(完整版)名词解释题库及答案
(完整版)普通话题库及答案.doc
普通话题库及答案一名词解释 :1音节2声调3重音4口语交际二选择题1、请找出以下各题中加点字注音错误的一项。
1． A 掣肘（ chè） B 吮吸（ shǔn） C 污秽（ suì） D 雏鸡（ chú）2． A 针灸（ ji ǔ） B 发酵（ xiào） C 酗酒（ xù） D 膝盖（ xī）3． A 引擎（ qínɡ） B 粗犷（ kuànɡ） C 造诣（ yì） D 追溯（ sù）4． A 鞭笞（ chī） B 绮丽（ qǐ） C 市侩（ kuài） D 狡黠（ ji é）5． A 媲美（ bǐ） B 罹难（ lí）C 脚踝（ huái） D 麾下（ huī）6． A 修葺（ qì） B 残骸（ hái） C 湍急（ tuān） D 恪守（ɡè）7． A 木讷（ nà） B 哺育（ bǔ） C 刹那（ chà） D 狩猎（ shòu）8． A 炽热（ zhì） B 戏谑（ xuè） C 毗邻（ pí） D 晤谈（ wù）9． A 10． A 11． A 混合（ hùn） B 扒手 (pá) C 供销（ɡònɡ） D 对称（ chèn）汤匙（ chí） B 创伤（ chuànɡ） C 逮捕（ dài） D 提防（ dī）一丘之貉（ hé） B 寡廉鲜耻（ xi ǎn）C引吭高歌（ kànɡ） D 人头攒动（ cuán）12． A 安土重迁（ zhònɡ） B 未雨绸缪（ móu）C 13． AC 14． AC 15． AC 自怨自艾（ yì）D 排忧解难（ nán）蓦然回首（ mò） B 循规蹈矩（ jǔ）高瞻远瞩（ zhǔ） D 弦外之音（ xuán）面面相觑（ qù） B 垂涎三尺（ yán）依山傍水（ bànɡ） D 运筹帷幄（ wò）良莠不齐（ xi ù） B 鞠躬尽瘁（ jū）焚膏继晷（ɡ uǐ） D 刚愎自用（ bì）2、请找出以下各题中两个加点字读音不同的一项。
语言学名词解释和问答题答案（只供参考）
四、名词解释：四、名词解释： 1) Parole 话语：① it refers to the realization of langue in actual use.② it is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. ③ it is concrete, refers to the naturally occurring language events.④ it varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.2) Applied linguistics 应用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often beapplied to the solution of such practical problems as recovery of speech ability. The study of such applications is known as applied linguistics.3) Reference （所指）语义: It means what a linguistic form refers to in the real,physical world, it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience. 4) Illocutionary act 言外行为：the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is th the act of expressing the speaker’s intention,it is the e act preformed in saying something.5) Regional dialect 地域方言：it is a linguistic variety used by people living in thesame geographical region. It has been found that regional dialect boundaries often coincide with geographical barriers such as mountains, rivers and swamps. 6) LAD(Language Acquisition Device)语言习得机制：It was described as animaginary "black box" existing somewhere in the human brain.7) CA （Contrastive Analysis ）对比分析：starting with describing comparablefeatures of the native language and the target language, CA compares the forms and meanings across these two languages to locate the mismatches or differences so that people can predict the possible learning difficulty learners may encounter. 8) Neurolinguistics （神经语言学）：it is the study of two related areas ：language disorders and the relationship between the brain and language. It includes research into how the brain is structured and what function each part of the brain performs, how and in which parts of the brain language is stored, and how damage to the brain affects the ability to use language. 9) Predication analysis 述谓结构分析：① It is proposed by the British Linguist G It is proposed by the British Linguist G.Leech..Leech. ② The basic unit is called predication, which is the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence.③ This applies to all forms of a sentence.④ A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.10) Cross-cultural communication(intercultural communication)跨文化交流：itis communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.11) Cross-association 互相联想：In English we sometimes may come across wordswhich are similar in meaning. Their spelling and pronunciation are also alike. The close association of the two leads to confusion. Such interference is often referred as cross-association.12) CPH （Critical Period Hypothesis ）临界期假说：a specific and limited time period for language acquisition.