职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-11
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-12
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-121、Arctic MeltEarth's North and South Poles are famous for being cold and icy. Last year, however, the amount of ice in the Arctic Ocean (北冰群) fell to a record low.Normally, ice builds in Arctic waters around the North Pole each winter and shrinks(缩小) during the summer. But for many years, the amount of ice left by the end of summer has been declining.Since 1979, each decade has seen an 11.4 percent drop in end of summer ice cover. Between 1981 and 2000, ice in the Arctic lost 22 percent of its thickness, becoming 1.13 meters thinner. Last summer, Arctic sea ice reached its thinnest levels. By the end of summer 2007, the ice had shrunk to cover just 4.2 million square kilometers. That's 38 percent less area than the average cover at that time of year. And it's a very large 23percent below the previous record low, which was set just 2 years ago. This continuing trend has made scientists concerned to.There may be several reasons for the ice melt, says Jinlun Zhang, an oceanographer (海洋学家)at the University of Washington in Seattle. Unusually strong winds blew through the Arctic last summer. The winds pushed much of the ice out of the central Arctic, leaving a large area of thin ice and open water. Scientists also suspect that fewer clouds cover the Arctic now than in the past. Clearer skies allow more sunlight to reach the ocean. The extra heat warms both the water and the atmosphere. In parts of the Arctic Ocean last year, surface temperatures were 3.57 Celsius warmer than the average and 1.5c warmer than the previous record.With both air and water getting warmer, the ice is melting from both above and below. In some parts of the Beaufort Sea, north of Alaska and western Canada, ice that measured 3.3 meters thick at the beginning of the summer was measured just 50 cm by season's endThe new measurements suggest that melting is far more severe than the thinking of scientists. Some scientists fear that the Arctic is stuck in a warming trend.The word "builds" in paragraph 2 could be best replaced by ______【单选题】A.establishesB.expandsC.createsD.constructs正确答案:B答案解析:本题难度不大，文章此处build的引申意义指“（冰层）加厚”，选项中expands是其近义解释，答案是B。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-86
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-861、Why Would They Falsely Confess?Why on earth would an innocent person falsely confess to committing a crime? To most people, it just doesn't seem logical. But it is logical, say experts, if you understand what can happen in a police interrogation room.Under the right conditions, people's minds are susceptible to influence, and the pressure put on suspects during police grilling is enormous. "It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley. "The pressure is important to understand, because otherwise it's impossible to understand why someone would say he did something he didn't do. The answer is: to put an end to an uncomfortable situation that will continue until he does confess."Developmental psychologist Allison Redlich recently conducted a laboratory study to determine how likely people are to confess to things they didn't do. In her experiment, participantswere seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems. The researchers then intentionally crashed the computers and accused the participants of hitting the "alt" key to see if they would sign a statement falsely taking responsibility.Redlich's findings clearly demonstrate how easy it can be to get people to falsely confess: 59 percent of the young adults in the experiment immediately confessed. ______ Of the 15-to 16-year-olds, 72 percent signed confessions, as did 78 percent of the 12-to 13-year-olds."There's no question that young people are more at risk," says Saul Kassin, a psychology professor at Williams College, who has done similar studies with similar results, "But adults are highly vulnerable too."Both Kassin and Redlich note that the entire "interrogation" in their experiments consisted of a simple accusation-not hours of aggressive questioning-and still, most participants falsely confessed.Because of the stress of a police interrogation, they conclude, suspects can become convinced that falsely confessing is the easiest way out of a bad situation. "In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision."【单选题】A.In her experiment, participants were seated at computers and told not to hit the "alt" key, because doing so would crash the systems.B."In some ways," says Kassin, "false confession becomes a rational decision."C."It's a little like somebody's working on them with a dental drill," says Franklin Zimring, a law professor at the University of California at Berkeley.D."But adults are highly vulnerable too."E.How could an innocent person admit to doing something he didn't do?F.Redlich also found that the younger the participant, the more likely a false confession.正确答案:F答案解析:分析空缺处前后的句子，得知年龄越小越容易错误地妥协。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-21
