哈佛大学英文介绍
School color Crimson Nobel laureates
43 current and former faculty members
Motto
VERITAS (Latin for “truth”) Real estate holdings
4,979 acres (=5.6 SDUs)
The white spire of Memorial Church reflects the (1972), notable for its dramatically sloped Gund Hall sunset light above the trees in the New Yard. roof, houses the Graduate School of Design. transparent
Commercial college(HBS) Medical college Integrated Humanities Department of English Political Science
Case Study (The Case Method)
The world's business schools for nearly 80% of all cases are provided by the HBS
1636 Faculty About 2,100 faculty members , more than 10,000 academic appointments in
affiliated teaching hospitals
Students Total about 20,000 6,650 undergraduates 13,000 graduate students
Cathedral-like Memorial Hall (1870-78) commemorates Harvard Matthews and Grays halls, men who died in the Civil War while fighting for the Union as seen from the center of the Old Yard. Grays is on the left; Matthews sits on the right. Massachusetts Avenue hugs Harvard Yard, carrying traffic past Wigglesworth Hall, Wadsworth House, and rounding the corner at Lehman Hall.
Panoramic view SNOWSCAPE
CANTEEN
Since there are no known portraits of John Harvard, It’s just a model of a student. Harvard College was not founded by John Harvard, but named after him. The College was founded in 1636,not 1638.
Library collection
About 16.2 million volumes
Undergraduate Cost (2009-10 academic year)
$48,868
Tuition — $33,696 (not including books) , Total including room, board, student service fees —
Historically, a total of EIGHT graduates of Harvard University was elected as U.S. president:
John F. Bush BarackJohnD.Roosevelt TheodoreAdams Hussein Obama Franklin W.Roosevelt George Kennedy Rutherford Hayes
Financial aid (2009-10 academic year)
Nearly $41,000 average total aid package
Harvard University President
Drew Gilpin Faust She is The first headmistress of Harvard
Social activities and leadership skills
Like volunteer activities
Recommendation and the evaluation of school
From your principal or celebrities from the society
Exceptional Resources Harvard University Library
the world's fourth largest library
SAT Math 750; SAT Verbal 750; SAT writing 750 (Full mark of each subject:800) Total of SAT: 2250 ACT(American College Test): 30~34 (Full mark: 36) A-level: AAA
Closeness to Practice
Choosing to practical problems faced by businesses
A Vital Residential Community
HBS is the only one with independent business school campus
世界知名大学详细及中英文全称
世界知名大学详细及中英文全称哈佛大学Harvard University斯坦福大学Stanford University牛津大学University of Oxford普林斯顿大学Princeton University剑桥大学University of Cambridge麻省理工学院Massachusetts Institute of Technology芝加哥大学University of Chicago加州大学伯克利分校University of California; Berkeley耶鲁大学Yale University哥伦比亚大学Columbia University加州理工学院California Institute of Technology加州大学洛杉矶分校University of California; Los Angeles约翰霍普金斯大学Johns Hopkins University瑞士联邦理工学院-苏黎世Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich宾夕法尼亚大学University of Pennsylvania密歇根州立大学University of Michigan多伦多大学 University of Toronto康奈尔大学 Cornell University卡耐基梅隆大学Carnegie Mellon University杜克大学Duke University英属哥伦比亚大学University of British Columbia佐治亚理工学院Georgia Institute of Technology西北大学Northwestern University威斯康辛麦迪逊大学University of Wisconsin-Madison麦吉尔大学 McGill University德克萨斯州大学奥斯汀分校University of Texas at Austin东京大学University of Tokyo伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign卡罗林斯卡学院Karolinska Institute加州大学圣芭芭拉分校University of California; Santa Barbara 爱丁堡大学University of Edinburgh墨尔本大学University of Melbourne澳大利亚国立大学Australian National University加州大学戴维斯分校University of California; Davis新加坡国立大学National University of Singapore北卡罗来纳州大学教堂山分校University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill纽约大学New York