①The strong version of CPH suggests that children must acquire their first language by puberty or they will never be able to learn from subsequent exposure.②The weak version holds that language learning will be more difficult and incomplete after puberty. (Support in Victor’s and Genie’s cases)13) Prescriptive （grammer ）规定语法：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct and standard " behaviour in using language to ell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.14) Performance 语言运用；言语行为：the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication .15) Duality 双重性(double articulation)：language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. The lower or basic level is of sounds, which are meaningless. The higher level can be meaningful.五、问答题：五、问答题：Chapter 11. How do you interpret the following definition of linguistics: linguistics is the scientificstudy of language?Linguistics studies not any particular language,but it studies languages in general.It is a scientific study because it is based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data,conducted with reference to some general theory of language structure.In order to discover the nature and rules of the underlying language system, what the linguist has to do first is to collect and observe language facts,which are found to display some similarities ,and generalizations are made about them,then he formulates some hypotheses about the language structure .But the hypotheses thus formed have to be checked repeatedly against the observed facts to fully prove their validity.6. How is Saussure Saussure’’s distinction between langue and parole similar to Chomsky Chomsky’’s distinction between competence and performance?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstract language system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to single out the language system for serious studyThey are similar in two aspects: the definition and the content of study.On one hand, Saussure defines langue as the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole as the realization of langue in actual use.Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s Chomsky defines competence as the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and knowledge of the rules of his language, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication. We can see that langue and competence both refer to the abstract issue, conventions and knowledge, and parole and performance both are their actual realization, the concrete use.On the other hand, in Saussure’s opinion, what linguists should do is to abstract langue from parole as parole is too varied and confusing. And this is the same as Chomsky. He thinks linguists should study t linguists should study the ideal speaker’s competence, not he ideal speaker’s competence, nothis performance, which is too haphazard to be studied.Two linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view of language, Chomsky looks at language from a psychological point of view, competence is a property of the mind of each individual.8. What are the main features of human language that have been specified by C.Hockett to show