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-211、BudgetA budget is a spending plan. It can help you spend money wisely. It can do this by cutting out wasteful spending. Of course, preparing a budget takes planning, and following a budget takes will power. Your budget should meet your family's needs and income.The first step in creating a budget is to set your goals. What does your family need and wants. You must know this to work out the details of the budget. Keep goals realistic, in terms of income available. Then decide which goals are the most important.The next step is estimating family income. Before you can plan wisely, you need to know how much money you have to spend! Write down all the money you expect to receive (wages, savings, interest, etc.) during the planned budget period.After you have calculated how much money will be available, itis time to estimate expenses. List all of your family expenses.If you are not satisfied with what you got for your money, look carefully at your spending. Studying your records will show where overspending has occurred. It will also point out poor buying habits.It is also a good idea to set aside a small amount of money for emergencies. Every family has small emergencies: a blown tire, a broken device, or the need for minor medical care.The writer suggests that it is a good idea to set aside some money because____.【单选题】A.you probably will not be able to follow your budgetB.people usually spend more than they plan to doC.things can happen unexpectedlyD.others may want to borrow some money from you正确答案:C答案解析:从原文最后的“It is also a good idea to set aside a small amount of money for emergencies. Every family has small emergencies”可以知道，每个家庭都会有一些意外情况发生，所以有必要准备一小笔资金作为备用金。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-25
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-251、Dairy Price-fixing ScandalTesco is preparing a legal battle to clear its name of involvement in the dairy price-fixing scandal that has cost consumers ￡270 million. Failure to prove that it had no part in collusion with other supermarkets and dairy processors may land it with a fine of at least ￡80 million. The Office of Fair Trading (OFT) said yesterday that Asda, Sainsbury's and the former Safeway, plus the dairy companies Wiseman, Dairy Crest and Cheese Company, had admitted being in a cartel to fix prices for milk, butter and cheese. They were fined a total of just over ￡116 million as part of a leniency deal offered by the watchdog to companies that owned up quickly to anti-competitive behaviour.Officials at the OFT admitted privately that they did not think they would ever discover which company or individual had initiated the pricing formula. But the watchdog recognises that at the time supermarkets were under pressure from politiciansand farmers to raise the cost of milk to save dairy farming, though it is not certain that money found its way to farmers. The OFT claimed in September that it had found evidence that the retail chains had passed future milk prices to dairy companies, which then reached a fixed price among themselves.The average cost to each household is thought to be ￡11.25 over 2002 and 2003, Prices went up an extra 3p on a pint of milk, 15p on a quarter of a pound of butter and 15p on a half pound of cheese. There is no direct recompense for consumers, however, and the money will go to the Treasury. The National Consumer Council gave warning that the admissions would dent consumer confidence in leading high street names and that people would become sceptical of their claims. Farmers for Action, the group of farmers that has led protests over low milk prices since 2000, is seeking legal advice on whether it can now bring a claim for compensation.The OFT investigation is continuing, however, in relation to Tesco, Morrisons and the dairy group Lactalis McLelland, and any legal action is expected to be delayed until that is completed. Tesco was defiant and said that it was preparing a robust defence of its actions. Lucy Neville-Rolfe, its executive director, said: "As we have always said, we acted independentlyand we did not collude with anyone. Our position is different from our competitors and we are defending our own case vigorously. Our philosophy is to give a good deal to customers." Morrisons has supported the OFT in inquiries into the former safeway business that it took over, but in a statement said that it was still making "strong representations" in its defence. A spokeswoman for Lactalis McLelland said that the company was "co-operating" with the OFT. Industry insiders suggested that the three companies were deliberately stalling the OFT investigation.Sainsbury's admitted yesterday that it had agreed to pay ￡26 million in fines, but denied that it had sought to profiteer. Justin King, the chief executive, said he was disappointed that the company had been penalised for actions meant to help farmers but recognised the benefit of a speedy settlement. Asda declined to say how much it would pay in fines and also said that its intention had been to help farmers under severe financial pressure.The writer's attitude to Tesco can be said to be ______.【单选题】A.biased。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-75
