京都议定书KyotoProtocol
京都议定书 Kyoto Protocol
引言概述：京都议定书是一项全球合作协议，旨在应对气候变化。
该协议于1997年在京都市达成，并于2005年正式生效。
通过京都议定书，各国承诺减少温室气体排放，以达到防止全球气温上升超过2摄氏度的目标。
本文将从减排目标、机制、市场、可持续发展和国际合作等五个大点详细阐述，以探讨京都议定书的内容和影响。
正文内容：一、减排目标1.1.背景及目标设定：介绍温室气体排放的背景，以及京都议定书设定的减排目标。
1.2.承诺减排量：解释各参与国家承诺的减排量，包括发达国家和发展中国家。
1.3.比例分配：讨论减排目标的比例分配原则和方法，如基准年和参考线的设定。
二、机制2.1.排放权交易：解释排放权交易机制，包括碳排放交易市场的建立和运作。
2.2.清洁发展机制：探讨清洁发展机制的设立，以鼓励发达国家向发展中国家转移清洁技术和资金。
2.3.贡献限额：说明贡献限额制度，包括减排单位的确定和时间段的分配。
三、市场3.1.碳市场发展：介绍碳市场的发展情况，包括碳排放权交易、碳金融工具的出现和影响。
3.2.价格波动：研究碳市场价格波动的原因和影响，以及相关风险管理和政策措施。
3.3.国际市场：讨论国际碳市场的，如联合国碳市场系统(ETS)和其他区域碳市场的互联互通。
四、可持续发展4.1.可持续发展目标：阐述京都议定书对可持续发展的要求，包括经济、社会和环境方面的考虑。
4.2.技术转让：探讨技术转让的机制和实施，以促进可持续发展和减排措施的推广。
4.3.资金支持：分析资金支持的来源和分配，包括联合国气候变化基金和其他国际合作机制。
五、国际合作5.1.合作框架：介绍国际合作的框架和机制，如联合国气候变化框架公约和其它相关安排。
5.2.达成一致：揭示各国共同努力和协商的重要性，以达成全球减排目标。
5.3.合作难点：分析国际合作面临的挑战和难点，如责任分担、技术转让和资金支持等。
总结：京都议定书作为全球合作协议，通过减排目标、机制、市场、可持续发展和国际合作等多个方面的努力，为应对气候变化提供了重要的平台和机会。
《京都议定书》英文全文
Bosselman, Eisen, et al., Energy, Economics and the Environment (2006), selections from Chapter 16The “Rio Plus 5,” a special session of the U.N. General Assembly five years after the Rio Conference, ended without substantive commitments to GHG reductions. This led to the third conference of the parties (COP) to the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), held in Kyoto, Japan in December 1997, and the adoption of the “Kyoto Protocol.”ABA Section of Natural Resources, Energy and Environmental Law Special Committee on Climate Change and Sustainable Development1997 Annual ReportOn December 11, 1997, in Kyoto Japan, the Conference of Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) unanimously adopted the “Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change” (Kyoto Protocol). The FCCC concluded nearly two years of international negotiations involving various FCCC subsidiary bodies and resulted in an international agreement calling for binding obligations on Annex I Parties (developed countries) to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions at least five percent below 1990 levels by 2008-2012.The U.S. will have, during the first commitment period of 2008-2012, binding obligations to reduce its 1) carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide emissions seven percent below 1990 levels and 2) hydrofluorocarbon, perfluorocarbon and sulfur hexafluoride emissions seven percent below 1990 or 1995 levels. The same base years or base periods apply to all Annex I Parties except for countries with economies in transition (EITs), which are allowed some flexibility in the selection of a base year or base period. The “assigned amounts” (targets) are set forth in Annex B to protocol and include the following:Iceland 110%Australia 108%Norway 101%Russia, Ukraine, New Zealand 100%Croatia 95%Japan, Canada, Poland, Hungary 94%U.S. 93%European Union (EU) collectively, Switzerland, other EITs 92%Targets and timetables and binding obligations. Known as Quantified Emission Limitations and Reduction Objectives (QELROs), the binding commitments and targets and timetables for Annex I parties are set forth in Article 3 and Annexes A and B. The key compromise was the EU as a bloc agreeing to a collective eight percent reduction under its so-called “bubble”(see Article 4 and discussion in I.A.2, infra), with the U.S. agreeing to a seven percent reduction level and Japan agreeing to a six percent reduction level. Thus, the commitments are politically differentiated but were not determined by any formulaic means.Critical components of the agreement on targets and timetables were agreements on coverage of gases–the so-called “basket” approach–and “sinks,” or forestry-based offsets. Coverage of all six gases was crucial to the U.S. The option of being able to elect a different baseline for the second set of gases was important to Japan and other countries. No clear consensus could be reached on sinks, so the Parties agreed to limit removals by sinks to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, subject to later decisions by the conference, taking into account work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. See Articles 3.3, 3.4 and 3.7.“Banking” of excess reductions from the first commitment period to meet obligations in a subsequent commitment period was allowed, but “borrowing” of reductions from a subsequent commitment period to meet obligations in the first commitment period was not. See Article 3.13.Policies and measures, and the EU bubble. Under Article 4, the EU received its bubble, under which it collectively will be responsible for an eight percent reduction but will also have the flexibility to assign different targets to individual Parties. Thus, some EU countries will be able to increase their emissions, while others (such as the United Kingdom and Germany) will bear a larger share of reductions. Failure by the EU to meet the collective eight percent target will mean that each Party shall be responsible for meeting its own level of emissions set out in the EU agreement. See Article 4.5. However, the EU was only able to obtain a weakened version of policies and measures (PAMs) in Article 2. While there is still mandatory language in Article 2, implementation or “elaboration” of such PAMs appears to be discretionary in accordance with individual Parties’ national circumstances.Emissions trading and commitments for developing countries. These two issues threatened to crater the negotiations in the early hours of December 11. Ultimately, the U.S. and other Annex I Parties insisted on emissions trading,and the non-Annex I Parties (developing countries) acceded in order to avoid total collapse of the negotiations. Later, however, although many Annex I Parties and some non-Annex I Parties sought to include a U.S.