that it is essentially different from animal communication system?1) Arbitrariness: this means that there is no logical connection between meanings andsounds. A good example is the fact that different sounds are used to refer to the same object in different language.2) Productivity: Language is productive in that it makes possible the construction andinterpretation of new signals of its users.3) Duality: language is a system, which consists of two sets of structures, or two levels. Atthe lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless. But the sounds of language can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning, which are found at the higher level of the system. 4) Displacement: Language can be use to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past ,present or future, or in far-away places. In other words, language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker.5) Cultural transmission:Language is passed on from one generation to next through teachingand learning rather than by instinct.Chapter 23.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow one transcription differ?Broad transcription Broad transcription——one letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcription transcription——diacritics are added to the one-letter symbols to show the finer differences between sounds.In broad transcription, the symbol [l] is used for the sound [l]8.what’s a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how are allophones related to a phoneme?① A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones. Phones do not necessarily distinguish meaning, some do, some don’t, e.g. [ bI:t ] & [ bIt ], [spIt] & [spIt].② A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit of distinctive value; an abstract unit, not a particular sound, but it is represented by a certain phone in certain phonetic context, e.g. the phoneme /p/ can be represented differently in [pIt], [tIp] and [spIt].③ Allophone —the phones that can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environmentsPhone is different from phoneme,The phoneme /l/ can be realized as dark/l-/and clear/l/,which are allophones of the phoneme /l/Chapter 51. What are the major views concerning the study of meaning?1) The naming theory命名论 was proposed by the ancient Greek scholar Plato. Thelinguistic forms or symbols, in other words, the words used in a language are taken tobe labels of the objects they stand for; words are just names or labels for things. Thesemantic relationship holding between words and things is the relationship of naming.2) The conceptualist view概念论: This view holds that there is no direct link between alinguistic form and what it refers to; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they arelinked through the mediation of concepts in the mind. This is best illustrated by thesemantic triangle suggested by Ogden and Richards:3) Contextualism语境论: Representatively proposed by the British linguist J. R. Firthwho had been influenced by the Polish anthropologist Malinowski and the Germanphilosopher Wittgenstein.It holds that meaning should be studied in terms of situation,use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior. …the meaning of a wordis its use in the language.4) Behaviourism行为主义论: Based on contextualist view by Bloomfield who drew onbehaviorist psychology in defining “meaning”. Behaviorists attempted to define themeaning of a language from as the “ situation in which the speaker utters it and theresponse it calls forth in the hearer.” This theory, somewhat close to contextualism, islinked with psychological interest.6.In what way is componential analysis similar to the analysis of phonemes into distinctive features?