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-751、Snow RangerThe two things, snow and mountains, which are needed for a ski area are the two things that cause avalanches, large mass of snow and ice crushing down the side of a mountain, often called "White Death. "It was the threat of the avalanche and its record as a killer of man in the western mountains that created the snow ranger. He first started on avalanche control work in the winter of 1937, 38 at Alta, Utah, in Wasatch National Forest.This mountain valley was becoming well known to skiers. It was dangerous. In fact, more than 120 persons had lost their lives in 1936 and another 200 died in 1937 as a result of avalanches before it became a major ski area.Thus, development of Alta and other major ski resorts in the west was dependent upon controlling the avalanche. The Forest Service set out to do it, and did with its corps of snow rangers.It takes many things to make a snow ranger. The snow ranger must be in excellent physical condition. He must be a good skier and a skilled mountain climber. He should have at least a high school education, and the more college courses in geology, physics, and related fields he has, the better.He studies snow, terrain, wind, and weather. He learns the conditions that produce avalanches. He learns to forecast avalanches and to bring them roaring on down the mountainsides to reduce their killing strength. The snow ranger learns to do this by using artillery, by blasting with TNT, and by the difficult and skillful art of skiing avalanches down.The snow ranger, dressed in a green parka which has a bright yellow shoulder patch, means safety for people on ski slopes. He pulls the trigger on a 75 mm. Recoilless rifle, skis waist deep in powder testing snow stability, or talks with the ski area's operator as he goes about his work to protect the public from the hazards of deep snow on steep mountain slopes.The snow rangers are employees of____.【单选题】A.the Forest Service.B.the Resource Bureau.C.the Tourist Board.D.the Sports Bureau.正确答案:A答案解析:借助备选答案的特点：答案都是专有名词（首字母都大写且名词前有定冠词the），所以可在文章中迅速查找首字母大写的专有名词然后确认答案。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-88
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-881、Seeing Red Means Danger AheadThe color red often means danger and by paying attention, accidents can be prevented. In the future, the color red also may help prevent danger at construction sites. Thanks to new work by engineers, bridge supports or other kinds of materials could one day contain a color switching material. It will turn red ______ a structure collapses or falls apart.The secret behind the color switching material is a particular type of molecule. A molecule is a group of atoms held together by chemical bonds. Molecules come at all shapes and sizes, and make up everything. You can see, touch or feel. How a molecule behaves depends on what kinds of atoms it contains, and how they're held together.When a polymer (聚合物) containing a color switching molecule called a mechanophore (机械响应性聚合物) which is about to break, it produce a color. When a polymer with mechanophore molecules becomes "injured" or weak, one ofthe mechanophore bonds breaks and the material turns red. "It's a really simple detection method. "says Nancy Sottos, one of the scientists who worked on the project. Sottos and her team tested the color switching polymers in their lab. The test results proved encouraging.There is a way to get rid of the color light when a bright light is shone on the mechanophore.The broken bond is fixed and the red color disappears. This "self-healing" may be a problem for engineers. They need to use the color changer in big construction projects that will be outside in sunlight. And sunlight will make the mechanophore's warming system useless. Sottos and her fellow scientists still have a lot of work to do before the color switching molecules can be used outside the lab.【单选题】A.untilB.althoughC.afterD.before正确答案:D答案解析:本句意为当建筑物要倒塌时，它会变成红色。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-39
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-391、An Intelligent CarDriving needs sharp eyes, keen ears, quick brain, and coordination between hands and the brain. Many human drivers have all. these and can control a fast-moving car. But how does an intelligent car control itself ?There is a virtual driver in the smart car. This virtual driver has "eyes," "brains", "hands" and "feet", too. The mini-cameras on each side of the car are his "eyes," which observe the road and conditions ahead of it. They watch the traffic to the car's left and right. There is also a highly automatic driving system in the car. It is the built-in computer, which is the virtual driver's "brain". His "brain" calculates the speeds of other moving cars near it and analyzes their positions. Basing on this information, it chooses the right line for the intelligent cars, and gives ______ to the "hands" and "feets" to act accordingly. In this way, the virtual driver controls his car.What is the virtual driver's best advantage? He reacts rapidly.The mini-cameras are sending images continuously to the "brain". It completes the processing of the images within 100 milliseconds. However, the world's best driver at least needs one second to react. Besides, when he takes action, he needs one more second.The virtual driver is really wonderful. He can reduce the accident rate. considerably on expressway. In this case, can we let him have the wheel at any time and in any place? Experts warn that we cannot do that just yet. His ability to recognize things is still limited. He can now only drive an intelligent car on expressways.【单选题】A.spaceB.locationsC.instructionsD.time正确答案:C答案解析:根据空白所在的局部结构，以使它们做出相应的动作判断，C（指令）是答案。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-81