-sponsored provision so that advanced developing countries could “opt in” to Annex I commitments, the U.S. acceded to developing countries’ insistence that the protocol exclude binding obligations for developing countries, the opt-in provision, and even establishment of a process for developing such commitments for developing nations.Emissions trading, joint implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism. Because no clear consensus could be forged on many critical issues, numerous framework, shell or placeholder provisions are scattered throughout the Kyoto Protocol. Notable among these are the following provisions: emissions trading (Articles 3.10, 3.11 and 16 bis); joint implementation among Annex I Parties (Articles 3.10, 3.11 and 6); the so-called Clean Development Mechanism (Articles 3.12 and 12), which became a substitute for joint implementation between Annex I and non-Annex I Parties and for the Brazil-sponsored Clean Development Fund; credit for early action from the year 2000 (Article 12.10); and enforcement and noncompliance (Article 17).NOTES AND COMMENTS1. An extensive analysis of the Kyoto Protocol is found in Michael Grubb et al., The Kyoto Protocol: A Guide and Assessment (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1999). Perhaps the key question in the international politics of climate change is whether the developing countries will remain unified in their present posture. At one point during the Kyoto negotiations, some 35 developing countries supported a proposal to provide an explicit path by which developing countries might voluntarily adopt quantified commitments, but Brazil, India, China and the OPEC countries lined up solidly against it and it was withdrawn. Grubb, supra at 110. For a relatively optimistic look at the possibilities for reductions by developing countries, see Jonathan Baert Wiener, On the Political Economy of Global Environmental Regulation, 87 Geo. L. J. 749 (1999). For a critique of Kyoto from a deep ecology perspective, see Prue Taylor, An Ecological Approach to International Law: Responding to Challenges of Climate Change (Routledge, 1998).2. The United States, the world's biggest GHG emitter, explicitly rejected the Kyoto Protocol in 2001. President Bush said Kyoto was too costly, based onunreliable science and unfairly excluded big developing nations like India, China and Brazil which account for a third of the world's population. In 2005, on the occasion of President Bush’s visit to Europe, British Prime Minister Blair promised to try to persuade the U.S. to rethink. “The truth of the matter is without America there is no deal. We have got to do our best and use our relationship with America to try and make sure they come into agreement with us. Whether I will be able to achieve it or not, I don't know,” he told Channel Five TV. Doyle, supra. Australia, the only big developed nation on the sidelines with the United States, said it had no plans to sign up. “Until such time as the major polluters of the world, including the United States and China, are made part of the Kyoto regime it is next to useless and indeed harmful for a country such as Australia to sign up to the Kyoto Protocol,”Prime Minister John Howard told the Australian Parliament. Id.3. In July 1997, the only vote in the U.S. Senate on the Kyoto Protocol took place. By a unanimous vote of 95-0, the U.S. Senate adopted S. Res. 98, the so-called Byrd-Hagel Resolution. S. Res. 98, 105th Cong., 143 Cong. Rec. S8138-39 (daily ed. July 25, 1997). S. Res. 98 stated that the United States should not be a signatory to any protocol to, or other agreement regarding, the Climate Convention that would (A) mandate new commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for the Annex I [developed country] Parties, unless the protocol or other agreement also mandates new specific scheduled commitments to limit or reduce greenhouse gas emissions for Developing Country Parties within the same compliance period, or (B) would result in serious harm to the economy of the United States.One argument cited by a number of Senators was the same one later made by President Bush: that the Kyoto Protocol would put an unfair burden on developed countries, particularly the United States. In order for the Senate to ratify Kyoto and agree on legislation to implement it, developing countries would need to share in reductions, which they were not required to do.b. RATIFICATION OF THE KYOTO PROTOCOLIn 2004, Russia ratified the Kyoto Protocol, and it went into effect. See Doyle, supra. A key consideration in Russia’s decision to ratify the Protocol was its position as a likely net exporter of CO2 allowances, after the collapse of Soviet-era industries reduced GHG emissions in the nation. In Moscow, Russian electricity giant Unified Energy, which accounts for 2 percent of world GHG emissions, said it was close to signing 30 deals to cut emissions.Id.Scientists have stated that the Protocol’s goal of reducing GHG emissions by 5.2 percent from 1990 levels is just a first step, and a cut of at least 60 percent is needed to prevent catastrophic impacts of climate change this century. See Clouds Gather Over Future of Kyoto Climate Pact, Reuters, Feb. 11, 2005. Even if fully implemented, Kyoto would slow rising temperatures by just 0.18 F (0.1 C) by 2100, according to figures from the IPCC, and this would be a small dent in rising temperatures compared to the IPCC’s forecasts of an overall rise of 1.4-5.8 degrees Celsius this century. See IPCC 2001 Report, supra.NOTES AND COMMENTS1. Canada announced in early 2005 that it would spend between $8-10 billion (Canadian) by 2012 on its efforts to meet targets under the Kyoto Protocol. The majority of the money would be split into two projects: a $1 billion Climate Change Fund to create an emissions credit-trading program for private industry and a partnership fund for provincial clean-air efforts. Canadians also would be encouraged to reduce their energy consumption, and oil, gas and other large industries would cut GHG emissions with new clean-air equipment. CBC News Online, Apr. 8, 2005. Emissions trading is discussed further in the next section.2. The Kyoto Protocol gave support to “joint implementation,” a system where industrialized countries receive benefits from helping developing countries with their emissions reduction commitments. Kyoto Protocol Annex I countries can undertake emissions reduction projects in other Annex I countries and receive a negotiated share of the emissions reductions generated by the projects. Some commentators suggest that this may present a “free-rider” problem. See Hanafi, supra at 460, 467-69. For additional commentary on joint implementation, see Note: Joint Implementation: Legal and Institutional Issues for an Effective International Program to Combat Climate Change, 22 Harv. Envtl. L. Rev. 441 (1998).3. The Kyoto Protocol created the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to foster collaborative projects to reduce emissions or sequester carbon in developing countries. It allows an industrialized