University慕尼黑大学Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitt München曼彻斯特大学University of Manchester布朗大学Brown University京都大学Kyoto University波士顿大学Boston University南加利福尼亚大学University of Southern California伦敦大学国王学院King's College London悉尼大学University of Sydney巴黎高等师范大学cole Normale Supérieure匹兹堡大学University of Pittsburgh苏黎世大学University of Zürich麦克马斯特大学McMaster University布里斯托大学University of Bristol哥廷根大学Georg-August-Universitt Gttingen范德堡大学Vanderbilt University清华大学Tsinghua University莱斯大学Rice University海德堡大学Universitt Heidelberg昆士兰大学University of Queensland Australia埃默里大学Emory University瓦格宁根大学Wageningen University and Research Center 科罗拉多大学波尔得分校University of Colorado Boulder 塔夫斯大学Tufts University莱顿大学Leiden University隆德大学Lund University罗彻斯特大学University of Rochester杜伦大学Durham University巴黎第六大学Université Pierre e t Marie Curie加州大学欧文分校University of California; Irvine乌普萨拉大学Uppsala University慕尼黑工业大学Technische Universitt München达特茅斯大学Dartmouth College赫尔辛基大学University of Helsinki阿姆斯特丹大学University of Amsterdam凯斯西储大学Case Western Reserve University密歇根州立大学Michigan State University亚利桑那大学University of Arizona苏塞克斯大学University of Sussex阿尔伯塔大学University of Alberta谢菲尔德大学University of Sheffield格拉斯哥大学University of Glasgow代尔夫特理工大学Delft University of Technology蒙特利尔大学University of Montreal根特大学Ghent University东京工业大学Tokyo Institute of Technology加州大学圣克鲁兹分校University of California; Santa Cruz 巴塞尔大学Universitt Basel伯尔尼大学University of Bern犹他大学University of Utah纽约州立大学石溪分校Stony Brook University莫纳什大学Monash University大阪大学 Osaka University东北大学Tohoku University耶路撒冷希伯来大学Hebrew University of Jerusalem 奥胡斯大学Aarhus University佛罗里达大学University of Florida南安普顿大学University of Southampton日内瓦大学University of Geneva斯德哥尔摩大学Stockholm University利兹大学University of Leeds格罗宁根大学University of Groningen弗吉尼亚大学University of Virginia哥本哈根大学University of Copenhagen维也纳大学University of Vienna诺丁汉大学University of Nottingham加州大学河滨分校University of California; Riverside 伯明翰大学University of Birmingham布兰迪斯大学Brandeis University香港中文大学Chinese University of Hong Kong阿姆斯特丹自由大学VU University Amsterdam内梅亨大学Radboud University Nijmegen德克萨斯A&M大学Texas A&M University特来维夫大学Tel Aviv University伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校 University of Illinois at Chicago巴黎第七大学Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7鲁汶大学Université Catholique de Louvain迈阿密大学University of Miami新南威尔士大学University of New South Wales丹麦科技大学Technical University of Denmark圣保罗大学University of So Paulo特拉华大学University of Delaware奥斯陆大学University of Oslo法兰克福大学Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universitt Frankfurt am Main利物浦大学University of Liverpool弗莱堡大学Albert-Ludwigs-Universitt Freiburg西澳大学University of Western Australia。
哈佛大学简史
哈佛大学简史（中英文对照）Harvard University，which celebrated its 350th anniversary inl986，is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States．Founded l6 years after the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth，the University has grown from 9 students with a single master to an enrollment of more than l8，000 degree candidates，including undergraduates，and students in 10 graduate and professional schools．An additional l3，000 students are enrolled in one or more courses at the Harvard Extension School．Over l4，000 people work at Harvard，including more than 2，000 faculty There are more than 7,000 faculty appointments in afFlliated teaching hospitals.哈佛大学于1986年庆祝建校三百五十周年，它是美回历史最悠久的高等学府。
哈佛建立于第一批欧洲移民踏上美洲大陆来到普利茅斯的十六年后，一开始它只有九名学生、一名硕士生。
现在包括在校本科生与其他学生在内共有一万八千多人，有十所研究院与专业学院，在哈佛的分校中，还有一万三千名学生在哈佛分校选修了一门或多门课程，哈佛共有一万四千名工作人员，其中有两千多名教职人员，在教学为目的的附属医院中还有七千多名教职员工。
介绍著名大学英文作文