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-811、Cell Phones1. Believe it or not, cell phones have been around for over a quarter of a century. The first commercial cell phone system was developed by the Japanese in 1979, but cell phones have changed a lot since that time. The early cell phones were big and heavy but they have developed into small and light palm sized models. There are huge developments in their functions, too. We have had call forwarding, text messaging, answering services and hands - free use for years, but now there are new facilities, such as instant access to the Internet and receiving and sending photos.2. Cell phones have become very common in our lives. Recent statistics suggest one in three people on the planet now have cell phone, and most of them say they couldn't live without one, Cell phones are used in every area of our lives and have become a necessary tool, used for essential arrangements, social contact and business. It easier to call for help on thehighway. It possible to keep in touch with people "on the move" when people are traveling.3. Cell phones have made communication easier and have reduced the need for family arguments f We can use cell phones to let our family know we'll be late or if there's a sudden change of plan or an emergency. Cell phones have eased the worries of millions of parents when their teenagers are out late. They can now contact their children at any time.4. This does not mean that cell phones are all good news. Cell phones have brought with them a number of new headaches for their owners. It costs a lot to replace stolen phones, It is becoming a frequent occurrence, and have you ever seen such a huge phone bills? More serious, however, Cell phones bring the potential health problem. There are fears that radiation from the phones may cause brain tumor(肿瘤). This may be a time bomb waiting to happen to younger people who have grown up with cell phones. They simply can't live without cell phones!Paragraph 4 ______【单选题】A.Cell phones and the familymercial cell phone systemsC.Cell phones in everyday lifeD.Cell phones for teenagersE.History of cell phonesF.Problems with cell phones正确答案:A答案解析:本题难度不大，主旨句比较明显，就是第三段的第一句：手机让交流变得容易，也减少了家庭争论。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-138
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-138Why Buy Shade-Grown Coffee?When people argue about whether coffee is good for health, they're usually thinking of the health of the coffee drinker. Is it food for your heart? Does it increase blood pressure? Does it help you concentrate? However, coffee affects the health of the human population in other ways, too.Traditionally, coffee bushes were planted under the canopy ( 树冠) of taller indigenous (土生土长的) trees. However, more and more farmers in Latin America are deforesting the land to grow full-sun coffees. At first, this increases productionbecause more coffee bushes can be planted if there aren't any trees. With increased production come increased profits.Unfortunately, deforesting for coffee production immediately decreases local-wildlife habitat.Native birds nest and hide from predators (捕食者) in the tall trees and migrating birds rest there.Furthermore, in the long term, the full-sun method also damages the ecosystem because more chemical fertilizers and pesticides are needed to grow the coffee. The fertilizers and pesticides kill insects that eat coffee plant, but then the birds eat the poisoned insects and also die. The chemicals kill orsicken other animals as well, and can even enter the water that people will eventually drink.Fortunately, farmers in Central and South America are beginning to grow more coffee bushes in the shade. We can support these farmers by buying coffee with such labels as "shade grown" and"bird friendly". Sure, these varieties might cost a little more. But we're paying for the health of the birds, the land, ourselves, and the planet. I think it's worth it.31. What is the main idea of this passage?A. Farmers are changing the way they grow coffee.B. Coffee is becoming more expensive to produce.。
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-1
职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-11、AIDSAs a science writer, I don't have to wear emotional armor very often. Before I went to Zimbabwe for a visit, I had talked to other reporters who had spent time in Africa. All told me to get prepared for the orphans, many of whom had caught the AIDS virus from their mothers and the strong desire to make everything all right for them.Then again, nothing could have prepared me for the visit to creche(育婴堂) for AIDS orphans in Harare, where one sick, smiling four-year-old boy tried to keep up with the other kids playing ring-around-the-rosy but ______, or meeting a 25-year-old unmarried girl who cared for her nephew Only when I got back about a week later The boy who called his aunt "Mama" was too weak even to take the piece of banana I offered.Meanwhile photojournalist Karin Retief was visiting a room at the hospice (济贫院) where she had been told a particularlysweet orphan boy stayed. At first she did not see anyone on the bed and was about to say he must be elsewhere, when suddenly she spotted his tiny arm in the air, his body lost in the folds of the bedclothes.Recently Karin wrote to me that she had been able to keep our assignment from taking too great an emotional suffering at the time. " Only when I got back about a week later, could I moum the people I met", she continued. "I sat in church and wanted to ask the priest to pray for the people with AIDS in Zimbabwe and all over the world. Then all the people's faces, pain and suffering became so real, I could not get the words out. I broke down and cried and cried for them".【单选题】A.where she had been told a particularly sweet orphan boy stayedB.who had spent time in AfricaC.Only when I got back about a week laterD.even though her only income was from growing and selling a few vegetables at the local marketE.was so weak he kept falling to the floorF.while we were visiting the orphans正确答案:E答案解析:这个4岁的染艾滋病的小孩子努力去跟上其他孩子玩耍，下一句一定是不断地摔在地上了，不可能像其他孩子一样的。