country that must reduce its emissions under the Protocol (an Annex I country) to invest in a project in a developing country without a target (non-Annex I), and claim credit for the emissions that the project achieves (known in CDM parlance as “Certified Emission Reductions”). In theory, this is done if it is easier and cheaper forthe Annex I nation to meet its GHG reduction target in this fashion; at the same time, a developing country host can benefit from new investment that increases economic productivity and may reduce local environmental problems. See Sophie Smyth, The Prototype Carbon Fund: A New Departure in International Trusts and Securities Law, Sustainable Dev’t L. & Pol’y, Spring 2005, at 28.Article 12 of the Kyoto Protocol established three bodies to oversee the CDM: the representatives of the COP, an executive board established by the COP, and independent auditors to verify project activities. However, the Protocol provided almost no guidance on what exactly the CDM would do or how it would operate. Instead, the structure and authority of supervisory bodies and the CDM were left for future negotiation. The final rules for the CDM were agreed to at the 7th COP in Marrakech in 2001, with the exception of rules on carbon sinks, which were completed at the 9th COP in 2003, and some details about CDM project approval, which were delegated to the newly formed CDM Executive Board. See CDM Watch, The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Toolkit, /files/CDMToolkitVO19-02-04.pdf, for a complete description of the project application process; Annual report (2003–2004) of the Executive Board of the clean development mechanism to the Conference of the Parties, http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/cop10/02a01.pdf. The World Bank has three carbon funds for the financing of CDM projects. See . The operational details of the “Prototype Carbon Fund” are described in Smyth, supra.A “CDM Scorecard” is maintained by the group CDM Watch. See/. One observer notes that the CDM “remains under-resourced and its lethargic approval process has only sanctioned several projects to date,” and recommends more involvement from private sector firms with experience in emissions trading finance. Stephen Tully, Commercial Contributions to the Climate Change Regime: Who’s Regulating Whom?, Sustainable Dev’t L. & Pol’y, Spring 2005, at 14, 22.The CDM overlaps with the European Union’s emissions trading scheme (discussed below); CO2 emissions reduction projects undertaken outside the EU pursuant to JI and CDM may qualify for allowances that can be bought and sold within the ETS. However, one report notes that over 800 CDM projects – significantly more than the number currently approved –would be necessary to meet European reductions targets. Pew Center onGlobal Climate Change, The European Union Emission Trading Scheme: Insights and Opportunities (2005), (“Pew EU-ETS Report”).For a discussion of the possible conflict between the CDM and world trade rules, see Andrew Green, Climate Change, Regulatory Policy and the WTO, 8 J. Int’l Econ. L. 143 (2005).4. The tenth session of the COP was held in Argentina in 2004, and produced a number of decisions aimed at strengthening the climate change framework. See http://unfccc.int/. However, negotiations on commitments to GHG reductions after the Kyoto period were rejected by the U.S. as premature. Tully, supra, at 23.。
京都议定书_英文_KYOTO PROTOCOL
KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEUNITED NATIONS1998KYOTO PROTOCOL TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORKCONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGEThe Parties to this Protocol,Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,Beinghereinafter referred to as “the Convention”,pursuitof the ultimate objective of the Convention as stated in its Article 2,Inthe provisions of the Convention,RecallingBeing guided by Article 3 of the Convention,the Berlin Mandate adopted by decision 1/CP.1 of the Conference of thePursuanttoParties to the Convention at its first session,Have agreed as follows:Article 1For the purposes of this Protocol, the definitions contained in Article 1 of the Convention shall apply. In addition:1. “Conference of the Parties” means the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.2. “Convention” means the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, adopted in New York on 9 May 1992.3. “Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change” means the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change established in 1988 jointly by the World Meteorological Organization and the United Nations Environment Programme.4. “Montreal Protocol” means the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, adopted in Montreal on 16 September 1987 and as subsequently adjusted and amended.5. “Parties present and voting” means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote.6. “Party” means, unless the context otherwise indicates, a Party to this Protocol.7. “Party included in Annex I” means a Party included in Annex I to the Convention, as may be amended, or a Party which has made a notification under Article 4, paragraph 2 (g), of the Convention.Article 21. Each Party included in Annex I, in achieving its quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments under Article 3, in order to promote sustainable development, shall:(a) Implement and/or further elaborate policies and measures in accordance with its national circumstances, such as:(i) Enhancement of energy efficiency in relevant sectors of the nationaleconomy;(ii) Protection and enhancement of sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, taking into account its commitmentsunder relevant international environmental agreements; promotion ofsustainable forest management practices, afforestation and reforestation;(iii) Promotion of sustainable forms of agriculture in light of climate changeconsiderations;(iv) Research on, and promotion, development and increased use of, new and renewable forms of energy, of carbon dioxide sequestration technologiesand of advanced and innovative environmentally sound technologies;(v) Progressive reduction or phasing out of market imperfections, fiscalincentives, tax and duty exemptions and subsidies in all greenhouse gasemitting sectors that run counter to the objective of the Convention andapplication of market instruments;(vi) Encouragement of appropriate reforms in relevant sectors aimed atpromoting policies and measures which limit or reduce emissions ofgreenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol;(vii) Measures to limit and/or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases notcontrolled by the Montreal Protocol in the transport sector;(viii) Limitation and/or reduction of methane emissions through recovery anduse in waste management, as well as in the production, transport anddistribution of energy;(b) Cooperate with other such Parties to enhance the individual and combined effectiveness of their policies and measures adopted under this Article, pursuant to Article 4, paragraph 2 (e) (i), of the Convention. To this end, these Parties shall take steps to share their experience and exchange information on such policies and measures, including developing ways of improving their comparability, transparency and effectiveness. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, consider ways to facilitate such cooperation, taking into account all relevant information.2. The Parties included in Annex I shall pursue limitation or reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol from aviation and marine bunker fuels, working through the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Maritime Organization, respectively.- 2 -3. The Parties included in Annex I shall strive to implement policies and measures under this Article in such a way as to minimize adverse effects, including the adverse effects of climate change, effects on international trade, and social, environmental and economic impacts on other Parties, especially developing country Parties and in particular those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention, taking into account Article 3 of the Convention. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may take further action, as appropriate, to promote the implementation of the provisions of this paragraph.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol,if it decides that it would be beneficial to coordinate any of the policies and measures in paragraph 1 (a) above, taking into account different national circumstances and potential effects, shall consider ways and means to elaborate the coordination of such policies and measures.Article 31. The Parties included in Annex I shall, individually or jointly, ensure that their aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts, calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of this Article, with a view to reducing their overall emissions of such gases by at least 5 per cent below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012.2. Each Party included in Annex I shall, by 2005, have made demonstrable progress in achieving its commitments under this Protocol.3. The net changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks resulting from direct human-induced land-use change and forestry activities, limited to afforestation, reforestation and deforestation since 1990, measured as verifiable changes in carbon stocks in each commitment period, shall be used to meet the commitments under this Article of each Party included in Annex I. The greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks associated with those activities shall be reported in a transparent and verifiable manner and reviewed in accordance with Articles 7 and 8.4. Prior to the first session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, each Party included in Annex I shall provide, for consideration by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, data to establish its level of carbon stocks in 1990 and to enable an estimate to be made of its changes in carbon stocks in subsequent years. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, decide upon modalities, rules and guidelines as to how, and which, additional human-induced activities related to changes in greenhouse gas emissions by sources and removals by sinks in the agricultural soils and the land-use change and forestry categories shall be added to, or subtracted from, the assigned amounts for Parties included in Annex I, taking into account uncertainties, transparency in reporting, verifiability, the methodological work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice in accordance with Article 5 and the decisions of the Conference of the Parties. Such a decision shall apply in the second and subsequent commitment periods. A Party may choose to apply such a decision on these additional human-induced activities for its first commitment period, provided that these activities have taken place since 1990.- 3 -5. The Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy whose base year or period was established pursuant to decision 9/CP.2 of the Conference of the Parties at its second session shall use that base year or period for the implementation of their commitments under this Article. Any other Party included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy which has not yet submitted its first national communication under Article 12 of the Convention may also notify the Conferenceof the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol that it intends to use an historical base year or period other than 1990 for the implementation of its commitments under this Article. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall decide on the acceptance of such notification.6. Taking into account Article 4, paragraph 6, of the Convention, in the implementation of their commitments under this Protocol other than those under this Article, a certain degree of flexibility shall be allowed by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol to the Parties included in Annex I undergoing the process of transition to a market economy.7. In the first quantified emission limitation and reduction commitment period, from 2008 to 2012, the assigned amount for each Party included in Annex I shall be equal to the percentage inscribed for it in Annex B of its aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A in 1990, or the base year or period determined in accordance with paragraph 5 above, multiplied by five. Those Parties included in Annex Ifor whom land-use change and forestry constituted a net source of greenhouse gas emissionsin 1990 shall include in their 1990 emissions base year or period the aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions by sources minus removals by sinks in 1990 from land-use change for the purposes of calculating their assigned amount.8. Any Party included in Annex I may use 1995 as its base year for hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride, for the purposes of the calculation referred to in paragraph 7 above.9. Commitments for subsequent periods for Parties included in Annex I shall be established in amendments to Annex B to this Protocol, which shall be adopted in accordance with the provisions of Article 21, paragraph 7. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall initiate the consideration of such commitments at leastseven years before the end of the first commitment period referred to in paragraph 1 above.10. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.11. Any emission reduction units, or any part of an assigned amount, which a Party transfers to another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 6 or of Article 17 shall be subtracted from the assigned amount for the transferring Party.12. Any certified emission reductions which a Party acquires from another Party in accordance with the provisions of Article 12 shall be added to the assigned amount for the acquiring Party.- 4 -13. If the emissions of a Party included in Annex I in a commitment period are less than its assigned amount under this Article, this difference shall, on request of that Party, be added to the assigned amount for that Party for subsequent commitment periods.14. Each Party included in Annex I shall strive to implement the commitments mentioned in paragraph 1 above in such a way as to minimize adverse social, environmental and economic impacts on developing country Parties, particularly those identified in Article 4, paragraphs 8 and 9, of the Convention. In line with relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties on the implementation of those paragraphs, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, at its first session, consider what actions are necessary to minimize the adverse effects of climate change and/or the impacts of response measures on Parties referred to in those paragraphs. Among the issues to be considered shall be the establishment of funding, insurance and transfer of technology.Article 41. Any Parties included in Annex I that have reached an agreement to fulfil their commitments under Article 3 jointly, shall be deemed to have met those commitments provided that their total combined aggregate anthropogenic carbon dioxide equivalent emissions of the greenhouse gases listed in Annex A do not exceed their assigned amounts calculated pursuant to their quantified emission limitation and reduction commitments inscribed in Annex B and in accordance with the provisions of Article 3. The respective emission level allocated to each of the Parties to the agreement shall be set out in that agreement.2. The Parties to any such agreement shall notify the secretariat of the terms of the agreement on the date of deposit of their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approvalof this Protocol, or accession thereto. The secretariat shall in turn inform the Parties and signatories to the Convention of the terms of the agreement.3. Any such agreement shall remain in operation for the duration of the commitment period specified in Article 3, paragraph 7.4. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization, any alteration in the composition of the organization after adoption of this Protocol shall not affect existing commitments under this Protocol. Any alteration in the composition of the organization shall only apply for the purposes of those commitments under Article 3 that are adopted subsequent to that alteration.5. In the event of failure by the Parties to such an agreement to achieve their total combined level of emission reductions, each Party to that agreement shall be responsible for its own level of emissions set out in the agreement.6. If Parties acting jointly do so in the framework of, and together with, a regional economic integration organization which is itself a Party to this Protocol, each member State of that regional economic integration organization individually, and together with the regional economic integration organization acting in accordance with Article 24, shall, in the event of failure to achieve the total combined level of emission reductions, be responsible for its level of emissions as notified in accordance with this Article.- 5 -Article 51. Each Party included in Annex I shall have in place, no later than one year prior to the start of the first commitment period, a national system for the estimation of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Guidelines for such national systems, which shall incorporate the methodologies specified in paragraph 2 below, shall be decided upon by the Conference ofthe Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session.2. Methodologies for estimating anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Where such methodologies are not used, appropriate adjustments shall be applied according to methodologies agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol at its first session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise such methodologies and adjustments, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to methodologies or adjustments shall be used only for the purposes of ascertaining compliance with commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.3. The global warming potentials used to calculate the carbon dioxide equivalence of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases listed inAnnex A shall be those accepted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties at its third session. Based on the work of, inter alia, the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and advice provided by the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall regularly review and, as appropriate, revise the global warming potential of each such greenhouse gas, taking fully into account any relevant decisions by the Conference of the Parties. Any revision to a global warming potential shall apply only to commitments under Article 3 in respect of any commitment period adopted subsequent to that revision.Article 61. For the purpose of meeting its commitments under Article 3, any Party included in Annex I may transfer to, or acquire from, any other such Party emission reduction units resulting from projects aimed at reducing anthropogenic emissions by sources or enhancing anthropogenic removals by sinks of greenhouse gases in any sector of the economy, provided that:(a) Any such project has the approval of the Parties involved;(b) Any such project provides a reduction in emissions by sources, or an enhancement of removals by sinks, that is additional to any that would otherwise occur;- 6 -(c) It does not acquire any emission reduction units if it is not in compliance with its obligations under Articles 5 and 7; and(d) The acquisition of emission reduction units shall be supplemental to domestic actions for the purposes of meeting commitments under Article 3.2. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol may, at its first session or as soon as practicable thereafter, further elaborate guidelines forthe implementation of this Article, including for verification and reporting.3. A Party included in Annex I may authorize legal entities to participate, under its responsibility, in actions leading to the generation, transfer or acquisition under this Articleof emission reduction units.4. If a question of implementation by a Party included in Annex I of the requirements referred to in this Article is identified in accordance with the relevant provisions of Article 8, transfers and acquisitions of emission reduction units may continue to be made after the question has been identified, provided that any such units may not be used by a Party to meetits commitments under Article 3 until any issue of compliance is resolved.Article 71. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its annual inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, submitted in accordance with the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties, the necessary supplementary information for the purposes of ensuring compliance with Article 3, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.2. Each Party included in Annex I shall incorporate in its national communication, submitted under Article 12 of the Convention, the supplementary information necessary to demonstrate compliance with its commitments under this Protocol, to be determined in accordance with paragraph 4 below.3. Each Party included in Annex I shall submit the information required under paragraph 1 above annually, beginning with the first inventory due under the Convention for the first yearof the commitment period after this Protocol has entered into force for that Party. Each such Party shall submit the information required under paragraph 2 above as part of the first national communication due under the Convention after this Protocol has entered into force for it and after the adoption of guidelines as provided for in paragraph 4 below. The frequency of subsequent submission of information required under this Article shall be determined by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, taking into account any timetable for the submission of national communications decided upon by the Conference of the Parties.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the preparation of the information required under this Article, taking into account guidelines for the preparation of- 7 -national communications by Parties included in Annex I adopted by the Conference of the Parties. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall also, prior to the first commitment period, decide upon modalities for the accounting of assigned amounts.Article 81. The information submitted under Article 7 by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed by expert review teams pursuant to the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties and in accordance with guidelines adopted for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol under paragraph 4 below. The information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 1, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the annual compilation and accounting of emissions inventories and assigned amounts. Additionally, the information submitted under Article 7, paragraph 2, by each Party included in Annex I shall be reviewed as part of the review of communications.2. Expert review teams shall be coordinated by the secretariat and shall be composed of experts selected from those nominated by Parties to the Convention and, as appropriate, by intergovernmental organizations, in accordance with guidance provided for this purpose by the Conference of the Parties.3. The review process shall provide a thorough and comprehensive technical assessmentof all aspects of the implementation by a Party of this Protocol. The expert review teams shall prepare a report to the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol, assessing the implementation of the commitments of the Party and identifying any potential problems in, and factors influencing, the fulfilment of commitments. Such reports shall be circulated by the secretariat to all Parties to the Convention. The secretariat shall list those questions of implementation indicated in such reports for further consideration by the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol.4. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall adopt at its first session, and review periodically thereafter, guidelines for the reviewof implementation of this Protocol by expert review teams taking into account the relevant decisions of the Conference of the Parties.5. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall, with the assistance of the Subsidiary Body for Implementation and, as appropriate, the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice, consider:(a) The information submitted by Parties under Article 7 and the reports of the expert reviews thereon conducted under this Article; and(b) Those questions of implementation listed by the secretariat under paragraph 3 above, as well as any questions raised by Parties.6. Pursuant to its consideration of the information referred to in paragraph 5 above,the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take decisions on any matter required for the implementation of this Protocol.