介绍著名大学英文作文英文：When it comes to famous universities, there are plenty to choose from. However, one that immediately comes to mind is Harvard University. Founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the oldest universities in the United States and is consistently ranked as one of the top universities in the world.One of the things that makes Harvard so renowned is its rigorous academic standards. The university offers a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs across a variety of fields, including business, law, medicine, and the arts. Students are challenged to think critically and creatively, and the faculty is made up of some of the most respected scholars in their respective fields.Another aspect of Harvard that sets it apart is itsrich history and traditions. From the famous Harvard Yardto the iconic John Harvard statue, the university is steeped in history and lore. Students and alumni take great pride in their affiliation with the university and often refer to themselves as "Harvardians."Of course, attending Harvard is no easy feat. The admissions process is highly competitive, with thousands of applicants vying for a limited number of spots. However,for those who are accepted, the rewards are great. Not only do they receive a world-class education, but they also become part of a prestigious network of alumni that includes numerous world leaders, business tycoons, and cultural icons.Overall, Harvard University is a truly special place that has had a profound impact on the world. Its commitment to academic excellence, rich history, and impressive alumni network make it a top choice for students and scholars alike.中文：说到著名大学，选择很多，但其中一所立刻让我想到的是哈佛大学。
国内外著名大学校训(中英文对照)
国外著名大学校训（中英对照版）1、哈佛大学 Harvard UniversityLet Plato be your friend, and Aristotle, but more let your friend be truth.与亚里士多德为友,与柏拉图为友,更与真理为友.2、杜尔大学 Drew UniversityFreely have you received; freely give自由地接受；自由地给予3、夏威夷大学 University of HawaiiAbove all nations is humanity人性超越国界/人性超越种族4、斯坦佛大学 Stanford UniversityThe wind of freedom blows愿学术自由之风劲吹5、约翰霍普金斯大学 Johns Hopkins UniversityThe truth shall make you free真理必叫你们得以自由这句话可追溯于新约圣经的约翰福音第八章32节“你们必晓得真理、真理必叫你们得以自由”英文是: “And ye (you) shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.” (King James version)。
6、利哈伊大学 Lehigh UniversityMan, the servant and interpreter of nature人类是大自然的理解者和仆人或：理解自然；服务自然7、北达科他大学 University of North DakotaIntelligence, the Basis of Civilization才智是文明的基础8、麻省理工学院 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Mind and Hand既学会动脑，也学会动手这真是工程院校的校训。
国内外著名大学校训(中英文对照)
国外著名大学校训（中英对照版）1、哈佛大学 Harvard UniversityLet Plato be your friend, and Aristotle, but more let your friend be truth.与亚里士多德为友,与柏拉图为友,更与真理为友.2、杜尔大学 Drew UniversityFreely have you received; freely give自由地接受；自由地给予3、夏威夷大学 University of HawaiiAbove all nations is humanity人性超越国界/人性超越种族4、斯坦佛大学 Stanford UniversityThe wind of freedom blows愿学术自由之风劲吹5、约翰霍普金斯大学 Johns Hopkins UniversityThe truth shall make you free真理必叫你们得以自由这句话可追溯于新约圣经的约翰福音第八章32节“你们必晓得真理、真理必叫你们得以自由”英文是: “And ye (you) shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free.” (King James version)。
6、利哈伊大学 Lehigh UniversityMan, the servant and interpreter of nature人类是大自然的理解者和仆人或：理解自然；服务自然7、北达科他大学 University of North DakotaIntelligence, the Basis of Civilization才智是文明的基础8、麻省理工学院 MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)Mind and Hand既学会动脑，也学会动手这真是工程院校的校训。
世界知名大学详细及中英文全称
世界知名大学详细及中英文全称哈佛大学(Harvard University )斯坦福大学(Stanford University )牛津大学(University of Oxford )普林斯顿大学(Princeton University )剑桥大学(University of Cambridge )麻省理工学院(Massachusetts Institute of Technology )芝加哥大学(University of Chicago )加州大学伯克利分校(University of California, Berkeley )耶鲁大学(Yale University )哥伦比亚大学(Columbia University )加州理工学院(California Institute of Technology )加州大学洛杉矶分校(University of California, Los Angeles )约翰•霍普金斯大学(Johns Hopkins University )瑞士联邦理工学院-苏黎世(Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich )宾夕法尼亚大学(University of Pennsylvania )密歇根州立大学(University of Michigan )多伦多大学 (University