, lest the surfing turn up the same model cheaper in another store. That night, for the first time, I saw the Hyundai ad promising shoppers that if they buy a car and then lose their job in the next year, they can return it.Suddenly e verything’s on sale. The upside to the economic downturn is the immense incentive it gives retailers to treat you like a queen for a day. During the flush times, salespeople were surly, waiters snobby. But now the customer rules, just for showing up. There’s more room to stretch out on the flight, even in a coach. The malls have that serene aura of undisturbed wilderness, with scarcely a shopper in sight. Every conversation with anyone selling anything is a pantomime of pain and bluff. Finger the scarf, then start to walk away, and its price floats silkily downward. When the mechanic calls to tell you that brakes and a timing belt and other services will run close to $2,000,it’s time to break out the newly perfected art of the considered pause. You really d on’t even have to say anything pitiful before he’ll offer to knock a few hundred dollars off.Restaurants are also caught in a fit of ardent hospitality, especially around Wall Street. Trinity Place offers $3 drinks at happy hour any day the market goes d own, with the slogan “Market tanked? Get tanked!” — which ensures a lively crowd for the closing bell. The “21” Club has decided that men no longer need to wear ties, so long as they bring their wallets. Food itself is friendlier: you notice more comfort food, a truce between chef and patron that is easier to enjoy now that you can get a table practically anywhere. New York Times restaurant critic Frank Bruni characterizes the new restaurant demeanor as “extreme solicitousness tinged with outright desperation.” “You need to hug the customer,” one owner told him.There’s a chance that eventually we’ll return all this kindness with the extravagant spending that was once decried but now everyone is hoping will restart the economy. But human nature is funny that way. In dangerous times, we clench and squint at the deal that looks too good to miss, suspecting that it must be too good to be true. Is the store with the supercheap flat screens going to go bust and thus not be there to honor the “free” extended warranty? Is there something wrong with that free cheese? Store owners will tell you horror stories about shoppers with attitude, who walk in demanding discounts and flaunt their new power at every turn. They wince as they sense bad habits forming: Will people expect discounts forever? Will their hard-won brand luster be forever cheapened, especially for items whose allure depends on their being ridiculously priced?There will surely come a day when things go back to “normal”; retail sales even inched up in January after sinking for the six months. But I wonder what it will take for us to see those $545 Sigerson Morrison studded toe-ring sandals as reasonable? Bargain-hunting can be addictive regardless of the state of the markets, and haggling is a low-risk, high-value contact sport. Trauma digs deep into habits, like my 85-year-old mother still calling her canned-goods cabinet “the bomb shelter.” The children of the First Depression were saving string and preaching sacrifice long after the skies cleared. They came to be called the “greatest generation.” As we learn to be decent stewards of our resources, who knows what might come of it? We have lived in an age of wanton waste, and there is value in practicing conservation that goes far beyond our own bottom line.∙According to the passage, what does “the first clue” suggest?∙Shops try all kinds of means to please customers.∙Shops, large or small, are offering big discounts.∙Women tend to have their hair cut less frequently.∙Customers refrain from buying things impulsively.∙Which of the following best depicts the retailers now?∙Bad-tempered.∙Highly motivated.∙Over-friendly.∙Deeply frustrated.∙What does the author mean by “the newly perfected art of the considered pause”?∙Customers now rush to buy things on sale.∙Customers have got a sense of superiority.∙Customers have learned how to bargain.∙Customers have higher demands for service.∙According to the passage, “shoppers...flaunt their new power at every turn” means that shoppers would _________.∙keep asking for more discounts∙like to show that they are powerful∙like to show off their wealth∙have more doubts or suspicion∙What is the author’s main message in the last two paragraphs?∙Extravagant spending would boost economic growth.∙One’s life experience would turn into lifelong habits.∙Customers should expect discounts for luxury goods.∙The practice of frugality is of great importance.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE (10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Mark the best answer to each question on your answer sheet.∙The full official name of Australia is _________.∙The Republic of Australia.∙The Commonwealth of Australia.∙The Federation of Australia.∙The Union of Australia.∙Canada is well known for all the following EXCEPT _________.∙its mineral resources∙its forest resources∙its fertile and arable land∙its heavy industries∙In the United States community colleges offer _________.∙two-year programmes∙four-year programmes∙postgraduate studies∙ B.A. or B.S. degrees∙In _________, referenda in Scotland and Wales set up a Scottish parliament and a Wales assembly.∙2000∙1946∙1997∙1990∙Which of the following clusters of words is an example of alliteration?∙ A weak seal.∙Safe and sound.∙Knock and kick.∙Coat and boat.∙Who wrote Mrs. Warren’s Profession?∙John Galsworthy∙William Butler Yeats∙T.S. Eliot∙George Bernard Shaw∙Sister Carrie by Theodore Dreiser is a(n) _________.∙novel∙short story∙poem∙autobiography∙Which of the following italicized parts is an inflectional morpheme?∙Un lock.∙Govern ment.∙Go es.∙Off-stage.∙_________ is a language phenomenon in which words sound like what they refer to.∙Onomatopoeia∙Collocation∙Denotation∙Assimilation∙The sentence “Close your book and listen to me carefully!” performs a(n) _________ function.∙interrogative∙informative∙performative∙directivePART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE word is involved. You should proof-read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blankprovided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a “∧” sign and write theword you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end of theline.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/” and put the word in theblank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen ∧art museum wants a new exhibit, (1) anit never buys things in finished form and hangs (2) neverthem on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3) exhibitProofread the given passage on your answer sheet as instructed.Psycho-linguistics is the name given to the study of the psychological processesinvolved in language. Psycholinguistics study understanding,production and remembering language, and hence are concerned with (1) _____listening, reading, speaking, writing, and memory for language.。

0513专八语言学真题精品PPT课件

A. dialect. B. idiolect. C. pidgin. D. register.
选C
2009
40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing
选B
2006
40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by
A. Holliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure
选D
2007英语专业八级
38. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
A. reference B. meaning C. antonymy D. context
选D
2006
39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of
A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms C. emotive synonyms D. collocational synonyms