成分分析和把音位分析为区别性特征有何相似之处？In the light of componential analysis, the meaning of a word consists of a number of distinctive meaning features, the analysis breaks down the meaning of the word into these features; it is these different features that distinguish word meaning similarly, a phoneme is considered as a collection of distinctive sound features, a phoneme can be broken down into these distinctive sound features and its these sound features that distinguish different sounds.Chapter 65. According to Austin, what are the three acts a person is possibly performing while making an utterance. Give an example.According to Austin's new model, a speaker might be performing three acts simultaneously when speaking: locutionary act, illocutionary act, and perlocutionary act.A locutionary act is the act of uttering words, phrases, clauses. It is the act of conveying literal meaning by means of syntax, lexicon and phonology. An illocutionary act is the act of expressing the speaker the speaker’’s intention; it is the act performed in saying something. A perlocutionary act is the act performed by or resulting from saying something; it is the consequence of, or the change brought about by the utterance; it is the act performed by saying something. Let's look at an example:"You have left the door wide open."The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the wo The locutionary act performed by the speaker is his utterance of the words “you”, “have”, rds “you”, “have”, “door”, “open”, etc. thus expressing what the “open”, etc. thus expressing what the words literally mean. words literally mean.The illocutionary act performed by the speaker is that by making such an utterance he has expressed his intention of speaking, i.e. asking someone to close the door, or making a complaint, depending on the context.The perlocutionary act refers to the effect of the utterance. If the hearer gets the speaker's message and sees that the speaker means to tell him to close the door, the speaker has successfully brought about the change in the real world he has intended to; then the perlocutionary act is successfully performed.8. What are the four maxims of the CP? Try to give your own examples to show how flouting these maxims gives rise to conversational implicature?答：答：Cooperative Principle, abbreviated as CP. It goes as follows:Make your conversational contribution such as required at the stage at which it occurs by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.To be more specific, there are four maxims under this general principle: (1) The maxim of quantity 数量原则数量原则E.g. A: When is Susan's farewell party?B: Sometimes next month.It is flouting the maxim of quantity (2) The maxim of quality 质量原则质量原则E.g. A: Would you like to join us for the picnic on Sunday?B: I'm afraid I have got a class on Sunday.