of Toronto )康奈尔大学 (Cornell University )卡耐基梅隆大学(Carnegie Mellon University )杜克大学(Duke University )英属哥伦比亚大学(University of British Columbia )佐治亚理工学院(Georgia Institute of Technology )西北大学(Northwestern University )威斯康辛麦迪逊大学(University of Wisconsin-Madison)麦吉尔大学 (McGill University )德克萨斯州大学奥斯汀分校(University of Texas at Austin )东京大学(University of Tokyo )伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校(University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign ) 卡罗林斯卡学院(Karolinska Institute )加州大学圣芭芭拉分校(University of California, Santa Barbara )爱丁堡大学(University of Edinburgh )墨尔本大学(University of Melbourne )澳大利亚国立大学(Australian National University )加州大学戴维斯分校(University of California, Davis )新加坡国立大学(National University of Singapore )北卡罗来纳州大学教堂山分校(University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill )纽约大学(New York University)慕尼黑大学(Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit?t München)曼彻斯特大学(University of Manchester )布朗大学(Brown University )京都大学(Kyoto University )波士顿大学(Boston University )南加利福尼亚大学(University of Southern California )伦敦大学国王学院(King's College London )悉尼大学(University of Sydney )巴黎高等师范大学(?cole Normale Supérieure )匹兹堡大学(University of Pittsburgh )苏黎世大学(University of Zürich)麦克马斯特大学(McMaster University )布里斯托大学(University of Bristol )哥廷根大学(Georg-August-Universit?t G?ttingen )范德堡大学(Vanderbilt University )清华大学(Tsinghua University )莱斯大学(Rice University )海德堡大学(Universit?t Heidelberg )昆士兰大学(University of Queensland Australia )埃默里大学(Emory University )瓦格宁根大学(Wageningen University and Research Center ) 科罗拉多大学波尔得分校(University of Colorado Boulder )塔夫斯大学(Tufts University )莱顿大学(Leiden University )隆德大学(Lund University )罗彻斯特大学(University of Rochester)杜伦大学(Durham University )巴黎第六大学(Université Pierre et Marie Curie)加州大学欧文分校(University of California, Irvine)乌普萨拉大学(Uppsala University)慕尼黑工业大学(Technische Universit?t München)达特茅斯大学(Dartmouth College)赫尔辛基大学(University of Helsinki)阿姆斯特丹大学(University of Amsterdam)凯斯西储大学(Case Western Reserve University)密歇根州立大学(Michigan State University)亚利桑那大学(University of Arizona)苏塞克斯大学(University of Sussex)阿尔伯塔大学(University of Alberta)谢菲尔德大学(University of Sheffield)格拉斯哥大学(University of Glasgow)代尔夫特理工大学(Delft University of Technology)蒙特利尔大学(University of Montreal)根特大学(Ghent University)东京工业大学(Tokyo Institute of Technology)加州大学圣克鲁兹分校(University of California, Santa Cruz) 巴塞尔大学(Universit?t Basel)伯尔尼大学(University of Bern)犹他大学(University of Utah)纽约州立大学石溪分校(Stony Brook University)莫纳什大学(Monash University)大阪大学 (Osaka University)东北大学(Tohoku University)耶路撒冷希伯来大学(Hebrew University of Jerusalem )奥胡斯大学(Aarhus University)佛罗里达大学(University of Florida )南安普顿大学(University of Southampton)日内瓦大学(University of Geneva)斯德哥尔摩大学(Stockholm University)利兹大学(University of Leeds)格罗宁根大学(University of Groningen)弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)哥本哈根大学(University of Copenhagen )维也纳大学(University of Vienna)诺丁汉大学(University of Nottingham)加州大学河滨分校(University of California, Riverside)伯明翰大学（University of Birmingham)布兰迪斯大学（Brandeis University)香港中文大学（Chinese University of Hong Kong)阿姆斯特丹自由大学（VU University Amsterdam)内梅亨大学（Radboud University Nijmegen)德克萨斯A&M大学（Texas A&M University)特来维夫大学（Tel Aviv University)伊利诺伊大学芝加哥分校（University of Illinois at Chicago)巴黎第七大学(Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7)鲁汶大学(Université Catholique de Louv ain)迈阿密大学(University of Miami)新南威尔士大学(University of New South Wales)丹麦科技大学(Technical University of Denmark)圣保罗大学(University of S?o Paulo)特拉华大学(University of Delaware)奥斯陆大学(University of Oslo)法兰克福大学(Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universit?t Frankfurt am Main) 利物浦大学(University of Liverpool)弗莱堡大学(Albert-Ludwigs-Universit?t Freiburg)西澳大学(University of Western Australia)。
介绍哈佛大学完整英文版
The library
It is 4:30 am now ,students in Harvard still study.