A. an illocutionary act. B. a perlocutionary act. C. a locutionary act. D. none of the above.
选A
2010年英语专八
38.____ refers to the learning and development of a language

2005英语专八听力真题

EST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2005) -GRADE EIGHT-PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You willhear the lecture ONCE ONL Y. While listening, takenotes on the important points. Your notes will not bem arked, but you will need them to complete agap-filling task after the mini-lect ure. When thelecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your no tes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWERSH EET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Writing a Research PaperI. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) __________:e.g. —choosing a topic—asking questions—identifying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) ___________1. research papers: printed sources2. ordinary essay: ideas in one's (3) ___________II. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics:1. survey-type paper:—to gather (4) ___________—to quote—to (5) _____________The writer should be (6) ___________.2. argumentative (research) paper:a. The writer should do more, e.g.—to interpret—to question, etc.b. (7) _________varies with the topic, e.g.—to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8) __________.Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topic Question No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) _________Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) ___________The questions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilit ies.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer thequestions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10seconds to answer each of the following five questions.Now li sten to the interview.1. What is the purpose of Professor McKay's report?A. To look into the mental health of old people.B. To explain why people have negative views on old age.C. To help correct some false beliefs about old age.D. To identify the various problems of old age2. Which of the following is NOT Professor McKay's view?A. People change in old age a lot more than at the age of 21.B. There are as many sick people in old age as in middle age.C. We should not expect more physical illness among old people.D. We should not expect to find old people unattractive as a group.3. According to Professor McKay's report,A. family love is gradually disappearing.B. it is hard to comment on family feeling.C. more children are indifferent to their parents.D. family love remains as strong as ever.4. Professor McKay is ________ towards the tendency of more parents living apart from theirchildren.A. negativeB. positiveC. ambiguousD. neutral5. The only popular belief that Professor McKay is unable to provide evidence against isA. old-age sickness.B. loose family ties.C. poor mental abilities.D. difficulities in maths.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer thequestions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Question 6 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.6. Scientists in Brazil have used frog skin toA. eliminate bacteria.B. treat burns.C. Speed up recovery.D. reduce treatment cost.Question 7 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.7. What is NOT a feature of the new karaoke machine?A. It is featured by high technology.B. It allows you to imitate famous singers.C. It can automatically alter the tempo and tone of a song.D. It can be placed in specially designed theme rooms.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.8. China's Internet users had reached _________ by the end of June.A. 68 millionB. 8.9 millionC. 10 millionD. 1.5 millionQuestion 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news it em, you will begiven 20 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the ne ws.9. According to the WTO, Chinese exports rose _________ last year.A. 21%B. 10%C. 22%D. 4.7310. According to the news, which trading nation in the top 10 has reported a5 per cent fall inexports?A. The UK.B. The US.C. Japan.D. Germany.Part 1, Listening ComprehensionSection A, Mini-LectureI think as seniors, you are often required by yourinstructors to do some librar y research on this topicor that. And, in the end, you have to write aresearch p aper, right? Then what is writing aresearch paper like? How are we going to w rite one?What are the steps in producing a research paper and what are the p oints we need to take careof? In today’s lecture, I’ll try to answer these questi ons.First of all, what is writing a research paper like? We may start by comparing i t to an ordinaryessay, a form of writing you are very familiar with. Writing a r esearch paper is much like writingan essay. Both kinds of writing involve ma ny of the same basic steps. That is, choosing atopic, asking questions to defi ne and develop the topic, identifying the audience, getting rawmaterial to wor k with, outlining the paper, writing it, and, finally, revising it. These are the st epsshared between research paper writing and essay writing.Is there any difference, you may ask. Yes. What makes a research paper diffe rent is that muchof your raw material comes not from your own head, but from printed sources: mainly booksand periodicals in the library. Collecting raw material, that is reading books and taking notes, isvery much like the process of brainstorming at the prewriting stage of an ordinary essay.Generally speaking, there are two basic types of research papers, and a paper may belong toeither type. It may be a survey of facts and opinions availabl e on a given topic or an analytical argument that uses those facts and opinio ns to prove a point. Your instructor maytell you which kind of paper you are e xpected to write. If not, you yourself should eventually choose between surv eying and arguing. You will then have a definite way of managing yoursource s.Now, let’s take a look at how you are going to write a survey-type research p aper or an argumentative research paper. In a survey-type research paper, you gather facts and a variety of opinions on a given topic. You make little at tempt to interpret or evaluate whatyour sources say or to prove a particul ar point. Instead, through quotation, summary, and paraphrase, you try to provide a representative sampling of facts and opinions to give an objecti ve report on your topic. You explain the pros and cons of various attitudes or opinions,but you don’t side definitely with any one of them.While in an argumentative research paper, you do considerably more. You d o not simply quote, paraphrase, and summarize as you do in a survey-typ e paper. You interpret,question, compare, and judge the statements you cite . You explain why one opinion is soundand another is not; why one fact is rel evant and another is not; why one writer is correct andanother is mistaken. What’s more, your purpose may vary with your topic. You may try toexplain a situation to recommend a course of action, to reveal the solution to a pro blem, orto present and defend a particular interpretation of a historical ev ent or a work of art. Butwhether the topic is space travel or trends in contem porary American literature, an argumentative research paper deals actively – I say it again, actively – with the statements itcites. It makes these stateme nts work together in an argument that you create, that is, to anargument lea ding to a conclusion of your own.In the next part of the lecture, I’d like to talk about one of the basic steps in writing Imentioned earlier in the lecture. That is how to choose a topic. Choos ing a topic for a researchpaper is in some ways like choosing a topic for an ordinary essay, but there are somedifferences. As you think about your topic, as k yourself these questions:Question number one: Do you really want to know more about this topic? This is the initial question you have to ask yourself, because research on any subj ect will keep you busy forweeks. You certainly do not wish to waste your time on something you have little interest in.You do it well only if you expect to lea rn something interesting or important in the process.Question number tw Are you likely to find many sources of information on this topic? Youcannot write a research paper without consulting a variety of sour ces. If only one source ornone at all is readily available, you should rethink your topic or choose another.Question number three: Can you cut the topic down to a manageable size? Be reasonable and realistic about what you can do in a short period, say, tw o to four weeks. If your topic is“The American Revolution”,you’ll scarcely hav e time to make a list of books on your subject, letalone read and analyze the m. So try to find something specific, such as “The Role of ThomasJefferson i n the American Revolution” or “The Franco-American Alliance”Question number four: What questions can you ask about the topic itself? Qu estions help youget the topic down to a manageable size, discover its possibi lities, and find the goal of yourresearch, that is, the specific problem you wa nt to investigate. Suppose you want to writeabout the issue of financing a college education – A topic not only current, but also directlylinked to the liv es of most college students and their families. You could ask at least two orthr ee pointed questions: How much does educational opportunity depend on fin ancial status?Is financial aid going to the students who need it most? How m uch should universities andcolleges charge their students? You can ask yourse lf these questions or more as you start workon the research paper.Okay. To sum up, in today’s lecture, we’ve looked at some of the issues in res earch paperwriting, like the basic steps, types of research paper, and how to c hoose a topic. In our nextlecture, we’ll concentrate on how to identify the a udience, how to work out an outline, andhow to edit the draft.Section B, InterviewM: Today, we’ve Professor McKay on our morning talk show. Good morning, Professor McKay.W: Good morning.M: I’ve heard that you and your team have just completed a report on old ag e.W: T hat’s right.M: Could you tell me what your report is about?W: Well, the report basically looks into the various beliefs that people hold ab out old age andtries to verify them.M: And what do you think your report can achieve?W: We hope that it will somehow help people to change their feelings about ol d age. Theproblem is that far too many of us believe that most old people are poor, lonely, and unhappy.As a result, we tend to find old people, as a grou p, unattractive. And this is very dangerousfor our society.M: But surely we cannot escape the fact that many old people are lonely and many are sick.W: No, we can’t. But we must also remember that the proportion of such pe ople is no greateramong the 60-70 age group than among the 50-60 age gro up.M: In other words, there is no more mental illness, for example, among the 60s-70s thanamong the 50s-60s.W: Right! And why should there be? Why should we expect people to suddenl y change whenthey reach their 60th or 60th birthday any more than they did when they reached their 21st?M: But one would expect there to be more