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职称英语考试《理工类》章节练习题精选及答案0517-111、Science Fiction1 Amongst the most popular books being written today are those that are usually classified asscience fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people.Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.2 It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned with the presentation of some forms of ideal society,a theme that is still often found in modern stories.3 Most of the classics of science fiction, however, have been written within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verve and H. G Wells, to mention just two well known authors, have been translated into many languages.4 Modern science fiction writers don't write about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds that are a reflection of the world that we live in now. Because of this their writing has obvious political undertones (涵义).5 In an age where science fact frequently overtakes (超过) science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology.Works of modern science fiction have____.【单选题】A.concerned with the problems that we will have to solve in the futureB.reading books of science fictionC.political implicationD.a recurrent themeE.read worldwideF.translated into many languages正确答案:C答案解析:本题答案的依据在第4段最后一句，该句说Because of this their writing has obvious political undertones （由于这一原因，他们的作品带有明显的政治涵义）。
实际上，undertone与implication的意思相同，故选C。
2、The Hurricane1. A hurricane (飓风) is a tropical storm with winds that have reached a constant speed of 74 miles per hour. Hurricane winds blow in a large spiral(螺旋) around a relative calm center known as the "eye". The "eye" is generally 20 to 30 miles wide, and the storm may extend outward 400 miles. As a hurricanenears land, it can bring heavy rains, high winds and storm surges(风暴潮). The storm surges and heavy rains can lead to flooding.2. Hurricanes are given a different label, depending on where they occur. If they begin over the North Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea, The Gulf of Mexico, or the Northeast Pacific Ocean, they are called hurricanes. Similar storms that occur in the Northwest Pacific Ocean west of the Internaional Date Line are called typhoons near Australia and in the Indian Ocean, they are referred to as tropical cyclones(龙卷风).3. When a hurricane hits land, it can do great damage through its fierce winds, heavy rains, inland(内陆的) flooding and huge waves crashing on to the shore. During a hurricane, homes, businesses and public buildings may be damaged or destroyed, roads and bridges can be washed away. A powerful hurricane can kill more people and destroy more property than any other natural disaster. Fishermen are at special risk from hurricanes as they may be at sea when a hurricane arrives and not be able to get to a safe harbor if they do not receive adequate warning.4. If a hurricane is comming in your area, the most important thing is to stay calm and find shelter immediately. Go to your safe room. If you do not have one, stay indoors during the hurricane and go to a safer place near the center of your home.Cover yourself with a blanket and be sure to keep away from windows and glass doors, because if the glass breaks it’s really dangerous. Do not be fooled if there is lull(暂停), it could be the eye of the storm—winds will pick up again.A powerful hurricane may become the most destructive ______.【单选题】A.different labelsB.window and glass doorsC.inland floodingD.early warningE.natural disasterF.a constant speed正确答案:E答案解析:本题有一定难度，需要认真寻找答案依据，答案依据在文章第三段的倒数第二句：A powerful hurricane can kill more people and destroy more property than any other natural disaster。
回来看选项，E项符合原文句意，是答案。
3、Science Fiction1 Amongst the most popular books being written today are those that are usually classified asscience fiction. Hundreds of titles are published every year and are read by all kinds of people.Furthermore, some of the most successful films of recent years have been based on science fiction stories.2 It is often thought that science fiction is a fairly new development in literature, but its ancestors can be found in books written hundreds of years ago. These books were often concerned with the presentation of some forms of ideal society,a theme that is still often found in modern stories.3 Most of the classics of science fiction, however, have beenwritten within the last hundred years. Books by writers such as Jules Verve and H. G Wells, to mention just two well known authors, have been translated into many languages.4 Modern science fiction writers don't write about men from Mars or space adventure stories. They are more interested in predicting the results of technical developments on society and the human mind; or in imagining future worlds that are a reflection of the world that we live in now. Because of this their writing has obvious political undertones (涵义).5 In an age where science fact frequently overtakes (超过) science fiction, the writers may find it difficult to keep ahead of scientific advances. Those who are sufficiently clear-sighted to see the way we are going, however, may provide a valuable lesson on how to deal with the problems which society will inevitably face as it tries to master its new technology. Paragraph 3____【单选题】A.A Fairly New DevelopmentB.Classics of Science FictionC.Difficulty in Keeping ahead of Scientific AdvancesD.Origins of Science FictionE.Themes of Modern Science FictionF.SuccessfulFilms正确答案:B答案解析:该段主要是在介绍经典科幻小说，其实该段第1句就已经出现了classics这个词，所以选项B是正确答案。