Students in Harvard study very hard.
They believe no pains,no gains.
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Harvard University Library motto
Natural road Humanity design Convenient Simple and beautiful
"super harvard empire". six American presidents. more than 30 Nobel Prize winner. Pulitzer prize winner
Beautiful Harvard
An early style of Architecture
The modern architectural style Western Architecture The East Building Church style
Roads in Harvard.
添加标题
Today, Harvard has developed into a big university.
Harvard University
第一章
history
private university. Ivy Leauge . oldest institution.
Amicus Plato，Amicus Aristotle，sed Magis Amicus VERITAS
202X
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哈佛大学英文介绍 PPT
campus
dining hall
the current president of Harvard University
Drew G. Faust
➢Harvard's first woman president ➢an outstanding historian
her experiences:
born in a traditional family in Virginia on September 18, 1947(a rich family)
got her doctorate from Pennsylvania University(宾夕法尼 亚大学 )in1975 began to teach in Harvard in 2001 held a post as a president in July 2007
It is very hard to be happy if we use most time to do the things that we do not like.
the world’s fourth largest ‘megalibraries’ (The first three are the library of Congress, British Library and Bibliotheque Nationale(French) ) has got the most donation of all research institution
哈佛中国史 英文版
哈佛中国史英文版English: "Harvard's history department offers a wide range of courses in Chinese history, including specialized courses on topics such as modern Chinese history, imperial China, and Chinese art and culture. The department also encourages students to engage in original research and fieldwork opportunities in China, providing them with valuable hands-on experience. With a diverse and renowned faculty specializing in various aspects of Chinese history, students at Harvard have the opportunity to deepen their understanding of China's rich and complex history through a variety of perspectives. The department also hosts regular lectures, workshops, and conferences on Chinese history, allowing students to further explore and discuss important issues and developments in the field. Overall, Harvard's Chinese history program provides students with a comprehensive and immersive learning experience that prepares them for further academic pursuits or careers in the field."中文翻译: "哈佛大学历史系提供广泛的中国史课程，其中包括现代中国史、帝国中国和中国艺术与文化等专业课程。
哈佛大学英文介绍
London is situated in southeastern England along the Thames River.situated adj.人处于某种境况的London (England), city, capital of the United Kingdom. London is situated in southeastern England along the Thames River. With a population of about 7 million, this vast巨大的 metropolis可能是非首都的主要城市 is by far the largest city in Europe, a distinction it has maintained since the 17th century.Oxford University is the oldest university in Britain and one of the world's most famous institutions of higher learning. Oxford University was established during the 1100's. It is located in Oxford, England, about 80 kilometers northwest of London.The university has over 16,300 students (1999-2000), almost a quarter of these students are from overseas and more than 130 nationalities are represented（表现出来的）. It consists of 35 colleges, plus five private halls established by various religious groups. Three of the five private halls are for men only. Of the colleges, St. Hilda's and Somerville are for women, and the rest are for men and women.At Oxford, each college is a corporate（合为一体的） body distinct from the university and is governed by its own head and fellows. Most fellows are college instructors called tutors, and the rest are university professors and lecturers 讲师. Each college manages its own buildings and property（财务财产所有物, elects its own fellows, and selects and admits its own undergraduate students. The university provides some libraries, laboratories, and other facilities设备工具设施, but the colleges take primary首要的主要的基本的 responsibility for the teaching and well-being身心健康 of their students.Each student at Oxford is assigned to a tutor, who supervises the student's program of study, primarily through tutorials. Tutorials are weekly meetings of one or two students with their tutor. Students may see other tutors for specialized instruction. They may also attend lectures given by university teachers. Students choose which lectures to attend on the basis of their own special interests and on the adviceof their tutors.The university, not the individual colleges, grants degrees. The first degree in the arts or sciences is the Bachelor of Arts with honors. Oxford also grants higher degrees, diplomas, and certificates in a wide variety