physical illness among old people, surely.W: Why should one expect this? After all, those people who reach the age of 65 or 70 are thestrong among us. The weak die mainly in childhood, then in t heir 40s and 50s. Furthermore, bythe time people reach 60 or 65, they have l earned how to look after themselves. They keepwarm, sleep regular hours, an d eat sensibly. Of course, some old people do suffer fromphysical illnesses, b ut these do not suddenly develop on their 65th birthday. People who arehealthy in middle age tend to be healthy in old age, just as one would expect.M: Do you find that young people these days are not as concerned about the ir parents astheir parents were about theirs?W: We have found nothing that suggests that family feeling is either dying or dead. There donot appear to be large numbers of young people who are tryin g, for example, to have their dearold mother locked up in a mental hospital.M: Don’t many more parents live apart from their married children then used to be the case?W: True, but this is because many more young families can afford to own thei r own homesthese days than ever before. In other words, parents and their m arried children usually live in separate households because they prefer it that way, not because the children refuse to havemum and dad living with them.M: Is this a good thing, do you think?W: I think that it’s an excellent arrangement. We all like to keep part of our l ives private, evenfrom those we love dearly. I certainly don’t think that it’s a s ign of the increased loneliness ofold age.M: Are people’s mental abilities affected by old age?W: Certain changes do take place as we grow older, but this happens through out life. Thesechanges are very gradual and happen at different times with dif ferent people, but, in general, ifyou know a person well in his middle age and have seen how he deals with events andproblems, you will easily recognize him in old age.M: So that someone who enjoys new experiences, travel, education, and so o n in his middleyears will usually continue to do so into old age?W: Exactly. We have carried out some very interesting experiments in which a group of peopleaged 60-70 and a group aged 30-40 had to learn the same th ings. The first thing wediscovered was that the young group tends to be quick er at learning than the old group.However, although the old group took longer to learn, eventually, they performed as well asthe young group. And when we tested the two groups several weeks later, there was again nodifference b etween the two groups.M: That’s very interesting indeed. What else did your experiments show?W: Well, one group of old people agreed to attend evening classes for a year t o study Englishand mathematics. In fact, most of this group became so intere sted in their studies that theycontinued them for another year. Anyway, we di scovered that they did best in the Englishclasses and that most of them steadi ly improved their ability to communicate in both thewritten and the spoken l anguage.M: What about the group who studied mathematics?W: Well, that’s a different story. There seems to be no doubt that people find maths moredifficult as they grow older. Though, why this is so, I cannot say.M: Perhaps pocket calculators will solve this problem.W: I think you’re right. In fact, I’m sure that you are.M: Okay. Time for a commercial. Stay tuned; we’ll be right back.Section C: News ItemsQuestion 6M: Scientists in Brazil claim they’ve come up with a new way of treating burn s. That is, withfrog skin. Researchers say it is cheap and effective. The frog s kin has components that diminish the growth of bacteria, making the wound heal faster and reducing the amount oftime that patient has to stay in hospit al. Researchers said the method had already beensuccessfully used in some h ospitals in Brazil.Question 7W: Once a source of high-pitched business activity, Japan’s karaoke industry has slowed down.Japanese have less to sing about amid sustained economic problems. Karaoke firms are now striving to develop new ideas to attract cos t-conscious karaoke singers. These include a new,high-tech machine that all ows people to sing like famous singers and theme rooms on some ofthe Asia n cartoon figures targeted at younger crowds. The new karaoke machine is b eingdeveloped by a professor from the US Massachusetts Institute of Technolo gy. The machineuses a technology called C-Sound that automatically adjuststhe speed and tone of any songbeing played to match the tempo and key th e singer is using. The tempo can be adjusted manually on conventional kar aoke machines, but the new product is the first machine to do it automaticall y.Question 8M: The China Internet Network Information Center said this week that the nat ion’s online community is expanding at a rapid pace, with 8.9 million users added in the first half of theyear, from January to June. China’s Internet popu lation hit 68 million by the end of June, theworld’s second-largest figure afte r the United States. The figure was 10 million at the end of2000 and 1.5 milli on in 1997.“Cyberspace is a force to be reckoned with in China,” said ChenHua Lin, a sen ior Internet analyst at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Netizens between th eages of 18 and 30 are the driving force. They spend 13 hours every week su rfing the Internet,on average. Their major purpose is obtaining information or having fun. At the same time, only0.2 percent listed online shopping, e-busin ess, and online learning as their main activity. As thenumber of China’s Intern et users grows, so does the junk mail. 8.3 e-mails out of 16参考答案:PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTURE1. basic steps2. raw materials3. head4. facts5. explain6. objective7. purpose8. ask questions9. a manageable size 10. the topic itselfSECTION B INTERVIEW1. C2. A3. D4. B5. DSECTION C NEWS BROADCAST6. B7. D8. A9. C 10.。

05-13专八语言学真题PPT课件

A. dialect. B. idiolect. C. pidgin. D. register.
选C
2021
15
2009
40. When a speaker expresses his intention of speaking, such as asking someone to open the window, he is performing
A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms C. emotive synonyms D. collocational synonyms
选B
2021
6
2006
40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by
A. Holliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure
选D
2021
7
2007英语专业八级
38. _______ refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
38. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of
A. reference B. meaning C. antonymy D. context
选D
2021
5
2006
39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of

2005-2006年专八（TEM8）真题、答案及听力原文（整理打印版）

TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2006)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35MIN)SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you sill hear a mini-lecture. You. will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points. Your notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture. When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE. Use the blank sheet for note-taking.Complete the gap-filling task, some of the gaps below may require a maximum of THREE words. Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are) both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may refer to your notes.Meaning in Literature (2006)In reading literary works, we are concerned with the ―meaning‖ of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) _________. (1) _________Apart from reading an author‘s work in question, readers need to1) read (2) __________by the same author; (2) _________2) get familiar with (3) __________ at the time; (3) _________3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.II. Meaning exists ―in‖ the text itself.1) some people‘s vi ew: meaning is produced by the formal propertiesof the text like (4)_______, etc. (4) _________2) speaker‘s view: meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and (5)______. (5) _________ Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditionsand conventions of usage. But different time periods and different(6) _____ perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text. (6) _________III. Meaning is created by (7) __________. (7) _________1) meaning is (8) ___________; (8) _________2) meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) ___________; (9) _________----practicing competency in reading ----practicing other competencies----background research in (10) ___________, etc. (10) _________ SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your colored answer sheet.Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.1. Which of the following statements is TRUE about Miss Green‘s university days?A. She felt bored.B. She felt lonely.C. She cherished them.D. The subject was easy.2. Which of the following is NOT part of her job with the Department of Employment?A. Doing surveys at workplace.B. Analyzing survey results.C. Designing questionnaires.D. Taking a psychology course.3. According to Miss Green, the main difference between the Department of Employment and the advertising agency lies in___.A. the nature of work.B. office decoration.C. offi ce location.D. work procedures.4. Why did Miss green want to leave the advertising agency?A. She felt unhappy inside the company.B. She felt work there too demanding.C. She was denied promotion in the company.D. She longed for new opportunities.5. How did Miss Green react to a heavier workload in the new job?A. She was willing and ready.B. She sounded mildly eager.C. She a bit surprised.D. She sounded very reluctant. SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow. Mark the correct answer to each question on your coloured answer sheet.Questions 6 and 7 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news.6. The man stole the aircraft mainly because he wanted to ______.A. destroy the European Central Bank.B. have an interview with a TV station.C. circle skyscrapers in downtown Frankfurt.D. remember the death of a US astronaut.7. Which of the following statements about the man is TRUE?A. He was a 31-year-old student from Frankfurt.B. He was piloting a two-seat helicopter he had stolen.C. He had talked to air traffi c controllers by radio.D. He threatened to land on the European Central Bank.Question 8 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.8. The news is mainly about the city government‘s plan to ______.A. expand and improve the existing subway system.B. build underground malls and parking lots.C. prevent further land subsidence.D. promote advanced technology.Questions 9 and 10 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the two questions. Now listen to the news.9. According to the news, what makes thi s credit card different from conventional ones is ______.A. that it can hear the owner‘s voice.B. that it can remember a password.C. that it can identify the owner‘s voi ce.D. that it can remember the owner‘s PIN.10. The newly developed credit card is said to said to have all the following EXCEPT ______.A. switch.B. battery.C. speaker.D. built-in chip.PART II READING COMPREHENSION (30MIN)In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of 20 multiple-choice questions.Read the passages and then mark your answers on your