- 8 -Article 91. The Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall periodically review this Protocol in the light of the best available scientific information and assessments on climate change and its impacts, as well as relevant technical, social and economic information. Such reviews shall be coordinated with pertinent reviews underthe Convention, in particular those required by Article 4, paragraph 2 (d), and Article 7, paragraph 2 (a), of the Convention. Based on these reviews, the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol shall take appropriate action.2. The first review shall take place at the second session of the Conference of the Parties serving as the meeting of the Parties to this Protocol. Further reviews shall take place at regular intervals and in a timely manner.Article 10All Parties, taking into account their common but differentiated responsibilities and their specific national and regional development priorities, objectives and circumstances, without introducing any new commitments for Parties not included in Annex I, but reaffirming existing commitments under Article 4, paragraph 1, of the Convention, and continuing to advance the implementation of these commitments in order to achieve sustainable development, taking into account Article 4, paragraphs 3, 5 and 7, of the Convention, shall:(a) Formulate, where relevant and to the extent possible, cost-effective national and, where appropriate, regional programmes to improve the quality of local emission factors, activity data and/or models which reflect the socio-economic conditions of each Party for the preparation and periodic updating of national inventories of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol, using comparable methodologies to be agreed upon by the Conference of the Parties, and consistent with the guidelines for the preparation of national communications adopted by the Conference of the Parties;(b) Formulate, implement, publish and regularly update national and, where appropriate, regional programmes containing measures to mitigate climate change and measures to facilitate adequate adaptation to climate change:(i) Such programmes would, inter alia, concern the energy, transport andindustry sectors as well as agriculture, forestry and waste management.Furthermore, adaptation technologies and methods for improving spatialplanning would improve adaptation to climate change; and(ii) Parties included in Annex I shall submit information on action under this Protocol, including national programmes, in accordance with Article 7;and other Parties shall seek to include in their national communications,as appropriate, information on programmes which contain measures thatthe Party believes contribute to addressing climate change and its adverseimpacts, including the abatement of increases in greenhouse gas emissions,and enhancement of and removals by sinks, capacity building andadaptation measures;- 9 -。
京都协议书全称
京都协议书全称京都议定书（Kyoto Protocol）本协议书由以下国家（以下简称“缔约方”）共同签署，旨在加强全球应对气候变化的行动，以实现《联合国气候变化框架公约》（以下简称“公约”）的目标：第一条定义1.1 “公约”指1992年5月9日在纽约通过的《联合国气候变化框架公约》。
1.2 “温室气体”指《公约》附件A所列的气体。
1.3 “排放限制和减少承诺”指附件B所列的缔约方根据第三条所承担的具体量化的限制和减少温室气体排放的承诺。
第二条目标2.1 本议定书的目标是，通过附件B所列的缔约方的排放限制和减少承诺，以及通过其他措施，将大气中温室气体的浓度稳定在一个水平，以防止人为干预对气候系统的危险干扰。
第三条排放限制和减少承诺3.1 附件B所列的缔约方应根据各自的量化限制和减少承诺，采取国内措施，以限制其人为温室气体排放量，确保在承诺期内达到这些承诺。
3.2 缔约方应定期报告其排放量，并接受国际审查。
第四条灵活性机制4.1 为促进成本效益的温室气体排放减少，本议定书允许使用以下机制：4.1.1 排放贸易，允许一个缔约方购买另一个缔约方的排放减少额度；4.1.2 清洁发展机制，允许附件I国家投资附件II国家之外的项目，以获得排放减少额度；4.1.3 联合履行，允许两个或两个以上的附件I国家共同实施减排项目。
第五条适应措施5.1 缔约方应采取适当措施，以适应气候变化的不利影响和促进经济发展。
第六条技术转让6.1 发达国家缔约方应促进和便利向发展中国家缔约方转让或提供环境友好型技术和气候友好型技术，以支持它们实现本议定书的目标。
第七条资金机制7.1 为支持发展中国家缔约方实现本议定书的目标，发达国家缔约方应提供新的和额外的资金。
第八条缔约方会议8.1 本议定书的缔约方会议应是公约缔约方会议的一部分，除非缔约方会议另有决定。
第九条遵守9.1 本议定书设立一个遵守委员会，以促进遵守和执行本议定书的规定。
联合国气候变化框架公约的京都议定书(1997-12-11)
《联合国气候变化框架公约》京都议定书【概述】《京都议定书》（英文：Kyoto Protocol，又译《京都协议书》、《京都条约》；全称《联合国气候变化框架公约的京都议定书》）是《联合国气候变化框架公约》（United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change，UNFCCC）的补充条款。
是1997年12月在日本京都由联合国气候变化框架公约参加国三次会议制定的。
其目标是“将大气中的温室气体含量稳定在一个适当的水平，进而防止剧烈的气候改变对人类造成伤害”。
1997年12月条约在日本京都通过，并于1998年3月16日至1999年3月15日间开放签字，共有84国签署，条约于2005年2月16日开始强制生效，到2009年2月，一共有183个国家通过了该条约（超过全球排放量的61%），引人注目的是美国没有签署该条约。
条约规定，它在“不少于55个参与国签署该条约并且温室气体排放量达到附件I中规定国家在1990年总排放量的55%后的第90天”开始生效，这两个条件中，“55个国家”在2002年5月23日当冰岛通过后首先达到，2004年12月18日俄罗斯通过了该条约后达到了“55%”的条件，条约在90天后于2005年2月16日开始强制生效。
《京都议定书》的签署是为了人类免受气候变暖的威胁发达国家从2005年开始承担减少碳排放量的义务，而发展中国家则从2012年开始承担减排义务。
《京都议定书》需要在占全球温室气体排放量55％以上的至少55个国家批准，才能成为具有法律约束力的国际公约。
中国于1998年5月签署并于2002年8月核准了该议定书。
欧盟及其成员国于2002年5月31日正式批准了《京都议定书》。
2004年11月5日，俄罗斯总统普京在《京都议定书》上签字，使其正式成为俄罗斯的法律文本。
截至2005年8月13日，全球已有142个国家和地区签署该议定书，其中包括30个工业化国家，批准国家的人口数量占全世界总人口的80％。
京都协议书的重要性
京都协议书的重要性近年来，全球变暖和气候变化问题日益突出，给地球带来严重的环境和经济影响。
为了应对这一全球性挑战，联合国于1997年在日本京都召开了"京都议定书"（Kyoto Protocol），该协议旨在通过减少温室气体排放来减缓全球变暖的速度。
本文将探讨京都协议书的重要性，并阐明其对环境保护和全球可持续发展的意义。
首先，京都协议书在全球层面上明确了减少温室气体排放的目标。
根据协议的规定，发达国家应在2008年至2012年间将温室气体排放量减少到1990年水平的5.2%以下。
这一目标的设定推动了各国采取更加积极的措施，限制碳排放，提高节能减排的意识。
借助京都协议书，国际社会一同努力，共同应对温室气体排放问题，为全球环境带来了重要的变化。
其次，京都协议书促进了可持续发展的理念在全球范围内的实施。
协议鼓励各国通过开发和推广清洁技术、减少能源浪费和优化能源利用，以推动经济的可持续发展。
通过向世界各地传播可再生能源和节能减排的实践经验，京都协议书能够引导各国改变发展方式，减少对有限资源的依赖，为人类创造更加可持续的未来。
此外，京都协议书在提高发展中国家的环境保护意识和能力方面发挥了重要作用。
协议鼓励发达国家提供资金、技术和培训支持给发展中国家，以帮助他们应对气候变化和环境问题。
这种合作机制不仅有助于发展中国家加强环境保护，还促进了国际间的合作与交流，增进了发展中国家与发达国家之间的友好关系。
另外，京都协议书还推动了碳交易和碳市场的发展，为减排行动提供了有力的经济激励措施。
通过引入碳排放配额和碳交易机制，协议为各国提供了更广阔的减排路径，并创造了经济利益和商机。
这种市场化的措施鼓励各方积极参与，刺激了低碳、清洁技术的发展和应用，同时也为全球减排提供了更加灵活和高效的手段。
然而，尽管京都协议书在全球范围内取得了积极的成果，但仍然面临着一些挑战。
首先，国家之间的差异导致减排目标和措施的落实存在一定的不平衡，其中一些发展中国家面临着减排技术和资金的瓶颈。
京都协议书6篇
京都协议书6篇篇1《京都协议书》是联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）的一个附件，正式名称为《京都议定书》（Kyoto Protocol）。
该协议于1997年12月11日在日本京都签署，旨在应对全球气候变化问题，通过减少温室气体的排放，以达到减缓全球气候变暖的目标。
《京都协议书》的核心内容是规定发达国家在特定时期内减少温室气体排放量。
根据协议的规定，发达国家应在1990年排放量的基础上，分阶段减少温室气体排放，达到约定的减排目标。
其中，美国、德国、日本等发达国家被设定为减排的主要责任方。
同时，协议还设立了“清洁发展机制”（CDM）和“联合执行”（JI）等灵活机制，允许发达国家通过投资和合作来实现减排目标。
《京都协议书》的签署和履行对全球气候变化治理具有重要意义。
首先，协议明确了发达国家应对气候变化问题的责任和义务，为国际社会建立了减排标准。
其次，协议促进了发达国家的减排行动，在一定程度上减缓了全球气候变暖的速度。
同时，协议还为发展中国家提供了技术和资金支持，促进了全球减排合作。
然而，《京都协议书》也面临着一些挑战和批评。
一方面，协议的减排目标被指责过于宽松，无法有效减缓全球气候变暖的速度。
另一方面，一些发达国家退出或未能履行协议，导致其实施效果受到质疑。
面对全球气候变化的挑战，《京都协议书》只是众多气候变化治理措施中的一部分。
随着时间的推移，国际社会也不断在气候变化议题上进行深入讨论和合作。
例如，2015年巴黎协定作为《京都协议书》的延续和加强，进一步规定了全球减排目标和行动方案，成为当前国际气候治理的主要框架。
总的来说，虽然《京都协议书》在全球气候治理史上具有里程碑意义，但其实施效果和应对挑战仍然亟待国际社会共同努力。
只有各国共同合作，共同努力，才能有效减缓全球气候变暖，保护地球家园的可持续发展。
篇2京都协议书是联合国气候变化框架公约下的一个重要文件，于1997年通过并生效。
它被视为全球气候变化领域的里程碑，旨在应对温室气体排放和全球气候变暖等问题。
Kyoto Protocol
Definition
The Kyoto Protocol is a plan created by the United Nations for the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that tries to reduce the effects of climate change, such as global warming.
