美国作家霍桑Hawthorne

6. What has Nature been called? 7. And what has The American Scholar been rightly regarded? 8. Is American Romanticism the formative period of indigenous American literature? 9. Among the American Romantics, who drew from Emerson’s doctrine? And who reacted against his doctrine?
10. Who were “New England poets”? 11. Who was for a long time perhaps the most controversial and the most misunderstood of American writers?

Nathaniel Hawthorne
(1804 - 1864)
霍桑
What do you know about Nathaniel Hawthorne ?
Nathaniel Hawthorne 霍桑
(1804 - 1864) 1. American novelist and short story writer, most famous for his novel The Scarlet Letter. bined the American romanticism with puritan moralism 3.Pioneering psychological novelist (早期心理小说家
Short stories Twice-Told Tales 《故事新编》（1837） Mosses from an Old Manse 《古屋青苔》(1846) Earth’s Holocaust 《大地的燔祭》 Young Goodman Brown 《年青的布朗先生》 The Minister’s Black Veil 《教长的黑面纱》 The Birthmark 《胎记》 Rappaccini’s Daughter 《拉伯西尼医生的女儿》
His life
(2)
4 Worked as the Custom Officer in Boston for a while; later survey of the port of Salem; （1839-1849） 5. 1841-42，took part in the Transcendental community experiment in Brook Farm--distasteful 5 Gathered his materials by observing and listening to others and wrote his immortal works: Mosses from an Old Manse in 1846; The Scarlet Letter in 1850; The House of the Seven Gables in 1851; The Blithedale Romance in 1852; The Marble Faun in 1860. 6 Consul in Liverpool, England from 1853—1857; 7 Later traveled in Italy 8 Died in 1864;
Major works
Fiction Fanshawe 《范肖》(1828) The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》 (1852) The House of Seven Gables《带有七个尖 角阁的房子》(1851) The Marble Faun 《大理石雕像》 (1860) The Scarlet Letter (1850)
Hawthorne’s art
(1) He is good at exploring of the complexity of human psychology. He was anatomist of "the interior of the heart". (2) One salient feature of his art is his ambiguity. （复 义性） The use of the supernatural (神秘力量) can be seen as a hallmark of his art. (4) He is a master of symbolism. (5) Literary historian A. H. Quinn perceptively states that Hawthorne is at his best when dealing with sin, the supernatural, and New England past
His life
(1)
1 Born in Salem, Mass. in 1804; 2 Went to Bowdoin College (鲍登学院 ), being friends of Longfellow and Franklin Pierce in 1821; 3 Lived in solitude and seclusion from 1825 to 1837 (read widely, acquainted with local history, and practice writing: 1st tale in 1828; Twice-Told Tales in 1837)
Questions
1. When does American Romanticism begin to flourish? 2. Who is the first important American writer? And what is his representative work? 3. Is he a real American writer? 4. Who is the first American novelist? 5. When did American Romanticism culminate?
4.He didn’t agree with the optimism held by Transcendentalists towards human nature. He wrote lots of works on everlasting evil side in human nature. 5.Anti-transcendental works from Melville, Hawthorne, and Poe all comprise the Dark Romanticism （阴郁浪漫主义、黑色浪漫主义) of literature popular during this time.
(3)
Hawthorne’s influence
He was a major American writer now and the greatest writer living in the 19th century. He was regarded as a pioneer of psychological novel and a master of symbolism. With the publication of The Scarlet Letter, he secured his position in the literary history forever, and he influenced many writers in his time and later generations, such as Herman Melville, Henry James, William Dean Howells and William Faulkner etc.
b. To Hawthorne sin will get punished. c. He believed that sin and evil educate.
d. One source of evil that Hawthorne was concerned most is overreaching intellect. His intellectual characters are usually villains, dreadful because devoid of fellow feeling.
Assignment
Read The Minister’s Black Veil and discuss the questions on it.
Hawthorne's points of view and subject (1)
a. He seemed to be haunted by his sense of sin and evil all his life. He had a "black" vision of life and human beings. In almost every book he wrote, he discussed sin and evil.