coloured answer sheet.TEXT AThe University in transformation, edited by Australian futurists Sohail Inayatullah and Jennifer Gidley, presents some 20 highly varied outlooks on tomorrow‘s universities by writers representing both Western and mon-Western perspectives. Their essays raise a broad range of issues, questioning nearly every key assumption we have about higher education today.The most widely discussed alternative to the traditional campus is the Internet University –a voluntary community to scholars/teachers physically scattered throughout a country or around the world but all linked in cyberspace. A computerized university could have many advantages, such as easy scheduling, effi cient delivery of lectures to thousands or even millions of students at once, and ready access for students everywhere to the resources of all the world‘s great libraries.Yet the Internet University poses dangers, too. For example, a line of franchised courseware, produced by a few superstar teachers, marketed under the brand name of a famous institution, and heavily advertised, might eventually come to dominate the global education market, warns sociology professor Peter Manicas of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. Besides enforcing a rigidly standardized curriculum, such a ―college education in a box‖ could undersell the offerings of many traditional brick and mortar institutions, effectively driving then out of business and throwing thousands of career academics out of work, note Australian communications professors David Rooney and Greg Hearn.On the other hand, while global connectivity seems highly likely to play some significant role in future higher education, that does not mean greater uniformity in course content – or other dangers – will necessarily follow. Counter-movements are also at work.Many in academia, including scholars contributing to this volume, are questioning the fundamental mission of university education. What if, for instance, instead of receiving primarily technical training and building their individual careers, university students and professors could focus their learning and research efforts on existing problems in their local communities and the world? Feminist scholar Ivana Milojevic dares to dream what a university might become ―if we believed that child-care workers and teachers in early childhood education should be one of the highest (rather than lowest) paid professionals?‖Co-editor Jennifer Gidley shows how tomorrow‘s university faculty, instead of giving lectures and conducting independent research, may take on three new roles. Some would act as brokers, assembling customized degree-credit programmes for individual students by mixing and matching the best course offerings available from institutions all around the world. A second group, mentors, would fu nction much like today‘s faculty advisers, but are likely to be working with many more students outside their own academic specialty. This would require them to constantly be learning from their students as well as instructing them.A third new role for fa culty, and in Gidley‘s view the most challenging and rewarding of all, would be as meaning-makers: charismati c sages and practitioners leading groups of students/colleagues in collaborative efforts to find spiritual as well as rational and technological solutions to specifi c real-world problems.Moreover, there seems little reason to suppose that any one form of university must necessarily drive out all other options. Students may be ―enrolled‖ in courses offered at virtual campuses on the Internet, between–or even during –sessions at a real-world problem-focused institution.As co-editor Sohail Inayatullah points out in his introduction, no future is inevitable, and the very act of imagining and thinking through alternative possibilities can directly affect how thoughtfully, creatively and urgently even a dominant technology is adapted and applied. Even in academia, the future belongs to those who care enough to work their visions into practical, sustainable realities.11. When the book reviewer discusses the Internet University, ______.A. he is in favor of it.B. his view is balanced.C. he i s slightly critical of it.D. he is strongly critical of it.12.Whi ch of the following is NOT seen as a potential danger of the Internet University?A. Internet-based courses may be less costly than traditional ones.B. Teachers in traditional institutions may lose their jobs.C. Internet-based courseware may lack variety in course content.D. The Internet University may produce teachers with a lot of publicity.13. According to the review, what is the fundamental mi ssion of traditional university education?A. Knowledge learning and career building.B. Learning how to solve existing social problems.C. Researching into solutions to current world problems.D. Combining research efforts of teachers and students in learning.14. Judging from the Three new roles envisioned for tomorrow's university faculty, university teachers ______.A. are required to conduct more independent research.B. are required to offer more course to their students.C. are supposed to assume more demanding duties.D. are supposed to supervise more students in their specialty.15.Whi ch category of writing does the review belong to?A. Narration.B. DescriptionC. persuasionD. Exposition.TEXT BEvery street had a story, every building a memory. Those blessed with wonderful childhoods can drive the streets of their hometowns and happily roll back the years. The rest are pulled home by duty and leave as soon as possible. After Ray Atlee had been in Clanton (his hometown) for fifteen minutes he was anxious to get out.The town had changed, but then it hadn't. On the highways leading in, the cheap metal buildings and mobile homes were gathering as tightly as possible next to the roads for maximum visibility. This town had no zoning whatsoever. A landowner could build anything wiih no permit no inspection, no noti ce to adjoining landowners. nothing. Only hog farms and nuclear reactors required approvals and paperwork. The result was a slash-and-build clutter that got uglier by the year.But in the older sections, nearer the square, the town had not changed at all The long shaded streets were as clean and neat as when Kay roamed them on his bike. Most of the houses were still owned by people he knew, or if those folks had passed on the new owners kept the lawns clipped and the shutters painted. Only a few were being neglected. A handful had been abandoned. This deep in Bible country, it was still an unwritten rule in the town that little was done on Sundays except go to church, sit on porches, visit neighbors, rest and relax the way God intended.It was cloudy, quite cool for May, and as he toured his old turf, killing time until the appointed hour for the family meeting, he tried to dwell on the good memories from Clanton. There was Dizzy Dean Park where he had played little League for the Pirates, and (here was the public pool he'd swum in every summer except 1969 when the city closed it rather than admit black children. There were the churches - Baptist, Methodist, and Presbyterian - facing each other at the intersection of Second and Elm like wary sentries, their steeples competing for height. They were empty now, hut in an hour or so the more faithful would gather for evening servi ces.The square was as lifeless as the streets leading to it. With eight thousand people, Clanton was just large enough to have attracted the discount stores that had wiped out so many small towns. But here the people had been faithful to their downtown merchants, and there wasn‘t s single empty or boarded-up building around the square – no small miracle. The retail shops were mixed in with the banks and law offices and cafes, all closed for the Sabbath.He inched through the cemetery and surveyed the Atlee section in the old part, where the tombstones were grander. Some of his ancestors had built monuments for their dead. Ray had always assumed that the family money he‘d never seen must have been buried in those graves. He parked and walked to his mot her‘s grave, something he hadn‘t done in years. She was buried among the Atlees, at the far edge of the family plot because she had barely belonged.Soon, in less than an hour, he would be sitting in his father‘s study, sipping bad instant tea and receivi ng instructions on exactly how his father would be laid to rest. Many orders were about to be give, many decrees and directions, because his father(who used to be a judge) was a great man and cared deeply about how he was to be remembered.Moving again, R ay passed the water tower he‘d climbed twi ce, the second time with the police waiting below. He grimaced at his old high school, a place he‘d never visited since he‘d left it. Behind it was the football field where his brother Forres t had romped over opponents and almost became famous before getting bounced off the team.It was twenty minutes before five, Sunday, May 7. Time for the family meeting.16. From the first paragraph, we get the impression that ______.A. Ray cherished his childhood memories.B. Ray had something urgent to take care of.C. Ray may not have a happy childhood.D. Ray cannot remember his childhood days.17. Which of the following adjectives does NOT describe Ray‘s hometown?A. Lifeless.B. Religious.C. Traditional.D. Quiet.18. Form the passage we can infer that the relationship between Ray and his parents was ______.A. close.B. remote.C. tense.D. impossible to tell.19. It can be inferred from the passage that Ray‘s father was all EXCEPT ______.A. considerate.B. punctual.C. thrifty.D. dominant.TEXT CCampaigning on the Indian frontier is an experience by itself. Neither the landscape nor the people find their counterparts in any other portion of the globe. Valley walls rise steeply five or six thousand feet on every side. The columns crawl through a maze of giant corridors down whi ch fierce snow-fed torrents foam under skies of brass. Amid these scenes of savage brilliancy there dwells a race whose qualities seem to harmonize with their environment. Except at harvest-time, when self-preservation requires a temporary truce, the Pathan tribes are al ways engaged in private or public war. Every man is a warrior, a politician and a theologian. Every large house is a real feudal fortress made, it is true, only of sun-baked clay, but with battlements, turrets, loopholes, drawbridges, etc. complete. Every village has its defence. Every family cultivates its vendetta; every clan, its feud. The numerous tribes and combinations of tribes all have their accounts to settle with one another. Nothing is ever forgotten, and very few debts are left unpaid. For the purposes of social life, in addition to the convention about harvest-time, a most elaborate code of honour has been established and is on the whole faithfully observed. A man who knew it and observed it faultlessly might passunarmed from one end of the frontier to another. The slightest technical slip would, however, be fatal. The life of the Pathan is thus full of interest; and hi s valleys, nourished alike by endless sunshine and abundant water, are fertile enough to yield with little labour the modest material