The objective of the Kyoto climate change conference was to establish a legally binding international agreement, whereby all the participating nations commit themselves to deal with the issue of global warming and greenhouse gas emissions. The target agreed upon was an average reduction of 5.2% from 1990 levels by the year 2012. Contrary to popular belief, the Protocol will NOT expire（期满） in 2012. In 2012, Annex I countries must have fulfilled their obligations of reduction of greenhouse gases emissions established for the first commitment period (2008-2012) .
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台灣抗暖表現 全球排名倒退
•2008--32名：2009--47名。 •台灣有超過百分之五十以上的碳排是來 自於工業 ，應選擇走向低碳經濟 。 •難避免會因為碳的問題，被其他的國家 抵制或課稅。
對抗全球暖化— 從綠生活開始（1-1）
• 碳足跡 http://tw.green.charity.yahoo.c om/calculator.html
京都議定書 1-2 (Kyoto Protocol)
•目標：「將大氣中的溫室氣體含量 穩定在一個適當的水平，進而防止 劇烈的氣候改變對人類造成傷害」
京都議定書 1-3 (Kyoto Protocol)
•六種溫室氣體
二氧化碳 (CO2) 、甲烷 (CH4) 、 氧化亞氮 (N20) 、氫氟碳化物 (HFCS) 、 全氟化碳 (PFCS) 、六氟化硫 (SF6)
• 宗旨：締約方必須承認氣候系統 是一個共享的資源，氣候系統的 穩定度會受到溫室氣體影響。 • 每年一次大會。
京都議定書 1-1 (Kyoto Protocol)
•由來：1997年12月在日本京都由聯合 國氣候變化綱要公約（ UNFCCC ）參 加國三次會議制定 •1998年出版、全文共28條 •附屬於公約的協議
對抗全球暖化— 從綠生活開始 （1-1）
•減少慾望：需要不多，想要太多。 •減碳小祕訣、讓環境更好： 飲食、服裝、住家辦公 、交通、消費 。
結論 金融危機-是人們透支消費的結果； 氣候危機-是人們透支地球資源的結果。
謝謝大家
資料來源
•WIKIPEDIA http：//en.wikipediaorg/ •低碳生活/ 2009/12/blog-post_4686.html •綠生活http：//tw.green.charity.yahoo. com/calculator.html
各國態度
•美國不參加 - 影響經濟發展 •俄國參加 – 可以賣溫室氣體排放權(可能 有200億美金的獲利) •中國大陸/印度參加 - 但不受約束 •歐盟參加 - 25國皆樂觀其成 •日本參加 - 綠色能源發展最好的國家 •澳洲 - 新總理陸克文就職後立即簽署。 •台灣有簽署，但不是會員國。
哥本哈根協議 隆市中山國民小學 教學者：劉聖芬
簡報大綱
•壹、前言 •貳、京都議定書 (Kyoto Protocol) •參、哥本哈根協議 （Copenhagen Accord） •肆、綠生活 •伍、結論
前言
•覺得熱 •一個半世紀的工業化 •過多的溫室氣體 •人類改變了氣候 •難題
聯合國氣候變化框架公約 (UNFCCC)1994.03.21.生效
哥本哈根協議 （1-4）
•會議係採一致決，反對者立場並未改 變，大會主席丹麥總理拉斯穆森於是 宣布休會，向聯合國官員徵詢意見， 最後由主席裁定「洽悉」（take note） 《哥本哈根協定》。
哥本哈根協議 （1-5）
• 會議未達具法律約束力的國際協議， 以接續二○一二年屆期失效的《京都 議定書》，設定全球溫室氣體減排目 標與強制履約機制。此任務留待明年 十一月在墨西哥市舉行的聯合國氣候 變化會議來完成。
•三大集團： 1. 工業先進國 2. 大量排放碳的開發中國家 3. 低度開發國、非洲、小島國家
哥本哈根協議 （1-2）
•三大議題包括： 1.工業國家減碳目標 2.大量排放碳的開發中國家的減量 監督機制 3.工業國家要出多少錢推動減碳
哥本哈根協議 （1-3）
• 主要內容為： 1.自工業革命前算起，全球平均溫度上升需 控制於攝氏2度以內。 2.2012年前，工業國家提供300億美金協助 開發中國家減碳，並於2020年前，每年提 供1000億美金。 3.要各國在2010年2月1日前，向聯合國提 出2020年減排目標。