(3) The maxim of relation 相关原则相关原则E.g. A: How did the math exam go today, Tom?B: We had a basketball match with the other class. (4) The maxim of manner 方式准则方式准则E.g. A: Shall we got something for the kids?B: Yes. But I veto I-C-E-C-R-E-A-M.Chapter92. What do you think of Sapir-Whorf hypothesis? Give examples or proof to support your point of view.Sapir-Whorf believe that language filters people's perception and the way they categorize their experiences. This interdependence of language and thought is now known as Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis. There are mainly two different interpretations about Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: a strong version and a weak one. The strong version believes that language patterns determine people people’’s thinking and behavior, the weak one holds that the former influences the later.I agree with the weak one. Here is an example, the word snow. For Eskimo snow is extremely important and so crucial to life that each of its various forms and conditions is named. In English-speaking cultures, snow is far less important and simple word snow usually suffices the need. When some needs become more specific, however, longer phrases can be made up to meet these needs: these needs: ““corn snow ”, , ““fine powder snow ”, and , and ““drifting snow ”.Chapter10 2. Among the language acquisition theories mentioned in this chapter, which one do you think is more reasonable and convincing? Explain why.1) Behaviourist view---language is behavior ,language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.In this theory,imitation and practice are preliminary(开始),discrimination（识别）（识别）and generalizaition are key to language development. 2) An innatist (语法天生主义者)view----In the human brain, there is an imaginary “black box ”called Language acquisition device which is said to contain principles that are universal to all language.Children need access to the samples of a natural language to activate the LAD, which enables them to discover his language's structure by matching the innate knowledge of basic grammatical system to that particular ter Chomsky prefer this innate endowment as UG and hold that if children are pre-equipped with UG, then what they have to learn is the ways in which their own language make use of these principles and the variations in those principles which may exist in the particular language they are learning.3) An interactionist(互动主义者)view----language develops as a result of the complex interplay,between the human characteristics of the child and the environment in which child develops.In a word,Behaviorists view sounds reasonable in explaining the routine aspects,the innatist accounts most reasonable in explaining children's acquiring complex system, and the interactionist description convincing in understanding how children learn and use the language appropriately from their environment.Chapter111、To what extent is second language learning similar to first language learning? Can you list some proof from your own learning experience?(please list your own experience.)The studies on the first language acquisition have influenced enormously those on the second language acquisition at both theoretical and pratical levels. Theoretically the new findings and advances in first language acquisition in learning theories and learning process are illuminating in understanding second language acquisition. The techniques used to collect and analyze data in first language acquisition also provide insights and perspectives in the study of second