requirements of a sparse population.Into this happy world the nineteenth century brought two new facts: the rifle and the British Government. The first was an enormous luxury and blessing; the second, an unmitigated nuisance. The convenience of the rifle was nowhere more appreciated than in the Indian highlands. A weapon which would kill with accuracy at fifteen hundred yards opened a whole new vista of delights to every family or clan which could acquire it. One could actually remain in one's own house and fire at one's neighbour nearly a mile away. One could lie in wait on some high crag, and at hitherto unheard-of ranges hit a horseman far below. Even villages could fire at each other without the trouble of going far from home. Fabulous prices were therefore offered for thes e glorious products of science. Rifle-thieves scoured all India to reinforce the efforts of the honest smuggler. A steady flow of the coveted weapons spread its genial influence throughout the frontier, and the respect which the Pathan tribesmen entertained for Christian civilization was vastly enhanced.The action of the British Government on the other hand was entirely unsatisfactory. The great organizing, advancing, absorbing power to the southward seemed to be little better than a monstrous spoil-sport. If the Pathan made forays into the plains, not only were they driven back (which after all was no more than fair), but a whole series of subsequent interferences took place, followed at intervals by expeditions which toiled laboriously through the valleys, scolding the tribesmen and exacting fines for any damage which they had done. No one would have minded these expeditions if they had simply come, had a fight and then gone away again. In many cases this was their practice under what was called the "butcher and bolt policy"to which the Government of India long adhered. But towards the end of the nineteenth century these intruders began to make roads through many of the valleys, and in particular the great road to Chitral. They sought to ensure the safety of these roads by threats, by forts and by subsidies. There was no objection to the last method so far as it went. But the whole of this tendency to road-making was regarded by the Pathans with profound distaste. All along the road people were expected to keep quiet, not to shoot one another, and above all not to shoot at travellers along the road. It was too much to ask, and a whole series of quarrels took their origin from this source.20.The word debts in "very few debts are left unpaid" in the first paragraph means ______.A. loans.B. accountsC. killingsD. bargains.21.Whi ch of the following is NOT one of the geographical facts about the Indian frontier?A. Melting snows.B. Large population.C. Steep hillsides.D. Fertile valleys.22. According to the passage, the Pathans welcomed ______.A. the introduction of the rifle.B. the spread of British rule.C. the extension of luxuriesD. the spread of trade.23. Building roads by the BritishA. put an end to a whole series of quarrels.B. prevented the Pathans from earning on feuds.C. lessened the subsidies paid to the Pathans.D. gave the Pathans a much quieter life.24. A suitable title for the passage would be ______.A. Campaigning on the Indian frontier.B. Why the Pathans resented the British rule.C. The popularity of rifles among the Pathans.D. The Pathans at war.TEXT D"Museum" is a slippery word. It first meant (in Greek) anything consecrated to the Muses: a hill, a shrine, a garden, a festival or even a textbook. Both Plato's A cademy and Aristotle's Lyceum had a mouseion, a muses' shrine. Although the Greeks already collected detached works of art, many temples - notably that of Hera at Olympia (before whi ch the Olympic flame is still lit) - had collections of objects, some of which were works of art by well-known masters, while paintings and sculptures in the Alexandrian Museum were incidental to its main purpose.The Romans also collected and exhibited art from disbanded temples, as well as mineral specimens, exotic plants, animals; and they plundered sculptures and paintings (mostly Greek) for exhibition. Meanwhile, the Greek word had slipped into Latin by transliteration (though not to signify picture galleries, which were called pinacothecae) and museum still more or less meant "Muses' shrine".The inspirational collections of precious and semi-precious objects were kept in larger churches and monasteries - which focused on the gold-enshrined, bejewelled relics of saints and martyrs. Princes, and later merchants, had similar collections, whi ch became the deposits of natural curiosities: large lumps of amber or coral, irregular pearls, unicorn horns, ostri ch eggs, fossil bones and so on. They also included coins and gems - often antique engraved ones - as well as, increasingly, paintings and sculptures. As they multiplied and expanded, to supplement them, the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined.At the same time, visitors could admire the very grandest paintings and sculptures in the churches, palaces and castles; they were not "collected" either, but "site-specific", and were considered an integral part both of the fabric of the buildings and of the way of life which went on inside them - and most of the buildings were public ones. However, during the revival of antiquity in the fifteenth century, fragments of antique sculpture were given higher status than the work of any contemporary, so that displays of antiquities would inspire artists to imitation, or even better, to emulation; and so could be considered Muses' shrines in the former sense. The Medici garden near San Marco in Florence, the Belvedere and the Capitol in Rome were the most famous of such early "inspirational" collections. Soon they multiplied, and, gradually, exemplary "modern" works wereIn the seventeenth century, scientific and prestige collecting became so widespread that three or four collectors independently published directories to museums all over the known world. But it was the age of revolutions and industry which produced the next sharp shift in the way the institution was perceived: the fury against royal and church monuments prompted antiquarians to shelter them in asylum-galleries, of which the Musee des Monuments Francais was the most famous. Then, in the first half of thenineteenth century, museum funding took off, allied to the rise of new wealth:London acquired the National Gallery and the British Museum, the Louvre was organized, the Museum-Insel was begun in Berlin, and the Munich galleries were built. In Vienna, the huge Kunsthistorisches and Naturhistorisches Museums took over much of the imperial treasure. Meanwhile, the decline of craftsmanship (and of public taste with it) inspired the creation of "improving" collections. The Victoria and Albert Museum in London was the most famous, as well as perhaps the largest of them.25.The sentence "Museum is a slippery word" in the first paragraph means that ______.A. the meaning of the word didn't change until after the 15th century.B. the meaning of the word had changed over the years.C. the Greeks held different concepts from the Romans.D. princes and merchants added paintings to their collections.26.The idea that museum could mean a mountain or an object originates from ______.A. the Romans.B. Florence.C. Olympia.D. Greek.27. "... the skill of the fakers grew increasingly refined" in the third paragraph means that ______.A. there was a great demand for fakers.B. fakers grew rapidly in number.C. fakers became more skillful.D. fakers became more polite.28. Painting and sculptures on display in churches in the 15th century were ______.A. collected from elsewhere.B. made part of the buildings.C. donated by people.D. bought by churches.29. Modern museums came into existence in order to ______.A.protect royal and church treasures.B.improve existing collections.C.stimulate public interest.D.raise more funds.30. Which is the main idea of the passage?A. Collection and collectors.B. The evolution of museums.C. Modern museums and their functions.D. The birth of museums.PART III GENERAL KNOWLEDGE(10 MIN)There are ten multiple-choice questions in this section. Choose the best answers to each question. Mark your answers on your colored answer sheet.31.The Presidents during the American Civil War was______.A. Andrew JacksonB. Abraham LincolnC. Thomas JeffersonD. George Washington32.The capital of New Zealand is______.A. ChristchurchB. AucklandC. WellingtonD. Hamilton33. Who were the natives of Australia before the arrival of the British settlers?A. The AboriginesB. The MaoriC. The IndiansD. The Eskimos34. The Prime Minister in Britain is head of______.A. the Shadow CabinetB. the ParliamentC. the OppositionD. the Cabinet35. Which of the following writers is a poet of the 20th century?A. T. S. EliotB. D. H. LawrenceC. Theodore DreiserD. James Joyce36. The novel For Whom the Bell Tolls is written by______.A. Scott FitzgeraldB. William FaulknerC. Eugene O'NeilD. Ernest Hemingway37. _____ i s defined as an expression of human emotion which is condensed into fourteen linesA. Free verseB. SonnetC. OdeD. Epigram38. What essentially distinguishes semanti cs and pragmatics i s the notion of______.A. referenceB. meaningC. antonymyD. context39. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of______.A. dialectal synonymsB. stylistic synonymsC. emotive synonymsD. collocational synonyms40. The distinction between parole and langue was made by______.A. HallidayB. ChomskyC. BloomfieldD. SaussurePART IV PROOFREADING & ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN)The passage contains TEN errors. Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error. In each case, only ONE wor d is involved You should proof, read the passage and correct it in the following way:For a wrong word, underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank pro-vided at the end of the line.For a missing word, mark the position of the missing word with a "^" sign and write the word you believe to be mi ssing in the blank provided at the end of the line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash "/" and put the word in the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLEWhen ^ art museum wants a new exhibit, (1)________it never buys things in finished form and hangs (2)________them on the wall. When a natural history museumwants an exhibition, it must often build it. (3)________We use language primarily as a means of communication withother human beings. Each of us shares with the community in which welive a store of words and meanings as well as agreeing conventions as (1)________。

专八mini-lecture2005-2013年真题