of subjects.The Rhodes scholarship program enables students from the United States, Canada, and many other nations to study at Oxford for a minimum of two years. The British government grants Marshall scholarships to citizens of the United States for study at Oxford and other universities that are located in Britain.The competition for scholarships and grants is, however, extremely strong and there are usually strict requirements. Students should check carefully that they are eligible有资格当选的，有条件被选中的 to apply for a particular scholarship before making an application as most of the schemes are restricted to certain nationalities and/or programs.The students and staff at Oxford are actively involved in over 55 initiatives (2001), including visits to more than 3,700 schools and colleges, to encourage the brightest and best students to apply to Oxford, whatever their background.The university has been named the UK's most innovative革新的，具有改革精神的university in the Launchit 2001 competition, which aimed to discover which British university has demonstrated the greatest achievements in innovation and enterprise across the broadest range of activity. In the national Teaching Quality Assessment exercises for 2000, Oxford was awarded top marks in six out of ten subjects assessed.Oxford, Stanford and Yale Universities have recently become partners in a joint 'distance learning' venture, the Alliance for Lifelong Learning, which will provide online courses in the arts and sciences.The mission of Oxford is to aim at achieving and maintaining excellence in every area of its teaching and research, maintaining and developing its historical position as a world-class university, and enriching the international, national, and regional communities through the fruits of its research and the skills of its graduates.In support of this aim the university will provide the facilities and support for its staff to pursue innovative research by responding to developments in the intellectual environment and society at large; and promote challenging and rigorous teaching which benefits from a fruitful interaction with the research environment, facilitating the exchange of ideas through tutorials and small-group learning and exploiting the University's resources in its libraries, museums, and scientific collections, to equip its graduates to play their part at a national and international level.awardv.give, especially as the result of an official decision 授予challengingadj.needing the full use of one’s abilities and effort 富有挑战性的competitionn.竞争；竞赛△corporateadj.forming a single body 合为一体的△diploman.毕业文凭distinctadj.clearly different or separate 不同的 electv.choose (someone) for an official position by voting 选举△eligibleadj.fulfilling the necessary conditions 具备必要条件的，合格的enterprisen.willingness to take risks and do things that are difficult, new, or daring 进取精神equipv.make able, fit, or prepared 使具备△exchangen.giving and receiving in return (something of the same type or equal value) 交换exploitv.use for advantage 利用extremelyad.to an extreme extent 非常地△facilitatev.help; make easy or easier 有助于；使容易facilitiesn.things such as buildings, shops, or services that are useful or helpful to do something （提供方便、服务等的）设施fellown.a high-ranking member of an Oxford or Cambridge college （牛津或剑桥分院的）管理委员会成员grantv.give especially as a favor 授予补助金；助学金◇higheradj.more advanced, especially in development, organization, or knowledge needed 高等的historicaladj.connected with history as a study 历史的◇innovationn.the introduction of new things 创新institutionn.an organization, usually a long-established or well respected one 社会机构 jointadj.shared by two or more people 共同的v.set in a certain place 使···坐落于minimumn.the smallest number, amount, etc. 最小量nationalityn.membership of a nation by a person, especially when abroad 国籍privateadj.not intended for everyone, but for a particular person or chosen group 非公开的；私用的n.something which is owned 财产pursuev.continue steadily with 继续从事，追求rangen.the limits within which something operates, exists, or is effective （活动）范围regionaladj.of or in a particular region 地区的adj.of religion 宗教的requirementn.something that is needed or that is demanded as necessary 要求（之物） responsibilityn.the condition or quality of being responsible 责任restrictv.keep within limits of size or number or to a certain limit 限制△adj.strict 严格的schemeadj.a formal, official, or business plan 计划specializedadj.suitable or developed for one particular use 专门（化）的△supervisev.keep watch over (a job or activity, or the people doing it) as the person in charge 指导tutorn.指导教师◇tutorialn.辅导课undergraduaten.a student who is doing a university course for a first degree （在校）大学生 venturen.风险项目，风险投资。