language acquisition. Just as Littlewood summarizes, the first language study has served as a backcloth for perceiving and undrerstanding new facts about second language learning.2. Try to observe yourself and pay attention to your own learning experience, what conclusion can you reach about the role of Chinese in your English learning? On what occasions are you more likely to use or depend on Chinese in learning and using English? Chinese plays an inseparable role in our English learning and people can't afford to ignore it. Hence, the role of Chinese in our English learning is worth careful examination. In addition, English learning have been influnenced by Chinese learning at both theoretical and practical levels.(1)Theoretically, the new findings and advanced in Chinese acquisition especially in learning theories and learning process are illuminate (helping) in understanding English acquisition.(2)The techniques used to collect and analyze data in Chinese learning also provides insights and perspectives in the study of English learning.Occasion: Recent studies have discovered that there are three interacting factors in determining language transfer in second language learning:1) a learner's psychology, how a learner organizes his or her native language;2) a learner's perception of native-target language distance,3) a learner's actual knowledge of the target language.。
(完整版)经济学原理名词与简答
一、经济学原理名词解释:1.机会成本：由于选择人们不得不付出的代价被称为机会成本。
2.市场经济：是一种主要由个人和私人企业解决生产和消费的经济制度。
3.市场：是买者和卖者相互作用并共同决定商品或劳务的价格和交易数量的机制。
4.价格：即物品的货币价值，代表了消费者与厂商愿意交换各自产品的价格。
5.微观经济学：是研究经济的基本单元——生产者、消费者和资源拥有者的个体决策的科学。
6.宏观经济学：它研究宏观经济总量的一门学科。
它通过研究现有的资源是否充分利用、达到充分利用的途径等来解决资源的利用问题。
7.实证经济学：研究的是经济本身的内在规律，并根据这些规律，分析和预测人们的经济行为的效果。
8.静态分析：是指完全抽掉了时间因素和经济变动的过程，在假定各种条件处于静止的条件下，分析经济现象的均衡形成和变化条件的方法，即考察的是某一时点上的均衡。
9.比较静态分析：是指对个别经济现象的一次变动后，不对转变时间和变动过程本身进行分析而只是对两个和两个以上的均衡位置进行比较的一种均衡分析方法。
10.动态分析：是考虑了时间因素，把经济现象当作一个变化的过程，对从原有的均衡过渡到新的均衡的实际变化过程进行分析的方法。
11.边际分析方法：是指分析自变量每增加一个单位或增加最后一个单位的量值会如何影响和决定因变量的量值。
12.需求定律：在其他条件相同的情况下，一种商品的价格和人们对其的需求量是一种反向变动的关系，价格上升，需求量下降；价格下降，需求量上升。
13.供给定律：在其他条件保持不变的情况下，一种商品或服务的价格和它的供给量之间呈一种正向变动关系，供给量随着价格的上升而上升，随着价格下降而下降。
14.市场的均衡：是指买卖双方共同作用的结果，使得市场的供给量等于需求量时的相对稳定的状态。
15.均衡价格：是指消费者对某种商品的需求量等于生产者所提供的该商品的供给量时的市场价格。
16.均衡产量：是指市场在均衡价格时的交易量。
名词解释参考答案
• 是一种传统的营销管理哲学，是与落后的商品 经济相适应的营销管理理念。奉行该理念的企 业，其工作重心是生产，企业力求通过向市场 投放大量的产品来获取更多利润。表现为“以 量取胜”。
• 4.产品观念
• 是在生产观念基础上发展起来的。在生产观念 的指导下，产量有所提高，人们购物开始有了 一定的选择余地。这时只有质量好的产品才会 被购买。由此，企业开始强调以产品质量为中 心。表现为”以质取胜”。
• 是研究市场营销活动及其规律性的应用科学， 是建立在经济学、管理学等学科基础上的边缘 学科。
• 1.市场营销管理
• 是为实现企业的营销目标，对市场营销活动进 行计划、组织、领导和控制的过程。
• 2.营销管理哲学
• 是指导企业营销运作的中心思想，是一种思维 方式，反映了企业如何看待企业自身利益、顾 客利益和社会利益这三者的关系。
• 5.推销观念
• 是在产品观念基础上发展起来的。在产品观念 指导下，整个社会的产品质量都得到了提升， 但质量好的产品也不一定能卖出去。企业认为 原因是消费者存在消费惰性，未足量消费，只 能通过大量的推销努力，才能将产品销售出去。 为此，企业一切工作都围绕推销来展开。
• 6.市场营销观念
• 是在推销观念基础上发展起来的。在推销观念 的指导下，企业的各种推销创新已经很难激发 消费者的购买行动。消费者只关注自己需要的 商品或服务。为此，企业必须以市场为中心， 围绕研究和满足顾客需要来开展工作。
• 7.社会营销观念
• 是在市场营销观念的基础上发展起来的。在市 场营销观念的指导下，企业一心关注消费者需 要的满足，忽略了社会的需要。为此，企业在 满足消费者需要的同时，必须强调从整个社会 可持续发展的高度来开展营销。
测量学名词解释题库及参考答案
名词解释题库及参考答案1、圆水准器轴——圆水准器零点(或中点)法线。
2、管水准器轴——管水准器内圆弧零点(或中点)切线。
3、水平角——过地面任意两方向铅垂面之间的两面角。
4、垂直角——地面任意方向与水平面在竖直面内的夹角。
5、视差——物像没有成在望远镜十字丝分划板面上，产生的照准或读数误差。
6、真北方向——地面P点真子午面与地球表面交线称为真子午线，真子午线在P点的切线北方向称真北方向。
7、等高距——相邻两条等高线的高差。
8、水准面——处处与铅垂线垂直的连续封闭曲面。
9、直线定向——确定地面直线与标准北方向的水平角。
10、直线定线——用钢尺分段丈量直线长度时，使分段点位于待丈量直线上，有目测法与经纬仪法。
11、竖盘指标差——经纬仪安置在测站上，望远镜置于盘左位置，视准轴水平，竖盘指标管水准气泡居中(或竖盘指标补偿器工作正常)，竖盘读数与标准值(一般为90°)之差为指标差。