Writing a Research Paper 2005I. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) __________:e.g. —choosing a topic—asking questions—identifying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) ___________1. research papers: printed sources2. ordinary essay: ideas in one's (3) ___________II. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics:1. survey-type paper:—to gather (4) ___________—to quote—to (5) _____________The writer should be (6) ___________.2. argumentative (research) paper:a. The writer should do more, e.g.—to interpret—to question, etc.b. (7) _________varies with the topic, e.g.—to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8) __________.Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topicQuestion No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) _________Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) ___________The questions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities.Meaning in literature 2006In reading literary works, we are concerned with the "meaning" of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.I. Meaning is what intended by (1) ________-isApart from reading an author's work in question, readers need to1 ) read (2) ______ by the same author;2) get familiar with (3)_______ at the time;3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time.II. Meaning exists "in" the text itself. •1)some people's view:Meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like (4)________,etc2) speaker's view:Meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and(5)' _________ Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by common traditions and conventions of usage. But different time periods and different (6) ___________perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text.III. Meaning is created by (7) _________1)meaning is (8)___________2)meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) __________—practicing competency in reading—practicing other competencies—background research. In (10)__________ , etc.What Can We Learn from Art? 2007I. IntroductionA. Differences between general history and art history— Focus:— general history: (1)_____— art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc.B. Significance of studyMore information and better understanding of human society and civilizationII. Types of informationA. Information in history books is (2)_____— facts, but no opinionsB. Information in art history is subjective— (3)_____ and opinionse.g. — Spanish painter's works: misuse of governmental power— Mexican artists' works: attitudes towards social problems III. Art as a reflection of religious beliefsA. Europe: (4)_____ in pictures in churchesB. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palacesReason: human and (5)_____ are not seen as holyC. Africa and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremoniesPurpose: to seek the help of (6)_____ to protect crops, animals and people. IV. Perceptions of ArtHow people see art is related to their cultural background.A. Europeans and Americans— (7)_____— expression of ideasB. People in other places— part of everyday life— (8)_____ useV. Art as a reflection of social changesA. Cause of changes: (9)_____ of different cultures.B. Changes— tribal people: effects of (10)_____ on art forms— European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works— American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese paintingThe Popularity of English 2008I. Present status of EnglishA. English as a native/first languageB. English as a lingua franca: a language for communication among people whose(1)______ are differentC. Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language:— 320-380 million native speakers— 250- (2) _____ million speakers of English as a second languageII. Reasons for the popular use of EnglishA. (3) ____ reasons— the Pilgrim Fathers brought the language to America;— British settlers brought the language to Australia;— English was used as a means of control in (4)_____B. Economic reasons— spread of (5) _____— language of communication iii the international business communityC. (6)______ in international travel— use of English in travel and tourism— signs in airports— language of announcement— language of (7) ______D. Information exchange— use of English in the academic world— language of (8) _____ or journal articlesE. Popular culture— pop music on (9)______— films from the USAIII. Questions to think aboutA. status of English in the futureB. (10) ______ of distinct varieties of EnglishWriting Experimental Reports 2009I. Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II. Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III. Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULTS what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:introduction to relevant areanecessary background informationdevelopment of clear argumentsdefinition of technical termsprecise description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:understanding of study subject/area and its implicationsbasic grasp of the report’s format--- later stage:____9____ on research significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:inadequate material____10____ of research justification for the studyParalinguistic Features of Language 2010In face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.First category: vocal paralinguistic featuresA.(1)__________: to express attitude or intention (1)__________B.Examples1. whispering: need for secrecy2. breathiness: deep emotion3. (2)_________: unimportance (2)__________4. nasality: anxiety5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacySecond category: physical paralinguistic featuresA.facial expressions1.(3)_______ (3)__________----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome2.less common expressions----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest----- lip biting: (4)________ (4)_________B.gesturegestures are related to culture.1.British culture----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________ (5)__________----- scratching head: puzzlement2.other cultures----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______ (6)__________----- pointing at nose: secretC.proximity, posture and echoing1.proximity: physical distance between speakers----- closeness: intimacy or threat----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest (7)_________Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific. (8)_________2.posture----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: to indeicate(9)_____ (9)________----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude3.echoing----- definition: imitation of similar posture----- (10)______: aid in communication (10)___________----- conscious imitation: mockeryClassifications of Cultures 2011According to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures.I. High-context cultureA. feature- context: more important than the message- meaning: (1)__________i.e. more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itselfB. examples- personal space- preference for (3)__________- less respect for privacy / personal space- attention to (4)___________- concept of time- belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time- no concern for punctuality- no control over timeII. Low-context cultureA. feature- message: separate from context- meaning: (6)___________B. examples- personal space- desire / respect for individuality / privacy- less attention to body language- more concern for (7)___________- attitude toward time- concept of time: (8)____________- dislike of (9)_____________- time seen as commodityIII. ConclusionAwareness of different cultural assumptions- relevance in work and lifee.g. business, negotiation, etc.- (10)_____________ in successful communicationObservation 2012People do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behavior. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation.A.Differences---- daily life observation--casual--(1) ________--defendence on memory---- research observation-- (2) _________-- careful record keepingB. Ways to select samples in research---- time sampling-- systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour-- random: fixed intervals but (3) _______Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination.---- (4) _______-- definition: selection of different locations-- reason: humans’ or animals’ behaviour (5) ______ across circumstances-- (6) ______: more objective observationsC. Ways to record behavior (7) _______---- observation with intervention-- participant observation: researcher as observer and participant-- field experiment: research (8) ______ over conditions---- observation without intervention-- purpose: describing behavior (9) ______-- (10) ______ : no intervention-- researcher: a passive recorder2013 What Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning.Characteristics of active learners:I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) ________II. (2) ______ and critical in thinkingi.e. information processing, e.g.-- connections between the known and the new information-- identification of (3) ______ concepts-- judgment on the value of (4) _____.III. active in listeningA.ways of note-taking: (5) _______.B.before note-taking: listening and thinkingIV. being able to get assistanceA.reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of (6) ______.B.Reason 2: being able to predict study difficultiesV. being able to question informationA. question what they read or hearB. evaluate and (7) ______.VI. Last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility-- active learners: accept-- passive learners: (8) _______B. attitude toward (9) ______-- active learners: evaluate and change behavior-- passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) ______. Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.。

05专八听力原文.doc

听力原文2005Part 1, Listening ComprehensionSection A, Mini-LectureI think as seniors, you are often required by your instructors to do some library research on this topic or that. And, in the end, you have to write a research paper, right? Then what is writing a research paper like? How are we going to write one? What are the steps in producing a research paper and what are the points we need to take care of? In today’s lecture, I’ll try to answer these questions.First of all, what is writing a research paper like? We may start by comparing it to an ordinary essay, a form of writing you are very familiar with. Writing a research paper is much like writing an essay. Both kinds of writing involve many of the same basic steps. That is, choosing a topic, asking questions to define and develop the topic, identifying the audience, getting raw material to work with, outlining the paper, writing it, and, finally, revising it. These are the steps shared between research paper writing and essay writing.Is there any difference, you may ask. Yes. What makes a research paper different is that much of your raw material comes not from your own head, but from printed sources: mainly books and periodicals in the library. Collecting raw material, that is reading books and taking notes, is very much like the process of brainstorming at the prewriting stage of an ordinary essay.Generally speaking, there are two basic types of research papers, and a paper may belong to either type. It may be a survey of facts and opinions available ona given topic or an analytical argument that uses those facts and opinions to prove a point. Your instructor may tell you which kind of paper you are expected to write. If not, you yourself should eventually choose between surveying and arguing. You will then have a definite way of managing your sources.Now, let’s take a look at how you are going to write a survey-type research paper or an argumentative