12、坐标正算——根据一条边长的方位角与水平距离，计算坐标增量。
13、坐标反算——根据一条边长的坐标增量，计算方位角与水平距离。
14、直线的坐标方位角——直线起点坐标北方向，顺时针到直线的水平夹角，其值应位于0°~360°之间。
15、地物——地面上天然或人工形成的物体，它包括湖泊、河流、海洋、房屋、道路、桥梁等。
16、地貌——地表高低起伏的形态，它包括山地、丘陵与平原等。
17、地形——地物和地貌总称。
18、测定——使用测量仪器和工具，通过测量与计算将地物和地貌的位置按一定比例尺、规定的符号缩小绘制成地形图，供科学研究与工程建设规划设计使用。
19、测设——将在地形图上设计建筑物和构筑物的位置在实地标定出来，作为施工的依据。
20、真误差——观测值与其真值之差。
21、闭合差——一系列测量函数的计算值与应用值之差。
22、限差——在一定测量条件下规定的测量误差绝对值的允许值。
23、相对误差——测量误差与其相应观测值之比。
经济学期末考试题名词解释及答案
经济学期末考试题名词解释及答案一、名词解释（每题5分，共50分）1. 边际效用边际效用是指消费者在消费某一商品时，每增加一单位商品所获得的额外满足感或效用。
随着消费量的增加，边际效用呈现递减趋势。
2. 机会成本机会成本是指为了获得某种资源或进行某项投资而放弃的其他选择所带来的最高价值。
它反映了资源的稀缺性和选择的必要性。
3. 完全竞争市场完全竞争市场是指一个市场中有许多买家和卖家，单个买家或卖家对市场价格没有影响力，产品同质化，且买卖双方都能自由进出市场。
4. 通货膨胀通货膨胀是指在一定时期内，货币购买力下降，物价水平普遍上升的经济现象。
通常用消费者价格指数（CPI）来衡量。
5. 货币乘数货币乘数是指基础货币通过银行体系的信贷创造过程所能产生的货币供应量。
它反映了银行体系的信贷扩张能力。
6. 菲利普斯曲线菲利普斯曲线描述了失业率与通货膨胀率之间的反向关系。
短期内，较低的失业率往往伴随着较高的通货膨胀率。
7. 总需求总需求是指在一定时期内，所有消费者、企业、政府和外部部门对商品和服务的总购买意愿和能力。
8. 贸易顺差贸易顺差是指一个国家在一定时期内出口总值超过进口总值的部分。
它反映了一个国家的对外贸易盈余状况。
9. 产权产权是指个人或组织对资源的所有权和使用权，包括财产的占有、使用、收益和转让的权利。
10. 外部性外部性是指个体或企业在生产或消费活动中，对其他未直接参与该活动的个体或企业产生的、未在市场交易中得到补偿的成本或收益。
二、答案1. 边际效用：消费者每增加一单位商品所获得的额外满足感或效用，通常随着消费量的增加而递减。
2. 机会成本：为了获得某种资源或进行某项投资而放弃的其他选择所带来的最高价值。
3. 完全竞争市场：市场中有许多买家和卖家，单个买家或卖家对市场价格没有影响力，产品同质化，买卖双方都能自由进出市场。
4. 通货膨胀：货币购买力下降，物价水平普遍上升的经济现象，通常用CPI衡量。
名词解释（答案整理）
名词解释（答案整理）名词解释：1、季风（monsoon）：就是由于大陆及邻近海洋之间存在得温度差异而形成大范围盛行得、风向随季节有显著变化得风系，具有这种大气环流特征得风称为季风。
大陆与海洋间得广大地区，以一年为周期、随着季节变化而方向相反得风系，称为季风。
季风就是海陆间季风环流得简称，它就是由大尺度得海洋与大陆间得热力差异形成得大范围热力环流。
夏季由海洋吹向大陆得风称为夏季风；冬季由大陆吹向海洋得风为冬季风。
（2006）2、水循环：指地球上各种形态得水在太阳辐射与地心引力得作用下。
通过蒸发、水气输送、凝结、下渗及径流不断地发生相态转变与周而复始得运动过程。
（2006）3、大气环流：就是指大气圈内空气作不同规模得运行得总称，指大范围内得大气层内具有一定稳定性得各种气流运行得综合现象。
就是形成各种天气与气候得主要因素，可分为行星风系、季风与局部环流。
按水平尺度划分，有某个区域得大气环流、半球或全球得大气环流；在垂直方向有对流层、平流层、中间层或整个大气圈得大气环流；按时间尺度划分，有日、月、季、半年、一年至多年得平均大气环流。
大气环流主要表现为：全球尺度得东西风带、三圈环流(哈得莱环流、费雷尔环流与极地环流)、定常分布得平均槽脊、高空急流以及西风带中得大型扰动等。
大气环流既就是地－气系统进行热量、水分、角动量等物理量交换以及能量交换得重要机制，也就是这些物理量得输送、平衡与转换得重要结果。
太阳辐射在地球表面得非均匀分布就是大气环流得原动力。
大气环流构成了全球大气运动得基本形势，就是全球气候特征与大范围天气形势得主导因子，也就是各种尺度天气系统活动得背景。
（2006）4、洋流：海水沿着一定方向有规律得水平运动，就就是洋流。
洋流就是海水运动得主要运动形式。
风力就是海洋得主要动力，地转偏向力、海陆分布与海底起伏等等，也有不同程度得影响。
（2006）5、生态系统：就是指在一定空间内生物成分（生物群落）与非生物成分（物理环境）通过物质循环与能量流动相互作用、互相依存而形成得一个生态学功能单位。
基础医学基本知识考试名词解释及答案
基础医学基本知识考试名词解释及答案名词解释1.成瘾性2.血栓形成3.正反馈4.防腐5.胸膜腔6.血清病型反应7.免疫球蛋白8.抗生素9.负反馈10.齿状线11.抗原12.临终关怀13.肿瘤14.抗体15.牵涉痛16.稽留热17.内环境18.激素19.反射20.副作用21.原位癌22.反跳现象23.化疗指数24.脉搏短绌25.超敏反应26.细胞凋亡27.脑死亡28.惊厥29.梗死30.血压31.灭菌32.膀胱三角33.血量34.肺结核原发综合征35.心输出量36.尿失禁37.要素饮食38.主动卧位39.菌群失调症40.首关消除41.神经递质42.血型43.肾区44.肺泡通气量45.垂直感染46.耐药性47.肠肝循环48.咽隐窝49.药物半衰期50.免疫51.潮式呼吸52.被迫卧位53.麦氏点54.稳态55.肥达反应56.皮下注射法57.临床死亡期58.充血参考答案名词解释1.成瘾性：是指药物的依赖性，是由于长期、反复使用某些药物后，患者对应用这类药物产生一种舒适欣快感，因而有继续要求使用的欲望。
2.血栓形成：活体心血管腔内血液凝固或血液中某些有形成分析出、凝集、形成固体质块的过程，称为血栓形成。
3.正反馈：受控部分发出的反馈信息与控制信息的作用方向相同，促进与加强控制部分的活动，称为正反馈。
4.防腐：体外防止或抑制微生物生长繁殖的方法。
用于防腐的药品称为防腐剂。
5.胸膜腔：脏、壁胸膜在肺根下方相互移行，形成封闭的浆膜囊腔隙，内呈负压，有少量浆液，可减少呼吸时脏、壁胸膜之间的摩擦。
6.血清病型反应：一般于用药后7～12d发生，临床表现和血清病相似，患者有发热、皮肤瘙痒、荨麻疹、腹痛、关节肿痛、全身淋巴结肿大等。
7.免疫球蛋白：是指具有抗体活性或结构与抗体相似的球蛋白。
8.抗生素：是指由微生物或高等动植物所产生的具有抗病原体或其他活性的代谢产物，能够抑制或杀灭其他微生物。
9.负反馈：受控部分发出的反馈信息与控制信息的作用方向相反，减弱或者抑制控制信息的效应，称为负反馈。
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1.《诗经》
《诗经》是中国古代诗歌的开端，也是最早的一部诗歌总集。
反映了西周初期到春秋中叶约五百年间的社会面貌。
《诗经》最初只称为“诗”或“诗三百”，到西汉时，被尊为儒家经典，才称为《诗经》。
全篇按《风》、《雅》、《颂》三类编辑。
内容丰富，反映了劳动与爱情、战争与徭役、压迫与反抗、风俗与婚姻、祭祖与宴会，甚至天象、地貌、动物、植物等方方面面，是周代社会生活的一面镜子。
对后世影响深远。
2.《楚辞》
楚辞是屈原创作的一种新诗体，也是中国文学史上第一部浪漫主义诗歌总集。
“楚辞”的名称，西汉初期已有之，至刘向乃编辑成集。
原收战国楚人屈原、宋玉等人辞赋共十六篇。