research paper. In a survey-type research paper, you gather facts and a variety of opinions on a given topic. You make little attempt to interpret or evaluate what your sources say or to prove a particular point. Instead, through quotation, summary, and paraphrase, you try to provide a representative sampling of facts and opinions to give an objective report on your topic. You explain the pros and cons of various attitudes or opinions, but you don’t side definitely with any one of them.While in an argumentative research paper, you do considerably more. You do not simply quote, paraphrase, and summarize as you do in a survey-type paper. You interpret, question, compare, and judge the statements you cite. You explain why one opinion is sound and another is not; why one fact is relevant and another is not; why one writer is correct and another is mistaken. What’s more, your purpose may vary with your topic. You may try to explain a situation to recommend a course of action, to reveal the solution to a problem, or to present and defend a particular interpretation of a historical event or a work of art. But whether the topic is space travel or trends in contemporary American literature, an argumentative research paper deals actively – I say it again, actively – with the statements it cites. It makes these statements work togetherin an argument that you create, that is, to an argument leading to a conclusion of your own.In the next part of the lecture, I’d like to talk about one of the basic steps in writing I mentioned earlier in the lecture. That is how to choose a topic. Choosing a topic for a research paper is in some ways like choosing a topic for an ordinary essay, but there are some differences. As you think about your topic, ask yourself these questions:Question number one: Do you really want to know more about this topic? This is the initial question you have to ask yourself, because research on any subject will keep you busy for weeks. You certainly do not wish to waste your time on something you have little interest in. You do it well only if you expect to learn something interesting or important in the process.Question number tw Are you likely to find many sources of information on this topic? You cannot write a research paper without consulting a variety of sources. If only one source or none at all is readily available, you should rethink your topic or choose another.Question number three: Can you cut the topic down to a manageable size? Be reasonable and realistic about what you can do in a short period, say, two to four weeks. If your topic is “The American Revolution”, you’ll scarcely have time to make a list of books on your subject, let alone read and analyze them. So try to find something specific, such as “The Role of Thomas Jefferson in the American Revolution” or “The Franco-American Alliance”Question number four: What questions can you ask about the topic itself? Questions help you get the topic down to a manageable size, discover its possibilities, and find the goal of your research, that is, the specific problem you want to investigate. Suppose you want to write about the issue of financing a college education – A topic not only current, but also directly linked to the lives of most college students and their families. You could ask at least two or three pointed questions: How much does educational opportunity depend on financial status? Is financial aid going to the students who need it most? How much should universities and colleges charge their students? You can ask yourself these questions or more as you start work on the research paper.Okay. To sum up, in today’s lecture, we’ve loo ked at some of the issues in research paper writing, like the basic steps, types of research paper, and how to choose a topic. In our next lecture, we’ll concentrate on how to identify the audience, how to work out an outline, and how to edit the draft.Section B, InterviewM: Today, we’ve Professor McKay on our morning talk show. Good morning, Professor McKay.W: Good morning.M: I’ve heard that you and your team have just completed a report on old age. W: That’s right.M: Could you tell me what your report is about?W: Well, the report basically looks into the various beliefs that people hold about old age and tries to verify them.M: And what do you think your report can achieve?W: We hope that it will somehow help people to change their feelings about old age. The problem is that far too many of us believe that most old people are poor, lonely, and unhappy. As a result, we tend to find old people, as a group, unattractive. And this is very dangerous for our society.M: But surely we cannot escape the fact that many old people are lonely and many are sick.W: No, we can’t. But we must also remember that the proportion of such people is no greater among the 60-70 age group than among the 50-60 age group. M: In other words, there is no more mental illness, for example, among the 60s-70s than among the 50s-60s.W: Right! And why should there be? Why should we expect people to suddenly change when they reach their 60th or 60th birthday any more than they did when they reached their 21st?M: But one would expect there to be more physical illness among old people, surely.W: Why should one expect this? After all, those people who reach the age of 65 or 70 are the strong among us. The weak die mainly in childhood, then in their 40s and 50s. Furthermore, by the time people reach 60 or 65, they have learnedhow to look after themselves. They keep warm, sleep regular hours, and eat sensibly. Of course, some old people do suffer from physical illnesses, but these do not suddenly develop on their 65th birthday. People who are healthy in middle age tend to be healthy in old age, just as one would expect.M: Do you find that young people these days are not as concerned about their parents as their parents were about theirs?W: We have found nothing that suggests that family feeling is either dying or dead. There do not appear to be large numbers of young people who are trying, for example, to have their dear old mother locked up in a mental hospital. M: Don’t many more parents live apart from their married children then used to be the case?W: True, but this is because many more young families can afford to own their own homes these days than ever before. In other words, parents and their married children usually live in separate households because they prefer it that way, not because the children refuse to have mum and dad living with them. M: Is this a good thing, do you think?W: I think that it’s an excellent arrangement. We all like to keep part of our lives private, even from those we love dearly. I certainly don’t think that it’s a sign of the increased loneliness of old age.M: Are people’s mental abilities affected by old age?W: Certain changes do take place as we grow older, but this happens throughout life. These changes are very gradual and happen at different times with different people, but, in general, if you know a person well in his middle age and have seen how he deals with events and problems, you will easily recognize him in old age.M: So that someone who enjoys new experiences, travel, education, and so on in his middle years will usually continue to do so into old age?W: Exactly. We have carried out some very interesting experiments in which a group of people aged 60-70 and a group aged 30-40 had to learn the same things. The first thing we discovered was that the young group tends to be quicker at learning than the old group. However, although the old group took longer to learn, eventually, they performed as well as the young group. And when we tested the two groups several weeks later, there was again no difference between the two groups.M: That’s very interesting indeed. What else did your experiments show?W: Well, one group of old people agreed to attend evening classes for a year to study English and mathematics. In fact, most of this group became so interested in their studies that they continued them for another year. Anyway, we discovered that they did best in the English classes and that most of them steadily improved their ability to communicate in both the written and the spoken language.M: What about the group who studied mathematics?W: Well, that’s a different story. There seems to be no doubt that people find maths more difficult as they grow older. Though, why this is so, I cannot say. M: Perhaps pocket calculators will solve this problem.W: I think you’re right. In fact, I’m sure that you are.M: Okay. Time for a commercial. Stay tuned; we’ll be right back.Section C: News ItemsQuestion 6M: Scientists in Brazil claim they’ve come up with a new way of treating burns. That is, with frog skin. Researchers say it is cheap and effective. The frog skin has components that diminish the growth of bacteria, making the wound heal faster and reducing the amount of time that patient has to stay in hospital. Researchers said the method had already been successfully used in some hospitals in Brazil.Question 7W: Once a source of high-pitched business activity, Japan’s karaoke industry has slowed down. Japanese have less to sing about amid sustained economic problems. Karaoke firms are now striving to develop new ideas to attractcost-conscious karaoke singers. These include a new, high-tech machine that allows people to sing like famous singers and theme rooms on some of the Asian cartoon figures targeted at younger crowds. The new karaoke machine is being developed by a professor from the US Massachusetts Institute of Technology.The machine uses a technology called C-Sound that automatically adjusts the speed and tone of any song being played to match the tempo and key the singer is using. The tempo can be adjusted manually on conventional karaoke machines, but the new product is the first machine to do it automatically. Question 8M: The China Internet Network Information Center said this week that the nation’s online community is expanding at a rapid pace, with 8.9 million users added in the first half of the year, from January to June. China’s Internet population hit 68 million by the end of June, the world’s second-largest figure after the United States. The figure was 10 million at the end of 2000 and 1.5 million in 1997. “Cyberspace is a force to be reckoned with in China,” said Chen Hua Lin, a senior Internet analyst at the Chinese Academy of Sciences. Netizens between the ages of 18 and 30 are the driving force. They spend 13 hours every week surfing the Internet, on average. Their major purpose is obtaining information or having fun. At the same time, only 0.2 percent listed online shopping, e-business, and online learning as their main activity. As the number of China’s Internet users grow s, so does the junk mail. 8.3 e-mails out of 16。

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Writing Experimental Reports (2009)I.Content of an experimental report, e.g.--- study subject/ area--- study purpose--- ____1____II.Presentation of an experimental report--- providing details--- regarding readers as _____2_____III.Structure of an experimental report--- feature: highly structured and ____3____--- sections and their content:INTRODUCTION ____4____; why you did itMETHOD how you did itRESULT what you found out____5____ what you think it showsIV. Sense of readership--- ____6____: reader is the marker--- ____7____: reader is an idealized, hypothetical, intelligent person with little knowledge of your study--- tasks to fulfill in an experimental report:introduction to relevant areanecessary background informationdevelopment of clear argumentsdefinition of technical termsprecise description of data ____8____V. Demands and expectations in report writing--- early stage:understanding of study subject/area and its implicationsbasic grasp of the report’s format--- later stage:____9____ on research significance--- things to avoid in writing INTRODUCTION:inadequate material____10____ of research justification for the study1.study findings/study discoveries2. laymen3. disciplined4.What you did5.discussion6. incorrect /wrong7.correct /right 8. collecting and analyzing/collection and analysis 9. greater focus/more emphasis 10. lacklaymen(门外汉): people who have little knowledge of an areaWriting a Research Paper 2005I. Research Papers and Ordinary EssayA. Similarity in (1) __________:e.g. —choosing a topic—asking questions—identifying the audienceB. Difference mainly in terms of (2) ___________1. research papers: printed sources2. ordinary essay: ideas in one's (3) ___________II. Types and Characteristics of Research PapersA. Number of basic types: twoB. Characteristics:1. survey-type paper:—to gather (4) ___________—to quote—to (5) _____________The writer should be (6) ___________.2. argumentative (research) paper:a. The writer should do more, e.g.—to interpret—to question, etc.b. (7) _________varies with the topic, e.g.—to recommend an action, etc.III. How to Choose a Topic for a Research PaperIn choosing a topic, it is important to (8) __________.Question No. 1: your familiarity with the topicQuestion No. 2: Availability of relevant information on the chosen topicQuestion No. 3: Narrowing the topic down to (9) _________Question No. 4: Asking questions about (10) ___________The questions help us to work out way into the topic and discover its possibilities.Meaning in literature 2006In reading literary works, we are concerned with the "meaning" of one literary piece or another. However, finding out what something really means is a difficult issue. There are three ways to tackle meaning in literature.I. Meaning is what is intended by (1) ________-Apart from reading an author's work in question, readers need to1 ) read (2) ______ by the same author;2) get familiar with (3)_______ at the time; ____3) get to know cultural values and symbols of the time. II. Meaning exists "in" the text itself. •1)some people's view:meaning is produced by the formal properties of the text like (4)________,etc2) speaker's view:meaning is created by both conventions of meaning and(5)' _________Therefore, agreement on meaning could be created by commontraditions and conventions of usage. But different time periods and different (6) ___________perspectives could lead to different interpretations of meaning in a text.III. Meaning is created by (7) _________1)meaning is (8)___________2)meaning is contextual;3) meaning requires (9) __________—practicing competency in reading—practicing other competencies—background research. in (10)__________ , etc.TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2007)-GRADE EIGHT-What Can We Learn from Art?I. IntroductionA. Differences between general history and art history—Focus:—general history: (1)_____—art history: political values, emotions, everyday life, etc.B. Significance of studyMore information and better understanding of human society and civilizationII. Types of informationA. Information in history books is (2)_____—facts, but no opinionsB. Information in art history is subjective—(3)_____ and opinionse.g. —Spanish painter's works: misuse ofgovernmental power—Mexican artists' works: attitudes towards social problemsIII. Art as a reflection of religious beliefsA. Europe: (4)_____ in pictures in churchesB. Middle East: pictures of flowers and patterns in mosques, palacesReason: human and (5)_____ are not seen as holyC. Africa and the Pacific Islands: masks, headdresses and costumes in special ceremoniesPurpose: to seek the help of (6)_____ to protect crops, animals and people.IV. Perceptions of ArtHow people see art is related to their cultural background.A. Europeans and Americans—(7)_____—expression of ideasB. People in other places—part of everyday life—(8)_____ useV. Art as a reflection of social changesA. Cause of changes: (9)_____ of different cultures.B. Changes—tribal people: effects of (10)_____ on art forms—European artists: influence of African traditional art in their works—American and Canadian artists: study of Japanese paintingTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2008)-GRADE EIGHT-The Popularity of EnglishI. Present status of EnglishA. English as a native/first languageB. English as a lingua franca: a language for communication among people whose (1)_native languages_____ are differentC. Number of people speaking English as a first or a second language:— 320-380 million native speakers— 250- (2) _350____ million speakers of English as a second languageII. Reasons for the popular use of EnglishA. (3) _historical___ reasons— the Pilgrim Fathers brought the language to America;— British settlers brought the language to Australia;— English was used as a means of control in (4)India_____B. Economic reasons—spread of (5) _commerce____— language of communication iii the international business communityC. (6)_Boom_____ in international travel— use of English in travel and tourism— signs in airports— language of announcement— language of (7) _traffic control_____D. Information exchange— use of English in the academic world— language of (8) _conferences____ or journal articlesE. Popular culture— pop music on (9)_many radios_____— films from the USAIII. Questions to think aboutA. status of English in the futureB. (10) __split____ of distinct varieties of EnglishTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2010)-GRADE EIGHT-Paralinguistic Features of LanguageIn face-to-face communication speakers often alter their tomes of voice or change their physical postures in order to convey messages. These means are called paralinguistic features of language, which fall into two categories.First category: vocal paralinguistic featuresA.(1)__________: to express attitude or intention(1)__________B.Examples1. whispering: need for secrecy2. breathiness: deep emotion3. (2)_________: unimportance(2)__________4. nasality: anxiety5. extra lip-rounding: greater intimacySecond category: physical paralinguistic featuresA.facial expressions1.(3)_______(3)__________----- smiling: signal of pleasure or welcome2.less common expressions----- eye brow raising: surprise or interest----- lip biting: (4)________(4)_________B.gesturegestures are related to culture.1.British culture----- shrugging shoulders: (5) ________(5)__________----- scratching head: puzzlement2.other cultures----- placing hand upon heart:(6)_______(6)__________----- pointing at nose: secretC.proximity, posture and echoing1.proximity: physical distance between speakers----- closeness: intimacy or threat----- (7)_______: formality or absence of interest(7)_________Proximity is person-, culture- and (8)________ -specific.(8)_________2.posture----- hunched shoulders or a hanging head: toindeicate(9)_____ (9)________----- direct level eye contact: to express an open or challenging attitude3.echoing----- definition: imitation of similar posture----- (10)______: aid in communication(10)___________----- conscious imitation: mockeryTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2011)-GRADE EIGHT-Classifications of CulturesAccording to Edward Hall, different cultures result in different ideas about the world. Hall is an anthropologist. He is interested in relations between cultures.I. High-context cultureA. feature- context: more important than the message- meaning: (1)__________i.e. more attention paid to (2) ___________ than to the message itselfB. examples- personal space- preference for (3)__________- less respect for privacy / personal space- attention to (4)___________- concept of time- belief in (5)____________ interpretation of time- no concern for punctuality- no control over timeII. Low-context cultureA. feature- message: separate from context- meaning: (6)___________B. examples- personal space- desire / respect for individuality / privacy- less attention to body language- more concern for (7)___________- attitude toward time- concept of time: (8)____________- dislike of (9)_____________- time seen as commodityIII. ConclusionAwareness of different cultural assumptions- relevance in work and lifee.g. business, negotiation, etc.- (10)_____________ in successful communicationTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2012)-GRADE EIGHT-ObservationPeople do observation in daily life context for safety or for proper behaviour. However, there are differences in daily life observation and research observation.A.Differences---- daily life observation--casual--(1) ________--defendence on memory---- research observation-- (2) _________-- careful record keepingB. Ways to select samples in research---- time sampling-- systematic: e.g. fixed intervals every hour-- random: fixed intervals but (3) _______Systematic sampling and random sampling are often used in combination.---- (4) _______-- definition: selection of different locations-- reason: humans’ or animals’ behaviour (5) ______ across circumstances-- (6) ______: more objective observationsC. Ways to record behaviour (7) _______---- observation with intervention-- participant observation: researcher as observer and participant-- field experiment: research (8) ______ over conditions---- observation without intervention-- purpose: describing behaviour (9) ______-- (10) ______ : no intervention-- researcher: a passive recorderTEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (2013)-GRADE EIGHT-What Do Active Learners Do?There are difference between active learning and passive learning.Characteristics of active learners:I. reading with purposesA. before reading: setting goalsB. while reading: (1) ________(1) ________II. (2) ______ and critical in thinking(2) ________i.e. information processing, e.g.— connections between the known and the new information —identification of (3) ______ concepts (3) ________—judgment on the value of (4) _____.(4) ________III. active in listeningA. ways of note-taking: (5) _______.(5) ________B. before note-taking: listening and thinkingIV. being able to get assistanceA. reason 1: knowing comprehension problems because of(6) ______.(6) ________B. reason 2: being able to predict study difficultiesV. being able to question informationA. question what they read or hearB. evaluate and (7) ______.(7) ________VI. last characteristicA. attitude toward responsibility— active learners: accept—passive learners: (8) _______(8) ________B. attitude toward (9) ______(9) ________— active learners: evaluate and change behaviour— passive learners: no change in approachRelationship between skill and will: will is more important in (10) ______.(10) ________Lack of will leads to difficulty in college learning.。