后增入《九思》，成十七篇。
全书以屈原作品为主，其余各篇也是承袭屈赋的形式。
以其运用楚地的文学样式、方言声韵和风土物产等，具有浓厚的地方色彩，故名《楚辞》，对后世诗歌产生深远影响。
3.古文运动
古文运动是指唐代中期以及宋朝提倡古文、反对骈文为特点的文体改革运动。
因涉及文学的思想内容，所以兼有思想运动和社会运动的性质。
“古文”这一概念由韩愈最先提出。
他把六朝以来讲求声律及辞藻、排偶的骈文视为俗下文字，认为自己的散文继承了两汉文章的传统，所以称“古文”。
韩愈提倡古文，目的在于恢复古代的儒学道统，将改革文风与复兴儒学变为相辅相成的运动。
在提倡古文时，进一步强调要以文明道。
除唐代的韩愈、柳宗元外，宋代的欧阳修、王安石、曾巩、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙等人也是其中的代表。
4.《红楼梦》
中国古典四大名著之首，清代作家曹雪芹创作的章回体长篇小说，共一百二十回，是一部具有世界影响力的人情小说作品，举世公认的中国古典小说巅峰之作，中国封建社会的百科全书，传统文化的集大成者。
小说以贾、史、王、薛四大家族的兴衰为背景，贾宝玉、林黛玉、薛宝钗的爱情婚姻故事为主线，通过家族悲剧、女儿悲剧及主人公的人生悲剧，揭示出封建末世的危机。
《红楼梦》对宫廷官场的黑暗、封建贵族的腐朽等社会现实及道德观念都进行了深刻的批判，具有极其深远的影响。
5.《呐喊》
鲁迅的第一部小说集，1923年8月首次出版。
收1918年4月至1922年10月期间的作品共14篇。
包括《狂人日记》、《孔乙己》、《故乡》、《阿Q正传》等著名作品。
《呐喊》显示了鲁迅对传统文学和外来文艺的有机结合，成功地塑造了一系列典型形象，具有独特的民族风格和民族特色，代表了鲁迅文学创作的最高成就。
它的出版，改变了文学革命初期仅有理论建树而创作不丰的局面，
不仅显示了新文学的实绩，也代表了新文学发展的方向。
6.《彷徨》
鲁迅小说集，1926年首次出版，共收入其1924年至1925年所作小说十一篇。
在《彷徨》里，鲁迅继续对农民的不幸遭遇、妇女的悲惨地位以及知识分子的命运与前途给予了深沉的关注，对封建传统尤其是封建思想意识进行了更为透彻的揭露和批判，同样塑造了一批永具魅力的艺术形象。
与《呐喊》相比，《彷徨》在艺术上更为成熟，丰满而又洗练，隽永而又舒展，诙谐而又峭拔，达到了炉火纯青的艺术境地。
7.《阿Q正传》
鲁迅最有影响的小说代表作，也是鲁迅唯一的中篇小说，1921年12月在《晨报副刊》上发表。
作品成功塑造了阿Q的性格，高度集中地概括了民族的病态及国民的劣根性，显示了鲁迅“杂取种种人，合成一个”的独特的典型化艺术手法。
无论在思想内涵还是艺术技巧方面，《阿Q正传》都堪称中国现代小说的经典之作。
8.语文学科性质
语文学科性质就是指它的特性。
语文学科的基本性质是工具性和人文性的有机统一，工具性是其本质属性，人文性是其显著特点。
综合性和实践性是语文学科的其他性质，也称从属性质。
四大性质相辅相成，水乳相融，共同构成学科性质的辩证统一的有机整体。
9.工具性
语文的工具性，是说语文是一种工具。
因为它是个人借以表达感情的工具，是因为它是人群之间交流信息、沟通心灵的工具，还因为它是人类精神活动的记录和文化传承的代码。
单就学校教育而言，它又是学习其他课程的工具。
语文是一种工具，是要把语文看作一种符号系统。
工具性可以说是语文学科最本质的基本属性，是语文之所以区别于其他学科的最根本特点。
10.人文性
人文性是语文课程的本质属性之一。
实际上，语文课程是充满人文性的课程。
所谓人文性是指以人性、人道为本位的价值取向。
课程内容、课程资源中丰富的人文内涵，决定了这一课程性质。
语文课程既有思想感情色彩，它包括伦理道德内容。
语文课程的人文性关系到民族的延续和国家的生存，也是证明语文课程是人文课程的根本理由。
11.语文学科特点
语文学科是一门很有个性特点的学科，主要表现在学科的基础性，属性的多元性，性质的辩证性这三个方面。
学科基础性指语文是其他学科的基础，是基础中的基础；属性多元性指语文学科的基本性质和其他性质的有机组成；性质的辩
证性是指语文学科性质既多元又辩证统一。
12.语文素养
所谓语文素养，是指学生通过语文教育与训练在先天生理条件的基础上发展起来的语文方面的一定的水平。
提高语文素养应当作为语文学科重要的教育目的，其内涵十分丰富，以语文知识和语文能力为主干，至少包括语文知识、语文能力、一般智力、社会文化常识和情感意志与个性等五个基本要素在内的有机复合体。
13.语文课程标准
语文课程标准是语文教材编写，语文教学，语文考试命题和评估的依据，是国家管理和评价语文课程的基础。
应体现国家对不同阶段的学生在只是与技能、过程与方法、情感态度与价值观等方面的基本要求。
规定语文学科的性质、目标、内容框架，提出教学和评价建议。
语文课程标准与大纲都反映了国家的意志，是语文课程体系的枢纽。
14.新课改
“新课改”的全称是新一轮基础教育改革。
目的是要在21世纪构建起符合素质教育要求的基础教育课程体系。
总体来说，新课改的开展要遵循基础性，开放性，民主性以及个性化这四个原则。
主要改变包括课程目标、课程结构、课程内容、课程实施、课程评价、课程管理等六个方面。
学生自主选课是新课改的最大亮点，也是最大难点。
15.国文百八课
由叶圣陶和夏丏尊在抗日战争期间编写的一套颇有特色的初中语文课本。
全套共6册，每册18课，故称“百八课”。
其显著特色就是以文章学的理论统摄全书，以一般文章理法为题材的文话为中心编组单元，前后关联，左右照应。
使全书形成一个比较完整、比较科学的文章体系。
可以说，这是文章学理论全面系统的贯彻运用于中学语文教材编写实践的重要而成功的尝试。
16.新学习方式
语文课程标准中课程的基本理念中明确指出“积极倡导自主、合作、探究的学习方式”。
自主是指学生具有学习的主动权和选择权，学生可以根据自己的学习过程，按照自己的意愿去选择学习的内容和方式，对学习内容和学习过程具有自觉的意识和反应。
合作是指学习的组织形式，为了完成共同的学习任务，有明确的责任分工的互助性学习。
探索指在实践中进行学习，独立地发现问题、获得自主发展的学习方式。
17.形成性评价
是相对于传统的终结性评价而言的。
所谓形成性评价是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩以及所反映出的情感、态度、策略等方面的发展所作出
的评价，是基于对学生学习全过程的持续观察、记录、反思而做出的发展性评价。
遵循科学性、导向型、多元化、激励性、可行性等原则。
它关注的是学习过程，有利于及时解释问题、及时反馈、及时改进教与学的活动，使学生从被动接受评价转变成为评价的主体和积极参与者。
18.语感
是比较直接迅速地感悟语言文字的能力，是语文水平的重要组成部分。
它是对语文文字分析、理解、体会、吸收全过程的高度浓缩。
语感是一种经验色彩很浓的能力，其中牵涉到学习经验、生活经验、心理经验、情感经验，包含着理解能力、判断能力、联想能力等诸多因素。
19.探究性阅读
新课程改革中提出的新理念。
它在教师的启发引导下，以学生自主阅读和合作讨论为前提，以教材文本为基本探究内容，以学生的生活实际和周围世界为参照对象，为学生设置一定的问题情境，让学生通过个人、小组、集体等多种尝试活动，主动地获取知识、运用知识、解决实际问题的阅读教学活动。
与接受性阅读相比，它的特点主要表现为问题意识、实践能力、开放视野。
在具体的教学中，应遵循自主性、实践性、开放性、协作性原则。
20.个性化阅读
新课标中阅读教学的一个重要理念。
认为阅读是学生的个性化行为，应该引导学生钻研文本，在主动积极的思维和情感活动中加深理解和体验，有所感悟和思考。
要珍视学生独特的感受、体验和理解，不应以教师的分析来代替学生的阅读实践。
个性化阅读的价值观指向人文性，即人文精神的领悟。
强调体验与思维，力求思维与情感的统一。